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In this paper we present the use of static temperature measurements as process variation observable. Contrary to previously published thermal testing methods, the proposed methodology does not need an excitation signal, thus reducing test cost and improving built-in capabilities of thermal monitoring. The feasibility of the technique and a complete test methodology is presented using a narrowband LNA as example. Finally, a complete electro-thermal co-simulation test bench between the LNA and a differential temperature sensor embedded in the same silicon die is presented in order to validate the results. Results prove that RF figures of merit can be extracted from DC temperature measurements done without loading or exciting the RF circuit under test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish a proof of concept for an ultrasonic image-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) breast treatment system. An ultrasonic computed tomography (UCT) scanner served as a platform for image acquisition and thermal mapping. With this system, images depicting the speed of sound (SOS) can be obtained. After HIFU activation, the resulting changes in SOS can be mapped. For the temperature range T ≤ 45°C, the temperature elevation is obtained directly from the change in SOS. For thermal ablation, monitoring is obtained by studying the temporal derivative of the SOS while continuous HIFU heating is applied. The method was implemented to in vitro tissue specimens and the ability for thermal monitoring was demonstrated. The results indicate that the suggested concept is indeed feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The operation of electric machine at higher temperature than its nominal operating point one causes to decrease the lifetime of machine. Therefore, it is critical to monitor the stator and rotor temperature to protect motor in the case of thermal overloading conditions. The winding temperature can be risen in special conditions such as motor stall, overloading, unbalanced operation and etc. In this paper, the effect of unbalanced voltage on temperature rising of motor is studied. The rotor and stator monitoring system is firstly constructed. Then different tests such as blocked rotor, no-load and etc., are performed on a typical 1.1 kW / 50 Hz/ 1400 rpm motor under different unbalanced conditions of power supply. Finally, the effect of each kind of unbalanced voltage on the motor temperature rising is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The RST approach (robust satellite technique) is a multi-temporal scheme of satellite data analysis already successfully used to monitor volcanoes at different geographic locations. In this work, the results of a long-term validation analysis of RST-based hot spot products are presented. This study was performed processing fourteen years of NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) records acquired over Mt. Etna area between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2008, at different overpass times (day/night), and analyzing hundreds of volcano bulletins reporting information on Mt. Etna eruptive activity, provided by visual observations and ground-based measurements. An optimized configuration of the RST approach, named RSTVOLC, is also, for the first time, presented and discussed here. This method, thanks to a better tradeoff between reliability and sensitivity, may be particularly suitable to support operational systems for volcano monitoring and hazard mitigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Built-in test and on-chip calibration features are becoming essential for reliable wireless connectivity of next generation devices suffering from increasing process variations in CMOS technologies. This paper contains an overview of contemporary self-test and performance enhancement strategies for single-chip transceivers. In general, a trend has emerged to combine several techniques involving process variability monitoring, digital calibration, and tuning of analog circuits. Special attention is directed towards the investigation of temperature as an observable for process variations, given that thermal coupling through the silicon substrate has recently been demonstrated as mechanism to monitor the performances of analog circuits. Both Monte Carlo simulations and experimental results are presented in this paper to show that circuit-level specifications exhibit correlations with silicon surface temperature changes. Since temperature changes can be measured with efficient on-chip differential temperature sensors, a conceptual outline is given for the use of temperature sensors as alternative process variation monitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Vernacular architecture is still very popular and constructed widely in North-East India. In this paper, the result of long-term monitoring of two vernacular houses selected one in Tezpur (warm and humid climate) and other one in Cherrapunjee (cold and cloudy climate) are presented. Long-term monitoring work includes the measurements of temperature (inside and outside house), relative humidity (inside and outside