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The present study elaborates on the issue of termination of employment of lecturers with academic ranks. The aim is to perform an up-to-date normative analysis of the grounds for termination in the two dedicated laws: the Act on Development of the Academic Staff in the Republic of Bulgaria and the Higher Education Act, as well as the general source, i.e. the Labour Code. The exploration is complemented by a review of the relevant case law. The methodology includes traditional methods of the legal doctrine – induction, deduction, comparative and normative analysis, etc. Conclusions and summaries on the application of the norms are made on the basis of the performed analysis. The termination pursuant to the special laws is in accordance with the goals and the spirit of the normative regulation of the higher education and the academic staff. In view of this, the grounds are consistent with the specifics of this activity and reflect both the traditions of Bulgarian education and the contemporary processes. In addition, the general grounds for termination under the Labour Code are applicable, insofar as the special laws do not provide otherwise.

Background: Termination of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia in the United States, during catheter ablation is an attractive procedural endpoint, which has been associated with improved long-term outcome in some studies. It is not clear, however, whether it is possible to predict termination using clinical data. We developed and applied three quantitative indices in global multielectrode recordings of AF prior to ablation: average dominant frequency (ADF), spectral power index (SPI), and electrogram quality index (EQI).Methods: In N = 42 persistent AF patients (65 ± 9 years, 14% female) we collected unipolar electrograms from 64-pole baskets (Abbott, CA). We studied N = 17 patients in whom AF terminated during ablation (“Term”) and N = 25 in whom it did not (“Non-term”). For each index, we determined its ability to predict ablation by computing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calculated the area under the curve (AUC).Results: The ADF did not differ for Term and Non-term patients at 5.28 ± 0.82 Hz and 5.51 ± 0.81 Hz, respectively (p = 0.34). Conversely, the SPI for these two groups was. 0.85 (0.80–0.92) and 0.97 (0.93–0.98) and the EQI was 0.61 (0.58–0.64) and 0.56 (0.55–0.59) (p < 0.0001). The AUC for predicting AF termination for the SPI was 0.85 ([0.68, 0.95] 95% CI), and for the EQI, 0.86 ([0.72, 0.95] 95% CI).Conclusion: Both the EQI and the SPI may provide a useful clinical tool to predict procedural ablation outcome in persistent AF patients. Future studies are required to identify which physiological features of AF are revealed by these indices and hence linked to AF termination or non-termination.

Objective: Terminating a therapeutic relationship can be particularly challenging and onerous for the treating medical practitioner. There are multiple reasons why a practitioner may desire to terminate the relationship, ranging from inappropriate behaviour and assault through to threatened or actual litigation. This paper provides psychiatrists as well as all doctors and support staff who work alongside them with a simple, step-by-step visual guide to terminating a therapeutic relationship, giving due consideration to their professional and legal obligations in line with common recommendations by medical indemnity organisations. Conclusions: If a practitioner's ability to manage the patient is inadequate or compromised due to an emotional, financial, or legal circumstance, it is reasonable to consider termination of the relationship. Practical steps such as taking contemporaneous notes, writing to the patient and their primary care doctor, ensuring continuity of healthcare, and communicating with authorities where appropriate have been identified as components commonly recommended by medical indemnity insurance organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph theory has been a useful tool for logic programming in many aspects. In this paper, we propose an equivalent representation of multi-adjoint logic programs using hypergraphs, which are a generalization of classical graphs that allows the use of hypergraph theory in logic programming. Specifically, this representation has been considered in this paper to increase the level and flexibility of different termination results of the computation of the least model of fuzzy logic programs via the immediate consequence operator. Consequently, the least model of more general and versatile fuzzy logic programs can be obtained after finitely many iterations, although infinite programs or programs with loops and general aggregators will be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research is an open‐ended quest where success usually triumphs over failure. The tremendous success of science obscures the tendency for the non‐linear discovery process to take longer and cost more than expected. Perseverance through detours and past setbacks requires a significant commitment that is fueled by scientific optimism; the same optimism required to overcome challenges simultaneously exacerbates the very human tendency to continue a line of inquiry when the likelihood of success is minimal, the so‐called sunk‐cost bias. This Viewpoint Article shows how the psychological phenomenon of sunk‐cost bias influences medicinal, pharmaceutical, and organic chemists by comparing how the respective industrial and academic practitioners approach sunk‐cost bias; a series of interviews and illustrative quotes provide a rich trove of data to address this seldom discussed, yet potentially avoidable research cost. The concluding strategies recommended for mitigating against sunk‐cost bias should benefit not only medicinal, pharmaceutical, and organic chemists