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Schumacher-Hall's volumetric model is adjusted by groups of species for 24 species by employing multivariate analysis in a communitarian forest management area. Data from the Annual production Unit 10 of the National Forest of Tapajos in Tapajós PA, Brazil, were employed. Cluster analysis and discriminant analysis were used to verify the dendrogram. The Schumacher-Hall's volumetric model was adjusted for the groups and for all species involved in current study for comparison. Group III may be highlighted for volumetrics (Manilkara huberi; Couratari guianensis and Hymenaea courbaril), followed by group II (Cordia goeldiana; Dipteryx odorata; Lecythis pisonis; Cedrela odorata; Diplotropis purpurea; Handroanthus incana; Vochysia maxima; Goupia glaba; Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya; Mezilaurus itauba; Terminalia dichotoma; Handroanthus serratifolius); group I ranked third (Apuleia moralis; Pouteria bilocularis; Vatairea paraensis; Cedrelinga catenaeformis; Lecythis lurida; Hymenolobium petraeum; Bagassa guianensis; Hymenaea parvifolia; Astronium lecointei). Adjustment of equations had a significant difference only for the equation of group II when compared to estimated volume with real volume. It was not applicable to the general equation for this species group. Groups I and III showed a significant difference with regard to equation applied for all species. The adjustment per species grouping is recommended mainly for tropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous pharmacological research has demonstrated that Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (TB) extract possesses several pharmacological activities. However, there is scant evidence documenting the therapeutic activities of TB extract on inflammation, pain, and cancers. Our study examined the in vivo anti-inflammation, antinociception, and antitumorigenesis effects of TB extract and investigated possible mechanisms for those effects. Anti-inflammation activities of TB extract were evaluated using ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema models, a cotton pellet-induced granulation formation model, and a carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model. An antinociceptive property of TB extract was assessed using a formalin-induced nociception test. An anticarcinogenesis effect was investigated using a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) and 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumorigenesis model. In the study, TB extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects against EPP-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. However, the TB extract showed insignificant inhibitory activity against AA-induced ear edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. A dose-dependent decrease in analgesic activity was observed with TB extract evidenced by decreased licking time in formalin-induced pain in mice in both the early and late phases. TB extract also significantly inhibited DMBA/TPA-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. In conclusion, TB extract possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticarcinogenesis properties which act, at least in part, through inhibitory effects of inflammatory mediator production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Owing to extraordinary healing power, Terminalia species have been used in traditional medicine systems to treat various diseases. Many folklore uses of Terminalia neotaliala (Madagascar's almond) included treating arterial hypertension, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, colic, oral and digestive candidiasis, intestinal parasitic infections, inflammatory skin conditions, postpartum care, and mycotic infections but nevertheless scientifically explored for its medicinal and pharmacological importance. Therefore, the current study intended to prepare methanolic extract and its fractionation with hexane, chloroform, and butanol followed by evaluation of their polyphenolic content, biological activities, and LCMS analysis. The biological study included antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition assay i.e., α-glucosidase and urease. The insight study of biologically active secondary metabolites of butanol fraction (BUAE) was performed through LCMS. Methods: The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of hydroalcoholic and its fractions were estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method. The total tannin content (TTC) was determined using the Folin-Denis spectrophotometric method. Similarly, the antioxidant potential of HAAE, HEAE, CFAE, and BUAE was determined using four methods as DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The sample extracts were also evaluated against two clinically important enzymes i.e., α-glucosidase and urease. Results: The BUAE (butanol aerial fraction) showed the highest TPC (234.79 ± 0.12 mg.GAE.g-1 DE), TFC (320.75 ± 12.50 mg.QE.g-1 DE), and TTC (143.36 ± 4.32 mg.TA.Eq.g-1 DE). The BUAE also showed the highest scavenging potential determined by DPPH (642.65 ± 1.11 mg.TEq.g-1 DE) and ABTS (543.17 ± 1.11 mg.TEq.g-1 DE), and the metal-reducing capacity determined by CUPRAC (1510.41 ± 4.45 mg.TEq.g-1 DE) and FRAP (739.81 ± 19.32 mg.TEq.g-1 DE). The LCMS of BUAE identified 18 different biologically active phytoconstituents validating a rich source of hydrolyzable tannins including ellagitannins and gallitannins. Conclusion: The present study concluded that T. neotaliala is a rich source of polyphenols capable of neutralizing the damage caused by free radical accumulation in the cells and tissues. The significant antioxidant results and identification of high molecular weight hydrolyzable tannins enlightened the medicinal importance of T. neotaliala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is an Australian native plant that has recently gained the attention of researchers due to its highly antioxidant compounds that have substantial health benefits. To raise the value, in this study, it is used for the first time to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles for anti-lung cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The formation of KKD-ZnO-NPs (ZnO particles obtained from Kakadu plum) were confirmed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the functional groups that are responsible for the stabilization and capping of KKD-ZnO-NPs. The flower shape of the synthesized KKD-ZnO-NPs was confirmed by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and field emission-transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) analyses. The crystallites were highly pure and had an average size of 21.89 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed size range of polydisperse KKD-ZnO-NPs was 676.65 ± 47.23 nm with a PDI of 0.41 ± 0.0634. Furthermore, the potential cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro against human lung cancer cell lines (A549) and Raw 264.7 Murine macrophages cells as normal cells to ensure safety purposes using MTT assay. Thus, KKD-ZnO-NPs showed prominent cytotoxicity against human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) at 10 μg/mL and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well, which could promote toxicity to cancer cells. Moreover, upregulation of p53 and downregulation of bcl2 gene expression as apoptosis regulators were confirmed via RT-PCR. In addition, KKD-ZnO-NPs possess a similar