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Invasive aspergillosis is characterized by vascular invasion and thrombosis. In order to determine the antifungal activity of human platelets, hyphal elongation and metabolic activity of a clinical A. fumigatus isolate were measured. Genome-wide identification of differentially expressed genes in A. fumigatus was performed after exposure to platelets for 15, 30, 60 and 180 min. Data were analyzed by gene ontology annotation as well as functional categories (FunCat) and KEGG enrichment analyses. Platelets attenuated hyphal elongation and viability of A. fumigatus and in total 584 differentially expressed genes were identified, many of which were associated with regulation of biological processes, stress response, transport and metabolism. FunCat and KEGG enrichment analyses showed stress response and metabolic adaptation to be increased in response to platelets. Our findings demonstrate that A. fumigatus displayed a specific transcriptional response when exposed to platelets, thus reflecting their antifungal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interní Medicína pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning on equilibria between cell membranes and surrounding ions was described using a theoretical four-equilibria model. The model was developed to obtain parameters characterizing the interactions between solution ions and erythrocyte or thrombocyte membrane surface. The parameters are the total surface concentrations of both acidic and basic groups C, C and their association constants with solution ions K, K. These parameters were used to calculate the theoretical values of surface charge density. The model was validated by comparison of these values to experimental data, which were determined from the electrophoretic mobility measurements of the blood cells. The experimental and theoretical surface charge density values agree at pH 2-8, and at higher pH, the deviation was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morpholino and vivo-morpholino gene knockdown methods have been used to study thrombocyte function in zebrafish. However, a large-scale knockdown of the entire zebrafish genome using these technologies to study thrombocyte function is prohibitively expensive. We have developed an inexpensive gene knockdown method, which uses a hybrid of a control vivo-morpholino and a standard antisense oligonucleotide specific for a gene. This hybrid molecule is able to deliver antisense deoxyoligonucleotides into zebrafish thrombocytes because it piggybacks on a control vivo-morpholino. To validate use of this hybrid molecule in gene knockdowns, we targeted the thrombocyte specific αIIb gene with a hybrid of a control vivo-morpholino and an oligonucleotide antisense to αIIb mRNA. The use of this piggyback technology resulted in degradation of αIIb mRNA and led to thrombocyte functional defect. This piggyback method to knockdown genes is inexpensive since one control vivo-morpholino can be used to target many different genes by making many independent gene-specific oligonucleotide hybrids. Thus, this novel piggyback technology can be utilized for cost-effective large-scale knockdowns of genes to study thrombocyte function in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a lot of natural resources that potentially used as herbal medicines in Indonesia. Some of the herbs, like Dewa leaves ( Gynura pseudochina (L) D.C) and temu ireng rhizome ( Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.), were ussually used to increase number of thrombocytes in dengue patient. This current study was to determine the potential of dewa leaves ( Gynura pseudochina (L) D.C) and temu ireng rhizome ( Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) against the number of trombocytes, erythrocytes, and hematocrits level on male white rats ( Rattus novergicus ) by using Heparin Induction. Dosages of the extracts were 250 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW used for both dewa leaves and temu ireng rhizome. Extracts were given orally to the tested animals for seven continuous days. The number of trombocytes, erythrocytes, and hematocrites level were examine at day 7 using sysmex XE-5000 hematology analyzer. The result showed that the rat groups which were treated with dewa leaves extract at 500 mg/kgBW; temu ireng Rhizomes extract at 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW dosages had significant differences (α = 0.05) on number of thrombocytes. The percentages of thrombocytes number enhancement for temu ireng rhizomes extract 500 mg/kgBW, temu ireng rhizomes extract 250 mg/kgBW, dewa leaves extract 500 mg/kgBW were 26.98%, 24.48%, 19.44% respectively. The rats group which were treated with temu ireng Rhizomes extract at 500 mg/kgBW, dewa leaves extract at 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW had significant differences (α = 0.05) on erythrocytes number and hematocrits level enhancement. The percentages of erythrocytes number enhancement for dewa leaves extract at dose of 500 mg/kgBW and 250 mg/kgBW, temu ireng rhizomes extract 500 mg/kgBW were 9.59%, 9.11%, 9.02% respectively. The highest percentages of hematocrits level enhancement was given by dewa leaves extract at dose of 500 mg/kgBW (10,97%), suggesting that the extracts treatment would not trigger plasma leakage. Thus, dewa leaves extract at 500 mg/kgBW; temu ireng rhizomes extract at 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW dosages are potential as candidates to be medicinal herbs to increase numbers of thrombocytes on dengue fever treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

