Search

This bachelor thesis deals with terrorism from the social psychology perspective. It defines terrorism, its goals and its classifications. This thesis describes personal and group variables, which influence the formation of terrorism. It elaborates on some psychological approaches to terrorism and terrorist personality in the context of motivation, vulnerability, trauma and abnormality. In the context of the terrorist personality, this thesis deals with moral disengagement and the psychological profile of a terrorist. It continues with a chapter about terrorist group structure and dynamics, for example social influences on its members. Another part of the thesis is an outline for a qualitative research project. Its aim is to explore variables, which repeatedly occur in the life of the terrorist and which may play a role in the decision making process before joining a terrorist group. The emphasis is on important life changing events, which may also influence the formation of terrorism. Keywords: terrorism, terrorist personality, terrorist group, social psychology

This diploma thesis is about financing of terrorism and the countermeasures of the international community. First, the issue is described from a general perspective. The first half of the thesis deals with the definition of terrorism and general ways how terrorist groups finance themselves. The following part is a summary of the most important countermeasures at universal and regional levels. The second part deals with the case of the terrorist group ISIL. First, the development of the group and its financial resources are explained. In the final part there is a list of international measures against ISIL and, given the still ongoing development, so far limited evaluation of their effectiveness and how they could develop in the future. The aim of this thesis is to cexplain how ISIL obtains the necessary funding and what are currently international countermeasures.

This bachelor thesis tries to analyze the effectiveness of the counterterrorism strategy of leadership decapitation in the Caucasus Emirate terrorist group. This strategy gained the attention of academia and policy makes mainly after the 9/11 attacks and the Israeli counterterrorism campaign during the second intifada. Governments are spending a major amount of finances and effort to capture or kill the leaders of terrorist groups; however the effectiveness of this approach is increasingly being questioned. The goal of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of the leadership decapitation strategy used by the Russian security forces against the Caucasus Emirate terrorist organization. The first part of this paper is presenting the current academic discussion on the leadership decapitation strategy. The second empirical part of this paper is analyzing the Caucasus Emirate organization and using gathered data to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy.

As a consequence of an increasing number of terrorist attacks worldwide, terrorism has become one of the most discussed security threats. Given the globalisation of today´s world, terrorism remains an ever-present threat for all nations, including the emerging power represented by the People´s Republic of China. The evolution of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement established in the Chinese north-western province of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region therefore represents the main topic of this Bachelor thesis. The primary aim of the thesis is to analyse the development and behaviour of the movement in terms of its goals, operating territory and ties to global terrorist organisations. The secondary aim is to contribute to a broader discussion and awareness on this topic in the Czech Republic.

The diploma thesis presents comparison of security and strategic culture's approaches of the European Union and the United States of America towards the threat of Islamic state. Comparison is based on two separated analyses of complex strategy and particular steps of both subjects from different methodological points of view. Each analysis consists of security and strategic culture in the light of historical milestones, factors of engagement in fight against Islamic state, complex counter-terrorism strategy and particular steps taken against the Islamic state. Based on comparative analysis both approaches will be compared and the thesis aims to answer the questions, how did both the USA and the EU challenged the threat of Islamic state, how these approaches differ and also what exactly stands behind these concrete steps.

Tento článek se zaměřuje na zahraniční bojovníky v ozbrojených konfliktech v zahraničí (zvláště ve strukturách Islámského státu a na východní Ukrajině) z perspektivy českého trestního práva. The article focuses on foreign fighters involved in armed conflict abroad (especially in structure of Islamic state or in eastern Ukraine) from perspectives of Czech criminal law.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the major themes of female suicide bombers in Chechen widows and Tamil Tigers. For my thesis I chose empirical- analytical methodology and methodology of comparative case studies. In both cases, the first studies dealing with the historical circumstances under which the group is established, the status and role of women in society there, leading motivation to attack their targets and then mention the most important examples of attacks perpetrated by members of the terrorist group. Research suggests that in neither case is not only one motive, but rather a multi-causal phenomenon. Black widows are predominantly motivated by religious and secular motives, specifically the personal motivation because of the death of a loved one, they want revenge. In Tamil Tigers is the main motive separatist when trying to get the rights for the Tamil minority and achieve an independent state of Eelam. Despite the geographical distance and differences in religion can be proportioned to find the same in both groups. Both groups can be seen as a gender dimension - women's efforts to deal with men.