capacity of reduction in proinflammatory-nitric oxide (NO) production when compared to the L-NMMA as inflammation's inhibitor, indicating anti-inflammatory potential. Incorporation of Kakadu plum extract as reducing and stabilizing agents enabled the green synthesis of flower-shaped KKD-ZnO-NPs that could be an initiative development of effective cancer therapy drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus of minute stingless bees (Meliponini: Hypotrigonina) is described from Southeast Asia. Ebaiotrigona Engel & Nguyen, gen. nov., is based on the type species Lisotrigona carpenteri Engel, recorded from Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and southern China. The species was previously considered an enigmatic member of Lisotrigona Moure, but is removed to a new genus based on its unique male terminalia that differs considerably from that of Lisotrigona and instead shares resemblances with Austroplebeia Moure, and the presence of yellow maculation (also similar to that of Austroplebeia). It is possible that Ebaiotrigona is the extant sister group of Austroplebeia, but this requires confirmation by future phylogenetic analyses. Based on available biological observations, Ebaiotrigona carpenteri could not be confirmed as lachryphagous as is well documented from the tear-drinking species of Lisotrigona and Pariotrigona Moure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the genus Suwallia Ricker, 1943 (Plecoptera, Chloroperlidae), Suwallia dengba sp. nov., is described from Tibet and Yunnan, southwestern China. A diagnosis and description of the adult habitus and aedeagal structure are illustrated with color images. Similarities in the terminalia with closely related species are discussed. In addition, an updated key to adult males of the Suwallia species of China is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Terminalia species have the potential to be exploited in phytomedicine based on their several pharmacological properties including antiplasmodial activity. However, there is need for more data on their antiplasmodial activity and toxicity. This study evaluated the antiplasmodial activities of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia superba found in the coastal area of Cameroon on resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum not previously tested, and their toxicity. Methods: Three leaf extracts of each plant prepared separately using three organic solvents were screened in vitro on 3 strains of P. falciparum: chloroquine-sensitive 3D7, chloroquine-resistant Dd2 and multi-drug resistant W2mef using the parasite growth inhibition assay. Antiplasmodial activity was assessed using fluorescence microscopy and the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. Cytotoxicity of active extracts was assessed on LLC-MK2 monkey kidney epithelial cells and acute toxicity including effect on some liver enzymes in BALB/c mice. Results: The methanol extracts of both plants showed the highest antiplasmodial activity (IC50 between 5.03-9.76 μg/mL) on the three parasite strains. The methanol extracts showed high selectivity for parasites with selectivity index values ranging from 40 to 80 indicating very low risk of toxicity. There was no mortality or adverse effect and no significant effect on the liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.506) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.243). Conclusion: The antiplasmodial activity, high selectivity and no adverse effects for T. catappa and T. superba demonstrate the potential for use of these plants in traditional treatment of malaria, further development into a phytomedicine against malaria and as source of new antimalarial lead.

Traditional medicines prepared using Terminalia species have been used globally to treat inflammation and pathogenic infections. Recent studies have demonstrated that multiple Asian and African Terminalia spp. inhibit bacterial triggers of some autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis. Despite this, the effects of Australian Terminalia spp. on a bacterial trigger of ankylosing spondylitis (K. pneumoniae) remain unexplored. Fifty-five extracts from five Australian Terminalia spp. were investigated for K. pneumoniae growth inhibitory activity. Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of most species and plant parts inhibited K. pneumoniae growth, with varying potencies. Methanolic leaf extracts were generally the most potent bacterial growth inhibitors, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 66 μg/mL (T. ferdinandiana), 128 μg/mL (T. carpenteriae) and 83 μg/mL (T. petiolares). However, the aqueous leaf extract was the most potent T. grandiflora extract (MIC = 87 μg/mL). All T. catappa extracts displayed low growth inhibitory activity. The Terminalia spp. methanolic leaf extracts were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). All contained a relative abundance of simple gallotannins (particularly gallic and chebulic acids), the flavonoid luteolin, as well as the monoterpenoids cineole and terpineol. Notably, all Terminalia spp. were non-toxic or of low toxicity in ALA and HDF toxicity assays, highlighting their potential for preventing the onset of ankylosing spondylitis and treating its symptoms once the disease is established, although this needs to be verified in in vivo systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supplementation of functional feed in aquafeed can enhance immunity, growth performance and survival rate of fish. Triphala is one of the most popular herbal formulations in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is rich in gallic, chebulagic and chebulinic acids. Triphala is composed of equal ratios of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Phyllanthus emblica. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of each of the three herbal compounds of triphala, as well as triphala itself, on the growth, immunity and plasma biochemistry of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We conducted a 60‐day growth trial on Nile tilapia using five different dietary groups: control, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica and triphala. The results showed a negative effect of Terminalia chebula on growth of tilapia, whereas Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica caused signs of abnormal liver health (swollen hepatocytes and absent nuclei), so these two plants appear to have negative effects on fish health when used individually, whereas Phyllanthus emblica and triphala improved growth performance and health of Nile tilapia. Triphala had a positive impact on several plasma biochemical parameters: reduced tChol, triglycerides, LDL, ALT and AST. These results suggest that triphala can improve fish health and boost immunity, without any notable negative side effects, and as such has the potential to be used as a functional feed additive in fish diets. Our results do not support the use of the individual components. The exact mechanisms through which triphala compounds modulate the disease resistance, molecular effects and metabolic responses remain unknown and require further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saprolegniosis causes major reduction egg hatching rate by angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare); therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of two Terminalia catappa extracts (27 ℃ and 80 ℃) against S. parasitica on fish eggs. Mycelium growth was evaluated in vitro