69 samples from Trachemys callirostris were collected in situ and ex situ, to determine their hematological parameters, to compare these values (considering sex, age, and condition), and to establish the morphology of their cells. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of the animals. Hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, total counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes, and red cell indices were determined (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration). Differential leukocyte count was performed, and the morphology of cells found in blood smears was described. The average values found for all individuals were: hematocrit (29.9% ± 5.1), hemoglobin (4.0 ± 1.0 g / dl), MCV (327 ± 15.3 fL), MCH (45 ± 17.5 pg), MCHC (14 ± 6%), total count of thrombocytes (15.0 ± 5.4 × 103 μL), total count of erythrocytes (0.92 × 106 / μL ± 0.12), and total count of leukocytes (12.10 ± 5.0 × 103 μL). Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between Trachemys callirostris of different weights (500 to 2000 g). Nevertheless, it showed significant (p <0.05) and highly significant differences (p <0.01) for most hematologic variables between sexes and hicotea turtles maintained in situ and ex situ. Thus, differences found between individuals, depending on weight, sex and condition of maintenance (in situ or ex situ), serve as a reference to establish protocols for maintaining turtles in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to establish the physiological status of rabbits (Belgian Giant breed) and (Lepus Europaeus Pallas) by determining hematological profile (this has been achieved comparative by gender). Characterization of blood parameters was performed using an automated hematology analyzer, ABX Micros ABC VET. For this purpose were determined: the number of - leukocyte-white blood cells (WBC), erythrocyte- red blood cell counts (RBC); the total amount of hemoglobin in blood (HGB); percentage of red blood cells (hematocrit) (HCT); the average blood volume (MCV)-the size of red blood cells; average globular hemoglobin (MCH); mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet count (PLT). The highest average white blood cells (WBC) was observed in rabbit females (6.35x103/mm3) and the lowest in hare males (4.65x103/mm3). The highest values of erythrocytes (RBC) was observed for Lepus Europaeus Pallas (females (11.25x106/mm3) and males (10.24x106/mm3)), and the lowest for Belgian Giant breed rabbits (females (6.01x106/mm3) and males (6.57x106/mm3)). For platelet count (PLT), were determined the highest values for hare females 533.41x103/mm3, 379x103/mm3 for rabbit males. Rabbit females and hares males had relatively similar mean values (344.38x103/mm3 and 341.40x103/mm3). Determine blood parameters showed significant variations in their average between the species studied, but were within the range observed in other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a life-threatening complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this prospective study was to identify predictors of SBP in order to develop a noninvasive method to identify or exclude an episode of SBP. Patients and methods. Three hundred and ninety-two consecutive patients, who underwent paracentesis from March 2008 through January 2012 in our department due to cirrhotic ascites, were screened. Ninety-six patients were excluded, mostly due to prior application of antibiotics. SBP was defined by an absolute neutrophil count ≥250 cells/µL ascites. We evaluated various clinical and laboratory parameters as potential predictors of SBP. A scoring system was developed in a training set of 220 and validated in a second set of 76 patients. Results. Fifty-eight patients (26%) in the training set and 17 patients in the validation set (22%) suffered from SBP. Thrombocytopenia ≤100,000 cells/µL, age >60 years and CRP >60 mg/L were identified as independent predictors of SBP. A scoring system combining these three parameters (weighting thrombocytopenia and age with 1 point each, but CRP with 2 points) reaches a positive predictive value for the diagnosis of SBP of 81.8% with a specificity of 98.8% (score ≥3). The negative predictive value at a threshold of 1 point is 93.5% with a sensitivity of 87.9%. Notably, a high MELD score is not associated with SBP ( p = 0.3344). Conclusions. Combination of age, CRP and platelet count in a simple scoring system helps in the rapid diagnosis or exclusion of SBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural insecticides from plant extracts represent an alternative to the highly toxic synthetic products in order to reduce environmental contamination; however some might also be toxic for non-target organisms. The present study determined the 50% lethal concentration (48h; LC50) for adults Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to the natural insecticide Fumydro®, based on the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum), and evaluated its effect on hematological variables. After preliminary tests, adult specimens of O. niloticus were exposed to four Fumydro® concentrations (200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1). The 48h; LC50 of Fumydro® was determined at 370 ± 50 μL L-1. The surviving fish after exposure to Fumydro® showed an increase in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The number of thrombocytes and leukocytes has not changed, unlike the differential leukocyte count that presented an increased percentage of neutrophils. The results indicated that the insecticide Fumydro® is highly toxic to Nile tilapia and changes in erythrocyte variables suggested the induction to hypoxemia with low effect on the immune system.

Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils were the principal blood cell types found in the blood of Clarias batrachus, Ophicephalus striatus, Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Eosinophils and basophils were observed in Ophicephalus striatus but were absent in Clarias batrachus. Eosinophils but no basophils were seen in Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Along with mature erythrocytes, immature, dividing, senile, and disintegrated erythrocytes were also observed from the circulating blood of the four fish species.From Clarias batrachus, eight species of helminths were recovered, namely, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, Actinocleidus sp., Phyllodistomum sp., Opegaster minima, Gauhatiana batrachii, Bovienia serialis, Procamallanus darius, and Philometra sp. The parasites recovered from Ophicephalus striatus were Diplostomulum sp., Camallanus ophicephali, Arqulus indicus, and Lernaea cyprinacea. Cichlidogyrus sclerosus and Transversotrema laruei were collected from Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus; from the latter, Gyrodactylus medius was also recovered. The average parasite burden was generally low.Parasitized and unparasitized fishes were active and appeared healthy. Blood values of parasitized fishes showed few significant differences from those of unparasitized fish groups. No parasitized fish group showed significant reduction in mean hematocrit and RBC count or significant increase in mean WBC count and mean % neutrophils in comparison with unparasitized group of the same fish species.

Purpose: Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug which is commonly used in secondary prevention in ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular events, and in newly diagnosed myocardial infarction. The aim of the present study was to examine effect of aspirin on the level of selected sphingolipid intermediates in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets. Material and Method: Forty two healthy volunteers participated in the study. They were divided into two groups. In one group aspirin was given orally, daily, for one week in a dose of 75mg (n=25). The subjects from the second group received one 300mg dose of the drug (n=17). In both groups the blood was taken 4h after the last dose of aspirin. The following sphingolipid intermediates were quantified using high-pressure liquid chromatography: sphinganine, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), sphinganine-1-phosphate (SA1P) and ceramide. Results: It was found that lower dose of aspirin increased the level of S1P and ceramide in erythrocytes (by 23 and 37%, respectively) having no effect on plasma and platelet sphingolipid levels. Higher dose of the drug reduced S1P and SA1P concentration in the plasma (by 16 and 10%, respectively). Conclusion: We conclude that aspirin interferes with sphingolipid metabolism in blood and that this effect depends on a dose of the drug. Since S1P is a potent cardioprotectant, the reduction in its plasma concentration after the loading dose of aspirin could be undesired side effect of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aspergillus terreus-induced invasive infections exhibit high lethality, partly due to the intrinsic resistance for amphotericin B (AmB). We compared the virulence and pathogenesis of an AmB-resistant isolate of A. terreus (ATR) with that of a rare variant showing enhanced sensitivity for AMB (ATS). The modifications that result in enhanced AmB sensitivity of isolates are not associated with reduced virulence in vivo; instead, the ATS-infected mice died even faster than the ATR-infected animals. Since A. terreus enters the blood stream in most patients and frequently induces thrombosis, we studied a putative correlation between virulence of the two A. terreus isolates and their effect on thrombocytes. Those mice infected with the more virulent ATS isolate had lower thrombocyte numbers and more phosphatidylserine exposure on platelets than ATR-infected mice. In vitro experiments confirmed that ATS and ATR differ in their effect on thrombocytes. Conidia, aleurioconidia and hyphae of ATS were more potent than ATR to trigger thrombocyte stimulation, and thrombocytes adhered better to ATS than to ATR fungal structures. Furthermore, ATS secreted more soluble factors that triggered platelet stimulation than ATR. Thus, it might be suggested that the capacity of a fungal isolate to modulate thrombocyte parameters contributes to its virulence in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We measured blood sphingolipid content in patients with myocardial infarction. [•] Plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) concentration was decreased. [•] S1P accumulated in erythrocytes and platelets. [•] S1P release from erythrocytes was not affected. [•] Cardioprotective action of S1P may be diminished in myocardial infarction patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombocytopenia is common in trauma and critically ill patients and is associated with a poor outcomes. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the course of thrombocyte concentration changes in burn patients, the influences of various factors on this course, and a possible predictive value of thrombocyte counts on outcome in 244 patients admitted to our burn centre. Their thrombocyte counts were obtained until 50 days after burn. Data on patient demographics, total percentage burned surface area (%TBSA), sepsis and mortality were collected. Multilevel multivariable analysis was performed to investigate the influence of the variables on the platelet course. Cox regression analysis was performed to analyse the predictive value of the variables for mortality. A distinct pattern of thrombocyte counts was observed, with a nadir at day 3 followed by a peak at day 15 and a temporary thrombocytosis. %TBSA and age (p <0.05) influence this course. The mean thrombocyte course of septic and non-surviving patients depicts a significant lower nadir. Furthermore, higher age, %TBSA and low thrombocyte counts at the peak are predictive for 50 day mortality (p <0.05). Platelets follow a distinct course after burn, influenced by %TBSA and age. These factors and a low thrombocyte peak count predict mortality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum: Biological Sciences is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During invasive aspergillosis, platelets might be involved in immune defense, but they also might contribute to the pathology of the disease. We tested the hypothesis that Aspergillus secretes factors that influence the activity and functionality of thrombocytes. Platelets were incubated with medium wherein Aspergillus fumigatus was grown. This fungal culture supernatant potently stimulated thrombocytes in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, inducing release of alpha and dense granules, membrane alterations, aggregation, and formation of microparticles. Fungus-induced platelet activation could be confirmed in vivo: thrombocytes from mice infected with A. fumigatus showed a higher activation level than platelets from noninfected animals. Two stimulating components in the fungal culture supernatant were identified: a fungal serine protease and the mycotoxin gliotoxin. Activation of platelets by fungal factors stimulates antifungal functions: platelets gain the capacity to interact with foreign particles, and they become able to inhibit fungal growth, thus supporting the host immune network. However, some consequences of platelet activation might also be harmful, including excessive inflammation and induction of thrombosis. These findings imply that measuring platelet activation in patients might be an interesting diagnostic parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This prospective study identifies high-risk groups for recurrence of head and neck cancer by BMI and circulating inflammatory response markers. Head and neck cancer patients from three Swedish hospitals were included ( n = 272). Leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, CRP levels, and BMI were measured pre-treatment and post-treatment. Associations between the four factors and treatment failure (residual tumor, loco-regional failure, general failure/distant metastasis) were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for sex, age at the initial visit, smoking status, cancer stage, and hemoglobin count. CRP level was the only significant single variable, with an average increase in risk of recurrence of 74% ( p = 0.018) for every doubling. The predictive power of a combined model using all variables was highest during the initial months after treatment, with AUC under the ROC curve 0.75 at the 0-3 month timepoints. Patients with elevated pre- and post-treatment CRP levels are at higher risk for recurrence of disease. Male patients with low post-treatment BMI, advanced stage, and high CRP at any time post treatment are at high risk for recurrence. The combined model may be useful for stratifying post-treatment patients into low and high-risk groups, to enable more detailed follow-up or additional treatment regimens.

Background: Adult primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare bleeding disorder of unknown cause. Recent estimates of its incidence and trend over time were acquired for England., Method: The primary ITP population (using ICD 10 code D693 and excluding secondary ITP cases; positive predictive value: 82.6%) was sourced from NHS Digital inpatient and outpatient. Incidence rate (IR) for England and by age groups, sex, and regions were calculated and trends were assessed using average annual percent change (AAPC)., Results: A total of 25 805 patients (mean age 59 years; females 57.8%) diagnosed between 2003 and 2014 was identified. IRs increased from 4.2/100 000 to 6.4/100 000 over this period (AAPC:4.3%). For all sex-specific age groups, the IRs significantly increased over time, except 18-29 years males. The greatest increase was among females aged 30-39 (AAPC:8.7%). In contrast, among ≥70 years, ITP was more common in males (highest IR among ≥80 years males: 23.9/100 000). England's average annual IR was 6.1/100 000 for 2010-14. An estimated 2.5/100 000 (based on UKITP Registry data) was estimated to require 1st line treatment whereas 2.4/100 000 would have 1st and 2nd line treatments within 6 months from diagnosis. IRs for London and East Midlands were the highest (6.5/100 000)., Conclusions: This study found a rising incidence of primary ITP, with sharp increases among young women and elderly men. These findings put in context the impact of ITP on patients' lives and the healthcare services in England, especially with 17%-50% who may develop chronic ITP and require long-term care., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) plays a central role in inflammation, allergy, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease. Obesity is accompanied by chronic, low-grade inflammation. As PI3Kγ plays a major role in leukocyte recruitment, targeting of PI3Kγ has been considered to be a strategy for attenuating progression of obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Indeed, PI3Kγ null mice are protected from high fat diet-induced obesity, metabolic inflammation, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. The lean phenotype of the PI3Kγ-null mice has been linked to increased thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Surprisingly, the increase in fat mass and metabolic aberrations were not linked to PI3Kγ activity in the hematopoietic compartment. Thermogenesis and oxygen consumption are modulated by PI3Kγ lipid kinase-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms. PI3Kγ signaling controls metabolic and inflammatory stress, and may provide an entry point for therapeutic strategies in metabolic disease, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dataset of 439 confocal laser scanning microscopic images was analyzed to investigate the potential of an image-based automated analysis for identifying and assessing adherent thrombocytes on polymer surfaces. Parameters for image optimization of glutardialdehyde induced fluorescence images were classified and data mining was performed using the Java image processing software ImageJ. Previously reported analysis required that each thrombocyte had to be identified interactively and outlined manually. Now, we were able to determine the number and area of adherent thrombocytes with high accuracy (spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.98 and r = 0.99) using a two-stage filter-set, including a rolling ball background subtraction- and a watershed