(English) The aim of this dissertation is to answer the question of whether the U.S. security policy is influenced by the threat of cyber terrorism. The dissertation is divided into chapters that can be regarded as steps in a logical reasoning process. In the first chapter, cyber space is introduced and described to illustrate its importance and complexity. The next chapter analytically compares various definitions of terrorism, and partially rejects the initial hypothesis that cyber terrorism is not included in the general definition of terrorism. The following chapter statistically analyzes the available data on terrorist groups and terrorist attacks to empirically confirm the hypothesis that terrorism is still a real threat to American security. The analysis actually proves that the threat of terrorism has not decreased in relation to the number of terrorist groups. It also shows that the number of terrorist attacks against the U.S. targets has significantly decreased in the United States, while terrorist actions have been increasing constantly on a global level. The analysis shows that the success rate of terrorists attacks does not form a time series, and therefore each terrorist attack has to be examined individually to assess its success probability. The following analysis reviews the...

Aim of this bachelor thesis is to analyse available sources, published at the level of national and international organizations discussing the Kurdish minority problematics and its influence on security and political stability of Turkey. Changing levels of stability and security is analysed by amount of attacks and victims during activity of The Kurdistan Worker's Party. Problematics of the Kurdish minority is summarized using the SWOT analysis method and its results help to create predictions and suggestions for future solutions.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav politologie Bakalářská práce Markéta Kocmanová Možnosti psychologického zkoumání v mezinárodních vztazích On Psychological Methods in International Relations Abstract The thesis provides an introduction to the employment of theoretical models of general and primarily social psychology while exploring global politics against the background of a holistically conceived dynamic model of the system of international relations. Central focus is directed at the phenomena undermining security stability at the sub-system level, i.e. the genesis of aggression and dynamics of conflict through the concept of perception as well as the dichotomy of collectivistic and individualistic cultures. The practical part performs an in-depth analysis of political radicalization while depicting the mechanisms of the pyramid model of radicalization. The overall theoretical framework is accompanied by a number of illustrative examples of both historical event and current international politics which are presented in relation to the specific actors within the system.

Diploma thesis tracks changes of approach to the clandestine human intelligence collection (HUMINT) as part of a wider process of the United States Intelligence Community reform after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Using longitudinal comparative analysis, the author observes which key factors enabling successful HUMINT collection were significantly improved and which were neglected, thus constraining a highly desirable development of this intelligence collection technique so important in combating asymmetric threats such as terrorism. Following factors were identified as critical in improving HUMINT: institutional anchoring of HUMINT, adaptation of operational techniques to successfully monitor decentralized terrorism, 'dependence' of the US intelligence community on technological means of intelligence collection, and availability of qualified and especially linguistically adept intelligence professionals in responsible agencies. Keywords CIA, DIA, HUMINT, intelligence, reform, terrorism, United States of America

The bachelor thesis deals with the theory of the clash of civilizations especially among Jewish and Islamic cultures, then it tackles the current security issue of terrorism. Theoretical and methodological basis is applied to the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, especially on the Palestinian organization Hamas, which since the late 80s of the 20th century, operates on the territory of the Gaza Strip. This work comprehensively explains the development, activities and the style of attacks perpetrated by Hamas. The main goal of this thesis is to clarify that Hamas embodies one of the obstacles which prevent the Middle East from the lasting peace.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of military unmanned aerial vehicles as a instrument of American foreign policy in the fight against terrorism. It covers their potential impact on terrorist organizations, for instance their change in behavior and warfare. It addresses the efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicles as a warfare from various perspectives, for instance in terms of number of civilian casualties or killed senior terrorist leaders. It also compares the military unmanned aerial vehicles with other alternatives of fight against terrorism and analyzes their use from strategic and tactical point of view. The last chapter indicates the potential scenarios resulting from their use for the United States, international system and security and for world itself.