at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/L for 96 h, in solid and liquid medium culture. In an in vivo assay, we tested lower concentrations of hot extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/L) to prevent infection by zoospores. The hot aqueous extract was the most effective, and the concentrations of 5 and 10 g/L demonstrated great efficiency in liquid medium. In vivo conditions, 50 and 100 mg/L of hot extract provided more viable eggs, greater percentage of total larvae and lower percentage of infected eggs. Thus, the hot extract should be used instead of the room‐temperature extract as a prophylactic measure, to prevent saprolegniosis in P. scalare eggs and improving the hatching rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia hadleyana (subsp. carpentariae C. T. White) is native to Northern Australia where fruits of this plant have been used as a traditional food by the Australian Indigenous people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology, chemical composition, functional (e.g. vitamin C, phenolic content) and antimicrobial properties of T. carpentariae fruits, harvested from the wild at full maturity. Variability has been observed in both fruit morphology (size and weight) and chemical composition. Proximate analysis showed that these fruits have high concentration of dietary fibre (DF) (51.2 g/100 gDW), and minerals such as K (1780 mg/100 g DW), Ca (373 mg/100 g DW) and Mg (150 mg/100 g DW). High levels of total phenolic content (TPC) (11,392 mg GAE/100 g DW) and vitamin C (11,046 mg/100 g DW) were also observed. Fruit extracts also showed inhibitory effects against the growth of foodborne microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella putrefaciens. Overall, these results contribute to provide with relevant information of the potential of T. carpentariae fruit as a functional ingredient to the Australian Indigenous communities and the emerging Australian native food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A morphological and molecular study of 17 Cylindrotomidae species revealed that the two subspecies of Cylindrotoma distinctissima, the Nearctic C. americana Osten Sacken, 1865, stat. reval. and the Palearctic C. distinctissima (Meigen, 1818), represent separated lineages and consequently are raised to species level. Cylindrotoma japonica Alexander, 1919, syn. nov. and C. distinctissima alpestris Peus, 1952, syn. nov. are now known to be junior synonyms of C. distinctissima. Triogma kuwanai limbinervis Alexander, 1953, syn. nov. and T. nimbipennis Alexander, 1941, syn. nov. are now placed into synonymy under Triogma kuwanai (Alexander, 1913). The Japanese Cylindrotomidae are all redescribed and all available literature and distribution data are summarised. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations for male and female terminalia of Cylindrotoma nigriventris Loew, 1849, Diogma dmitrii Paramonov, 2005, Liogma nodicornis (Osten Sacken, 1865), Phalacrocera replicata (Linnaeus, 1758), P. tipulina Osten Sacken, 1865, and Triogma trisulcata (Schummel, 1829) are provided. The following new distribution records are outlined; Diogma caudata Takahashi, 1960 from Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia; D. glabrata (Meigen, 1818) from Belarus, Latvia, and Altai Republic, Amur Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Magadan Oblast, Samara Oblast, and Kuril Islands (Shikotan I and Paramushir I) in Russia; Liogma serraticornis Alexander, 1919 from Khabarovsk Krai, Russia; Phalacrocera replicata from Khabarovsk Krai, Russia; and the presence of Cylindrotoma nigriventris in Altai Republic, Russia is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We summarized the known data on the distribution of Penthetria funebris Meigen, 1804 in Romania, based on old and two new records. We illustrate the male habitus, brachypterous wing, head and terminalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monotypic genus Sturmiodexia Townsend, 1919 is a poorly known Neotropical taxon. Herein a new generic synonymy is proposed for this genus: Platyrrhinodexia Townsend, 1927 syn. nov. Two new combinations are assigned for Sturmiodexia : S. moyobambensis (Townsend, 1929) comb nov. and S. punctulata (Townsend, 1927) comb nov. Redescriptions were done for S. punctulata, S. rubescens Townsend 1919 and S. muscaria (Walker 1853). With these new propositions, Sturmiodexia is left with four species. In addition, the male and female terminalia, and the first instar larva, are described and illustrated for the first time for S. punctulata. Finally, a diagnose for Sturmiodexia and a key to all species is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several plants of Terminalia species are being reported as medicinally useful. Terminalia pallida Brandis is one of the plants of the Combretaceae family, which constitutes several pharmacologically active substances. Present work explored leaf extract's thrombolytic property, which could serve as the superior choice for currently using drugs. Objectives: The present study primarily focused on investigating the phyto-constituents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds in methanolic leaf extract followed by GC-MS analysis and determining the in vitro thrombin inhibition and in vivo thrombolysis activity. Materials and Methods: Swiss albino mice (total = 36) were randomly distributed into six groups (n=6). Thrombosis was instigated by injecting 40 μL of 1% carrageenan (Type-I) via the subplantar region of the right hind paw of each mouse. The plant extract was screened for its in vitro thrombin inhibitory potency. In animal studies, the size of the blood clots in mouse tails was recorded by administering the plant extracts at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight for every 24, 48 and 72 hr, respectively. Results: A dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg of the extract showed significant thrombolytic activity at 24, 48, and 72 hr (p< 0.001) in a concentration-dependent manner when correlated with the control group. A reduction in the length of blood clots (p< 0.01) was observed at 48 and 72 hrs. In acute oral toxicity study, administration of leaf extract showed no mortality and no significant behavioral changes up to 2000 mg/kg dose. The GC-MS analysis explored the occurrence of about 16 eluted compounds; among these, few have been reported as medicinally useful, which accounts for the therapeutic importance of the plant. Conclusion: In conclusion, the methanolic extract of T. pallida Brandis leaves at 200, and 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of the Thrombosis in carrageenan instigated model of mice and in vitro thrombin activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) is a medicinal herb using in traditional medicine worldwide and has hypoglycemic effects in animal models. Objectives: The present study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to study the effect of T. chebula fruit water extract (TFWE) in pre-diabetic subjects. The efficacy of TFWE and placebo were compared in terms of reducing fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, body mass indexes (BMI), body circumferences and skinfold thicknesses. Adverse events of TFWE intervention were also investigated. Materials and Methods: TFWE was phytochemically quantitated by HPLC analysis and its inhibitory action on alpha-glucosidase. In a clinical study, 80 pre-diabetic healthy subjects were classified according to BMI as