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In recent years, short-term creep parameters determined in the laboratory from cylindrical gas shale samples subjected to triaxial (in-situ) stress conditions have been used successfully to infer long-term deformation and stress relaxation at the reservoir scale across geologic time scales. Due to the viscoelastic formalism, both the laboratory creep response and field-scale stress relaxation can be modeled with power law functions of time involving the elastic compliance of the shale B, the time-dependence exponent n, and the amount of total strain ∊. Gas shales often exhibit a high specific surface area associated with their high content in clay minerals and/or total organic carbon (TOC). The low-pressure nitrogen adsorption technique can be used advantageously to estimate specific surface area (SN2); i.e., it is a relatively fast and cost-effective measurement conducted on powdered samples of shale material. A robust global empirical correlation between gas shale creep parameters and SN2 emerges from the analysis of laboratory data collected from multiple gas shale formations in Australia (the prospective Goldwyer Formation) and the United States (Barnett, Haynesville, and Eagle Ford formations), and spanning a broad range of clay content, organic matter, maturity, and porosity values. This data set also shows that the summed fractions of clay minerals, TOC, and porosity, the so-called weak phase fraction, correlates nearly as well with primary creep parameters. The weak phase fraction can also be estimated from faster and more cost-effective measurements or from well logs. To evaluate its predictive capacity, the key correlation between SN2 and creep parameters is used in a case study to predict the magnitude of present-day least principal stress Shmin across six depth intervals/lithologic layers in a prolific unconventional shale formation in the northeastern United States. Several Shmin measurements are available for verification, and our approach successfully captures the observed layered variation of stress with depth.

In this study, the effects of exogenous silicon dioxide applications (0.5, 1, 1.5 mM SiO2) on the germination parameters of carrot seeds were investigated under salt stress conditions (150, 200 mM NaCl). For this purpose, germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination rate coefficient (CVG), germination rate index (GRI), germination index (GI), seedling viability index (SVI), leaf number, shoot and root lengths (mm) and plant fresh weight (g) were determined. Germination parameters of yellow carrot, sensitive to salt stress, were adversely affected by 150 mM NaCl application and shoot and root lengths were reduced by 80%. Especially SiO2 applications had a positive effect on germination parameters for the cultivar. In 150 mM NaCl application, the germination of the seeds treated with 0.5 mM SiO2 increased approximately two times (23%), and 15% germination was obtained in 200 mM NaCl, which did not germinate in the control. Although the black carrot cultivar tolerated salt stress, silicon dioxide treatments had a stimulating effect on germination and development. It was determined that especially 1.5 mM SiO2 application in black carrot seeds had a positive effect on germination parameters. Germination percentage increased to 93% in seeds treated with 1.5 mM SiO2 in 150 mM NaCl, and 86% at 200 mM NaCl concentration, reaching higher values compared to the control group. The results showed that pre-treatment with appropriate silicon concentrations significantly improved germination performance and promoted tolerance to the salt stress.

A six-by-six complete F1 Gossypium hirsutum, L. diallel cross of three pre-screened drought tolerant and three drought susceptible varieties (CRIS-134, CRIS-342, SINDH-1, NIAB-78, SADORI and BH-160) was evaluated for genetic parameters during 2009 at Sindh Agriculture University farm, Tandojam. The characters studied were number of bolls per plant, sympodial branches per plant, seedcotton yield per plant and lintcotton yield per plant. The objective of such study was to assess the effect of irrigation stress on the genetic inheritance pattern of above quantitative traits as to how far the genetic parameters are affected due to irrigation stress in the F1 diallel generation. Irrigation treatments were four; normal seven irrigations schedule, five irrigations, four irrigations (medium stress) and three irrigations up to 150 days of crop maturity (stress conditions). CRIS-134 in seven, Sadori in five and CRIS-342 in four and three irrigations treatments were the most recessive parents contributing increasing boll number into their progenies while BH-160 in seven, CRIS-342 in five and Sindh-1 in four and three irrigations treatments proved to be the most dominant parents responsible for contributing decreased boll number per plant into their progenies. Seedcotton per plant was partial dominant in seven irrigations treatment while it inherited as an overdominant trait in five, four and three irrigations respectively. BH-160 was the most recessive of all with increased sympodia contributing attributes in seven and four irrigations whereas Niab-78 in five and CRIS-342 in stress were the most recessive parents. Sindh-1 was the most dominant parent in seven, five and three irrigation treatments while CRIS-342 in four irrigations yielded decreased sympodia contributing attributes into their progenies. Sindh-1 in seven, BH-160 in five and three and CRIS-342 in four irrigations treatments proved to be the most recessive parents with increasing seedcotton yield attributes while CRIS-342 in seven and five and Sindh-1 in four and three irrigations were the most dominant parents contributing decreased seedcotton yield into their progenies. Inheritance trend of lintcotton per plant was similar to that of seedcotton yield per plant.