Aim of this bachelor thesis is an analysis of the rise of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) in the first years of the Troubles. Discussed events are put into context of history of the Irish republicanism and an appropriate attention is paid to the change in IRA's approaches in the 1960s. The core part of the thesis follows up a period between 1969, when a split in organisation occured and the PIRA was created, and July 30-31 1972, when British operation Motorman ended the period of PIRA's greatest strenght. The purpose of this thesis is to "explain" early Provisional IRA, to analyse its role in political and ethnic conflict and especially to find the causes of its truly impressive rise, mostly caused by brilliant exploitation of potential of the Troubles. This thesis also contains a chapter that deals with activity of the "Official" IRA (OIRA).

The Lockerbie bombing, which happened in December 1988, brings an interesting and unique situation to Czechoslovakian newspapers. A US aircraft is destroyed over British territory, causing 270 people, mostly American and British citizens, to die. Both those countries are perceived as hostile in the media, given they belong to the West, whilst Czechoslovakia is part of the East. However, international terrorism is condemned regardless of the political situation. This paper describes how two biggest Czechoslovakian newspapers - Rudé právo and Mladá fronta - covered the subject. Reporting the incident has two major stages. The first one is informing about a plane crash which unveils as a bomb attack over time. The second stage is marked by suspicion that the explosive used was Czechoslovakian-made Semtex and possible links between Czechoslovakia and terrorist is hinted upon. While the first stage is covered without taking any sides, even though the scale of the coverage is much lower as the incident suggests, the second stage is marked by both newspapers taking a defensive stance against these speculations and are daily reporting about the efforts of Czechoslovakian officials to disprove this claim. The largest deviations from the objectivity criteria is a deviation in impartiality and not in facticity.

Topic: American Foreign and Security Policy towards Iran: 2006-2010 Author: Daniel Soukop Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Francis D. Raška, PhD. Year: 2014 Abstract The long term relations between the United States and Iran are complicated, tense and hostile. This diploma thesis analyzes American foreign policy towards Iran between 2006 and 2010. This time period was critical for American-Iranian relations for several reasons. First, the American rhetoric towards Iran became significantly more intense during the George W. Bush administration. This started with the Bush's "Axis of Evil" speech and peaked with the National Security Strategy of 2006, according to which the goal of the United States was a complete change of Iranian internal and external political behavior, and the American leadership was ready to use all means necessary to achieve its objective. The highest level Iranian leaders consequently became more paranoid and under the fear of losing power took Iran into an even more defensive position, although the United States sought the direct opposite. Second, in February 2006, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) turned over the issue of the Iranian nuclear program to the UN Security Council. There the United States took the opportunity to push for multilateral sanctions on Iran. Third, in 2009,...

Geographic dimension of terrorist activites of ETA organization in Basque Country and Spain Abstract The submitted thesis maps terroristic activities of the ETA organization and searches for connections between the affected area and a specific local context. The levels of provinces were used for the analysis of the attack location within Spanish Kingdom. The time of the organisation activity was divided into the period of Franco's Dictatorship, the period of democracy and a special transitional period in between those two forms of government. The assumption that the fall of Franco's regime would fundamentally change the locations of the attacks was not confirmed by this thesis, although the partial changes occur. The following part concentrates on autonomous Basque Country. At the level of comarcas, any correlation between a region and it's selected socioekconomic indicators was not discovered. Competitive explanation is that most of the attacks are focused on administrative and regional centres. This coincides with the main assumption which prefer the symbolic importance of the area, rather then socioeconomic status.

The terrorist label became recently so widely used. It strongly influenced the language of media, politicians and society. The security discourse is seemingly dominated by the counter-terrorism policy. Both the national and international legal systems introduced laws to avert the terrorist actions. Ironically, no universal definition of terrorism has been found yet so the use of the terrorist label depends mainly on own interpretation. The thesis aims to critically analyse the terrorist label and to determine if it prevents the conflict between so called terrorists and the rest of the society from peaceful resolution. The first chapter introduces theoretical and methodological framework of the research. It is followed by the analysis of the EU's designation of Hezbollah's military wing as a terrorist organization in the second chapter. A special attention is paid to the Israeli diplomatic pressure on the EU to blacklist Hezbollah which was selected as an appropriate example of the terrorist labelling.