but a wide array of chemistry practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops are grown in order to provide agro-ecological services and must be terminated before planting the subsequent cash crop. Winterkill termination (by frost damage) depends on the interaction between crop frost hardiness, temperatures and the development stage reached at the time of sub-zero temperature exposure. Remotely sensing intensity, timing and spatial variation of cover crop frost damage can be useful for modeling and planning purposes. Therefore, in this study Sentinel-2 vegetation indices were employed in order to detect frost damage in four white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) fields located in Northern Italy. We estimated the starting date of frost events by means of vegetation indices (EVI, NDRE, NDVI, MMSR, and CCCI); we quantified and mapped frost damage at the sub-field level, using ground-based frost damage measurements carried out during the 2021/2022 season. As to frost damage quantification, MMSR outperformed the other VIs followed by CCCI and EVI (R2 > 0.55). The adopted procedure to detect starting dates of frost events was successful in most cases, with a one-day and a four-day delay in the two best cases (NDRE). Finally, maps of frost damage were consistent with its observed spatial variation. We demonstrated that it is possible to employ vegetation indices in order to detect cover crop frost damage and thus assessing cover crop winterkill termination efficiency in the field. Further research is needed, involving additional field monitoring of white mustard in more diverse conditions, and extension of the calibration, as well as validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to terminate the mandate contract granted to the parties in art. 512 of the Turkish Code of Obligations is a disruptive formative right that does not require any reason for its use. Therefore, it is possible to exercise this right arbitrarily. However, in the second sentence of the same provision, it is regulated that the party who terminates the contract at an inappropriate time will be liable to compensate the other party for the losses incurred. In this study, the liability for compensation will be discussed primarily by considering the opinions in Turkish-Swiss doctrine and jurisprudence regarding the legal nature and scope of the claim for compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE RESERVATION OF TOURIST PACKAGES OF TRAVEL SERVICES AND ASSOCIATED TRAVEL SERVICES CONFERS WELL-DEFINED RIGHTS TO CONSUMERS IN ADVANCE, DURING THE RESERVATION AND THROUGHOUT THE VACATION. IN THE FOLLOWING, WE MENTION SUCH RIGHTS CONFERRED TO THE CONSUMER: THE RIGHT TO PRE-CONTRACTUAL INFORMATION, THE RIGHTS DERIVING FROM THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR / ORGANIZER FOR THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE TRAVEL SERVICES INCLUDED IN THE PACKAGE, RESPECTIVELY THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION IN CASE THE ORGANIZER ENTERS INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS. THE TOURIST PACKAGES PURCHASED BOTH ONLINE AND THOSE PURCHASED FACE TO FACE, FROM THE MERCHANT WHO ACTS AS AN ORGANIZER OF TOURIST PACKAGES, ARE CONSIDERED. THESE RIGHTS ARE REGULATED BOTH BY THE LEGISLATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION BY DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/23022 REGARDING THE PACKAGES OF TRAVEL SERVICES AND ASSOCIATED TRAVEL SERVICES AS WELL AS BY THE INTERNAL TRANSPOSITION NORM, RESPECTIVELY ORDINANCE NO.2 / 2018 REGARDING THE PACKAGES OF TRAVEL SERVICES AND ASSOCIATED TRAVEL SERVICES, AS WELL AS FOR THE MODIFICATION OF SOME NORMATIVE ACTS3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During mammalian neocortex development, nascent pyramidal neurons migrate along radial glial cells and overtake earlier-born neurons to terminate at the front of the developing cortical plate (CP), leading to the outward expansion of the CP border. While much has been learned about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the migration of pyramidal neurons, how migrating neurons bypass the preceding neurons at the end of migration to reach their final positions remains poorly understood. Here, we report that Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) is required for migrating neurons to bypass their postmigratory predecessors during the expansion of the upper cortical layers. DSCAM is a type I transmembrane cell adhesion molecule. It has been linked to Down syndrome through its location on Chromosome 21 trisomy and to autism spectrum disorders through loss-of-function mutations. Ex vivo time-lapse imaging demonstrates that DSCAM is required for migrating neurons to bypass their postmigratory predecessors, crossing the CP border to expand the upper cortical layers. In DSCAM-deficient cortices, migrating neurons stop prematurely under the CP border, leading to thinner upper cortical layers with higher neuronal density. We further show that DSCAM weakens cell adhesion mediated by N-cadherin in the upper cortical plate, allowing migrating neurons to traverse the CP border and expand the CP. These findings suggest that DSCAM is required for proper migratory termination and final positioning of nascent pyramidal neurons, which may provide insight into brain disorders that exhibit thinner upper layers of the cerebral cortex without neuronal loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian sheep farming has been gaining prominence with the increase in meat production, seeking more efficiency and profitability. Thus, the creation of the Santa Inês breed has stood out, as it is highly adaptable to different types of environments and has potential for meat production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of the morphometric sheep of the Santa Inês breed, recently-Paris, with their respective