house) and illumination level (inside and outside house) for 25 days in all the seasons (January: winter, April: spring/pre-summer, July: summer/monsoon and October: autumn/pre-winter) of the year 2008. Temperatures profile across all the seasons represents strong daily and seasonal fluctuations. Formulae have been developed based on part of the monitoring data to predict the indoor maximum, average and minimum temperatures inside the same house occupied by the same family. The predicted formulae were developed based on the measured data for the month of January and July and were validated with the measured data of April and October months. It is found that the correlation coefficient (R 2 value) is above 0.96 for all the six formulae for the entire monitoring period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we compare results of a long-term temperature monitoring in a building with high thermal mass to indoor temperature predictions of a second building that uses an indirect evaporative cooling system as a means of passive cooling (Vivienda Bioclimática Prototipo -VBP-1), for the climatic conditions of Sde Boqer, Negev region of Israel (local latitude 30°52′N, longitude 34°46′E, approximately 480m above sea level). The high-mass building was monitored from January through September 2006 and belongs to a student dormitory complex located at the Sde Boqer Campus of Ben-Gurion University. VBP-1 was designed and built in Maracaibo, Venezuela (latitude 10°34′N, longitude 71°44′W, elevation 66m above sea level) and had its indoor air temperatures, below and above a shaded roof pond, as well as the pond temperature monitored from February to September 2006. Formulas were developed for the VBP-1, based on part of the whole monitoring period, which represent the measured daily indoor maximum, average and minimum temperatures. The formulas were then validated against measurements taken independently in different time periods. The developed formulas were here used for estimating the building''s thermal and energy performance at the climate of Sde Boqer, allowing a comparison of two different strategies: indirect evaporative cooling and the use of thermal mass. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Three biometeorological indices were examined in terms of their potential to describe the actual thermal sensation as this is experienced by humans at areas with different climatological characteristics. The thermal comfort scales, as derived from using Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and the wind chill index (K), were compared to Actual thermal Sensation Votes (ASV) data as expressed on a 5-point scale. These data were collected by surveys that covered all four seasons of the year and were conducted in seven European cities (Athens, Thessaloniki, Milan, Fribourg, Cambridge, Sheffield and Kassel). Results show that, for any given ASV class, the corresponding classes calculated according to PET, THI and K, present a strong correlation with the climatic mean temperature of the survey site, which in turn leads to misclassification of the thermal sensation. Accordingly, an effort was made to apply an adjustment to the indices based on climatic mean temperature. Only small improvements were observed on the performance of the indices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study deals with the development and application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models as a tool for the evaluation of human thermal comfort conditions in the urban environment. ANNs are applied to forecast for three consecutive days during the hot period of the year (May-September) the human thermal comfort conditions as well as the daily number of consecutive hours with high levels of thermal discomfort in the great area of Athens (Greece). Modeling was based on bioclimatic data calculated by two widely used biometereorogical indices (the Discomfort Index and the Cooling Power Index) and microclimatic data (air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) from 7 different meteorological stations for the period 2001-2005. Model performance showed that the risk of human discomfort conditions exceeding certain thresholds can be successfully forecasted by the ANN models. In addition, despite the limitations of the models, the results of the study demonstrated that ANNs, when adequately trained, could have a high applicability in the area of prevention human thermal discomfort levels in urban areas, based on a series of relatively limited number of bioclimatic data values calculated prior to the period of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance address pertinent economic issues relating to production systems as an efficient technique can continuously monitor key health parameters and trigger alerts when critical changes in these variables are detected, before they lead to system failures and production shutdowns. In this paper, we present a decoupled tracking and thermal monitoring system which can be used on non-stationary targets of closed systems such as machine tools. There are three main contributions from the paper. First, a vision component is developed to track moving targets under a monitor. Image processing techniques are used to resolve the target location to be tracked. Thus, the system is decoupled and applicable to closed systems without the need for a physical integration. Second, an infrared temperature sensor with a built-in laser for locating the measurement spot is deployed for non-contact temperature measurement of the moving target. Third, a predictive motion control system holds the thermal sensor and follows the moving target efficiently to enable continuous temperature measurement and monitoring. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Headwaters of San Juan and Rio Seco valleys (Sierra Nevada) concentrate an important number of solifuction features. Thermal and dynamic monitoring of a solifluction lobe in the Rio Seco cirque show that despite a seasonal frozen layer of 70 cm thickness, solifluction processes remain inactive. Sedimentological studies of different solifluction lobes show phases of enhanced solifluction activity during the Late Holocene alternated with periods of edaphic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Stromboli volcano erupted on February 27, 2007, after an intense Strombolian activity lasted about 2 months. The eruption was characterized by a series of rapidly evolving phenomena, like the propagation of an effusive fracture along the crater rim, the opening of lateral effusive vents, an unusually large effusive flux (>10 m3/s), the collapse of the crater system, and a major strombolian explosion. This eruption was monitored by an integrated network of multiparameter instruments: broad-band seismometers, infrasonic array, thermal cameras and bore-hole tiltmeters. All the information collected and processed in real-time allowed to draw a clear picture of the eruption dynamics. Thermal imagery documented in real-time how the effusive fracture propagated at 12:24 GMT of February 27 along the northern rim of the NE crater towards the NE direction. The infrasonic array showed that explosive and degassing activity ceased at 10:32 GMT, a couple of hours before the opening of the effusive fractures. The end of the explosive activity coincided with an intense phase of high-frequency (4–22 Hz) tremor which showed two episodes of harmonic spectrum gliding from 4–7 Hz to ~22 Hz. The end of this phase was characterized at 18:26 GMT by a strong infrasonic signal located by the array in the Sciara del Fuoco and associated with the landslide induced by the opening of a lateral effusive vent at 400 m of elevation. This eruption provided a clear example on how the strategy of integrating in near-real-time geophysical information can pinpoint the transition from explosive to effusive activity of the shallow volcanic system at Stromboli. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, results of a long-term temperature monitoring in a passive solar house, located at the Sede-Boqer Campus of the Ben-Gurion University, in the Negev region of Israel are presented. Local latitude is 30.8°N and the elevation is approximately 480m above sea level. The climate of the region is characterized by strong daily and seasonal thermal fluctuations, dry air and clear skies with intense solar radiation. The monitored building consists of a two storey, passive solar house and belongs to a student dormitory complex located at the Sede-Boqer Campus. Formulae were developed, based on part of the whole monitoring period, representing the measured daily indoor maximum, average and minimum temperatures. The formulae were then validated against measurements taken independently in different time periods. In managing the building, the main objective in the winter was to bring up the indoor temperature by direct and indirect solar gains while in the summer it was to keep the temperature down. Therefore, analysis of the data and development of predictive formulas of the indoor temperatures were done separately for the winter and for the summer. Measured data of each season were then divided into two sub-periods, the first one used to generate formulas based on measured data (generation) and the second for testing the predictability of the formulas by independent data (validation). In general, a fairly good agreement was verified between onsite measurements and results of the formulae, with regard to daily indoor maximum, average and minimum temperatures. The issue of using outdoor temperatures measured in the adjacent street canyon instead of those registered at the local meteorological site for evaluating the building''s cooling demand is also addressed in the paper. The developed formulae were here used for estimating the building''s thermal and energy performance in summer, taking into account: (1) solely climatic data from the meteorological station; (2) climatic data from the meteorological station, except for outdoor ambient temperature, which was monitored adjacent to building. Results indicated that the calculation of the building''s energy demand for air-conditioning based on temperature data collected at the meteorological station would yield half of the cooling degree-days externally and about two-thirds of that internally, as compared to adopting measured canyon temperatures for such