Seeds with high vigor have greater capacity for hydrolysis and mobilization of stored reserves, which results in the formation of vigorous seedlings, and this behavior is observed under abiotic stress conditions. This study proposes to investigate the relationship of the enzyme alpha-amylase in lots of common-bean seeds with contrasting vigor, when subjected to the absence and presence of salt stress, aiming to identify the relationship of this enzyme with the vigor of the seed lot under these conditions. Seven common-bean cultivars were used. Physiological quality was determined by germination, vigor index and seedling length. The mobilization of reserves was evaluated under absence and presence of salt stress simulated with a NaCl solution with a concentration of 50 mmol L-1. The analyzed variables regarding reserve mobilization were reserve reduction, reserve reduction rate, seedling dry weight, reserve mobilization rate, starch, starch reduction rate and alpha-amylase activity. Results showed that the stress condition negatively affected all the evaluated variables; however, the cultivars classified as having greater vigor showed better physiological performance under stress. Salt stress in common-bean seeds affects seedling performance and reduces alpha-amylase activity during germination, and high-vigor seed lots exhibited higher enzyme activity in the no-stress condition.

Objectives: Silica is not essential nutrients for plant growth; however, it shows that it is beneficial to rice, especially under stress conditions. This study is to test the efficacy of Rice Hull Ash (RHA) as a silicon source to enhance rice resistance against bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Methods: The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was adopted for the different treatments, replicated four (4) times. CSUT0 (control), CSUT1(30 grams RHA, Basal Application), CSUT2(30 grams RHA, Basal Application; 15 DAT), CSUT3 (30 grams RHA, Basal Application; 15 DAT and 30 DAT), and CSUT4 (30 grams RHA, Basal Application, 15 DAT, 30 DAT; and 40 DAT). The effect of all the treatments is on the severity of infection of the bacteria, plant height and wt.% of SiO2 acquired from soil, RHA and test plant. Findings: Rice Hull Ash (RHA) composed of 87.34 wt. % of SiO2 while soil collected from the Rice Field composed of 68.49 wt.% of SiO2, Disease resistance is as high as 60% when compared with the highest infection rate (T0) to the lowest infection rate (T4). Plant height and resistance produced against BLB infection was observed significantly in CSUT3 (Basal application at 15 and 30 DAT and 30 grams of RHA). Novelty: The study offers an interesting organic alternative that could be used in controlling Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB). Keywords: Bacterial Leaf Blight; Rice; Rice hull ash (RHA); Resistance Mechanism; Silica (SiO2)

For the last decades, the factors increasing or decreasing the frequency of false memories have been of great interest. Some research also examined the effect of stress and warning on the true and false recognitions; however, so far most of the studies have yielded contradictory results or seems inadequate to understand the effect of these factors on false memory phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to examine the joint effects of stress and warning on the frequency of false and true memories elicited by the list-learning paradigm. The word lists derived from the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm were used in order to measure false and true recognition rates. Participants (N = 126) were exposed to either the Trier Social Stress Test (a stress condition) or a filler task at the beginning of the experiment (no-stress condition). Then, they were either subjected to a warning about false memories before DRM (pre-warning condition), subjected to a warning about false memories after DRM (post-warning condition), or given no warning at all (no-warning condition). Results showed that stress had a statistically significant effect on true recognition but not on false recognition. Furthermore, warning given after the DRM lists had a decreasing effect on the frequency of false memories. No significant interaction effect between stress and warning was found. Although our hypotheses were not confirmed, this study can contribute to the existing body of research by providing evidence that stress and warning have differential effects on both true and false memories derived from the DRM paradigm.

Non-membrane-bound compartments such as P-bodies (PBs) and stress granules (SGs) play important roles in the regulation of gene expression following environmental stresses. We have systematically and quantitatively determined the protein and mRNA composition of PBs and SGs formed before and after nutrient stress. We find that high molecular weight (HMW) complexes exist prior to glucose depletion that we propose may act as seeds for further condensation of proteins forming mature PBs and SGs. We identify an enrichment of proteins with low complexity and RNA binding domains, as well as long, structured mRNAs that are poorly translated following nutrient stress. Many proteins and mRNAs are shared between PBs and SGs including several multivalent RNA binding proteins that promote condensate interactions during liquid-liquid phase separation. We uncover numerous common protein and RNA components across PBs and SGs that support a complex interaction profile during the maturation of these biological condensates. These interaction networks represent a tuneable response to stress, highlighting previously unrecognized condensate heterogeneity. These studies therefore provide an integrated and quantitative understanding of the dynamic nature of key biological condensates.