lamb Texel x Santa Inês, a paste, in creep feeding system. For this purpose, 30 Sheeps and theirs and the respective lamb were used for natural breastfeeding for 60 days until weaning. The randomized blocks used, with two treatments (absence of the presence of the private feeder), with 10 repetitions, being shadow sheep by repetition municipality or relative lamb. In studies on the termination of two lambs, the bone of heavy animals was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiments (25 days), using the 30-lambs weaned. The randomized blocks, used with three treatments (0, 400 and 800 g of concentrate/lamb/day). There was no difference in weight between the sheep outside of lamb (supplemented or not). There were no two treatments effect on the morphometric characteristics among the sheep outside between the lamb bone. The use of creep feeding to supplement lambs kept on natural lactation does not provide weight gain in sheep, nor does it provide weight gain in supplemented lambs. Lamb supplementation does not influence the morphometric characteristics of ewes and lambs during lactation. Private supplementation during breastfeeding does not increase lambs’ weight gain until weaning, but food supplementation, via creep feeding with 400 g/animal/day, in the finishing phase presents the best results for weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tacit withdrawal, is one of the abnormal ways of ending the process, instituted since Law 105 of 1890, it has also been called, expiration of the instance or perenniality. The reason behind the decision is the abandonment or inactivity of the process at the request of the party. Article 317 of the General Code of Procedure regulates the procedural act, nefariously sanctioning the litigant, with the extinction of the right sought, when it is decreed a second time between the same parties and in the exercise of the same claims. The consequence falls on the right of action, according to the proportionality study carried out by the Constitutional Court in judgment C-1186 of 2008, which declared the consequence envisaged in law 1194 of 2008 enforceable; judgment that applies to article 317 of the CGP, without, as the judgment warned, the substantial right is lost, what is lost is the right of action. When the intended right is extinguished, the obligation is devoid of action, becoming a natural obligation, at the discretion of the debtor, the procedural action is not a way to decongest the judicial offices, as expressed by the litigants, it is the sanction to their litigation neglected, resulting in the withdrawal of the action, and hence its extinction. Obviously, the tacit withdrawal is an input for decongestion, but it is for the obligation the cause of changing from civil obligation to natural, by not conferring the right to demand its fulfillment. Therefore, in article 1527 of the Civil Code, this new natural obligation must be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, a novel high-tolerance termination is proposed for 600 V super-junction vertical double-diffused MOSFET (SJ VDMOS). By using a multi-ring resistive field plate between the active region and edge ring, the narrow charge tolerance of termination for small cell pitch SJ VDMOS is improved remarkably. The surface field plate can dynamically deplete the excess charges and introduce additional electric field peaks, effectively counteracting the degradation caused by charge imbalance. Combined with the symmetrical folded layout, the tolerance of the P-type lateral connection (LC) layer reaches ±21.7%, and the design window of the P-pillar extends to the same range as that of the active region. This provides great flexibility for the design of the LC layer and even JFET and P-pillar implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting the interests of the parties to a contract in case of non-execution by the other party has always been a current issue, and the remedies that the wronged party can enjoy have undergone changes in accordance with the development of contractual relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The concept of the employment has continuously changed over the years, recognizing more rights to the employees, due to its economic and social implications, as well it complexity and importance. One of the most sensitive, analyzed and elaborated issues in the labor legislation today is the termination of the employment contract. Over the years, the traditional rules governing the employment contract were characterized by a formal symmetry of each party’s rights to terminate the contract of employment, by giving notice, without the need to provide justification in its regard. Nevertheless, the consequences were different for each contractual party: termination of the employment contract by the Employee is a fundamental right, which can be exercised upon their free and full will and results in most of the cases not convenient for the Employer, meanwhile the termination of the employment contract by the Employer results in insecurity and lack of income for an uncertain period of time. This paper aims to focus on the termination of the individual employment contract, mainly on its legal regulation during an inappropriate time, such as annual leave, during and after maternity leave and temporary health disability under Albanian Labor Code and court practice in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB) or termination using healthcare utilization databases, algorithms to estimate the gestational age (GA) are needed. Using Medicaid data, we developed a hierarchical algorithm to classify pregnancy outcomes. We identified the subset of potential SAB and termination cases, and abstracted the GA from linked electronic medical records (gold standard). We developed three approaches: (1) assign median GA for SAB and termination cases in the US; (2) draw a random GA