segmentation-algorithm. Furthermore, we could proof a significant correlation between these parameters (spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.97), determining both as suitable predictors for the evaluation of material induced thrombogenicity. The here reported image-based automated analysis can be successfully applied to identify and measure adherent thrombocytes on polymer surfaces and, thus, might be successfully integrated in a high-throughput screening process to evaluate biomaterial hemocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effects of contaminated water on the blood parameters of the fish Prochilodus lineatus exposed during 7 and 20 days. Blood was collected with heparinized syringes, and blood smears were prepared and stained with Leishman stain. Slides were examined and photographed using a Leica light microscope. Total white blood cell counts and differential counts of thrombocytes and leukocytes were obtained for statistical analysis. The group exposed to water samples from Lago Azul exhibited an increase in the number of leukocytes and in the total number of white blood cells, suggesting that the chemical contaminants in this environment were acting similarly to antigens in this fish species, causing the proliferation of defense cells. In the group exposed to detergent during 20 days, the number of thrombocytes decreased. These results suggest that the variations in the number of leukocytes were indicators of environmental pollution and that biodegradable detergents may, after a certain time of exposure, affect vital functions in fish, such as coagulation and prevention of infections, which directly involves thrombocytes. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive bleeding in trauma patients is a serious challenge for all clinicians, and an interdisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach is warranted within a limited time frame. Massive transfusion usually is defined as the transfusion of more than 10 units of packed red blood cells (RBCs) within 24 h or a corresponding blood loss of more than 1- to 1.5-fold of the body's entire blood volume. Especially male trauma patients experience this life-threatening condition within their productive years of life. An important parameter for clinical outcome is to succeed in stopping the bleeding preferentially within the first 12 h of hospital admission. Additional coagulopathy in the initial phase is induced by trauma itself and aggravated by consumption and dilution of clotting factors. Although different aspects have to be taken into consideration when viewing at bleedings induced by trauma compared to those caused by major surgery, the basic strategy is similar. Here, we will focus on trauma-induced massive hemorrhage. Currently there are no definite, worldwide accepted algorithms for blood transfusion and strategies for optimal coagulation management. There is increasing evidence that a higher ratio of plasma and RBCs (e.g. 1:1) endorsed by platelet transfusion might result in a superior survival of patients at risk for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Several strategies have been evolved in the military environment, although not all strategies should be transferred unproven to civilian practice, e.g. the transfusion of whole blood. Several agents have been proposed to support the restoration of coagulation. Some have been used for years without any doubt on their benefit-to-risk profile, whereas great enthusiasm of other products has been discouraged by inefficacy in terms of blood transfusion requirements and mortality or significant severe side effects. This review surveys current literature on fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, and hemostatic agents currently used during massive hemorrhage in order to optimize patients' blood and coagulation management in emergency medical aid. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the investigation was evaluation of postmortem changes of electric charge of human erythrocyte and thrombocyte membranes after sudden unexpected death. The surface charge density values were determined on the basis of the electrophoretic mobility measurements of the cells carried out at various pHs of electrolyte solution. The interactions between both erythrocyte and thrombocyte membranes and electrolyte ions were studied. Values of parameters characterizing the membrane-that is, the total surface concentrations of both acidic and basic groups and their association constants with solution ions-were calculated on the basis of a four-equilibria mathematical model. The model was validated by comparison of these values to experimental data. We established that examined electric properties of the cell membranes are affected by sudden unexpected death. Postmortem processes occurring in the cell membranes can lead to disorders of existing equilibria, which in turn result in changes in values of all the above-mentioned parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hemostasis is a defense mechanism that protects an organism from bleeding in the event of injury. We have previously demonstrated the utility of the zebrafish as a model to study human hemostasis. However, there are no studies on the role of microparticles in hemostasis in early vertebrates. Studying microparticles in zebrafish may provide insight into the evolution of microparticle function in hemostasis and may lead to direct observation of these microparticles in zebrafish larvae due to transparency of the vessels. In this investigation we demonstrate the presence of cellular microparticles in fish blood by both immunostaining as well as by using zebrafish whose thrombocytes are labeled with green fluorescent protein. Further investigation showed that microparticles were also labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate annexin V, suggesting that these particles are derived via apoptosis. A portion of the fluorescein isothiocyanate annexin V labeled microparticles was also labeled by DiI-C18. Labeling by DiI-C18 suggests that some microparticles are derived from young thrombocytes. Additionally, GpIIb antibody labels almost all thrombocyte-derived microparticles and a greater percentage of microparticles are labeled by GpIIb antibody than by DiI-C18. This suggests that thrombocyte microparticles are derived from both