calculations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Efforts have been made in Brazil to improve the thermal performance of low-cost buildings. Since 1997 studies on low-cost housing have been developed by Núcleo Orientado para a Inovação da Edificação, the construction sector of the Engineering College of the Rio Grande do Sul University, Brazil. In 2000 a prototype of a low-cost house was built on the university campus. This prototype has undergone several evaluations in an attempt to assess its thermal and environmental performance, like: energy consumption, rainwater harvesting, use of sustainably managed wood for window frames and doors, besides a detailed accounting of overall costs. The thermal performance of the house was monitored, by recording outdoor and indoor air temperatures and relative humidity, over the period of whole year. A brief appraisal of such results, as well as the annual heating and cooling degree-hours are presented. Daily swings in outdoor are a common climatic event in Porto Alegre and the building response to daily temperature swings, greater than 10K, and hot and cold spells are presented. The results show that the thermal performance of the prototype is fairly satisfactory, considering the limitations of a low-cost house, when artificial heating and cooling is not affordable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: This paper presents a novel conformal thermal monitoring sheet (TMS) sensor array with differential thermal sensitivity for measuring temperature distributions over large surface areas. Performance of the sensor array is evaluated in terms of thermal accuracy, mechanical stability and conformity to contoured surfaces, probe self-heating under irradiation from microwave and ultrasound hyperthermia sources, and electromagnetic field perturbation. Materials and methods: A prototype with 4 × 4 array of fiber-optic sensors embedded between two flexible and thermally conducting polyimide films was developed as an alternative to the standard 1-2 mm diameter plastic catheter-based probes used in clinical hyperthermia. Computed tomography images and bending tests were performed to evaluate the conformability and mechanical stability respectively. Irradiation and thermal barrier tests were conducted and thermal response of the prototype was compared with round cross-sectional clinical probes. Results: Bending and conformity tests demonstrated higher flexibility, dimensional stability and close conformity to human torso. Minimal perturbation of microwave fields and low probe self-heating was observed when irradiated with 915 MHz microwave and 3.4 MHz ultrasound sources. The transient and steady state thermal responses of the TMS array were superior compared to the clinical probes. Conclusions: A conformal TMS sensor array with improved thermal sensitivity and dimensional stability was investigated for real-time skin temperature monitoring. This fixed-geometry, body-conforming array of thermal sensors allows fast and accurate characterization of two-dimensional temperature distributions over large surface areas. The prototype TMS demonstrates significant advantages over clinical probes for characterizing skin temperature distributions during hyperthermia treatments of superficial tissue disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an accurate four-transistor temperature sensor designed, and developed, for thermal testing and monitoring circuits in deep submicron technologies. A previous three-transistor temperature sensor, which utilizes the temperature characteristic of the threshold voltage, shows highly linear characteristics at a power supply voltage of 1.8 V or more; however, the supply voltage is reduced to 1 V in a 90-nm CMOS process. Since the temperature coefficient of the operating point's current at a 1-V supply voltage is steeper than the coefficient at a 1.8-V supply voltage, the operating point's current at high temperature becomes quite small and the output voltage goes into the subthreshold region or the cutoff region. Therefore, the operating condition of the conventional temperature sensor cannot be satisfied at 1-V supply and this causes degradation of linearity. To improve linearity at a 1-V supply voltage, one transistor is added to the conventional sensor. This additional transistor, which works in the saturation region, changes the temperature coefficient gradient of the operating point's current and moves the operating points at each temperature to appropriate positions within the targeted temperature range. The sensor features an extremely small area of 11.6 × 4.1 μm2 and low power consumption of about 25 μW. The performance of the sensor is highly linear and the predicted temperature error is merely -1.0 to +0.8 °C using a two-point calibration within the range of 50 °C to 125 °C. The sensor has been implemented in the ASPLA CMOS 90-nm 1P7M process and has been tested successfully with a supply voltage of 1 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper details the results of thermal testing carried out on three experimental buildings during the summer of 2007 and compares their performance with that predicted by using the CIBSE