from the population distributions; (3) estimate GA based on regression models. Algorithm performance was assessed based on the proportion of pregnancies with estimated GA within 1-4 weeks of the gold standard, the mean squared error (MSE) and the R-squared. Approach 1 and Approach 3 had similar performance, though approach 3 using random forest models with variables selected via the Boruta algorithm had better MSE and R-squared. For SAB, 58.0% of pregnancies were correctly classified within 2 weeks of the gold standard (MSE: 8.7, R-squared: 0.09). For termination, the proportions were 66.3% (MSE: 11.7; R-squared: 0.35). SABs and terminations can be studied in healthcare utilization data with careful implementation of validated algorithms though higher level of GA misclassification is expected compared to live births., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To evaluate the rate of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) termination between 6 mg and 12 mg initial adenosine doses., Methods: This multi-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022 in SVT and received adenosine. The primary objective of the study is to compare the rate of SVT termination between adenosine 6 mg and 12 mg as documented on a formal electrocardiogram. Secondary endpoints include termination of SVT with subsequent adenosine dose, time to ED disposition, adverse effects, and subgroup analyses of patients with a body mass index greater than or equal to 40 kg/m 2 and a history of SVT., Results: Of 213 patients included, a 6 mg initial adenosine dose was administered to 117 patients (54.9 %) and a 12 mg initial adenosine dose was administered to 96 patients (45.1 %). SVT termination following the initial dose of 6 mg or 12 mg was 56.4 % and 79.1 %, respectively (p < 0.001). Among the 46 patients who failed to terminate SVT with an initial 6 mg dose, 33 converted to sinus rhythm with a subsequent adenosine dose in comparison to 1 of the 7 patients receiving an initial dose of 12 mg (71.7 % vs 14.3 %, p = 0.007). Median time to ED disposition, either inpatient admission or discharge, was 209 and 161 min, respectively (p = 0.104). There was no statistical difference in either subgroup analyses., Conclusion: A higher rate of SVT termination was observed with an initial adenosine dose of 12 mg in the ED in comparison to the guideline recommended dose of 6 mg. There were no significant differences in adverse effects observed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Paige Baize reports a relationship with GSK that includes: employment. Stephanie Barre reports a relationship with Sanofi that includes: employment. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Periviable birth refers to births occurring between 20 0/7 and 25 6/7 weeks gestational age. Management of pregnant people and neonates during this fragile time depends on the clinical status, as well as the patient's wishes. Providers should be prepared to counsel patients at the cusp of viability, being mindful of the uncertainty of outcomes for these neonates. While it is important to incorporate the data on projected morbidity and mortality into one's counseling, shared-decision making is most essential to caring for these patients and optimizing outcomes for all., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is responsible for the synthesis of a diverse set of RNA molecules, including protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and many short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). For this purpose, RNAPII relies on a multitude of factors that regulate the transcription cycle, from initiation and promoter-proximal pausing, through elongation and finally termination. RNAPII transcription termination at the end of genes ensures the release of RNAPII from the DNA template and its efficient recycling for further rounds of transcription. Termination of RNAPII is tightly coupled to 3'-end mRNA processing, which constitutes an important trigger for the subsequent transcription termination event. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of RNAPII termination mechanisms, focusing on 'canonical' termination at the 3'-end of genes. We also integrate the allosteric and 'torpedo' models into a unified model of termination, and describe the different termination factors that have been identified to date, paying special attention to the human factors and their mechanism of action at the molecular level. Indeed, in recent years the development of novel approaches in structural biology, biochemistry and cell biology have together led to a more detailed comprehension of the different mechanisms of RNAPII termination, and a better understanding of their importance in regulating gene expression, especially under cellular stress and pathological situations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Electrogram dispersion identifies putative atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers in first time ablation procedures, with high acute termination rates and long-term outcomes akin to extensive ablation approaches. Its use in a population that had undergone repeat ablation is unknown, particularly where the pulmonary veins are already isolated., Objective: This purpose of this study was to assess electrogram dispersion mapping during repeat ablation procedures for persistent AF., Methods: One hundred sixty-seven patients from the United Kingdom and Denmark, all with persistent AF recurrence after prior ablation procedure(s), were mapped using a five splined catheter for electrogram dispersion before ablation. Areas were manually tagged on biatrial electroanatomic maps and ablated once pulmonary vein isolation was confirmed or reisolated if required. All patients had 12-month continuous monitoring, with most of the cohort having follow-up beyond 24 months., Results: Of the 167 patients [53 (32%) female; mean