In this work, details of stress time dependent transient ${V}_{\text {T}}$ shift in p-GaN Gate HEMTs are captured using a fast sweeping method. A minimum saturated ${V}_{\text {T}}$ shift ( $\Delta {V}_{\text {T}\_{}\text {Sat}}$ ) independent of stress time at about 4 V gate stress is observed, and electron tunneling process assisted by shallow traps in the AlGaN barrier is introduced as a likely mechanism to explain the phenomena. Under gate stress of 6 V and above, a stress time dependent over-recovery results in a negative ${V}_{\text {T}}$ shift before the final recovery to the fresh state, confirming that hole de-trapping process needs to take a longer time than electron de-trapping process. In addition, under AC gate stress condition, $\Delta {V}_{\text {T}\_{}\text {Sat}}$ shows an opposite trend in cases of low and high forward AC gate bias stresses, which is explained by the difference in the trapping rates of electrons and holes.

espanolDebido al alto porcentaje de recaidas posteriores al tratamiento por consumo de drogas, se presenta un esquema de intervencion, con un enfoque cognitivo conductual orientado al desarrollo de habilidades y estrategias de afrontamiento de las situaciones riesgosas y estresantes. Objetivo. Conocer en los adictos rehabilitados el nivel de autoeficacia para mantener la abstinencia. Metodo. A traves de un curso-taller de 10 sesiones dirigido a los residentes de una Comunidad Terapeutica, se promovio el desarrollo de habilidades de control acerca de los pensamientos relacionados a las sustancias y a su consumo. Resultados. Se realizo un seguimiento a los participantes a los dos y cuatro meses posteriores a su egreso, de estos, 67% continuaban en abstinencia y 33% habia recaido; las situaciones de mayor riesgo de recaida fueron: momentos y emociones agradables con otros, seguidas por la necesidad fisica creada por la droga acostumbrada. Discusion y Conclusiones. Las ideas nucleares permisivas del consumo se pueden modificar con tecnicas cognitivo conductuales y los cambios logrados pueden perdurar y asi disminuir la intensidad del craving. Este tipo de intervencion logra mayor autoconocimiento de la conducta de consumo y aumenta la autoeficacia para sostener la abstinencia. EnglishDue to the high percentage of relapses after treatment for drug use (between 40 and 60%), a scheme of intervention in their prevention is presented, with a cognitive behavioral approach oriented to the development of skills and coping strategies for risky situations of drug use or stress conditions, whose Objective was to analyze the situations of consumption in relation to self-efficacy to maintain abstinence. Method. Through a ten session workshop-course aimed to 10 residents of a Therapeutic Community, control skills were developed about thoughts related to substances and their consumption. Results. Participants were followed up two and four months after discharge, of these, 67% continued abstinence and 33% had relapsed; the situations with the highest risk of relapse were: pleasant moments and emotions with others, followed by the physical need created by the customary drug. Discussion and Conclusions. The permissive nuclear ideas of consumption can be modified with cognitive behavioral techniques and the changes achieved can last and thus decrease the intensity of craving. This type of intervention achieves greater self-awareness of consumer behavior and increases self-efficacy to sustain abstinence.

Ten Egyptian barley cultivars (Giza 129, 132, 123, 127, 2000, 130, 126, 135, 128 and 133) were assessed under 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl. The cultivars performance under salinity was measured in open field conditions using the Fv/Fm and Performance Index. Measurements of growth parameters as well as other chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (RC/CS, TFm, RC/ABS and ABS/RC) were also included. Giza 129 is considered salt-tolerant, and Giza 123 is salt sensitive cultivar. Both cultivars, along with Giza 132 (moderately salt tolerant), were used to evaluate the relative expression of the B2 and shmt genes at 0,100 and 200 mM NaCl. The expression of both genes increased in the tested cultivars upon salinity treatment. At 200 mM NaCl, B2 and shmt genes relative expression reached 1.9- and 1.5-folds in the salt-tolerant cultivar (Giza 129); while getting 1.6 and 1.2 folds in the sensitive cultivar (Giza 123). Repeating the same experiment for Giza 129, 132, and 123 under the growth chamber conditions revealed that the effect of salinity was more vigorous at the physiological and morphological levels. In addition, the gene expression was generally higher than that of the open field conditions, although exhibiting a similar trend of results. Our results under the present study indicate that Giza 129 is a candidate for further salinity-breeding studies. Furthermore, a comparison between growth chamber and open field conditions revealed a kind of adaptation of barley PSII to the continuous salt stress in the open field conditions.