Admittance procedure. The buildings, one brick vencer, one mud brick and one of autoclaved aerated concrete wall panels were constructed by the author in Sydney, Australia. The field results were compared with the admittance procedure based on published design values for direct and diffuse radiation in Sydney. The results of this analysis confirm the relative performance of the three walling systems and provide a basis for understanding the thermal behaviour of these buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat carried by the seepage water along hydraulic flow lines can serve as a natural tracer to help detect contrasting hydraulic conductivities in embankment dams. Thermal monitoring was realized on the 94.5 m high QA-01 embankment dam in northern Quebec to characterize the temperature distribution across its entire section. The analysis of the annual thermal response of the dam clearly showed a zone of higher seepage velocities in the compacted till core. Approximations concerning the increased hydraulic conductivity were made using a simple thermal model. Complementary numerical modelling provided a more rigorous quantitative assessment of the seepage patterns. The calculations have shown hydraulic conductivities that are 20 times larger than the expected values. Thermal monitoring can detect zones of increased seepage, which can be related to internal erosion or other factors, such as the variability of the soil properties due to construction practices. Temperature measurements alone are not adequate to determine the cause of a permeable zone in a dam or to predict its possible evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper presents acoustic and thermal performance evaluations carried out in low-cost houses located at the Vila Tecnológica de Curitiba (Technological Village of Curitiba), in Curitiba, Brazil. Two dwellings were evaluated, which were built according to different building systems: (1) the building system Batistella, built with pre-fabricated modules and elements, composed of reforestation wood and (2) the building system Constroyer, composed of expanded polystyrene (EPS) plates, framed in a welded iron mesh, with structural plastering. For the thermal performance evaluation, it was verified that the materials used in the envelope were quite significant for controlling heat gains and losses through the building elements as well as for regulating heat storage. In this case, the system with highest thermal inertia presented better results. Results showed that both building systems had poor acoustic performance, characterized by a low weighted apparent sound reduction index of the façade dB. The German DIN 4109 Norm recommends a minimum of dB. The weighted apparent sound reduction index measured for internal walls was dB and dB, for the building systems Battistela and Constroyer, respectively. The minimum required by German regulation VDI 4100 is dB, for internal walls. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hydrogeological monitoring was conducted around a pilot cavern for underground cryogenic LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) storage. The monitoring was mainly focused on the operation of a drainage and recharge system. After the operation of the drainage system commenced, the drainage rate decreased rapidly in the initial stages and then decreased gradually. Hydrogeological monitoring revealed that the rock drainage system operated effectively. During drainage, the water table was maintained below the cavern roof. The recharge for ice-ring formation was performed in two phases. The first phase involved the cessation of pumping in downward-drainage holes and the second involved the closure of upward boreholes. Since the water table was maintained below the cavern roof, artificial recharge was planned at first. However, it was not implemented due to heavy rainfall in the recharge stage. On the basis of hydrogeological monitoring and hydraulic tests, it was found that the fractures above the roof and on the right wall of the pilot cavern mainly affected seepage into the cavern and thermal variation due to the storage of liquid nitrogen. Thermal variation was examined by the thermometers installed around the pilot cavern. The cooling and thawing processes reveal the characteristics of thermal distribution in the rock and the 0 °C isotherm. The cooling phase lasted for six months, and the 0 °C isotherm progressed in time after the injection of liquid nitrogen into the cavern. The isotherm propagated up to about 4 m from the floor and the sidewall of the cavern and about 3 m from the cavern roof. The cooling rate of the rock mass above the cavern roof was lower than that of the other cavern sides due to the gaseous space in the upper part of the containment. The fractures were analyzed and considered for thermal modeling. A two-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to compare the field monitoring at the pilot cavern. The numerical modeling shows the distance between the ice ring and heat transfer pattern of the fractures around the pilot cavern. The propagation of the measured and calculated 0 °C isotherm reveals that the water-conveying joint on the right