age 66 ± 8 years; mean left atrial (LA) diameter 4.8 cm; mean ejection fraction 53%], 108 had pulmonary veins already isolated. Dispersion sites occurred in both atria (3.2 LA, 1.4 right atrium). Acute termination to sinus rhythm occurred in 71 (42%) of the cohort patients, with a further 73 (44%) terminating to atrial tachycardia/flutter. At 12-month follow-up, 95% of patients were free of AF, with 74% overall freedom from all atrial arrhythmias. Heart failure and severely enlarged LA predicted recurrence, and termination to sinus improved freedom from all atrial arrhythmias., Conclusion: Dispersion mapping is a promising approach at repeat ablation procedures for persistent AF, with high acute termination rates and good clinical outcomes. Further prospective randomized trials are needed to evaluate this approach in a population that had undergone repeat ablation., (© 2024 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Klebsiella pneumoniae provides influential prototypes for lipopolysaccharide O antigen (OPS) biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria. Sequences of OPS-biosynthesis gene clusters in serotypes O4 and O7 suggest fundamental differences in the organization of required enzyme modules compared to other serotypes. Furthermore, some required activities were not assigned by homology shared with characterized enzymes. The goal of this study was therefore to resolve the serotype O4 and O7 pathways to expand our broader understanding of glycan polymerization and chain termination processes. The O4 and O7 antigens were produced from cloned genetic loci in recombinant Escherichia coli. Systematic in vivo and in vitro approaches were then applied to assign each enzyme in each of the pathways, defining the necessary components for polymerization and chain termination. OPS assembly is accomplished by multiprotein complexes formed by interactions between polymerase components variably distributed in single and multimodule proteins. In each complex, a terminator function is present in a protein containing a characteristic coiled-coil molecular ruler, which determines glycan chain length. In serotype O4, we discovered a CMP-α-3-deoxy-ᴅ-manno-octulosonic acid-dependent chain-terminating glycosyltransferase that is the founding member of a new glycosyltransferase family (GT137) and potentially identifies a new glycosyltransferase fold. The O7 OPS is terminated by a methylphosphate moiety, like the K. pneumoniae O3 antigen, but the methyltransferase-kinase enzyme pairs responsible for termination in these serotypes differ in sequence and predicted structures. Together, the characterization of O4 and O7 has established unique enzyme activities and provided new insight into glycan-assembly strategies that are widely distributed in bacteria., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cover crops provide agro-ecological services like erosion control, improvement of soil quality, reduction of nitrate leaching and weed control. Before planting the subsequent cash crop, cover crops need to be terminated with herbicides, mechanically or with the help of frost (winterkill). Winterkill termination is expected to increase its relevance in the next years, especially for organic farming due to limitations in the use of herbicides and for conservation agriculture cropping systems. Termination by frost depends on complex interactions between genotype, development stage and weather conditions. To understand these interactions for management purposes, crop frost damage models, whose review is the purpose of this article, can be very useful. A literature search led to the collection of eight frost damage models, mainly dedicated to winter wheat. Three of these models are described in detail because they appear suited to adaptation to cover crops. Indeed, they explicitly simulate frost tolerance acquisition and loss as influenced by development stage using a crop frost tolerance temperature, whose rate of variation depends on the processes of hardening and dehardening. This tolerance temperature is compared daily with environmental temperature to calculate frost damage to the vegetative organs. The three models, when applied to winter wheat in Canada, Norway and France, have shown good agreement between measured and simulated crop frost tolerance temperature (when declared, the root mean squared error was 2.4°C). To compare the behaviour of these models, we applied them in two locations with different climatic conditions (temperate climate: Sant’Angelo Lodigiano, Italy, and continental climate: Saskaatoon, Canada) with respect to frost tolerance acquisition. This comparison revealed that the three models provide different simulated dates for the frost damage event in the continental site, while they are more similar in the temperate site. In conclusion, we have shown that the reviewed models are potentially suitable for simulating cover crop frost damage. Highlights - Frost termination is very important for cover crops and needs to be simulated with crop models. - Lacking a cover crop frost damage model, we review eight models simulating damage of cash crops, namely cereals. - Three of these models are also applicable to cover crops and are described in more detail. - The simulated crop frost tolerance temperature decreases and increases with hardening and dehardening, respectively. - This tolerance temperature is compared with environmental temperature to calculate frost damage to the crop.