normal weight and overweight and each group was further divided into 2 groups. The treatment group received 2 capsules of TFWE 500 mg, 2 times per day, before meals for 8 weeks and the control group received 2 placebo capsules, taken orally as the treatment group. Data was collected at week 0, 4 and 8 of the study. Results: For overweight participants receiving TFWE, the mean FBS levels were significantly lower than that of the placebo group (p = 0.026) at week 8. Visceral fat levels also showed a significant reduction (p = 0.039) compared to the placebo group. TFWE dispensation did not show serious adverse events. Conclusion: The administration of 2,000 mg TFWE per day was considered safe for the pre-diabetic healthy subjects with benefits in obesity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia bellirica is one of the high traded medicinal plant species, mainly known for its fruits which are bestowed with numerous biological activities and used in treatment of various ailments. The fruits are one of three ingredients of well-known Ayurvedic formulation 'TRIPHLA'. The purpose of this study was to determine the variations for Gallic acid (GA), a chemical marker compound, as well as for key morphological traits (height, girth at breast height, clear bole height, fruit size) in trees from central Indian states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. In this investigation, we also explored the correlation between the chemical marker and morphological features. The study suggested the maximum GA content (0.98±0.42%) in populations of Keregaon range of Dhamtari forest division of Chhattisgarh state which can be considered as superior chemotypes/populations. The correlation analysis exhibited the positive association between fruit size and GA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, a film forming gel (FFG) was developed through ingenious amalgamation of polymers: Pullulan, Terminalia catappa and Carbopol®971P ® for cutaneous delivery of clotrimazole (CTZ) employing D-optimal mixture design. The developed FFG possess pseudoplastic, viscoelastic, thixotropic characteristics leading to good spreadability (35.71 ± 1.72 g·s, work of shear; 452.73 ± 8.23 g, firmness). Upon solvent evaporation, FFG converted in situ into bioadhesive film (81.90 ± 3.24 g) leading to longer residence on skin surface, prolonged delivery and ~1.3 fold enhanced CTZ skin retention as compare to commercial cream as evident from biopharmaceutical analysis, which is ideal for skin infections treatment. The simulation analysis suggested ≥10 μg/mL (MIC against C. albicans) CTZ concentration maintained for 2 times the days in rat skin as well as human skin as compared to commercial cream. Overall, the developed FFG system ascertained to be promising delivery system for treatment of chronic skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a global utilization of Terminalia catappa as a medicinal plant. In this study, the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia catappa (ALETA) on the haematological profile, liver function enzymes, and histology of some organs in albino rats was examined. Seventy-two healthy albino rats were randomly distributed into four groups (A-D) in 6 rats per triplicate. The normal control received 1ml/kg of deionized water while groups B-D received 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg ALETA, respectively for 21 days. Minor cytoplasm vacuolation, focal necrosis, and dilated sinusoids were observed in the liver tissue. The kidney showed minor degenerative changes characterized by few shrunk glomeruli while no tissue damage was observed in the heart tissue and minor passive congestion was observed in the pyloric stomach. The packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HB), neutrophils (N), eosinophils (E), monocytes (M), lymphocytes (L), and means cell haemoglobin (MCH) responded significantly (p<0.05) to treatment dosage. Meanwhile, the increased aspartate aminotransfarase (AST), alanine aminotransfarase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were an indication of compromised liver function by the ALETA. There is a need for safety assessment, regulation, and intake of Terminalia catappa as a medicinal herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study reports changes in the concentrations of important health‐related bioactive compounds (vitamin C and ellagic acid) and morphology of wild harvested Kakadu plum fruits that were collected during three harvest seasons and four maturities. The results showed that fruit weight increased, whereas fruit length and width changed slightly with the advance in maturity. Vitamin C increased up to 20 folds (from 1.2 to 21.2% dry weight [DW]) from immature to mature stage, whereas ellagic acid decreased approximately three times (from 6.5 to 2.1% DW). Similar trends were observed over the three harvest seasons studied. A positive correlation between fruit weight and vitamin C, whereas a negative correlation with ellagic acid was observed, indicating that maturity plays an important role in contributing to the variation of ellagic acid and vitamin C. Season also had an effect and showed the influences of rainfall, temperature and solar exposure on the biosynthesis of vitamin C and ellagic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient utilization, hematological indices and growth performance of Labeo rohita fingerlings were examined while substituting fish meal with almond meal-based diet. Five diets were prepared by substituting different levels such as 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of fish meal with almond meal in diets. Test diets were allocated to each fish group by using completely randomized design (CRD). In triplicate tanks, fifteen L. rohita fingerlings were kept and fed at 5% of their body weight. Growth indices such as weight gain (%), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and standard growth rate (SGR) were evaluated using standard formulae. Nutrient utilization was determined by proximate analysis of feces. There was significant difference (p=0.05) among hematological indices and growth performance of fingerlings fed 40% almond meal-based diet and control diet. By increasing almond meal in diets more than 40%, the hemoglobin and RBCs of fish indicated a significant (p=0.05) inverse correlation. The outcomes of present study revealed that replacement of fish meal by almond meal in fish feed is cost effective with significant improvement in growth response, nutrient digestibility and hematology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The male terminalia of horseflies (Diptera, Tabanidae) of the Hybomitra (s. str.) bimaculata Macq. group, including Hybomitra lurida (Fallén, 1817), H.nitidifrons confiformis (Chvála et Moucha, 1971), H.bimaculata (Macquart, 1826), H.muehlfeldi (Brauer, 1880), H.distinguendadistinguenda (Verrall, 1909), H.lundbecki lundbecki (Lyneborg, 1959), H.ciureai (Séguy, 1937), H.nigricornis (Zetterstedt, 1842) and H.montana montana (Meigen, 1820), are described. The differences in the ratio of linear sizes of the hypandrium, epandrium, and cerci are analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Differences in the structure of male terminalia of the studied species are revealed, and a key to males of Hybomitra (s. str.) bimaculata Macq. group is proposed on the basis of these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Hemorrhoids is the most prevalent rectal disease. Despite different medical