wall might affect thermal propagation through a thermal pipe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) has been recognized indispensable to achieve the global planarity in removal of metal overlay across the wafer, when the number of interconnecting metal layers and the size of wafer increase and the line rule reduces to nano scale. CMP has to stop at the endpoint when the overlay metal has been removed, or dishing will occur which affects the subsequent lithography in IC manufacturing. An effective in situ endpoint monitoring method essentially improves the yield rate and throughput of CMP. One notices the coefficient of friction between the pad and dielectric layer is distinguishably lower than the one between the pad and the copper overlay, based on that an endpoint monitoring method using acoustic emissions during the chemical mechanical polishing is feasible. The proposed method is tested in the experiment, and the comparison with the previous thermal monitoring technique shows consistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Urbanization brings several changes to the natural environment. First, vegetation is supressed and natural scenery is modified, in order to accommodate manmade buildings and streets. Consequences bring a direct effect on fauna and flora and, due to a modified environment, with heat fluxes having a different pattern from that of the original site, on climatic features, such as on air temperature and humidity, radiative and convective heat exchanges. Thus, one of the factors that can contribute directly to the creation of urban climate is land use. The present study investigates how land use influences local temperatures in Curitiba, Brazil (25°31′S, 917m elevation). For that purpose, seven different locations of the city were analyzed during a 1-month period by monitoring air temperature and humidity. Also, land use patterns around each location were quantified, according to five different categories established for that purpose: water area, built area, free area, paved area and green area. The monitoring of climatic data occurred in winter (June/July) of 2002. Comparisons were made regarding averages of the minimum, average and maximum temperatures for each location, qualitatively and quantitatively. As a final step of this study, formulas were developed expressing the local temperatures as a function of air temperatures, solar radiation and the wind speed of the meteorological station, which was used as reference station. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: On April 5, 2003, Stromboli volcano (Italy) produced the most violent explosion of the past 50 years. The event was exceptionally well documented thanks to the presence on the island of several scientists and a large number of instruments deployed over the preceding months to monitor the effusive eruption that began in December 2002. Integration of visual documentation, deposit features and geophysical data allowed an accurate reconstruction of the explosive event and its dynamics. The eruption consisted of a 8-min long explosive event which evolved through four phases whose timing was precisely recorded by an infrared thermometer located about 450 m from the summit crater. Phases 2 and 3 lasted 39 and 42 s, respectively. Both had an impulsive character, were responsible for ejecting almost the entire mass of the pyroclastic products. Phases 1 and 4 represented, respectively, a short-lived precursory event and a waning tale. During Phase 2, meter-sized ballistic blocks were launched with velocities of 170 m/s to altitudes of up to 1400 m above the craters. These fell on the volcano flanks and on the village of Ginostra, about 2 km distant from the vent. A vertical jet rose above the craters which developed to feed a convective plume that reached a height of up to 4 km. The calculated mass of the Phase 2 fallout deposit and mass discharge rate were 1.1–1.4×108 kg and 2.8–3.6×106 kg/s, respectively. During Phase 3 a scoria flow deposit, with an estimated volume of 0.9–1.1×104 m3, was erupted from the same vent that fed the ongoing sustained lava flow. The average mass discharge rate for this phase was 2.5–3.1×105 kg/s. Products emitted during Phases 2 and 3 consisted of lithic and fresh magmatic material in similar proportions. The juvenile fraction consisted of a deep-originated, almost aphyric, highly vesicular pumice mingled with a shallow-derived, crystal-rich, moderately vesicular scoria. Similarities with the eruption dynamics of other historical paroxysms at Stromboli makes the April 5, 2003 explosion representative of these highly energetic events that constitute the most hazardous volcanic phenomena at Stromboli volcano. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