The past decade has revolutionized our understanding of regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Among the most recently identified ncRNAs are downstream-of-gene (DoG)-containing transcripts that are produced by widespread transcriptional readthrough. The discovery of DoGs has set the stage for future studies to address many unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms that promote readthrough transcription, RNA processing, and the cellular functions of the unique transcripts. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the biogenesis, function, and mechanisms regulating this exciting new class of RNA molecules. Downstream-of-gene-containing transcripts (DoGs) are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are becoming increasingly identified as hallmarks of cellular stress and disease. Their discovery has laid the foundation for the next decade to be an exciting time for unraveling the enigmas that control DoG biogenesis and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisational transitions in governments have long been discussed in the literature. While, more recently, organisational life cycle changes between birth and death have been the focus of research, a systematic comparison of organisational transitions across countries has barely been initiated. We aim to bridge this gap in the literature by providing comparative metrics for organisational transitions, which could be later enriched with structural data from researchers working in this domain. Termination literature mainly hails from the West, wherein this article brings in Pakistan's developing context – long considered a terra incognita in comparative research – and breaks new analytical ground by comparing the intensity of organisational transitions in Pakistan with those of developed countries. The lack of vivid variance in the intensity of transitions among developing and developed countries, raises interesting questions as to the relationship between the intensity of structural reform and administrative performance. The article thereby seeks to encourage future comparative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seven-year-old Marwari mare that was routinely used in semen collection programme was mismated by a fertile stallion. The mare was active and alert and all the clinical and hematological parameters were observed to be normal at the time of examination of pregnancy. Rectal examination of the mare through ultrasonography on day 15 revealed an embryonic vesicle confirming the pregnancy. Initially, the pregnancy was tried to terminate with prostaglandins and prostaglandins in combination with oxytocin, but, the pregnancy persisted and the levels of progesterone (P4) were observed to be elevated. Manual crushing for pregnancy termination was also tried but proved unsuccessful. Uterine lavage by infusing the weak iodine solution in combination with Ringer's lactate helped in flushing out the conceptus and the levels of P4 were also observed to decrease after the expulsion and the uterus was also found to be devoid of any fluid. The mare showed uneventful recovery and exhibited regular cycles later on and did not show up any abnormalities in conceiving in the consecutive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2010, Ohio legislators have passed more than 15 legislative changes related to abortion and abortion providers, and nine procedural abortion clinics have closed. We investigated reproductive genetic counselors' perceptions, attitudes and self‐reported practices regarding Ohio's current and proposed abortion regulations. We conducted five focus groups and two telephone interviews in 2019–2020, with a total of 19 reproductive genetic counselors. Participants discussed difficulties keeping current on abortion legislation and clinics' and hospitals' policies, resulting in anticipatory anxiety and leading to additional work to discuss the laws with patients. Participants articulated that practices of reproductive genetic counseling—and patient advocacy—are impeded by the legislation. Genetic counselors perceive negative impacts on patients' autonomy, particularly reflective of healthcare disparities of marginalized groups, which may contribute to frustration and anger. Ultimately, the mental and emotional burden on genetic counselors created by abortion legislation contributes to compassion fatigue and burnout. Our findings show that Ohio's abortion regulations negatively impact reproductive genetic counselors and their relationships with their patients. Repealing existing abortion regulations and preventing future restrictive legislation may ameliorate the negative effects of regulations on reproductive genetic counselors and their patients. In the event that these laws remain, innovative communication tools and proactive professional society advocacy are potential means to mitigate the negative impact on reproductive genetic counselors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If a stop codon appears within one gene, then its translation will be terminated earlier than expected. False folding of premature protein will be adverse to the host; hence, all functional genes would tend to avoid the intragenic stop codons. Therefore, we hypothesize that there will be less frequency of nucleotides corresponding to stop codons at each codon position of genes. Here, we validate this inference by investigating the nucleotide frequency at a large scale and results from 19,911 prokaryote genomes revealed that nucleotides coinciding with stop codons indeed have the lowest frequency in most genomes. Interestingly, genes with three types of stop codons all tend to follow a T-G-A deficiency pattern, suggesting that the property of avoiding intragenic termination pressure is the same and the major stop codon TGA plays a dominant role in this effect. Finally, a positive correlation between the TGA deficiency extent and the base length was observed in start-experimentally verified genes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). This strengthens the proof of our hypothesis. The T-G-A deficiency pattern observed would help to understand the evolution of codon usage tactics in extant organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan's agriculture and food production account for 27% of its