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This thesis showed that soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an effective polishing technology for reuse of primary effluent. The study experimentally revealed relatively high removal of suspended solids, bulk organic matter, nutrients, pharmaceutically active compounds and pathogens indicators under various operating conditions. Furthermore, the tools and water quality prediction model developed based on laboratory, pilot and field data could be used for proper design, execution and operation of new SAT schemes. The model could be used to estimate the expected removal of contaminants and assess the need for post-treatment of reclaimed water.

This thesis showed that soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an effective polishing technology for reuse of primary effluent. The study experimentally revealed relatively high removal of suspended solids, bulk organic matter, nutrients, pharmaceutically active compounds and pathogens indicators under various operating conditions. Furthermore, the tools and water quality prediction model developed based on laboratory, pilot and field data could be used for proper design, execution and operation of new SAT schemes. The model could be used to estimate the expected removal of contaminants and assess the need for post-treatment of reclaimed water.

Climate change, rapid population growth and urbanization are causing water shortages and pollution, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world due to the growing demand in different sectors and disposal of poorly treated wastewater to water bodies. To tackle these challenges, further treatment and reuse of wastewater effluent using soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an attractive cost-effective and environmentally friendly option that does not require intensive use of electricity or chemicals.This thesis highlights the prospects of using SAT for treatment and reuse of primary effluent, especially in developing countries where lack of investment hinders adequate treatment of wastewater. Experimental studies revealed that SAT efficiency to remove nitrogen and pathogen indicators increases with length of the drying period. Likewise, the extent of biological activity was found to be instrumental in SAT system efficiency to attenuate pharmaceutically active compounds and decreased at low temperature. Furthermore, the thesis provides step-by-step tools to conduct feasibility studies, design, operate and monitor SAT schemes and a water quality prediction model that estimates potential contaminant removal that permits assessment of water post-treatment requirements for reclaimed water.The thesis makes a novel contribution to existing reuse practices and shows experimentally the possibility of primary effluent reuse. Additionally, it provides planners, decision makers and engineers involved in wastewater treatment with a detailed guide to develop and operate new soil aquifer treatment systems for water reuse

Climate change, rapid population growth and urbanization are causing water shortages and pollution, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world due to the growing demand in different sectors and disposal of poorly treated wastewater to water bodies. To tackle these challenges, further treatment and reuse of wastewater effluent using soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an attractive cost-effective and environmentally friendly option that does not require intensive use of electricity or chemicals.This thesis highlights the prospects of using SAT for treatment and reuse of primary effluent, especially in developing countries where lack of investment hinders adequate treatment of wastewater. Experimental studies revealed that SAT efficiency to remove nitrogen and pathogen indicators increases with length of the drying period. Likewise, the extent of biological activity was found to be instrumental in SAT system efficiency to attenuate pharmaceutically active compounds and decreased at low temperature. Furthermore, the thesis provides step-by-step tools to conduct feasibility studies, design, operate and monitor SAT schemes and a water quality prediction model that estimates potential contaminant removal that permits assessment of water post-treatment requirements for reclaimed water.The thesis makes a novel contribution to existing reuse practices and shows experimentally the possibility of primary effluent reuse. Additionally, it provides planners, decision makers and engineers involved in wastewater treatment with a detailed guide to develop and operate new soil aquifer treatment systems for water reuse