efforts, its complications are not managed well. In the present research, a popular prescription for treatment of hemorrhoids was formulated as tablet dosage form and, its HPTLC fingerprint prepared. Methods: Commiphora mukul was dissolved in Allium ampeloprasum juice (1:3). Then, this solution was blended with Terminalia chebula, Phyllantus emblica and Terminalia bellirica (1:1:1) powder. Different formulations were prepared from the mixture and the best one was selected for tablet preparation. Subsequently, the tablets were coated and their physicochemical characteristics and fingerprint pattern were obtained using silica gel plate, NP/PEG reagent and toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (70:15:15) as mobile phase. Laboratory stability studies were carried out as well. Results: Formulation C revealed excellent results in flowability studies (angle of repose: 26, carr’s index: 6, hausner ratio: 1.00). It was also demonstrated acceptable results in different tests including weight variation (500 mg), hardness (8.04 kg/cm2), disintegration time (28.50 min), friability (0.6%), dissolution (97.6% phenolics and 96.1% tannins, respectively) and the coating process. Total phenolics and tannins contents were determined as 125.8 mg/tab and 89.2 mg/tab, respectively. In fingerprinting study, characteristic spots of each species were distinguished. The film-coated tablets were stable in laboratory stability test. Conclusion: With reference to anti-inflammatory, astringent and wound healing roles of phenolics and tannins in hemorrhoids, the present tablets could be an appropriate candidate for hemorrhoids regarding its historical backgrounds.

Terminalia catappa and Terminalia subspathulata are two species of the Combretaceae family of medium to large forest trees. The fruits of T. catappa are known for the edible nuts commonly known as tropical almonds due to their similarity in taste with almonds of commerce. Therefore, the chemical profiles of the fruits of the two Terminalia species were examined to ascertain their potential value for food or health uses. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) techniques were employed to profile the extracts to ensure good coverage of the classes of metabolites of the fruit extracts. The GCMS results revealed that T. catappa nuts were rich in palmitic acid (33.2%), linoleoyl chloride (29.1%), and oxacyclohexadecan-2-one commonly known as pentadecanolide (16.2%). In comparison, the major constituents of T. subspathulata fruits were palmitic acid (18.1%) and its methyl ester, methyl palmitate (9.3%). Furthermore, a total of 38 compounds were putatively identified in the 70% aqueous methanolic extracts of both species via UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, comprising three organic acids, sixteen hydrolysable tannins, ten phenolic acids, eight flavonoids, and a diarylheptanoid. The GCMS- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry- (LCMS-) LCMS-based metabolite profiles obtained in the present study have revealed the diversity of chemical constituents in the T. catappa nuts and T. subspathulata fruits, potentially valorised as functional foods nutraceutical ingredients for plant-based health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships among lauxaniid genera Calliopum Strand, 1928, Lauxania Latreille, 1804 and related species from genus Sapromyza Fallen, 1820 are not fully understood. In this work, we provide a detailed morphological study of terminalia of selected species along with Bayesian phylogenetical analysis of DNA sequences of 4 gene fragments (16 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA, EF1-alpha and COI). Females of Calliopum have a characteristic structure of their terminalia with the exception of C. geniculatum (Fabricius,1805), which is almost identical to L. siciliana Merz, 2001 and L. bilobata Merz, 2001. Female terminalia of L. cylindricornis are rigid and fairly complex, in L. minor Martinek, 1974 they are simple and rigid and in L. albomaculata Strobl, 1909 they are membranous and retractable. In phylogenetic analysis, L. cylindricornis (Fabricius, 1794) clusters with Calliopum with high support. Lauxania minor appears to be sister to Sapromyza columbi Frey, 1936, an endemic species to the Canary Islands, however, support is very weak. Lauxania albomaculata clusters with S. schnabli Papp, 1987 with low support. S. madeirensis Frey, 1949, endemic to Madeira, falls well within Minettia fasciata species group. Our results support the non-monophyly of Lauxania, with the subgenera Callixania Papp, 1978 and Czernushka Shatalkin, 2000 being divergent in terms of DNA sequences from Lauxania s. str. The affinities of Calliopum geniculatum remain equivocal, yet seem to be closer to Lauxania s. str. Suggested systematic changes: Czernushka albomaculata (Strobl, 1909) comb. n, Callixania minor (Martinek,1974) comb. n, Callixania martineki (Shatalkin, 1999) comb. n, Minettia madeirensis (Frey, 1949) comb. n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its veterinary, medical and forensic importance, the biodiversity of sarcophagid flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) has remained poorly investigated in India. We have performed a survey of Sarcophagidae species in connection with a study conducted on Diptera, which exposed the flesh fly diversity in and around the campus of the University of Calicut, Kerala, India. The survey was conducted using traps baited with decomposing fish and chicken liver and by the sweeping method. Eleven species were collected, including four species recorded from this state for the first time, one of which is new to the Indian mainland and the second record after Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve. Male terminalia of Sinonipponia bengalensis, Parasarcophaga choudhuryi, Boettcherisca karnyi, and Boettcherisca nathani are illustrated. This result expands the knowledge on the geographical distribution and habitat occupancy of sarcophagid species as well as their forensic relevance and provides a background for future systematic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research is the experimental investigation of the reaction kinetics of the synthesis of alkyl diethanolamide and the determination of its kinetic constants. The reaction parameters, such as the amount of lipase and substrate concentration were examined. The results showed that the enzymatic synthesis of alkyl diethanolamide with the substrates of ketapang (terminalia catappa L) seed oil and diethanolamine followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics model. Importantly, Km values for ketapang seed oil and ethanolamine substrates were 0.43 mmol and 14.55 mmol, respectively. The Vmax value for the synthesis of alkyl diethanolamide reaction was 1.57 x 10-5 mmol.min-1.mg-1 Catalyst. The mechanism of the synthesis of alkyl diethanolamide reaction follows the kinetic mechanism of Bi-Bi Ping-Pong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Dryland ecosystems, such as those in southern Arabia, are particularly vulnerable to climate and land‐use change. Aridification and human subsistence changes at the end of the Holocene Humid Period at 6–4 ka have been used as an iconic example for evaluating such impacts to resilience of arid systems. Although records of ancient environments can provide critical insight into the biotic and abiotic mechanisms that alter ecosystems, traditional archives, such as lake deposits, are not common in southern Arabia