DROUGHT is a worldwide problem which controls the crop productivity. Six Egyptian bread wheat varieties were crossed in a 6x6 half diallel in 2018/19 season. Parents and their fifteen F1 crosses were evaluated under normal irrigation (N), mid water stress (MS) and severe water stress (SS) during 2019/20 in three field experiments. Results showed that the analysis of variance were significant for all the studied traits. The highest mean values were recorded under all irrigation treatments as well as the combined analysis with the crosses P1x P2, P1 x P3, P1 x P5, P2 x P3, P3 x P5 and P5 x P6 for grain yield per plant. Mean squares for both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability estimates were highly significant for all studied traits. GCA/SCA ratio was greater than unity for most traits. The parental P1 exhibited positive and significant GCA effects for number of kernels per spike, grain yield per spike and grain yield per plant. The highest desirable SCA effects were obtained with the crosses P3 x P5 and P4 x P5 for grain yield per plant under stresses conditions. Positive significant heterosis were detected by the crosses P1 x P3, P2 x P3, P3 x P5, P4 x P5 and P5 x P6 for number of spikes per plant, number of kernels per spike, grain yield per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant at N, MS, SS conditions and the combined data.

Modern construction methods often result in concrete structures bearing loads at an early age, which is different from the stress condition under the standard curing in the laboratory. This study experimentally examined effects of different ages and external loads on subsequent mechanical and permeability properties of concrete, and investigated the mechanism of effect from the perspective of internal structure changes. The results show when the early age loading reaches 40% of the current concrete strength, the original internal structure of specimens will be severely damaged, reflecting significant increase in the proportion of mesopores and macropores and obvious connectivity cracks, thus making the mechanical and permeability properties deteriorate, and the earlier the applied load, the greater of this deterioration. However, when loading at 10%, the original internal structure cannot be changed greatly due to the low load level, and some parts of the original pores are even compacted rather than expanded which has little effect on subsequent mechanical and permeability properties of concrete.

The study was intended to evaluate and select early maturing and highly productive potato genotypes under conditions of the monsoon climate of the Primorye. The effect of weather conditions, such as the hydrothermic coefficient (HTC), on the productivity of potato cultivars of different origin (Russia, Germany, Belarus, and Ukraine) was determined. Within the period of study (2015–2020), the most optimal conditions for the growth and development of potato plants (HTC 1.52…1.65), as well as for the early tuber formation, were observed in 2015, 2019, and 2020. During the tuber accumulation period (July–August), the weather in the Primorye region is characterized by cyclones, typhoons, and severe overwetting (HTC 2.86…4.89). Cultivars characterized by a high adaptability to stress conditions (bi and Ka values within the range of 0.52–1.0 and 1.26–1.65, respectively) included Bryanskiy Delikates, Zhukovskiy Ranniy, Lomonosovskiy, Povin’, and Bete.

In order to understand the influence of brittleness and confining stress on rock cuttability, the indentation tests were carried out by a conical pick on the four types of rocks. Then, the experimental results were utilized to take regression analysis. The eight sets of normalized regression models were established for reflecting the relationships of peak indentation force (PIF) and specific energy (SE) with brittleness index and uniaxial confining stress. The regression analyses present that these regression models have good prediction performance. The regressive results indicate that brittleness indices and uniaxial confining stress conditions have non-linear effects on the rock cuttability that is determined by PIF and SE. Finally, the multilayer perceptual neural network was used to measure the importance weights of brittleness index and uniaxial confining stress upon the influence for rock cuttability. The results indicate that the uniaxial confining stress is more significant than brittleness index for influencing the rock cuttability.

5 Figuras.-- 3 Tablas, In northwestern Argentina, sugarcane-derived industrial fermentation is being extensively used for bioethanol production, where highly adaptive native strains compete with the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae traditionally used as starter culture. Yeast populations of 10 distilleries from Tucumán (Argentina) were genotypic and phenotypic characterized to select well-adapted bioethanol-producing autochthonous strains to be used as starter cultures for the industrial production of bioethanol fuel. From the 192 isolates, 69.8% were identified as S. cerevisiae, 25.5% as non-Saccharomyces, and 4.7% as Saccharomyces sp. wild yeasts. The majority of S. cerevisiae isolates (68.5%) were non-flocculating yeasts, while the flocculating strains were all obtained from the only continuous fermentation process included in the study. Simple Sequence Repeat analysis revealed a high genetic diversity among S. cerevisiae genotypes, where all of them were very different from the original baker's strain used as starter. Among these, 38 strains multi-tolerant to stress by ethanol (8%), temperature (42.5 °C) and pH (2.0) were obtained. No major differences were found among these strains in terms of ethanol production and residual sugars in batch fermentation experiments with cell recycling. However, only 10 autochthonous strains maintained their viability (more than 80%) throughout five consecutive cycles of sugarcane-based fermentations. In summary, 10 autochthonous isolates were found to be superior to baker's yeast used as starter culture (S. cerevisiae Calsa) in terms of optimal technological, physiological and ecological properties. The knowledge generated on the indigenous yeast populations in industrial fermentation processes of bioethanol-producing distilleries allowed the selection of well-adapted bioethanol-producing strains., This study was supported by EEAOC, CONICET and by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica de Argentina (ANPCyT) through the Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCyT), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (MINCyT) for the grant (PICTO-EEAOC/2016 No. 131). Maria Alejandra Canseco Grellet obtained financing of the program EMHE (Enhancing Mobility between Latin American and Caribbean countries and Europe) to carry out a stay in Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.

