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Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study concerns the character of didactics in relation to two poles in education (the transmission of knowledge and the learning process). It is based on the author's experience with the teaching of mathematics and didactics in teacher university education and from recent literature. Th e structure of the “consumers” of the subject and the structure of the educational process form the basis for the exploration of the theme. Th ese aspects are the groundwork for the creation of views on particular subject didactics, which are formulated in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prof. Srećko Bošnjaković (1865 - 1907) is considered as the first Croatian chemist who completed Ph. D. thesis in the field of organic chemistry. In his thesis published in 1893 under the title “Gerhardt's Helenine” S. Bošnjaković has described isolation of helenine from the roots of Inula helenium L., separation of chemically pure substances and determination of their empirical formulae by elemental analysis. In his thesis the names helenine and alantolactone were used, the second one appears exclusively in the recent literature. Since this name indicates existence of lactone group in helenine it was interesting to investigate what was known at that time about the structure of this natural product, in particular who has determined exact structure of alantolactone and its isomers and congeners, sesquiterpenes present in the Nature. It turned out that our Nobel laureate Lavoslav Ružička greatly contributed to the knowledge of this field, who in the period 1931 - 1936 investigated structures of numerous sesquiterpenes and formulated well-known Ružička’s biogenetic isoprene rule (L. Ružička, The isoprene rule and the biogenesis of terpenic compounds, Experientia 9 (1953) 357-396). Prompted by this unexpected “Croatian connection by helenine”, I have discovered interesting development of chemistry related to alantolactone, in particular contribution of Lavoslav Ružička to structure determination. In this review the work of Bošnjaković and Ružička is presented and new results revealed on structure determination, synthesis and important biological properties of alantolactone and related sesquiterpenes. Most recent results and accumulated knowledge on alantolactone represent an excellent example for development of organic chemistry in the XXth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World of Real Estate Journal / Swiat Nieruchomosci is the property of Foundation of the Cracow University of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sociologie musí v principu odpovědět na Simmelovu otázku: „Jak je společnost vůbec možná“. Kazdou sociologickou – empirickou či teoretickou - výpověď je možno považovat za jeden z elementu možné odpovědi. Sociologické teorie nabízejí modely, kterými empirická zjištění získávají systematickou souvislost. Tyto modely musí ovšem zohlednit fakt, ze jimi prezentované souvislosti nejsou pouze vědeckými konstrukty, nýbrž i konstrukcemi každodenních aktérů, tedy konstrukty řídícími společnost již před vstupem vědy do ní. Sociologická teorie, jakož i sociologie v celku, si tedy musí být vědoma toho, ze vždy zůstává částí svého předmětu. To představuje jeden z jejích hlavních metodologických problémů. Sociologické teorie musí tedy odpovídat na základní otázky, týkající se konstrukce/konstituce sociálního řádu: 1. jak se orientuje sociální jednání; 2. v jakých procesech tato orientace vznikla, 3. jakými institucemi je tato orientace stabilizována a reprodukována; 4. co jsou faktory změny těchto struktur. To, kterou z těchto otázek sociologické teorie považují za výchozí, představuje jejich základní teoretické rozhodnutí, ovlivňující jejich další výstavbu a modelování společenských souvislostí. To, zdali sociologické výpovědi vůbec odpovídají na některé z těchto otázek s úmyslem ukázat jejich vzájemné propojeni a systematickou souvislost, pak odlišuje teorie od ostatních sociologických narativů.