young and mature thrombocytes. Furthermore, the increase of microparticles by adding excessive microparticles into blood in vitro and through intravenous injections led to an increased hemostatic response. In addition, treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha resulted in an increased number of thrombocyte microparticles and enhanced hemostasis; in contrast, treatment with zVAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor, resulted in a decrease in thrombocyte microparticles and decreased hemostasis. We also found that thrombocyte microparticles agglutinate, along with other cells and cellular microparticles, in the presence of an excess of either ristocetin or ultra-large von Willebrand factor. Also, stimulation of von Willebrand factor release in vivo resulted in clusters of thrombocyte microparticles in the veins. Moreover, thrombocyte microparticles were the first to appear at the site of arterial injury. We found that thrombocyte microparticles are functionally equivalent to platelet microparticles. The microparticles initiate arterial thrombus formation in a von Willebrand factor-dependent manner and further enhance thrombus formation by forming clusters of microparticles in venous thrombosis. This finding may have applications for understanding the role of platelet microparticles in humans and may have diagnostic applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The condition factor and blood variables, including erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in two ecologically distinct fish species ( Astyanax fasciatus and Pimelodus maculatus) were evaluated at five sites in the Furnas Hydroelectric Power Station reservoir (Brazil) to assess water quality. Aldrin/dieldrin, endosulfan, heptachlor epoxide, and metolachlor were detected at different concentrations in four of the sites. Condition factor was not directly affected by such contaminants. A negative correlation between hematocrit and heptachlor was detected in P. maculatus. Positive correlations between red blood cells and heptachlor as well as an interactive effect of metolachlor and aldrin/dieldrin were detected in A. fasciatus. The erythrocytes of both species collected from the contaminated sites showed high levels of LPO, an increase in SOD and GPx activities and a decrease in CAT activity. Although the leukocyte number and the differential percentage of leukocytes varied among the sites, the hematological variables, the LPO levels, and the antioxidant enzyme activities could be used to assess water quality, regardless of the differences in the responses of the fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades it has been known that activated platelets promote plasma clotting and that the fibrin forming activity of activated platelets is dependent on blood coagulation factor XII. However, because factor XII deficiency is not associated with any bleeding disorder, platelet-driven factor XII activation was believed to be an in vitro artefact with no importance for coagulation in vivo. Using arterial and venous thrombosis models in factor XII deficient mice we recently demonstrated that factor XII is essential for thrombosis in vivo. However it was not known how factor XII is activated by procoagulant platelets within the growing thrombus. Here, we review our studies of the last 5 years that led to the identification of the endogenous factor XII activator. We found that platelets release polyphosphates, linear inorganic polymers of 60--100 phosphate residues that directly bound to and activated factor XII. Platelet polyphosphates potently initiate fibrin formation via the factor XII-driven intrinsic pathway. Inhibition of factor XII or polyphosphates protected mice from lethal thrombotic disease and strongly reduced clot stability in patients. Our data identify polyphosphates as the endogenous factor XII activator in vivo linking platelet activation (primary hemostasis) and fibrin production (secondary hemostasis). Targeting polyphosphate-mediated factor XII activation offers the exciting possibility for a safe anticoagulation with minimal therapy-associated bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of thrombocyte concentrates with filtration before storage (in-line) makes it possible to avoid the presence of mononuclear cells in the concentrate and proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, this filtration may result with decreased activation of trombocyte receptors in vitro, which may improve therapeutic efficiancy. Methods. We compared two groups, each with 30 therapeutic doses of concentrated thrombocytes. We prepared the first group using the classic model from the buffy coat and the other with concentrated thrombocyte samples filtrated during sampling, so-called in-line, with the WBC filter Imuflex (Terumo). Mononuclear cells (MNC), thrombocyte, and erythrocyte counts in the units of concentrated thrombocytes were obtained on an automatic cell counter, and we used flow cytometry to measure the expression of surface thrombocyte receptors. The results demonstrated that the trombocytes prepared with pre-storage filtration contained a very low level of mononuclear cells and markedly reduced trombocyte receptors. Conclusion. The number of MNC and expression of surface thrombocyte receptors were markedly lower in the concentrated thrombocyte units prepared with in-line filtration. The thrombocytes prepared in this way contain fewer mononuclear cells, are of higher quality, are more functional, and may produce a better therapeutic effect in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel haematology analyser was evaluated for its use with feline samples. Complete blood cell counts, a five-part differential count, and reticulocyte numbers were determined, and the results compared with reference data. Coefficients of correlation, Passing-Bablok regression analysis and Bland-Altmann difference plots with biases and 95g limits of agreement are reported. Precision and linearity were also studied. The instrument demonstrated very low imprecision, and the tested range of linearity exceeded the reference ranges provided by the manufacturer. For all parameters except monocytes (r = 0.65), the analyser results correlated well with reference methods. Compared with the manual count of aggregated reticulocytes, the instrument showed good agreement with a positive bias. The optical platelet count correlated well with the manual chamber count. In conclusion the analyser was found to be highly reliable for the analysis of feline blood samples in a large veterinary laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. There are evidences concerning the impact of regular exercise training on the platelet count (PLT) in adults but studies concerning young people are still lacking. The ma-in aim is to study PLT changes in young athletes, an additional aim is to determine causes of abnormal PLT. Material and methods. This study analyzes 500 young athletes. The mean age of the group was 16±7 years. 