Alfalfa in dry stress conditions cannot grow optimally. Drought inhibits growth and reduces alfalfa production in many cultivation systems. Plants breeding with gamma-ray irradiation and in vitro selection using PEG found somaclonal variants adapted to grow well in drought conditions. This study aims to determine the type of mutation with the best morphology in dry stress conditions. Alfalfa mutants resulting from gamma irradiation were sub-cultured in vitro. Alfalfa mutants cultured in PEG medium, according to treatments. This experiment used completely randomized factorial design with 2 factors, namely the gamma-ray irradiation doses (0 Gy, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 and 500 Gy), and PEG concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ). The variables observed were viability, plant height, number of leaves, wet weight, medium shrinkage, leaf wilting, and leaf color. The results showed that the gamma-irradiated mutant had a better (p

Beta-carotene, a pigment found in plants, is mainly produced by microalgae. Nevertheless, this production has only been investigated in pure cultures. Beta-carotene production through mixed culture eliminates the costly procedure of sterilization and contamination prevention needed for pure cultures. In this study, for the first time, the growth, beta-carotene, and chlorophyll production of a mixed culture of microalgae from Caspian Sea was investiagted under different stress conditions. At the condition of tripled light intensity and nitrogen starvation, beta-carotene content increased from 18.03 to 43.8 and 46.5 mol beta-carotene g−1 protein, respectively. However, the salinity of 4 mol L−1 caused the beta-carotene content to fall to zero. The blank sample reached a constant value of 23 mol beta-carotene g−1protein. The comparable results with the specific monoculture species exhibit the high potential of a mixed culture of microalgae for beta-carotene production without need of the high sterilization cost. Nevertheless, more research is needed for where it can be a good substitute for pure culture.

With regards to the importance of drought stress and genotype screening under stress conditions, the current study was conducted to evaluate barley varieties in response to drought stress and find ...

Studying the degradation profiles of drugs based on recombinant monoclonal antibodies under stress conditions makes it possible to determine the dynamics and mechanisms of degradation processes, identify the products of drug degradation, and reveal differences in the stability of biosimilar drugs for a relatively short test times. This paper proposes a strategy for accelerated (35 days) evaluation of drug stability under stress conditions in comparison between the original product Soliris (Switzerland) and its biosimilar analog PRK-001 (Russia) and describes results of a comparative study of their degradation profiles after exposure to extreme pH, oxidative stress, and UV radiation. Fragments of degraded antibodies were analyzed using mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, and size exclusion chromatography. Both products showed similar degradation profiles and similar changes in the content of isoforms.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of aluminium (Al) toxicity on the anatomical changes in the root, stem and leaf of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants grown in sand culture. Toxicity of Al reduced the length of primary root and the number of lateral roots of chickpea than that of the control. Aluminium decreased the size and number of vessels in the root of chickpea. Larger area of sclerenchyma cells was noticed in the stem of Al-stressed plant. Number of palisade parenchyma was reduced in the leaf of chickpea. Aluminium treatment caused closure of stomata. Increased number of trichomes in chickpea leaves was also reported due to aluminium. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 187-196, 2021 (July)

Salinity is among the most significant threats hindering global food security. The impact of Trichoderma, biochar, and combination on Spinach plants under salt stress conditions was investigated. O...

In this work, changes in intracellular compositions and gene expression levels of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were investigated under N-, P- and S-deficient stress conditions. The lipid content of C. pyr...