MODVOLC is a non-interactive algorithm developed at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) that uses low spatial resolution (1-km pixel-size) infrared satellite data acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to map the global distribution of volcanic thermal anomalies in near-real-time. MODVOLC scans the Level-1B MODIS data stream, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, for evidence of pixel and sub-pixel-sized high-temperature radiators. Once a hot spot has been identified its details (location, emitted spectral radiance, time, satellite observation geometry) are written to ASCII text files and transferred via FTP to HIGP, from where the results are disseminated via the internet ). In this paper, we review the underlying principles upon which the algorithm is based before presenting some of the results and data that have been obtained since its inception. We show how MODVOLC reliably detects thermal anomalies at a large number of persistently and sporadically active volcanoes that encompass the full range of common eruptive styles including Erebus (Antarctica), Colima (México), Karymsky (Kamchatka), Popocatépetl (México), Etna (Italy), and Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo), amongst others. We also present a few cautionary notes regarding the limitations of the algorithm and interpretation of the data it provides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Permanent magnet machines are widely applied in motor drive systems. Therefore, condition monitoring of permanent magnet machines has great significance to assist maintenance. High temperatures are accountable for lots of typical malfunctions and faults, such as demagnetization of the permanent magnet (PM) and inter-turn short circuit of stator windings. Therefore, temperature monitoring of the PM and stator windings is essential for reliable operation. In this paper, an overview introducing and evaluating existing thermal monitoring methods is presented. First, the mechanism of thermal-caused failures for the PM and stator windings is introduced. Then, the design procedure and principles of existing temperature monitoring methods are introduced and summarized. Next, the evaluations and recommendations of application feasibility are demonstrated. Finally, the potential future challenges and opportunities for temperature monitoring of the PM and stator windings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Suitability of mounting technique for fibre optic sensors to measure Li-ion Battery temperature. • Techniques attach FBGs to battery surface using a binding agent and a guide-tube. • Guide -tube used for alleviating strain in the FOS induced by LIB expansion. • Removes the complexity of metal or glass tube typically used for signal decoupling. [Display omitted] Presented is a proof of concept to evaluate the suitability of a mounting technique for fibre optic sensors (FOSs) to measure Lithium-ion Battery (LIB) temperature. Two mounting techniques for the optical fibre, i.e. containing multiple Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs), placed on the LIB are considered. The FOS results are compared with K-type thermocouples, which are also mounted on the LIB. The first mounting technique attaches the FBGs on to the battery surface using a binding agent, while for the second technique, a "guide-tube" is used for alleviating longitudinal strain in the FOS induced by LIB expansion without the complexity of metal or glass tubes typically used for signal decoupling. The first mounting technique is calibrated over a 40 °C temperature variation to derive the sensitivity factor for each FBG; the other technique uses the free fibre sensitivity obtained by the manufacturer. The LIB is subject to 10 Watts constant power (CW) discharge, inducing 14 °C surface temperature increase. The guide-tube technique proposed in this study improves measurement accuracy from± 4.25 °C to + 2.06 °C when both mounting techniques are directly compared to the thermocouples. The proposed mounting technique is found to be a feasible method for cell-level temperature monitoring applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly common in high-power, safety-critical applications such as aerospace, spaceflight, automotive and grid storage. The voltage and power specifications of such applications usually require large numbers of individual cells combined in series and parallel to form a battery pack. It is then the role of the Battery Management System (BMS) to monitor these cells condition and ensure they remain within safe operating limits. To minimise cost and complexity, it is typical to monitor only a fraction of the cells in a battery pack. This creates potential safety and reliability issues and requires conservative limits imposed on the overall system to ensure safe operation. This is insufficient in high-power, safety-critical applications and thus alternative approaches to battery management are required. Here we demonstrate the development of novel miniature electronic devices for incorporation in-situ at a cell-level during manufacture. This approach enables local cell-to-cell and cell-to-BMS data communication of sensor data without the need for additional wiring infostructure within a battery module assembly. The electronics firmware and hardware integration within the cell's electrode stack is demonstrated to function after triggering post cell formation and through cycling and electrochemical impedance analysis. This work shows that the proposed approach has a negligible impact on the cells' performance and highlights a new technique for active