This thesis deals with evaluation of aspects connected to the use of unmanned aircraft in contemporary international armed conflicts. Unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned aircraft or drones are the summarizing designations of aircraft without a pilot onboard, which is operated from the ground or has by pre-programmed flight plan, and can fulfil a number of military as well as civil purposes. The main attention will be paid to the military unmanned aircraft, the use of which causes a wide range of discussions in media as well as on political and professional level.

The thesis deals with the development of the security situation in Egypt and with reactions of incoming tourism on this development. Relation between incoming tourism and security in this country is analysed with respect to events influencing the security of Egypt and to evaluation of the development of incoming tourism in last ten years. By means of questionnaire survey it was found out whether the security of a destination is an important aspect for consumers deciding about their holiday. Segments with different approaches to risk were subsequently identified. In conclusion of the thesis the results are interpreted and there are also recom-mendations for travel agencies about which segment should their offer be focused on.

This thesis named "Analysis of the Official Israeli Discourse during the Second Intifada: Legitimization and Categorization" is concerned with discursive construction of Palestinian terrorism and Israeli security policies by Israeli officials in the period following 2000. The paper draws on works which refuse to perceive language as neutral communication means to describe the social reality, and instead approach it as a tool to impose and maintain social and political inequality and dominance of some groups over others. These theoretical foundations underpin the following research which examines legitimation strategies employed by Israeli officials in order to justify Israeli controversial measures aiming to quell Palestinian terrorism during the Second Intifada. The paper identifies several discursive schemes through which Israeli state representatives purported to legitimize Israeli security policies that were harshly criticized at the time. The basic strategy is to depict and categorize Israelis as peace yearning people who relentlessly offer far-reaching compromises aiming to achieve calm, which proposals are being adamantly rejected by Palestinians whose only reaction is resort to terror. The thesis further deals with Israeli officials' reframing of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a part...

(in English): The thesis deals with the formulation of a new theoretical perspective on terrorism. Terrorism has become a frequent topic in the academic, political and laical environment, especially in recent years as a result of the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. It acquired a new form of a global threat; however, it is still a phenomenon of socially ambiguous approach. This thesis aims to analyze terrorism through its ideological background. Criticism of social inequality, which is masked by ideology, is the basic subject of Marxist thinkers. The thesis focuses on the Slovenian philosopher and sociologist Slavoj Zizek. He enriches the Marxist theory of psychoanalysis, which provides him a tool for the interpretation of social phenomena, and ideology is one of his central themes. The main goal of this thesis is to show the analysis of ideology through Žižek's original approach, which can be used to understand the causes of terrorism.

(in English): This work studies the genesis of the FARC's ideological nature and the consequences of changes in its development which have had an impact on the conduct of warfare. A number of aspects which, in varying degrees, affect the direction of the guerrilla group are analysed successively. Firstly, the roots of the movement are discussed along with events which led to the creation of the FARC and the legitimacy of its political program. Thereafter, the functionality of the security policy of Colombian presidents for the last thirty years is examined. Participation in the illegal drug trade, which constantly changes the guerrilla's mechanism of functioning, has had appreciable influence on the process of forming the movement and consequently on the public view of the organization. Based on the study of the stated aspects and the analysis of three key constituents of guerrilla movement - political, military and economic components - a scheme describing the hierarchic realignment that has resulted in the consequent transformation of the organization was created.

American Foreign Policy towards Iran: 2006-2010 author: Daniel Soukop date: 16 May 2013 Abstract In the long term, relations between the United States and Iran can be painted as complicated, tense and hostile. This diploma thesis analyzes the American foreign policy towards Iran between 2006 and 2010. This time period was essential for American-Iranian relations for several reasons. First, the American rhetoric towards Iran got significantly intense during the George W. Bush administration. It started with the Bush's "Axis of Evil" and peaked with the National Security Strategy of 2006, according to which the United States were aiming at a complete change of Iranian internal and external behavior, and were ready to use all means necessary to achieve this ultimate objective. The highest Iranian leaders consequently gave in to paranoia and under the fear of losing their own power brought Iran into an even more defensive position, although the United States needed the direct opposite. Second, in February 2006, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) handed over the issue regarding the Iranian nuclear program to the UN Security Council. Thereby the United States got an opportunity to push for multilateral sanctions on Iran. Third, at the beginning of 2009, the United States awaited the change of...