Half-moon events are a special type of microseismic source mechanism that is found at various hydraulic-fracturing sites, but hardly observed in natural seismicity. This event type can be explained either by a vertical slip on a nearly vertical fault plane or by a horizontal slip on a nearly horizontal fault plane. For this, special stress conditions are required, for instance, nearly equal horizontal and vertical compressional stresses and significant shear stresses. Such conditions are created during hydraulic stimulation as shown by our numerical simulations. By applying fracture pressure to the surface of the hydraulic fracture, the stress field in the vicinity of the hydraulic fracture can locally rotate and horizontal or vertical faults become optimally oriented. We found that such rotations can occur in locations where the elastic properties of rocks change (i.e., the fracture crosses a layer interface) or at the tips of the hydraulic fracture. Depending on the stress regime, our model explains half-moon events generated by slip on nearly horizontal fault planes in strike-slip environments and by slip on nearly vertical fault planes in normal faulting tectonics. Moreover, our models explain several common characteristics observed in multiple case studies. This includes the observation of the high portion of half-moon events and opposed shear senses in different depths and on opposite sides of the fracture.

Thirty-nine genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from different regions in Egypt and two commercial varieties were used in this study, to estimate the tolerance indices and to establish the drought tolerance in 41 genotypes. Significant genotypes mean squares were detected for all studied traits, except number of spikes per m2 and grain per spike under water stress. Using stress susceptibility index (SSI), genotypes 4, 6, 1, 31, 19, and 24 were classified as highly drought tolerant. According to stress tolerance index (STI), twelve genotypes were the top performer under stressed conditions. Twenty-nine genotypes showed lowest STI values (< 0.10) which implies that these genotypes were highly susceptible to drought. The greater values of yield stability index (YSI) were observed in genotypes 8,39,17,22,28,12,26 and 37. Based on sensitivity drought index (SDI) the six genotypes 4,6,1,31,19 and 24 revealed the highest values and were identified as tolerant under stress conditions. According to drought index (DI). Grain yield under stressed conditions (YS) was significantly and positively correlated with STI and DI. Yield in non-stress condition (YP) was significantly and positively correlated with YS, SSI, STI, SDI, and DI and negatively correlated with YSI. The total variation expressed between the two components was 99.70%. The variable that has the highest PCA1 value and the lowest PC2 was found excellent in screening genotypes under stress and non-stress conditions. Also, genotypes 17 and 37 are the most tolerant genotypes under water stress.

Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station during 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, to evaluate 21 rice genotypes (18 new promising lines and three commercial check varieties) for grain yield, yield components and quality characters under normal and water deficit conditions. Moreover, eight stress tolerance indices were calculated based on grain yield under water deficit and normal conditions to differentiate the water deficit tolerant genotypes from sensitive ones. The results showed that the variances due to years, environments, genotypes and their interactions were significant for most studied traits. All mean values of the studied traits decreased under water deficit stress condition compared to those under normal condition. The earliest genotypes were L4, L15 and L12 under normal condition. Whereas under stress condition L11,Giza 179 and Sakha 107 were the earliest ones. The most desirable mean values towards dwarfness were recorded by the lines L1 and L9. While, L13 and L2 had the highest mean values towards tallness. Moreover, Line 2 recorded the most desirable estimates for grain quality characters across all environments. The lines L14, L12 and L3 gave the highest grain yield and stress tolerance index (STI), while L6 displayed the lowest grain yield and STI. Moreover, the results indicated that harmonic mean (HM) and yield index (YI) indices gave similar ranks for these lines which considered as water deficit tolerant genotypes. Accordingly, these lines could be used in breeding programs to transmit tolerance genes to commercial cultivars for reduced irrigation.

Chlorophyll a (Chl a) has an asymmetrical molecular organization, which dictates its orientation and the location of the pigment in the mature photosynthetic apparatus. Although Chl a fluorescence (ChlF) is widely accepted as a proxy for plant photosynthetic performance under countless stress conditions and across species, a mechanistic understanding of this causality is missing. Since water plays a much greater role than solvent for the photosynthetic machinery, elucidating its influence on Chl a may explain the reliable reflection of plant stress response in the ChlF signal. We examine the effect of hydration from well-watered to lethal drought on ChlF imagery results across morphologically diverse species to begin testing the impact of molecular scale hydration of Chl a on ChlF. Our results support a conceptual model where water is an integral part of the photosystems' structure and directly influences Chl a behavior leading to changes in the energy partitioning and ultimately in ChlF.

All living cells sense and respond to changes in external or internal conditions. Without that cognitive capacity, they could not obtain nutrition essential for growth, survive inevitable ecological changes, or correct accidents in the complex processes of reproduction. Wherever examined, even the smallest living cells (prokaryotes) display sophisticated regulatory networks establishing appropriate adaptations to stress conditions that maximize the probability of survival. Supposedly "simple" prokaryotic organisms also display remarkable capabilities for intercellular signalling and multicellular coordination. These observations indicate that all living cells are cognitive.