monitoring of the cell's in-situ conditions. This research will enable new methods of cells characterization and monitoring for optimum electrochemical and thermal performance while improving system safety., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Specific features of levees, particularly their large lengths, cause significant problems in the early and precise detection of leaks as well as erosion zones in both the levee body and subsoil. These processes are the primary threats to levees safety. Fast and relatively cheap methods for the internal investigation of levees, i.e., non-invasive geophysical methods, are used only during non-flooding periods and do not have equivalent accuracy to sensors installed in the levee. Additionally, there is no optimal monitoring method for levee leak detection during a flood. Such a method, which use a fibre-optic thermal linear sensor is very effective in the case of earth dams, but it has significant limitations when to applied to existing levees. In consequence, the primary goals of our research were to improve the thermal method for levee investigation and to propose a coherent levee investigation methodology that considers the entirety of the currently used methods. We therefore developed a new type of sensor: the Multi Points Thermal Sensor (MPointS). In our solution, thermal sensors are mounted next to one another inside the levee or/and in its subsoil by hammering them from the surface. This procedure creates a quasi-continuous line of sensors along the levee. This technology's key feature is that each sensor has an integrated micro-heater that uses an active (heating) thermal method for leak detection and in situ measurements of the seepage velocity. A pilot section of the Vistula River levee in Poland was chosen to verify the MPointS solution in addition to a geophysical, geological, and geotechnical survey. Some leakage zones on this levee were previously identified during the flood in 2010. We next used a wide variety of methods to investigate the levee during a period of non-flooding. Dynamic penetration light (DPL) soundings and geological drillings were applied in addition to geophysical methods such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), electromagnetic profiling (EMP), capacitively-coupled resistivity (CCR), and high-resolution reflection seismic imaging and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). Loose zones of higher porosity in the levee and its subsoil were identified using geophysical methods. These zones also included the local leakage zones detected during the 2010 flood. However, the leakage zones themselves were not clearly and unambiguously detected by these geophysical methods. The thermal monitoring system using MPointS was next installed in accordance with the locations of the loose zones indicated by the geophysical methods. During the flood in 2019, MPointS allowed us to detect precise leakage zones and monitor whether the seepage velocity exceeded the critical values that may lead to the development of internal erosion. The results showed the importance of using a comprehensive and optimised methodology for levee investigation. MPointS proved to be an effective solution for levee leakage monitoring; however, it was found to be primarily applicable to the most vulnerable levee sections. Overall, levee investigations must be performed with cheaper and faster geophysical methods and supplemented by geotechnical surveys, which are also able to choose MPointS system locations. • Thermal method allows detecting leakages and erosion in levees during floods. • Multi Points Thermal Sensors are designed to be installed on existing levees. • Geophysical surveys help identify sites suitable for installation of thermal sensors. • Key issues in levee safety assessments are leakages and internal erosion detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July and August 2019, Stromboli volcano underwent two dangerous paroxysms previously considered "unexpected" because of the absence of significant changes in usually monitored parameters. We applied a multidisciplinary approach to search for signals able to indicate the possibility of larger explosive activity and to devise a model to explain the observed variations. We analysed geodetic data, satellite thermal data, images from remote cameras and seismic data in a timespan crossing the eruptive period of 2019 to identify precursors of the two paroxysms on a medium-term time span (months) and to perform an in-depth analysis of the signals recorded on a short time scale (hours, minutes) before the paroxysm. We developed a model that explains the observations. We call the model "push and go" where the uppermost feeding system of Stromboli is made up of a lower section occupied by a low viscosity, low density magma that is largely composed of gases and a shallower section occupied by the accumulated melt. We hypothesize that the paroxysms are triggered when an overpressure in the lower section is built up; the explosion will occur at the very moment such overpressure overcomes the confining pressure of the highly viscous magma above it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]