W odniesieniu do lokalizacji małych przedsiębiorstw zwykle wskazuje się na duże znaczenie czynników behawioralnych w procesie jej wyboru, w mniejszym stopniu zwraca się zaś uwagę na czynniki strukturalne. W warunkach gospodarki globalnej pojawiły się nowe zjawiska determinujące rozmieszczenie sektora małych przedsiębiorstw. Postęp techniczny zmienia oblicze sektora i jego otoczenia znacznie szybciej, niż to odbywało się w przeszłości. Dlatego celem niniejszego opracowania jest wskazanie roli czynnika strukturalnego w podejmowaniu decyzji lokalizacyjnych w małych firmach na tle cyklu życia przedsiębiorstw oraz nowych trendów zauważanych w praktyce gospodarczej. W artykule zastosowano analizę krytyczną piśmiennictwa, metodę studiów przypadku w oparciu o pogłębione wywiady kwestionariuszowe i wizyty studyjne w parkach naukowo-technologicznych w Gdańsku, Puławach, Rzeszowie, Ełku i Kielcach oraz wyniki badań atrakcyjności inwestycyjnej regionów wykonanych w ramach realizacji badań statutowych w Kolegium Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie. Do nowo zaobserwowanych zjawisk wpływających na lokalizację małych przedsiębiorstw należy zaliczyć: – efekt indukowanej przedsiębiorczości w nowych przestrzeniach produkcyjno-usługowych, tworzonych w miejscach o wyższym standardzie infrastrukturalnym, – pobudzanie przedsiębiorczości w strefach uprzywilejowania ekonomicznego, – outsourcing i offshoring innych przedsiębiorstw w fazie rozwoju, – odnowę strategiczną przedsiębiorstw w fazie schyłkowej, – efekt rozpadu przedsiębiorstw w fazie schyłkowej.

Straipsnyje bandoma nustatyti formaliosios akademinės santraukos rašymo mokymo turinį, kuris turėtų būti lingvistinio ir psichologinio pobūdžio. lingvistinė mokymo medžiaga yra pirminio teksto (originalo) ir studentų sukurtų santraukų tekstų struktūra, o psichologinė - ugdytini gebėjimai, reikalingi medžiagai atrinkti ir santraukai parašyti. Straipsnyje pateiktas ir pirminio teksto virtimo santrauka metodinis psichologinis mechanizmas.

On Genesis, written In 1966 is a short summary of Althusser’s earlytheory of encounter. In Althusser’s note we find description of structural causalityas opposed to teleological and mechanicist notions of historical determinations. Thetext has documentary value allowing the reader to look at problems presented insuch works as Reading Capital from the perspective proposed by Aalthusser in histexts devoted, among others, to aleatory conception of materialism and theory ofhistory.

U radu se donosi uvid u problematiku imena pedeset gospićkih naselja od kojih jedno ima status grada. Uz povijesnu i geografsku kontekstualizaciju ojkonimi se analiziraju semantički i strukturno. Uočena je motivacijska i strukturna raznolikost ojkonima kroz koju se stječe uvid u sliku života zajednice u prošlosti.

Bivanjski prostor oblikujejo naravni procesi, značilni za posamezen kraj, javni prostori v njem in enačenje prebivalcev s krajem. Proces enačenja s krajem spodbuja nastanek sistema zasebnih, družbenih in javnih zelenih površin. Pojavlja se na formalni, funkcionalni in simbolni ravni zaznave mestnega prostora. Zelene površine so lahko zasebna cvetlična korita pod oknom ali gredice pod blokom, skupne zelenice, javne zelene površine, parki in drevoredi ... Vse te zelene površine so za skupnost zelo pomembne. Krajevnim skupnostim omogočajo, da se enačijo s krajino svojega stanovanjskega naselja in z monumentalno krajino, v kateri so ob njihovem naselju zrasla nova stanovanjska naselja. Enačenje s krajem v tem smislu zvišuje standard naselja in simbolizira monumentalno pokrajino. To pa spodbuja njeno prenovo. Primer take strukture so varšavsko stanovanjsko naselje, ki sta ga projektirala Poljaka B. in S. Brukalski, delavnice, v katerih so sodelovali srednješolci, in projekt »Varšavska kraljevska promenada«. To so tudi instrumenti, ki oblikujejo družbeno potrebo po objektih za rekreativne in kulturne dejavnosti, po objektih, ki simbolizirajo metropolitanski značaj mesta.