Bu tezde, ikincil arıtılmış atıksuların toprak ortamı boyunca süzülmesi sırasındaki kalite değişimlerini belirlemek için laboratuvar ölçekli bir toprak akifer arıtma (TAA) sistemi incelenmiştir. Toprak dolu dikey kolonlardan oluşan deney düzeneği, çıkış suyu örneklerini toplamak için farklı derinliklerde numune alma vanaları ile donatılmıştır. Sistem, üç-ıslak/dört-kuru gün ve yedi-ıslak/yedi-kuru günden oluşan iki farklı işletim döngüsü ile işletilmiştir. Tüm deneysel çalışmalar, yetmiş beş santimetre etkin toprak derinliğinde Menemen (İzmir)?deki bir tarımsal araziden alınan milli killi toprak kullanılarak sürdürülmüştür. Deneyler, sentetik olarak hazırlanmış atıksu ve Çiğli (İzmir) kentsel atıksu arıtma tesisi ikincil arıtılmış çıkış suyu ile yapılmıştır.Tezin ilk bölümünde, sentetik ve gerçek atıksudan çözünmüş katıların, organik maddelerin ve nutrientlerin giderilmesi araştırılmıştır. Tezin ilk kısmı süresince, sıcaklık, pH, tuzluluk, elektriksel iletkenlik, toplam çözünmüş katılar, oksidasyon redüksiyon potansiyeli, çözünmüş oksijen, toplam organik karbon, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı, amonyum azotu, nitrit azotu, nitrat azotu, toplam azot ve fosfat fosforu ölçülmüştür ve onların toprak kolonları boyunca süzülmesi sırasındaki değişimleri, temel giderim mekanizmalarına dayanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmaların ilk aşaması, sentetik ve gerçek atıksu için sırasıyla elli-beş ve yirmi-beş hafta süreyle devam etmiştir. Tezin ikinci kısmında, tekli metal içeren çözeltiler ile işletilen kolonlar boyunca ağır metallerin davranışı incelenmiştir. Yirmi-bir hafta süren deneysel çalışmalar için bakır, kurşun ve çinko seçilmiştir.Genel olarak, laboratuvar ölçekli TAA sisteminin, çözünmüş katıların, organik maddelerin, azotun, fosforun ve ağır metallerin giderilmesinde önemli derecede etkili olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Biyolojik parçalanma, adsorpsiyon, iyon değişimi, çökelme ve filtrasyon, ikincil arıtılmış atıksuların TAA sistemi ile iyileştirilmesinde en etkili mekanizmalar olarak bulunmuştur.Anahtar sözcükler: Toprak akifer arıtımı (TAA), toprak kolonları, organik madde, besin maddeleri, ağır metaller, atıksuların yeniden kullanımı, atıksu iyileştirme, ikincil arıtılmış atıksu A laboratory-scale soil aquifer system (SAT) was investigated in this thesis to determine the quality changes that occur in secondary treated wastewaters during percolation through soil media. The experimental setup consisted of soil-packed vertical columns, which were equipped with multiple ports at different depths for effluent sample collection. The system was operated with two different operational cycles that consisted of three-wetting/four-drying days and seven-wetting/seven-drying days. All experimental studies were carried out in columns that contained an effective soil depth of seventy-five centimeters using silt loam soil collected from an agricultural field in Menemen (Izmir). The experiments were conducted with synthetically prepared wastewater and with the secondary treated effluents of Cigli (Izmir) municipal wastewater treatment plant.In the first part of the thesis, the removal of dissolved solids, organic matter and nutrients were investigated from synthetic secondary treated wastewater (SSTWW) and real secondary treated wastewater (RSTWW). Temperature, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, total nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus were measured during the first part of the thesis and their changes during percolation through soil columns were assessed based on fundamental removal mechanisms. First stage experimental studies were carried out for fifty-five and twenty-five week periods using SSTWW and RSTWW, respectively. In the second part of the thesis, fate of heavy metals was investigated through the columns operated with synthetic single metal solutions. Copper, lead and zinc were selected for experimental studies carried out for twenty-one weeks. Overall, it could be concluded that laboratory-scale SAT system was effective in the removal of dissolved solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and heavy metals. Biodegradation, adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation and filtration were found to be the most effective mechanisms for polishing of secondary treated wastewater using SAT system.Keywords: Soil aquifer treatment (SAT), soil columns, organic matter, nutrients,heavy metals, wastewater reuse, wastewater polishing, secondary treated wastewater. 148

Projections made by scientists on the water situation point to Peru as one of the regions most threatened by the scarcity of water resources by 2025. Droughts in various regions, the progressive loss of glaciers, contamination of the coastal basins , the overexploitation of water resources, the irresponsible use of the water resource due to poor irrigation practices, the increasing demand for water in densely populated cities, are problems that are affecting today in those places in Peru where the water resource scarce. The measures to counter water scarcity will depend a lot on the right decisions made by the State and the rulers. Some experiences developed in the State of Israel can be taken into consideration for water management in Peru. The State of Israel planned and carried out intensive long-term Research and Development efforts to integrate wastewater into the country's water resources. The primary objective of wastewater treatment in Israel is not only intended to protect public health, but also aims to protect the environment and recycle wastewater in agriculture. Wastewater is often viewed as a waste, a nuisance, a risk to public health. The Israeli approach holds that WASTEWATER CONSTITUTES A RESOURCE, ESPECIALLY AN AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE. In Peru, properly treated wastewater can provide a valuable source of water for non-potable uses. The combined practice of wastewater treatment systems and rational agricultural irrigation as used in Israel would mean an economically possible strategy to develop a crucial water source for Peruvian agriculture., Proyecciones realizadas por científicos sobre la situación del agua señalan al Perú como una de las regiones más amenazadas por la escasez del recurso hídrico para el 2025. Las sequías en varias regiones, la pérdida progresiva de los glaciares, la contaminación de las cuencas de la costa, la sobreexplotación de los recursos acuíferos, el uso irresponsable del recurso agua por las malas prácticas de irrigación, la cada vez creciente demanda de agua en ciudades densamente pobladas, son problemas que hoy en día están incidiendo en aquellos lugares del Perú donde el recurso agua escasea. Las medidas para contrarrestar la escasez de agua dependerán mucho de las decisiones acertadas que tome el Estado y los gobernantes. Algunas experiencias desarrolladas en el Estado de Israel se pueden tomar en consideración para la gestión del agua en el Perú. El Estado de Israel planificó y realizó esfuerzos intensivos de Investigación y Desarrollo a largo plazo para integrar las aguas servidas a los recursos hídricos del país. El objetivo primordial del tratamiento de aguas residuales en Israel no solamente tiene por fin proteger la salud pública, sino además se propone como objetivo la protección del medio ambiente y el reciclaje de las aguas residuales en la agricultura. Las aguas residuales son a menudo vistas como un desecho, una molestia, un riesgo para la salud pública. El enfoque israelí sostiene que LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES CONSTITUYEN UN RECURSO, ESPECIALMENTE UN RECURSO AGRÍCOLA. En el Perú, el agua residual tratada adecuadamente puede proveer una fuente de agua valiosa para usos no potables. La práctica combinada de sistemas de tratamiento de agua residual y una racional irrigación agrícola como es usada en Israel, significaría una estrategia económicamente posible para desarrollar una fuente de agua crucial para la agricultura peruana.