85% were performing low to moderate intensity training (up to 10 training hours per week). 15% (37 males aged 17±2 years and 38 females aged 14±5 years) performed high intensity efforts (more than 10 hours of training per week). Results. The mesured dispersion ofthe platelet count extended from 81 to 522 G/l (laboratory normal range: 130-440 G/l). Seventeen athletes (3.4%) had at least one abnormal PLT test. Athletes who performed exercises up to 10 hours a week had their PLT values decreased over the years of exercise training. Athletes performing weekly more than 10 hours intensive training had PLT values decreased up to the age of 16 years, and afterwards increased in a similar way to that seen in adults. Conclusions. Regular exercise training seems to change PLT in young athletes. Main reasons of abnormal thromocythemia in young athletes were: anemia, inflammatory condition, pseudothrombocytopenia and primary thrombocythemia. In the examined group doing intensive training, their mean PLT values initially decreased and then increased [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a large protein involved in primary hemostasis. A dysfunction in this protein or an insufficient production of the protein leads to improper platelet adhesion/aggregation, resulting in a bleeding phenotype known as von Willebrand disease (vWD). To gain a better understanding of vWF interactions in vivo, the use of zebrafish as a model is ideal because of the transparency of the embryos and larvae. In this article, we examined the presence and function of vWF in hemostasis of zebrafish utilizing a variety of molecular methods. Using RT-PCR and antibody staining, we have shown that vWF mRNA is present in thrombocytes. Through antibody staining, we demonstrated vWF is synthesized in blood vessels. The role of zebrafish vWF in hemostasis was established through knockdown methods using vWF morpholino (vWF MO) antisense oligonucleotides. Embryos injected with vWF MO at the one to four cell stages resulted in a bleeding phenotype. Injection of embryos with vWF MO also caused an increase in time to occlusion within arteries in larvae upon laser induced injury. We then used vWF-specific Vivo-morpholinos (VMO) to induce vWF knockdown in adult zebrafish by targeting the exon homologous to the human exon 28 of the vWF gene. The reduced ristocetin-mediated agglutination of thrombocytes in a plate tilting assay, using blood from adult zebrafish injected with VMO, provided evidence that vWF is involved in the hemostatic process. We also administered desmopressin acetate to larvae and adults which resulted in enhanced aggregation/agglutination of thrombocytes. Zebrafish genome database analysis revealed the presence of GPIbβ gene. It also revealed the exon of zebrafish vWF gene corresponding to exon 28 of human vWF gene is highly similar to the exon 28 of human vWF gene, except that it has an insertion that leads to a translated peptide sequence that separates the two A domains coded by this exon. This exon is also conserved in other fishes. In summary, we established that zebrafish vWF has a role similar to that of vWF found in humans, thus, making zebrafish a useful model for studying the cell biology of vWF in vivo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Platelet shape change is a dynamic process that has been classified in different types. Exact documentation of platelet structure needs an improved method of measuring platelet shape. Methods: 10 ml of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from anticoagulated whole blood (3.2% buffered sodium citrate 0.105 mol/l) was put onto a glass slide covered with a cover slip. By use a of dark field light microscope connected with a CMOS-Camera a photographic snap-shot was taken after 5 and 30 min. Diameter of platelets and length of filopodia were measured with a self-developed plugin for ImageJ software. Statistic calculation was performed with Excel WinSTAT Microsoft software. Results: We showed a swelling of the granulomer from 2.06 ± 0.56 mm to 2.33 ± 0.59 mm (p < 0.05), a reduction of pseudopodia (2.10 ± 0.94 vs. 1.78 ± 1.04 mm; p < 0.05) in conjunction with an increase of hyalomer diameter from 3.29 ± 0.83 to 3.50 ± 0.85 mm (p < 0.05), and an increase of pseudopodia length from 2.68 ± 1.45 mm to 3.67 ± 1.79 mm (p < 0.005) in conjunction with an increase of hyalomer diameter from 6.58 ± 1.91 mm to 7.94 ± 1.87 mm (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We revealed and documented a dynamic change of platelet size and filopodia structure in PRP. This method allows an exact analysis of platelet size and surface structures. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study was undertaken to investigate the usefulness of standard biochemical and hematological parameters measurement at third trimester of pregnancy for the individual prediction of preeclampsia. Methods. A retrospective designed study included 113 patients with preeclampsia and a control group of 95 normal, uncomplicated pregnancies. Patients were recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Celje, Slovenia, EU. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, body mass index, parity, and age were evaluated to predict the occurrence of preeclampsia based on multivariate logistic regression model. Results. When parameters such as uric acid and urea were included into logistic regression model, we correctly classified 79.6% patients. With additional four parameters (thrombocytes, hematocrit, aspartate aminotransferase and leukocytes) we correctly classified 83.8% patients with preeclampsia. Conclusion. Our findings confirmed that several standard biochemical and hematological parameters, when used as laboratory test panel have significant prognostic value in the prediction of preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. As neonates are among the most frequent recipients of blood components, they are exposed to large numbers of blood donors. This, and particularly their immune immaturity, puts them at high risk of posttransfusion complications. When preparing blood components for neonates, we try to make the components as safe as possible, decreasing the neonate’s exposition to a large number of blood donors. We wanted to know whether our attempts to reach this aim by applying filtration for all blood components, concentrated erythrocytes, fresh frozen plasma and thrombocyte concentrate was successful. The blood components were divided into small doses using the method of sterile connection and assuring the components of a single donor.Methods. Whole blood was filtered within 6 hours after withdrawal in the closed blood-bag system – in line filtration. Filtered concentrated erythrocytes and filtered fresh frozen plasma are thus obtained. Thrombocyte plasma is filtered on order. Using sterile connection, the bags for further division of blood components are then connected to the bags with the individual blood components.Results. In the past year, 62 neonates received two or more blood components. They received a total of 383 transfusions, an average of 6.17 blood components per infant. Altogether, the neonates received the blood components of 214 blood donors and were exposed to 3.45 donors on the average. The range of the number of donors, whose blood components were received by the infants, was between one and up to 24 donors, to which two infants were exposed.Conclusions. At our department we follow the recommendations of the European Council. All blood components for neonates are filtered, and from one donor if possible. We were extremely successful in decreasing the exposition of the neonates to large numbers of blood donors. Instead of those of 383 blood donors, the infants received the blood components of only 214 blood donors. The exposition was thus decreased by 55.9%.

Abstract: Blood cells from three different sea turtle species were cultured for approximately 3 weeks in nutrient medium supplemented with recombinant human cytokines known to induce terminal maturation of human hematological stem cells. Cultured turtle erythrocytes were translucent, approximately 10× larger than human erythrocytes, contained a single fluorescent inclusion body, contained nuclear epsilon (embryonic) globin proteins, and, absent of organelles while fresh cells contained few, but well defined mitochondria. Cells with basophilic cytoplasm and in all stages of proliferation were observed in cytokine-supplemented cultures and appeared to possess active protein synthesis. Cultured thrombocytes aggregated in response to agonists for at least 8 days, post-collection, contained P-selectin in the nucleus of 6 day cultured cells which appeared to be released after activation with collagen, and after 6 days had no organelles or open canalicular-like system (OCS) while freshly isolated cells demonstrated few, if any organelles but had a well developed OCS. The response of turtle cells to apparently homologous but unnatural human cytokines and the sustained biological properties of thrombocytes identify this suspension culture system as a powerful tool to explore the evolution of cell types and molecular components of hematopoiesis and hemostasis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Plasmodium juxtanucleare is one of the agents that cause chicken malaria. High parasitemia causes anemia, diarrhea and weight loss that leads to death. This parasite is spread through the tropics and little is known about the physiological changes caused by P. juxtanucleare infections in chickens. The aim of this work was to determine hematological changes in chickens experimentally infected with this parasite. No weight or temperature differences between infected and control groups were detected. Low parasitemia was observed reaching a peak after 15 days; trophozoits was the most observed form, followed by schizonts detected on day 12 and gametocytes on day 27. Infected thrombocytes and thrombocytes with pyknotic nuclei and retracted cytoplasm were observed along the experimental infection. No changes were observed on the erythrocyte values. However, a reduction of thrombocyte number and an increase of total leukocyte and basophil numbers, all significant, were detected in infected chickens. Parasitemia was probably kept low by general immunological activation. These results suggest that classical hematology can monitor physiological changes caused by P. juxtanucleare infections in chickens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Summary: The growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) and erythropoietin receptors (EPOR) are expressed in the nervous system. Neuronal expression of EPO and EPOR peaks during brain development and is upregulated in the adult brain after injury. Peripherally administered EPO, and at least some of its variants, cross the blood-brain barrier, stimulate neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and activate brain neurotrophic, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory signaling. These mechanisms underlie their tissue protective effects in nervous system disorders. As the tissue protective functions of EPO can be separated from its stimulatory action on hematopoiesis, novel EPO derivatives and mimetics, such as asialo-EPO and carbamoylated EPO have been developed. While the therapeutic potential of the novel EPO derivatives continues to be characterized in preclinical studies, the experimental findings in support for the use of recombinant human (rh)EPO in human brain disease have already been translated to clinical studies in acute ischemic stroke, chronic schizophrenia, and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. In this review article, we assess the studies on EPO and, in particular, on its structural or functional variants in experimental models of nervous system disorders, and we provide a short overview of the completed and ongoing clinical studies testing EPO as neuroprotective/neuroregenerative treatment option in neuropsychiatric disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]