Old Polish text as a separate subject of study? In the search of descriptive tools The author provides an answer to the question why Old Polish texts, especially mediaeval ones, constitute a separate subject of study. Primarily, he draws attention to the kinds of problems connected with the reading of those texts (e.g. identification of functional expressions), and with the various manifestations of multilayeredness. How to study such texts? The author suggests that the existing palette of methods be complemented with selected tools developed by modern textology, which so far have only sporadically been employed in the research of the oldest Polish texts. Meanwhile, their use makes possible a precise description and analysis, taking into account the multilayeredness and the traces of the work of many scribes, sometimes so large that they modify the arrengement of intentions and functions of the text. The author uses the example of Rozmyślanie przemyskie and other texts to show the complexity of such problems as the address of the text, its cohesion, continuity, and comprehensiveness – qualities that are only revealed when appropriate assumptions are made and adequate descriptive tools used.

Straipsnyje kritiškai vertinami struktūralizmo teorijos metodologiniai principai. Teigiama, kad struktūralizmas atsieja socialines struktūras nuo jų realaus egzistavimo sąlygų, paverčia jas autonominiais dariniais, dažnai traktuoja kaip nekintamas, statiškas; suabsoliutina lingvistinių struktūrų reikšmę ir vaidmenį; atmeta žmogaus aktyvią visuomeninę istorinę veiklą, kurioje ir kuriamos tos socialinės struktūros. Nurodomi ir struktūralizmo teigiami aspektai: jis remiasi realių, objektyviai egzistuojančių struktūrų (socialinių, kultūrinių, kalbinių ir kt.) analize, panaudoja konkrečią skirtingų pažinimo sričių medžiagą atmesdamas apriorinius, spekuliatyvinius išvedžiojimus. Ženklų sistemų tyrimas yra efektyvus tais atvejais, kai įmanoma iš sudėtingos žinių visumos išskirti vientisas ir konkrečias mokslo logines struktūras. Jas galima tirti kaip aukščiausią teorinio pažinimo rezultatą, todėl jų analizė turi didelę pažintinę reikšmę. Analizuojant sudėtingas aplinkos pasaulio daiktų, reiškinių ir procesų visumas, pats skirtingų struktūrų tyrimo faktas ir ontologiniu, ir gnoseologiniu atžvilgiu yra ne tik racionalus, bet ir būtinas.

Straipsnyje supažindinama su Algirdo Juliaus Greimo kūrybos ir prancūziško struktūralizmo apskritai pagrindiniais principais. Teigiama, kad A. J. Greimo tyrimų teorinis pamatas pirmiausia yra struktūrinė kalbotyra, bene ryškiausia yra Kopenhagos mokyklos įtaka. Struktūrinis metodas lingvistikoje reikalauja tyrinėti kalbą kaip sistemą (santykių mechanizmą), griežtai skirti istorinę (diachroninę) problematiką nuo dabartinės (sinchroninės). Epistemologijoje struktūrinis metodas reiškia, kad turi būti tiriami ne izoliuoti daiktai, o jų sistemos, santykiai, opozicijos. Struktūra apibrėžiama kaip paslėptų, tiesiogiai neįžiūrimų santykių tinklas; tuos santykius transformuodami, išskiriame tam tikrus invariantus. Žmogus egzistuoja ženklų, arba reikšmių, pasaulyje, ženklų sistemos lemia, programuoja, formuoja žmogaus elgseną. Struktūralistų tikslas yra rasti ir aprašyti abstrakčias struktūras, kurios generuoja kultūrinius tekstus. Struktūralizmas, remdamasis antropologijos ir lingvistikos patyrimu, neigia istorijos mistifikuotą statusą: ji nėra privilegijuota sritis, apsieinanti be kodo ir nepasiduodanti moksliniam tyrimui.