after 6 ka; thus, we must use alternative archives. Location: Yemen. Taxon: Plants; Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis). Methods: We use fossil pollen and stable isotopes (δ15N; δ13C) of rock hyrax (P. capensis) middens from Wadi Sana, Yemen, to look at changes in ecosystem structure and function across this key transition from 6 ka to the present. A total of 17 middens were radiocarbon‐dated and stable isotopes were measured. Of these, pollen was extracted from hyraceum of 14 middens and identified using a light microscope. Fossil pollen assemblages were then compared to existing modern pollen samples from throughout Arabia. Results: During the mid‐Holocene from at least 6 to 4.7 ka, the pollen flora reflects a landscape with abundant tropical trees. These included foundational woody taxa, such as Terminalia and Boswellia sacra (frankincense), which had a strong positive influence on local hydrology and the economy, respectively. Increased charcoal abundances also suggest that wildfire occurred periodically. Main conclusions: Connections with archaeological evidence suggest a strong link between human management and the presence of Terminalia woodland during the mid‐Holocene. These may have promoted increased groundwater storage and ponding as regional rainfall was decreasing. The mid‐Holocene expansion of Boswellia sacra (frankincense) may have helped support resin trade that became a critical export from the region. Fires were more common than today, suggesting semi‐arid but continuous vegetation cover across what is now bare ground. Finally, after 1 ka, increased sedge abundances at the expense of grasses and trees suggest the development of desert conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the analgesic activity of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata (Tp) bark. Analgesic activity was determined using hot plate and tail flick method. Thirty adult Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Group I (control) received 2 mL water, Group II -codeine 5 mg kg-1, Group III, IV and V 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 of Tp, respectively. Latency time to pain sensation was noted. In hot plate model, group 5 showed significant increase in reaction time compared to groups 3 and 4 at all-time points and was comparable to standard codeine at 120th and 180th min. In tail flick method, standard codeine showed significant increased latency time compared to all three doses of Tp at 90th, 120th and 180th min. Group 5 showed significant increased reaction time compared to groups 3 and 4 from 60th min to 180th min. Group 4 showed increased analgesic activity compared to group 3 at 90th, 120th and 180th min but group 3 was significantly better at 30th min. Thus T. paniculata possesses analgesic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to utilise a top-lit updraft biomass conversion reactor with retort heating for the production of biochar from dry almond (Terminalia catappa) leaves and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) waste (biomass-plastic mass ratio of 35:1). The feedstock was chosen to serve as a typology of each of the two major constituents of municipal solid waste (MSW). The study was done to examine the process performance and product yield and quality. A yield of 28.57 wt% for the biomass biochar and 71.43 wt% for the hybrid biochar was achieved at a peak temperature of 494°C and 362°C respectively in 90 minutes. The products were characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Branueur–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The biomass biochar and the hybrid biochar have a specific surface area of 450.2 m2/g and 296.8 m2/g respectively and both products was mesoporous. It is observed that retort heating carbonisation can be used to convert almond leaves and LDPE waste to biochar usable as an adsorbent. The work is of benefit in converting MSW to a useful product. These are helpful in waste minimisation, environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of recently acquired material of Herniosina Roháček, 1983 (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae) in the Mediterranean subregion revealed a new species, H. calabra sp. nov. (Italy: Calabria: Serre Calabresi Mts) and the first females of H. erymantha Roháček, 2016 (Greece: southern Peloponnese: Taygetos Mts). Herniosina calabra sp. nov. (both sexes) and the female of H. erymantha are described and illustrated in detail including structures of terminalia, their relationships are discussed and new information on their biology (habitat association) is given. An update of a key to all know species of Herniosina species is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Terminalia ferdinandiana, common name Kakadu plum (KP), fruit is a valuable source of vitamin C, and its concentration can be used as a quality index of KP products, such as dried fruit powder. The present study investigated the effects of two drying methods (freeze‐drying and oven‐drying) and the addition of maltodextrin (0–25%) on vitamin C, Maillard products, and overall quality of KP fruit powder. RESULTS: Freeze‐drying was a better dehydration technique than oven‐drying in retaining vitamin C, reducing the formation of non‐enzymatic browning and oxidation products, and improving powder colour (P < 0.05). Non‐enzymatic browning products (furfural and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural) were generated in the oven‐dried samples as a function of heating and high water activity. Maltodextrin acted as a vitamin C stabilizer in protecting vitamin C from oxidation, and significantly improved the colour attributes of the final dry products. Incorporation of 10–15% maltodextrin could reduce the percentage loss of vitamin C from 8.1% to 3.4% and 18.9% to 11.4% (compared with the control) during freeze‐drying and oven‐drying, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs revealed differences in the microstructures of the KP powder processed by the two drying methods with different levels of maltodextrin. Multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis) showed separation between the oven‐dried and freeze‐dried samples, and also suggested that addition of maltodextrin of 7.5–10% and 10–15% are effective for preserving vitamin C and other quality properties of the freeze‑ and oven‐dried KP powder samples, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results obtained are important for the KP industry, including Indigenous enterprises, in selecting the most appropriate drying method for KP fruit in terms of quality and sustainability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bark extracts of Terminalia catappa are effective in reducing the hind paw of rats of carrageenan-induced paw edema during the second phase of the inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandins – mediated inflammatory pathway. • The bark extracts have the potential to act as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting myeloperoxidase mediated tissue damage. • Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats causes bone destruction by increasing bone resorption and reducing bone formation. • Bark extracts treatment reduced secondary lesions developed by adjuvant-induced arthritis by suppressing the cell-mediated immunity. Terminalia catappa Linn (T. catappa) belongs to the family Combretaceae, locally known as Bengal Almond. The plant is known to have many phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, phytosterols, tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins. It is widely used in the treatment of various diseases such as dermatitis, leprosy, and scabies and internally for colic, headache and hepatitis and also, the plant possesses anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and extracts have been shown to modify reproductive behavior in rats. The main objective of this study is to assess the pharmacological potentials of T. catappa bark in the therapeutic areas of inflammation and arthritis. T. catappa bark alcoholic extract (TCE) and water extract (TCW) were prepared and evaluated for its possible anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro protein denaturation assays and membrane stabilization assay. Further, the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of bark extracts were evaluated by in vivo models such as carrageenan-induced paw edema, air-pouch model and Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model in rats. Total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 287 and 175 mg/g for TCE and TCW. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was found to be 10.2 and 61.7 mg/Kg for TCE and TCW. The concentration required for the 50 % inhibition of the protein denaturation (IC 50) was found to be lower for TCE (36.2 µg/mL) in egg albumin denaturation assay, whereas in the membrane stabilization assay method TCW exhibited a lower IC 50 value in comparison with diclofenac. Both the extracts showed activity in the in vitro models of inflammation and were also found to be effective in reducing the paw edema in the carrageenan-induced inflammation model and inhibition of cellular infiltration and Myeloperoxidase activity in air pouch fluid, suggesting its anti-inflammatory activity. In CFA-induced arthritis model, the extracts exhibited anti-arthritic potential by improving the altered blood parameters, arthritic scores, radio-graphical, and histopathological changes. The results of the study suggested that the bark of T. catappa possessed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles with their excellent biocompatibility are extensively used in pharma and biological applications. Terminalia bellerica (TB) dry fruit parts mediated gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous extracts. The secondary metabolites screening of the aqueous extracts was done using phytochemical analysis. The green synthesized gold nanoparticles show vibrant colours. They were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD analysis and FE-SEM. The analytical characterization methods ensured the formation of nanoparticles and could predict the nanometric size of the nanoparticles. The study also lay to determine the antibacterial potential of the TB fruit parts and TB fruit parts mediated gold nanoparticles. The pathogens chosen for the study were pathogens from clinical species such as Acinetobacter pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis which cause common infections. The TB fruit part extracts, as well as TB fruit parts mediated gold nanoparticles were capable enough to destroy clinical pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the diverse nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNps) are utilised for various therapeutic application due to the distinct physical, chemical properties and biocompatibility. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using plants is the promising route. This method is low cost, eco-friendly and higher biological activities. In this present study, Gold nanoparticles were synthesised from fruit extract of Terminalia bellirica fruit extract. Their anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated against colorectal cancer cell line (HT29) and TNBS-induced zebrafish model. Highly stable tannin capped gold nanoparticles were synthesised from fruit extract broth of Terminalia bellirica rapidly. Structural and functional properties of the synthesised nanoparticles were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive atomic X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All the characterisation studies reveal highly stable, crystalline, phytochemicals, mainly tannin doped, spherical, 28 nm controlled sized gold nanoparticles. The molecular mechanism of anticancer activity was studied by determining cancer markers' expression, which was studied using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Antioxidative enzymes' status and apoptosis changes were also investigated. Synthesised nanoparticles brought a drastic reduction of all the tested cancer markers' expression. Notable changes in antioxidative enzymes' status and a good sign of apoptosis were observed in nanoparticles' treatment. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied against TNBS-induced zebrafish model, which was confirmed by determining inflammatory markers' expression TNF-α, iNOS (induced Nitric Oxide Synthase) and histopathological examination. Nanoparticles' treatment recorded a drastic reduction of inflammatory markers' expression. No marked sign of inflammation was also observed in histopathological analysis of the nanoparticles' treatment group. The present study suggests the possible utilisation of T. bellirica-mediated gold nanoparticles as an effective therapeutic agent against a prolonged inflammatory disease that progressively develops into cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When reviewing the species of Agapetus Curtis in eastern and central North America, we discovered previously unknown pores and ducts in abdominal segment VIII of the females. Evidence suggests that the pores and ducts are part of caddisfly colleterial glands and have a role in oviposition. Examples are described and illustrated for 26 of the 42 known North American species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia avicennioides Guill and Perr (Combretaceae) is an important West African medicinal plant. The plant is used locally against microbes and parasites in both humans and animals and studies have demonstrated its cytotoxicity potential. Thus, this study was carried out to test the cytotoxic effect of the extracts and fractions of the root of the medicinal plant Terminalia avicennioides Guill and Perr (Combretaceae) in two different cell lines. Methods: Methanol, ethanol, 30 % ethanol, hot water and cold water extracts and ethylacetate, hexane, chloroform, butanol and residual water fractions, were evaluated at 1000, 750, 500, 250, 100 and 50 µg/mL concentrations, with doxorubicin as positive control. The cells were incubated with the extracts for 48 h at 37 °C in a 5 % CO2 humidified incubator. The inhibition of cell viability, determined with the methyl blue thiazole tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, was used to assess the anti-proliferative effect of the extracts, in normal Vero Monkey kidney and human liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. Results: There was a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability in both the HepG2 and Vero cell lines. For HepG2 cells, antiproliferative effect was highest for the hexane fraction (viability ranged from 19.63 ± 1.10 % to 70.30 ± 1.78 % for 1000 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. For Vero cells, the highest antiproliferative effect, at 1000 µg/mL, was with hexane fraction (cell viability 21.37 ± 3.50 %), while at 50 µg/mL the chloroform fraction demonstrated the highest effect (viability of 86.10 ± 1.95 %). Conclusions: The extracts and fractions from the root of Terminalia avicennioides have antiproliferative effect on the Vero and HepG2 cell lines tested. However, the extracts and fractions were not more toxic to the HepG2 than to the Vero cells. The cytotoxic effect of stem-bark and leaf extracts could be evaluated in the future to determine its anticancer potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Limoniidae is one of the most species-rich Dipteran families, with 661 reported species in Europe. Despite the fact that the European limoniid crane fly fauna has been studied ever since Carolus Linnaeus, it is still poorly known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study discloses eco-friendly one pot robust method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by employing novel bark extract of the medicinal plant Terminalia bellerica Roxb. Synthesized silver nanoparticles (B-AgNPs) were found spherical and crystalline, as confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, TEM and FTIR. Catalytic potential of B-AgNPs was assessed by reductive degradation of various waste water pollutants, such as 4-nitrophenol, methyl orange, methylene blue and eosin yellow that fitted well to pseudo first order kinetics. B-AgNPs were found most efficient towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and removed 88.7% of it in 60 min. An artificial neural networks (ANNs) model based on experimental data was developed to describe the nonlinear behavior of the catalytic process that was found most accurate for the reductive degradation of eosin yellow. Antioxidant activity, evaluated by standard DPPH and ABTS assays, was dose dependent and B-AgNPs were found two fold potent in DPPH radical scavenging than the standard used. These results suggest that B-AgNPs could be a sustainable source of technological innovation in wastewater treatment and management of oxidative stress related health disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• T. phanerophlebia is a medicinal plant that is commonly found in Southern Africa. • The toxicogenic effects and molecular mechanisms of T. phanerophlebia extract was investigated. • The extract reduced cell viability with an IC 50 of 1.36 mg/ml. • T. phanerophlebia decreased initiator and executioner caspase activity. • T. phanerophlebia caused DNA fragmentation. • The extract exerted toxic effects on kidney cells via the apoptotic pathway. The study investigated the toxicogenic effects and molecular mechanisms of Terminalia phanerophlebia on human renal cells. The methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of a crude leaf extract of Terminalia phanerophlebia in Hek293 cells. Luminometry was used to determine caspase activity, phosphatidylserine externalization and necrosis. The comet assay evaluated DNA fragmentation and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to assess membrane integrity. Western blotting measured the expression of bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax), inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP), cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (cPARP), p53 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in treated Hek293 cells. A reduction in cell viability was observed with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 1.36 mg/ml. At this concentration, Terminalia phanerophlebia decreased initiator and executioner caspase activity. Phosphatidylserine validated apoptosis in IC 25 -treated cells, while necrosis was observed in all treated cells. Comet formation indicated that there was DNA fragmentation. High levels of p53 resulted in upregulation of Bax in IC 25 -treated cells, while the opposite was noted in IC 50 -treated cells. Upregulation of NF-κB is associated with decreased caspase-3 and cPARP and further supported by an increase in IAP indicating that Hek293 cell death was mainly through apoptosis and necrosis. The findings suggest that while Terminalia phanerophlebia is a good extract for tuberculosis therapeutic intervention, it may exert toxic effects on kidney cells via the apoptotic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucujus Fabricius is widely distributed throughout the Holarctic region. In this study, the taxonomy of Asian Cucujus is investigated and diagnostic characters are discussed. Six species-groups are recognized based on external features, terminalia and genitalia of both sexes. Six new species are described: C. chuensis sp. nov. (China), C. euphoria sp. nov. (China), C. evangelium sp. nov. (China), C. kachin sp. nov. (Myanmar), C. shennong sp. nov. (China) and C. tibetensis sp. nov. (China and Nepal). Several described species are redescribed, including C. bicolor Smith, C. cinnaberinus (Scopoli), C. clavipes clavipes (Fabricius), C. clavipes puniceus Mannerheim, C. coccinatus Lewis, C. grouvellei Reitter, C. haematodes haematodes Erichson, C. haematodes opacus Lewis, C. janatai Háva, Zahradník & Růžika, C. kempi Grouvelle, C. mniszechi Grouvelle and C. nigripennis Lee & Satô. A neotype for C. kempi is designated. A key to the Asian Cucujus species is provided. Several new faunistic records are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the native food industry in Australia has increased in both value and volume due to the discovery of a wide range of phytochemicals (e.g., vitamin C, polyphenols) that have potential health benefits. Thus, plant organs and tissues of these native plants are used in a wide range of applications. In particular, the kernel of a native plum, the Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana, Combretaceae) is considered to be rich in lipids and other phytochemical compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of NIR spectroscopy to analyze and characterize kernel samples and tissues of wild harvest fruit samples. The Fourier transform near-infrared reflectance spectra of cracked kernels, seeds cover tissues, and dry powder Kakadu plum kernels were acquired. Both principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to analyze and interpret the spectral data. A correct classification rate of 93%, 86%, and 80% was achieved for the identification of kernel provenance using all tissues, seed coats, and the whole nuts, respectively. The results of this study reported for the first time the analysis of Kakadu plum kernels and their tissues using NIR spectroscopy. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the tribes Callidiopini Lacordaire, 1869 and Strongylurini Lacordaire, 1869 in the collection of the RBINS were studied. Of the Callidiopini, Teladum unicolor sp. nov. and Ceresium diversum glabrum ssp. nov. are described, while Ceresium delauneyi Lameere, 1893, Ceresium furtivum Pascoe, 1869 and Falsoibidion trimaculatum Pic, 1923 are redescribed. Of the Strongylurini, Omotes vanuatensis sp. nov. is described, Pseudoceresium carinatum (Fauvel, 1906) and Dictamnia rugosa Pascoe, 1869 are redescribed. Their genitalia are closely examined. In particular, the ejaculatory duct complex of endophallus is documented and illustrated in detail, in addition to the usual median lobes and tegmen. Female genitalia are alternatively documented and illustrated for four Callidiopini species. Terminalia, in particular 8th sternites and tergites of both male and female are documented and illustrated in detail as well. Discussions on the taxonomy of the above taxa, taking their genitalia and terminalia in consideration, are attached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]