The aim of this thesis is to empirically analyze the behavior of terrorist groups. In this work we tested the assumption of the model of rational choice in terms of terrorism. The empirical section combines theoretical predictions with observed facts and shows the terrorists as rational actors acting under uncertainty. The data used in the analysis orginate from databases GTD and RDWTI. Mean-variance analysis of portfolios of real attack of terrorist organizations suggests their ability to effectively optimize their activity and to reduce the risks to which they are exposed. Terrorists thus appears as rational agents able to react quickly to external influences. This largely affects the resulting impact of counter-terrorism measures taken when selectively targeted measures may lead to a mere transfer of terrorist activity to another destination.

This thesis focuses on the ethical aspects of soldiers of the Army of the Czech republic participating in the foreign operations, not only in relation to the legality and legitimacy of military intervention, but also from the point of view of practical ethical questions of soldiers sent to perform tasks in these operations. The first part of this thesis introduces the Army of the Czech Republic as a tool to ensure national security and national sovereignty, built with emphasis to fulfill military traditions, virtues and professional ethics. Later, in historical and contemporary contexts summarizes the basic ethical solutions for the legitimate use of force to resolve international conflicts. The second part reflects the umanitarian and security operations taking place in the former Yugoslavia, Iraq and Afghanistan as the consequences of massive human rights violations, ethnic violence and global terrorism. In the context of the ethical and Christian dimension of legitimate use of military means, summarizes the basic issues while solving security threats and enforcing national interests.

Although it seems to be a global phenomenon, the internet is a part of human society for relatively short time. Existing in different forms there are phenomena that are present in human society for decades, and that we might not expect in cyberspace. In addition to a mutation of social pathologies such as bullying, child pornography and stalking, internet is used by extremist movements and terrorist groups for their activities such as propaganda, mutual communication, but also for invasive activities. This thesis is focused among other things on terrorism in cyberspace. The introduction places the issue in the current state of society, connecting it with technological and social changes. The second section presents a brief overview of the relevant literature, which is focused on the issue of conventional terrorism and terrorism in cyberspace. The following chapters attempt to define its form, find its essence, and describe the similarities and differences especially in relation to conventional terrorism. These findings are achieved by confrontating both forms of terrorism, its fundamental aspects and classification criteria. This work provides an unusual insight into the relationship of technology and society, which despite its relative youth requires more and more attention. It shows that...

This thesis ,,Rainbow Warrior Affair: act of state terrorism?" studies an incident that happened in New Zealand, in 1985. The flagship vessel of international peace organization, Greenpeace, was sabotaged and scuttled. The operation was executed by French secret services and ordered by President Francois Mitterand. This thesis aims to determine if the operation was an example of state terrorism. The first chapter deals with the concept of terrorism and its typology. The second chapter reviews the 2 opposing schools of thought on whether or not state terrorism actually exists. The third chapter analyses the different reactions to the incident by New Zealand and France. The final chapter deals with how Operation Rainbow Warrior influenced relations between France and New Zealand.

Bachelor thesis first defines tourism and divides it according to selected criteria. Dynamic evolution of tourism depends on the interaction of many factors. One of these factors is terrorism, which is explained in detail in the second chapter. The same structure as in the first chapter is followed for terrorism - the definition, classification and a brief history are stated. The thesis focuses on the impact of terrorism and its consequences for tourism. In order to deal with the consequences of terrorism and to prevent them various measures are included. The practical part is focused on one of the consequences of terrorism - perception of security of a destination. The hypothesis that the Czech Republic is seen as a safe tourist destination was verified, hence the possible attacks on the Czech Republic would have even greater psychological consequences.