overall gross domestic product (GDP). Despite ongoing advances in technology and crop varieties, an imbalance between water availability and demand, combined with robust shifts in drought propagation has negatively affected the agro-ecosystem and environmental conditions. In this study, we examined hydro-meteorological drought propagation and its associated impacts on crop yield across natural and human-disturbed agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Pakistan. Multisource datasets (i.e., ground observations, reanalysis, and satellites) were used to characterize the most extensive, intense drought episodes from 1981 to 2018 based on the standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI), standardized streamflow index (SSFI), standardized surface water storage index (SSWSI), and standardized groundwater storage index (SGWI). The most common and intense drought episodes characterized by SPEI, SSFI, SSWSI, and SGWI were observed in years 1981–1983, 2000–2003, 2005, and 2018. SPEI yielded the maximum number of drought months (90) followed by SSFI (85), SSWSI (75), and SGWI (35). Droughts were frequently longer and had a slower termination rate in the human-disturbed AEZs (e.g., North Irrigated Plain and South Irrigated Plain) compared to natural zones (e.g., Wet Mountains and Northern Dry Mountains). The historical droughts are likely caused by the anomalous large-scale patterns of geopotential height, near-surface air temperature, total precipitation, and prevailing soil moisture conditions. The negative values (<−2) of standardized drought severity index (DSI) observed during the drought episodes (1988, 2000, and 2002) indicated a decline in vegetation growth and yield of major crops such as sugarcane, maize, wheat, cotton, and rice. A large number of low-yield years (SYRI ≤ −1.5) were recorded for sugarcane and maize (10 years), followed by rice (9 years), wheat (8 years), and cotton (6 years). Maximum crop yield reductions relative to the historic mean (1981–2017) were recorded in 1983 (38% for cotton), 1985 (51% for maize), 1999 (15% for wheat), 2000 (29% for cotton), 2001 (37% for rice), 2002 (21% for rice), and 2004 (32% for maize). The percentage yield losses associated with shifts in SSFI and SSWSI were greater than those in SPEI, likely due to longer drought termination duration and a slower termination rate in the human-disturbed AEZs. The study's findings will assist policymakers to adopt sustainable agricultural and water management practices, and make climate change adaptation plans to mitigate drought impacts in the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bolivia is the largest world lithium reserve with brines for extraction at salt lakes, the main one being Uyuni. Policies for development were reactivated by 1997 with periodically revised plans. Specific projects have been implemented since 2007, including pilot plants and experimental exports. Only by the end of 2018 did Bolivia succeed in signing significant contracts with foreign participation. Internal political factors forced the termination of an important contract with ACY Systems GmbH - Germany. The government elected in 2020 renewed efforts, and are expected to re-initiate significant progress by 2021. Technological challenges remain (rainy seasons – magnesium brine composition). The state has active participation in agreements with foreign/national private parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While existing research on terrorist group termination examines numerous factors explaining why some terror groups end their campaigns of violence, these studies do not sufficiently address the impact that the actors who actively fight these groups have on the probability of a group's demise. This paper explores the effect of gendarmeries on terrorist group termination. Gendarmeries may either contribute positively to the counterterrorism efforts of the state with their policing and military operations, or they may undermine these efforts to the extent that they become unaccountable to the state for their actions. Lax accountability may lead to principle-agent problems, resulting in an increase in the risk of those groups engaging in repressive or rent-seeking actions, which can undermine support for the government and contribute to the survival of the terror group. It is argued that the competing ways in which gendarmeries can affect counterterrorism efforts are conditioned by the bureaucratic effectiveness of the state in managing the activities of gendarmerie forces and by the state's commitment to upholding the rule of law. The results of empirical analyses reveal that having gendarmeries increases a terrorist group's chance of ending their campaign of violence but decreases the likelihood of a group's demise in states marked by lower bureaucratic effectiveness and weak rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The commencement, termination and length of the major (Maha) growing season over the dry zone of Sri Lanka were determined using daily rainfall records from 1981 to 2019 of five meteorological stations (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Hambantota, Puttalam and Batticaloa). Cumulative percentages of daily rainfall were plotted against the time and maximum positive and maximum negative curvatures were derived as the commencement and termination dates of the season. A Gaussian model was fitted on the cumulative distribution curve in order to remove limitations in deriving maximum positive and maximum negative curvatures. The difference between commencement and termination dates was taken as the length of the growing season. Results disclosed that there is a considerable inter-annual variation of commencement and termination dates and the length of the Maha season. Mean commencement and termination dates fall in the standard week 44.04 ± 2.61 (end of October) and 5.10 ± 4.20 (1st week of February). The average seasonal length is 13.7 ± 4.24 weeks. The terminating date acts as the key determinant of the seasonal length. Any significant (p > 0.05) trend could not be observed for commencement, termination and length of the season for the analyzed period in any of the locations. It can be concluded that cumulative distribution of rainy days can be successfully used to determine commencement and termination dates of the Maha season over the dry zone of Sri Lanka where a single peak rainy period is characteristic. However, the method needs modifications, when it applies in the wet zone of the country where bimodal rainfall pattern is prominent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli RfaH abrogates Rho‐mediated polarity in lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis operons, and ΔrfaH cells are hypersensitive to antibiotics, bile salts, and detergents. Selection for rfaH suppressors that restore growth on SDS identified a temperature‐sensitive mutant in which 46 C‐terminal residues of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) β' subunit are replaced with 23 residues carrying a net positive charge. Based on similarity to rpoC397, which confers a temperature‐sensitive phenotype and resistance to bacteriophages, we named this mutant rpoC397*. We show that SDS resistance depends on a single nonpolar residue within the C397* tail, whereas basic residues are dispensable. In line with its mimicry of RfaH, C397* RNAP is resistant to Rho but responds to pause signals, NusA, and NusG in vitro similarly to the wild‐type enzyme and binds to Rho and Nus factors in vivo. Strikingly, the deletion of rpoZ, which encodes the ω "chaperone" subunit, restores rpoC397* growth at 42°C but has no effect on SDS sensitivity. Our results suggest that the C397* tail traps the ω subunit in an inhibitory state through direct contacts and hinders Rho‐dependent termination through long‐range interactions. We propose that the dynamic and hypervariable β'•ω module controls RNA synthesis in response to niche‐specific signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops provide agro-ecological services like erosion control, improvement of soil quality, reduction of nitrate leaching and weed control. Before planting the subsequent cash crop, cover crops need to be terminated with herbicides, mechanically or with the help of frost (winterkill). Winterkill termination is expected to increase its relevance in the next years, especially for organic farming due to limitations in the use of herbicides and for conservation agriculture cropping systems. Termination by frost depends on complex interactions between genotype, development stage and weather conditions. To understand these interactions for management purposes, crop frost damage models, whose review is the purpose of this article, can be very useful. A literature search led to the collection of eight frost damage models, mainly dedicated to winter wheat. Three of these models are described in detail because they appear suited to adaptation to cover crops. Indeed, they explicitly simulate frost tolerance acquisition and loss as influenced by development stage using a crop frost tolerance temperature, whose rate of variation depends on the processes of hardening and dehardening. This tolerance temperature is compared daily with environmental temperature to calculate frost damage to the vegetative organs. The three models, when applied to winter wheat in Canada, Norway and France, have shown good agreement between measured and simulated crop frost tolerance temperature (when declared, the root mean squared error was 2.4°C). To compare the behaviour of these models, we applied them in two locations with different climatic conditions (temperate climate: Sant'Angelo Lodigiano, Italy, and continental climate: Saskaatoon, Canada) with respect to frost tolerance acquisition. This comparison revealed that the three models provide different simulated dates for the frost damage event in the continental site, while they are more similar in the temperate site. In conclusion, we have shown that the reviewed models are potentially suitable for simulating cover crop frost damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proof theory provides a foundation for studying and reasoning about programming languages, most directly based on the well-known Curry-Howard isomorphism between intuitionistic logic and the typed lambda-calculus. More recently, a correspondence between intuitionistic linear logic and the session-typed pi-calculus has been discovered. In this paper, we establish an extension of the latter correspondence for a fragment of substructural logic with least and greatest fixed points. We describe the computational interpretation of the resulting infinitary proof system as session-typed processes, and provide an effectively decidable local criterion to recognize mutually recursive processes corresponding to valid circular proofs as introduced by Fortier and Santocanale. We show that our algorithm imposes a stricter requirement than Fortier and Santocanale's guard condition, but is local and compositional and therefore more suitable as the basis for a programming language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new modular proof method of termination for second-order computation, and report its implementation SOL. The proof method is useful for proving termination of higher-order foundational calculi. To establish the method, we use a variation of the semantic labelling translation and Blanqui's General Schema: a syntactic criterion of strong normalisation. an application, we show termination of a variant of call-by-push-value calculus with algebraic effects, an effect handler and effect theory. We also show that our tool SOL is effective to solve higher-order termination problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]