This research reviewed the mechanics and gas desorption properties of intact coal, and tested the crushing work ratios of different intact coals, and then, studied the stress conditions for the failure or crushing of intact coal and the gas demand for the pulverization of intact coal particles. When a real-life outburst case is examined, the required minimum stress for intact coal outburst is estimated. The study concludes that the crushing work ratios of three intact coal samples vary from 294.3732 to 945.8048 J/m2. For the real-life case, more than 2300 MJ of transport work is needed, and 10062.09, 7046.57 and 5895.47 m3 of gas is required when the gas pressure is 1, 2 and 3 MPa, respectively. The crushing work exceeds the transport work and even reaches 13.96 times of the transport work. How to provide such an enormous crushing work is an energy-limiting factor for the outburst in intact coal. The strain energy is needed for the crushing work, and the required minimum stress is over 54.35 MPa, even reaching 300.44 MPa. These minimum stresses far exceed the in-situ vertical and horizontal stresses that can be provided at the 300–700 m mining depth range.

The wild silkworm (Cricula trifenistrata) reared under nutritional humidity and environmental stress condition to determine growth and dietary efficiency, compared with a control indicated that consumption of leaves is significantly influenced by humidity.

Essential macro- and microelements availability strictly influences photosynthetic process as well as the overall plant status. Besides essential macro- and micronutrients, a group of other elements described as 'beneficial' has been proposed to ameliorate plant performances under optimal and/or stressful conditions. The first explanation of the term 'essential', as suggested by Arnon and Stout in 1939, defined beneficial elements as not essentials since they are not necessary for plants to complete their life cycle. However, at low amounts, they can exert promoting effects on plant performances, including photosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the positive effect of seven beneficial elements (Se, Si, Na, I, Ti, Ce, and La) on plant photosynthetic processes to depict a clear picture of the influences of these beneficial elements on photosynthesis.

O estudo da ocorrência da entomofauna pode ser indicativo da qualidade ambiental de um ecossistema podendo, inclusive, prever surtos populacionais de insetos nocivos ou mesmo condições de estresse vegetal. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a flutuação de coleópteros deterioradores de madeira em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em dois povoamentos de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake, com e sem ação de fogo. O experimento foi conduzido na Floresta Nacional Mário Xavier, em Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, durante o período de agosto/2011 a agosto/2012. Foram usadas armadilhas de impacto modelo Carvalho-47, a 1,20 m do solo e uma distância de 50 metros uma da outra, sendo três armadilhas em cada área, totalizando nove armadilhas. As coletas foram realizadas semanalmente, seguidas por identificação em nível de família em laboratório e subfamília para alguns grupos. No povoamento de E. urophylla sob ação de queimada, o número de insetos capturados nas primeiras coletas foi inferior aos demais ambientes avaliados, mas após sete meses da ocorrência da queimada, registrou-se um número superior de insetos, nesta área, em relação às demais, principalmente para a subfamília Scolytinae. No povoamento de E. urophylla que não sofreu ação do fogo, desde as primeiras coletas foi observado um número superior de indivíduos, principalmente da subfamília Scolytinae. O fogo afeta a população de coleobrocas, alterando sua ocorrência.

Currently, the field of postharvest technology is a growing research area of particular interest since the increase in world population and the need to satisfy its nutritional requirements. These aspects establish a demand to produce fruits with high market quality while minimizing the losses from production to consumption stages. In the past few years, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a novel gasotransmitter to improve fruit postharvest shelf-life, owing to its influence on physiological processes (including fruit ripening) and on acclimation responses to stress conditions. In this review, we summarize some of the research related to the effects of NO exposure on different fruits with the aim to extend postharvest shelf-life and quality. The protection against chilling injury and postharvest diseases are addressed. The mechanisms of NO action and its interactions with other phytohormones are analyzed. Finally, the potential use of NO donors (and other strategies destined to enhance its levels) with a technological scope is also discussed., Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal

Rock Mass preconditioning techniques, commonly used in the mining industry, can be applied to large scale affecting a significant volume of rock, or to local scale affecting a reduced volume of rock mass around a tunnel during excavation. The latter is the case of the infrastructural tunnels of New Mine Level project, at El Teniente mine (Codelco). Preconditioning methods include the Destress Blasting, which is based on the use of confined explosives that are blasted simultaneously with the construction blast at the tunnel face, this allows to reduce the load transfer capacity around the excavation. This technique has been used in deep mines in Canada and South Africa to reduce the risk of seismic events due to a high stress condition. In this study the authors describe the Destress Blasting technique and its design used in the Personnel Access Tunnel P4600 (TAP P4600) of New Mine Level project. Finally, based on the geological, geotechnical and operational data captured during the works, the preliminary results are given together with a comparison of the seismic behaviour of the rock mass with and without the application of this preconditioning technique