The thesis deals with the Conflict in Somalia and the influence of international participants, especially European Union. Theoretical part focuses on main indicators that bring Somalia on the top of "Failed States Index", piracy and terrorism. Practical part focuses on analyzing European Union's missions in Somalia and evaluating indicators such as GDP or "Failed States Index". The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of European states on solving the instability of Somalia based on the current situation there.

The aim of my thesis is both to describe the steps of the OAS and the Council of Europe in the fight against terrorism and also to compare their approach in this area. The thesis is divided into four chapters, which are further subdivided into three parts. The first two parts of each chapter describe the steps of each organization separately, the third part compares their approach and puts it into the context. The first chapter examines the reasons for which these organizations decided to implement the fight against terrorism on their agendas and maps the adoption of the first international instruments. Although the time scale of the activity in this area rather overlaps, I point out the different approaches of the two organizations in terms of the adopted counter- terrorism conventions. The following chapter is devoted to the period after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when a review of existing documents took place and the counter-terrorism cooperation between the countries of both regions was intensified. In this chapter, I discuss in detail the newly adopted international tools and compare their impact on the existing regulation. In the third chapter, I try to outline new areas of interest in the field of counter- terrorism. The focus is shifted to the issues like financing of...

This bachelor thesis deals with the visa system of the United States of America. The aim of this thesis is to assess the security feature of contemporary visa system and his effectiveness in the struggle against terrorism and illegal immigration. The theoretical part of the thesis defines basic security concepts. It describes contemporary security system of the U.S. and sets the visa system into it. The practical part deals with the role of the visa system in 11/9 terrorist attacks and compare it to the current situation. It also analyses the role of visas in the struggle against illegal immigration with a concentration on the problem of overstays.

In my bachelor thesis, I concentrated primarily to issues inclusive to water management and terrorism. The main aim of my thesis is to analyze protection of water supply against possible terrorist attack with using of selective contaminants. The district of Žatec is defined by administrative area municipality with extended competence Žatec that includes 18 villages and their parts. Over 91 % from the 26 thousand inhabitants are supplied a potable water by public water supply from several surface and groundwater water sources. In this region has been built over 20 water tanks, more than 200 km water mains, several pump stations, water treatment plant and another equipment. Water supply network of the district Žatec is controlled by regional dispatch center, located in Most. In partial analyse of security system water supply, I focused on issue of the protection against external disruption by terrorists on selective objects or equipment. I visited some of them, specifically selected water tanks and dispatching by excursion with expert consultation. I founded that the most vulnerable components are water tanks which are not connected to dispatching. That´s means that dispatchers haven´t continuous information about monitored parameters of water tanks and that these water tanks are not secured by infrared sensor which points out a break-in. These water tanks aren´t connected to large distributional systems. They supply individual town or group of municipalities by local or group water mains. Their further disadvantage is small capacity too. Water tank at Třeskonice has two chamber each with capacity of 25 m3. I defined suitable contaminant of water supply system by analysis potentially hazardous water contaminants. I compared required properties of suitable contaminant with available informations concerning to selective biological weapons and toxins. Although, at first I supposed that I will define by analysis more suitable contaminants than one, so I could determine only bacillus anthracis as potentially highly hazardous water contaminant due to limited access of available informations about agens. Spores of this bacterium which cause anthrax are e.g. resistant to chlorine, stable in water enviroment, relatively easy cultivation on selected culture medium. There is probably posibility to be infected by cutaneous and intestinal forms of anthrax through effective and sufficient contamination. In the final analysis, the potential of a terrorist attack on the water supply network of the district Žatec, I concentrated mainly on evaluation posibilities of ways performance terrorist attack from the point of view of efectivity and difficulty performance such terrorist attack and on evaluation of total and general potencial terrorist attack. The easiest and the most likely ways of performance terrorist attack is direct aplication of suitable contaminant into water tanks´s reservoir. Simultaneously the easiest and the most effective is contamination into selective water tanks that I specified in analysis security of water supply network. Nevertheless is undoubted that even ineffective contamination would mean really significant intervention towards activities of all relevant institutions and serious disruption of inhabitants´s daily life. Due to my achieved results is neccesary to raise level of protection water supply network for some parts of this system. It concerns primarily improvement security for individual water tanks. It is also desirable to determine security level of water tanks by legislative law. For verification of preparedness for such crisis situation is needed to perform a demonstration training with model situation for possible contamination of the water network by hazardous substances.Concurrently it is important to implement available and actual data from adequate foreing sources which are concerning to a research potentional water contaminants, especially biological and chemical weapons.