Toprak Akifer Arıtım Sistemi (TAAS) atıksuyun iyileştirilmesi ve yeniden kullanılmasında uygulanabilir bir seçenek olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada üç adet toprak kolonu TAAS'nin proses performansını simüle etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmadaki sistem girdileri: hidrolik yükleme hızı ve havalandırma iken sistem çıktıları infiltrasyon hızı; Çözünmüş Organik Karbon, Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı, Amonyak, Nitrit, Nitrat ve Toplam Fosfor giderimleridir. Toprakların hidrolik durumu ise topraktaki su basıncının tensiyometre/manometer düzeneğiyle ölçülmesi sonucunda belirlenmektedir. Kolon profilindeki Çözünmüş Oksijen ve üst topraktaki toplam organik içerik ölçülerek biyolojik etkinlik izlenmiştir. Kolonlarda kullanılan topraklar kum ve Ankara Gölbaşı'ndan alınan ince bünyeli toprak örneği karıştırılarakhazırlanmıştır. Çalışmada giriş suyu olarak birincil ve ikincil arıtım çıkış suları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk basamağı toprak kolonların olgunlaştırılmasıdır. Birincil ve sentetik atıksu bu amaçla kullanılmıştır. İkinci basamak ise üç değişik işletim programının uygulanmasıdır: 7 gün ıslak/7 gün kuru, 3 gün ıslak/4 gün kuru döngüleri ve düşük hızlı infiltrasyon. SCL ve LS toprakları Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı gideriminde 3 gün ıslak/ 4 kuru döngüleri sırasında düşük hızlı infiltrasyona oranla daha yüksek verim sağlamışlardır. Giriş suyunun Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı 25 mg/l'nin altına düştüğünde kolonların Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı giderim verimlerinin önemli oranda azaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. 7 gün ıslak/7 gün kuru döngüleri, 3 gün ıslak/4 gün kuru döngülerine oranla daha yüksek nitrat giderimi sağlamıştır. LS ve SL toprakları SCL toprağına oranla daha yüksek oranda toplam fosfor gidermiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Toprak Akifer Arıtımı, atıksu geri kullanımı, vadoz zonu, arıtım, organikler, azot, fosfor. Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) has been used as a viable alternative for wastewater reclamation and reuse. In this study, three soil columns are used to simulate SAT process performance. System inputs are: hydraulic loading rate, infiltration rate, aeration and system outputs are removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate and Total Phosphorus. Hydraulic state of the soils is observed by measuring soil water potential with tensiometer/manometer setup. Dissolved oxygen concentration through the column profile and topsoil total organic content are measured to observe biological activity. The soils are artificially prepared by using sand and the soil sample taken from Gölbaşı, Ankara. Primary and secondary wastewater are influents of the study. iiiPrimary step of the study is ripening of the soil columns. Primary and synthetic wastewater are used for this purpose. Second step is implementation of three different operational schedules: 7 d wetting/ 7 d drying, 3 d wetting/ 4 d drying cycles and slow rate infiltration. SCL and LS soils remove COD more efficiently in 3 d wetting/ 4 d drying cycles compared to slow rate infiltration. COD removal performances of the columns were observed to decrease significantly when COD concentration of influent wastewater decreased to 25 mg/l or lower values. 7 d wetting/ 7 d drying cycles have higher nitrate removal efficiencies compared to 3 d wetting/ 4 d drying cycles. LS and SL had better TP removal efficiencies compared to SCL under all of the operation conditions during this study. Keywords: SAT, wastewater reuse, vadose zone, treatment, organics, nitrogen, phosphorus. 181