Publikuojamas pirmasis prancūziškojo struktūralizmo straipsnis lietuvių kalba. Straipsnis skirtas struktūrinio metodo taikymui istorijoje aptarti. Nagrinėjami istorijos ir permanentiškumo, trukmės ir hierarchijos, sinchronijos ir diachronijos, struktūrų istorizacijos, struktūrų ir uzusų, struktūrų transformacijos ir kiti klausimai. Teigiama, kad santykį tarp struktūros funkcionavimo ir istorinės erdvės, kurią užpildo struktūra, paaiškina kalbos būsenos sąvoka. Aptariama trukmių ir struktūrų koreliacija. Keliami klausimai, kur slypi socialinių struktūrų istorinis pobūdis ir kaip apibrėžti diachroniškas transformacijas tarp struktūrų, išsidėsčiusių laike viena po kitos. Uzusas apibrėžiamas kaip kalbinės bendruomenės atlikta jos dispozicijoje esančios reikšminės struktūros utilizacija. Uzusus apsprendžiantis statiškų struktūrų aprašymas yra logiškai pirmesnis, negu sukcesyvių struktūrinių būsenų lyginimo procedūros. Daroma išvada, kad istorijos negalima pajungti socialinių mokslų metodologijai, jeigu istorijos mokslas nepradės traktuoti struktūros kaip vienos svarbiausių savo sąvokų.

Stipa lessingiana steppes used to be prevalent on the dry Trans-Ural denudation plains, particularly, on the Sub-Ural and the Turgay Plateau. But, most of them have been lost because they were plowed up during the Virgin Land campaign in the second part of 20th century. This paper presents a detailed study of the faunistic composition and the structure of soil-dwelling invertebrate communities (macrofauna) of a temperate-dry bunch feather grass steppe in the Turgai Plateau (Northern-Turgai physical-geographical province of steppe Kazakhstan, Kostanay Oblast). The study site is located in the territory of the Naurzum State Nature Reserve, a part of the UNESCO World Heritage site “Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan”, where remnants of Virgin S. lessingiana steppes have been preserved to the present day. This region is the driest and most continental in climate of all the dry steppes of Kazakhstan. The total abundance and biomass of soil invertebrate communities in the investigated site were lower than in the northern and western steppe areas. Soil invertebrates are among the major components that determine the functioning of terrestrial natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of technologies for the production of very fine-grained materials is currently very intensively accelerated. On VSB-Technical University of Ostrava developed a method that uses the principle of severe plastic deformation to refine the structure and enhance mechanical properties of sheet metal strips. The greatest importance in practice represents an increase in proof stress and tensile stress of sheet metal strips. Dual Rolls Equal Channel Extrusion (DRECE) method is a newly developed method. Severe plastic deformation results in a high degree of the material reformation. The method can be used to produce metallic materials with a very fine grain structure (hereinafter referred to as ultrafine grain structure). The forming process is based on extrusion technology with zero removal of the sheet strip thickness with the ultimate aim of achieving a high degree of deformation in the formed material, resulting in a significant improvement of mechanical properties in the input material. The paper analyses the effects of the values of angles of the newly developed forming tools on the achievement of mechanical properties in selected materials Cu and brass in the SPD process. The following types materials were verified experimentally - strip sheet with dimensions 58 (width) x 2 (thickness) x 1000 (length) mm. The paper also evaluates the influence of severe plastic deformation (SPD) on strengthening these materials at different values of the angle in the forming tool. The influence of new geometries of forming tools for improving mechanical properties has been unequivocally demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Ekonomia XXI Wieku is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute / Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa is the property of Lukasiewicz Research Network, Krakow Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Filozofija i Drustvo is the property of University of Belgrade, Institute for Philosophy & Social Theory and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As portrayed in Chronicles 11 - 12, King Rehoboam was both a good king and a bad one; wise and foolish, a strong leader of a prosperous country as well as a weak leader of a declining one. Although he was a skilled diplomat, his arrogance brought the wrath of God upon himself and his nation. The Chronicler clearly attempts to depict King Rehoboam within his own context, while acknowledging his temperament and proclivities. This paper provides a detailed examination and analysis of the Chronicler's presentation of King Rehoboam and the Kingdom of Judah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ekonomia XXI Wieku is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute / Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa is the property of Lukasiewicz Research Network, Krakow Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)