Studies in recent decades demonstrate the significant effect of stress configuration (e.g., vertical stress and lateral confinement) on the shear strength or, in this study, the cone penetration test (CPT) results. Addition of a surcharge over the ground changes the stress condition, and consequently, the CPT tip resistance. In this study, the results of different CPTs conducted before and after backfilling with various thicknesses in a land development project were reviewed while focusing on the trend of an increase in CPT penetration resistance due to the additional surcharge. Both pre- to post-fill stress ratios and soil type affect the rise in corrected $${q}_{c}$$ q c values after backfilling. Moreover, there has always been a sudden increase in $${q}_{c}$$ q c values around the pre-fill surface in all studied cases. In this study, another approach was derived from the reanalysis of CPT data from a specific site for predicting the post-fill corrected $${q}_{c}$$ q c from pre-fill results by considering the above-mentioned factor. Likewise, post-fill results were predicted by depth-normalized pre-fill CPT results using Robertson’s normalization method. The proposed approach in this study showed a better match with the site data compared to the normalization method, especially at and around the pre-fill surface.

This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on protein stabilization during freezing and freeze-drying in relation to stress conditions commonly encountered during these processes. The traditional as well as refined mechanisms by which excipients may stabilize proteins are presented. These stabilizers encompass a wide variety of compounds including sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, surfactants, buffers and polymers. The rational selection of excipients for use in frozen and freeze-dried protein formulations is presented. Lyophilized protein formulations are generally multicomponent systems, providing numerous possibilities of excipient-excipient and protein-excipient interactions. The interplay of different formulation components on the protein stability and excipient functionality in the frozen and freeze-dried systems are reviewed, with discussion of representative examples of such interactions.

This study numerically investigates the influence of foundation conditions, in combination with other factors such as wall height and reinforcement and facing stiffness, on the behaviour of reinforced soil walls (RSWs) under working stress conditions. The foundation was simulated using different stiffnesses and geometries (with and without slope). The results highlight the importance of the combined effect of foundation conditions and the abovementioned factors on the performance of RSWs. The results of these analyses indicate that the shape of the distribution of the maximum reinforcement loads (Tmax) with respect to wall height depends on the combined effect of the foundation condition, facing and reinforcement stiffness, and wall height, and varies from trapezoidal to triangular. Additionally, the results indicate that the effect of variations in foundation stiffness on reinforcement tension mobilisation decreases with wall height. Furthermore, the Tmax prediction accuracy of three design methods were evaluated and some limitations of each method are presented and discussed.

No high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) techniques have been established for the determination of tedizolid phosphate (TDZP) in pharmaceutical products or physiological fluids. Therefore, a rapid and highly sensitive stability-indicating HPTLC technique has been developed for the determination of TDZP in commercial formulations with a classical univariate calibration. The HPTLC‒densitometry analysis of TDZP was carried out via chloroform‒methanol (90:10, V/V) mobile phase. The determination of TDZP was performed at the wavelength of 300 nm. The proposed HPTLC technique was linear in the range of 10‒2000 ng band‒1. In addition, the method was found to be highly accurate (% recovery = 98.53‒101.74%), precise (%CV = 0.67‒0.91%), robust (%CV = 0.83‒0.86%), highly sensitive (LOD = 3.41 ng band‒1, LOQ = 10.23 ng band‒1) for the determination of TDZP. The proposed technique was also able to detect TDZP in the presence of its degradation products under various stress conditions and it can be considered as a stability-indicating method. The proposed HPTLC technique was applied for the analysis of TDZP in its commercial formulations. The TDZP contents of commercial tablets and injection were determined as 98.41% and 101.23%, respectively. These results suggested that the proposed HPTLC technique can be applied for the routine analysis of TDZP in its commercial products and newly established formulations.

The rock indentation tests by a conical pick were conducted to investigate the rock cuttability correlated to confining stress conditions and rock strength. Based on the test results, the regression analyses, support vector machine (SVM) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) were used to find the relationship among rock cuttability, uniaxial confining stress applied to rock, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and tensile strength of rock material. It was found that the regression and SVM-based models can accurately reflect the variation law of rock cuttability, which presented decreases followed by increases with the increase in uniaxial confining stress and the negative correlation to UCS and tensile strength of rock material. Based on prediction models for revealing the optimal stress condition and determining the cutting parameters, the axial boom roadheader with many conical picks mounted was satisfactorily utilized to perform rock cutting in hard phosphate rock around pillar.