The subject of my diploma thesis, Cyber terrorism - medial threat, is a phenomenon of terrorist attacks in cyberspace, media discourse, within the reality is constructed cyber terrorism in the media and its impact on the securitization of cyber terrorism process. It also deals with the comparison of traditional forms of terrorism with those that have evolved with new communication technologies. The thesis outlines the development of the concept of terrorism from its beginning to the present. The aim of the thesis is to show Cyber terrorism as a latent threat to the information society. For the interdisciplinary approach is used the method of discourse analysis. Creating a social and media reality is analyzed based on the theory of Niklas Luhmann and points to the autopoiesis self-reference systems and reference each other, as a key concept in the construction of reality by the media. Another section is devoted to the reaction of the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on the "threat" of cyber terrorism. Keywords Terrorism, cyber terrorism, self-reference, autopoiesis, securitization

The left-wing terrorism in Italy in the 1970s and the Red brigades as its most significant symptom resulted in the long-term view from the fight between the partisans and the fascists in the Second World War and from the short-term view from the students' and labourers' protests in the end of 1960s. The Red brigades were founded in 1970 and were composed mainly by students from Trento (Curcio, Cagol), communists from Reggio Emilia (Franceschini, Gallinari) and labourers from Milano (Moretti). They began in the first years of their functioning with agitation in the factories, burning the cars of the high managers and kidnapping. The thesis follows gradual radicalisation of the group and the change of their aims - from this moment on mostly politicians, judges, state magistrates. The transformation of the Red brigades related to the personal changes in the leadership - after Curcio and Franceschini were arrested and Cagol killed, radical Moretti became very influential. The organisation under his leadership started to kill intentionally its victims and the wave of brutal attacks culminated in the spring 1978 in kidnapping and murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro. The Red brigades however became strongly socially isolated and several ideological differences among the members of the administration...

The thesis deals with contemporary problems of anti-terrorist financial sanctions imposed by the EU on the basis of its Anti-terrorist Strategy. The EU nowadays faces harsh criticism over problems with lacking efficiency and violation of human rights standards while exercising sanction instruments. Current shape of this system helped to create distinctively European judicial bodies. Due to this fact, the most important case rulings on the imposed financial sanctions against individuals suspected of terrorism are in focus of the thesis. Author states, that current conception of sanction mechanism within the EU comes to an end and will be soon replaced or abandoned or radically changed in compliance with the courts' statements and practice of the courts. This proposition answers the research question: Does the current construction of EU sanctions measures represent the very last and flawless form of its development? Or is it the case that the whole system will have to be replaced or radically changed? The author analysis objection articulated by the EU judiciary and proposes possibilities of further development and assesses these options.

The Arab spring represents one of the most important historical events in the Arab world. The series of uprisings has aff ected almost every country in the region and brought a possibility for change of old autocratic systems. This paper deals with the Yemeni Arab spring, which was in the media shaped by the events in Egypt and Syria. It analyses the key players of the uprising, both in the regime and the opposition. The article shows that the very period of the Arab spring was not comprised of protests only, but was a complicated power game infl uenced by external players, mainly by Saudi Arabia and by the tribalized nature of Yemeni society. The Arab spring also brought a possibility for women to participate in public life, which is very limited in this conservative country. Their eff ort was in a symbolic way rewarded by awarding the Nobel Prize to Tawakkul Karman, one of the most important opposition activists of the Yemeni Arab spring.

The goal of this thesis is to describe the theory of international relations, terrorism and the influence of terrorism on the international trade with oil. Three terrorist attacks were chosen for the purpose of this thesis: the September 11th, 2001 attacks in the United States, the Madrid bombings on March 11th, 2004 and the London bombings of July 7th, 2005. This thesis analyzes the influence of each of the attacks on oil prices and oil trade in the countries affected by these attacks.