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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santanna_las_dr_assis.pdf: 753328 bytes, checksum: 8ebc566df5252a7173a2498c5720456c (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Esta tese abroda os engendramentos metodológicos e as noções elaboradas pelo historiador Lucien Febvre. A partir de seus artigos, aferiu-se o processo de construção do conhecimento histórico e as bases de todo seu trabalho historiográfico, inspirador de uma corrente de idéias no campo de estudo ligado à história do mental. Este estudo é provido de aquisições de outras áreas de conhecimento, tais como a psicologia, a antropologia, a sociologia e a lingüística, a fim de conjugar o individual e o coletivo, reunindo, em uma mesma história, categorias de comportamentos muito diferentes. Em virtude da natureza do objeto, atenta-se para a complexidade reflexiva sobre as “alterações e mutações” no campo das idéias em determinada época, no qual a noção de mentalidades e os estudos sobre a história da sensibilidade tem papel relevante. This thesis shows a studie about the methodologics conections and notions built by the historian Lucien febvre. Based on his articles, we analised the process of elaboration of the historical knowledge and the basis of all his historiographic work, which inspires a tendency of ideas in the studies in this area, linked to a mental history. This research has acquisitions of other areas of knowledge, like: psicology, anthropology, sociology and linguistic, with a proposal of joint the individual and the coletive, and meet, in the same history categories of behaviors very differents. Considering the nature os this object, we emphazise the reflexive complexity of this research about the “changing and mutations”, in this field in a specific period, which the notion of mentalities and the studies about history of Sensibility has a relevant position.

This thesis challenges a number of claims that are made in the context of the euthanasia debate: that there is only one version of the good death; that rights discourse is the most appropriate vehicle by which to secure legal recognition of a right to die; that the Netherlands is either a model for reform or the epitome of a slippery slope in its regulation of euthanasia; and that a key argument in the euthanasia debate, the sanctity of life doctrine, is a fixed, immutable concept. In this thesis I use process sociology, developed by Norbert Elias, in order to capture changing sensibilities toward death and dying in the common law jurisdictions (Australia, England, the United States of America, Canada and New Zealand) and in the Netherlands. At the same time I analyse changing attitudes among key groups whose work impacts upon the euthanasia debate namely, parliamentarians, law reform bodies, the judiciary and medical associations. My aim in adopting this approach is threefold. First of all, to examine evolving attitudes to death and dying in order to determine whether the institutions of law and medicine are responding in an adequate manner to changing sensibilities in the common law countries and in the Netherlands. Secondly, to highlight shifting balances of power within the euthanasia debate. Thirdly, to assess whether the various options for reform that I discuss are workable or not. In this thesis I show that there appears to be a sensibility of support in the common law countries for euthanasia to be legally available when an adult is terminally ill, is experiencing pain that he or she cannot bear and has expressed a wish to die (the typical euthanasia scenario). However, the situation is far from clear cut. The methods adopted by one of the ways of measuring sensibilities, opinion polls, suggest that sensibilities may not always be well-informed. Further, attitudes within and between key groups are not uniform or settled. In the context of this unsettled state of affairs, I show that responses to changing sensibilities from law and medicine in the common law jurisdictions are far from satisfactory. So far as legal responses are concerned, case law outcomes in right to die applications suggest a lack of flexibility. Outcomes in prosecutions following active voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide reveal a non-application of established legal principles and suggest that the courts do not focus, squarely, upon the real issues at stake in the euthanasia debate. Medical responses are similarly less than optimal due to a tendency to de-emphasise existential (emotional) pain which, research shows, is the prime motivating factor in requests to be assisted to die sooner. Responses to changing sensibilities to death and dying in the Netherlands are also unsatisfactory because of the disorganised manner in which euthanasia was legalised and because regulation is inadequate. I come to the conclusion that there are three ways in which we could possibly resolve these problems and increase the flexibility of responses to changing sensibilities toward death and dying. They are as follows: by legalising euthanasia; by permitting a defence of necessity; or, by liberalising the use of terminal sedation in end-of-life care. Of these three, I conclude, in light of shifting sensibilities and overall negative attitudes among key groups to euthanasia, that the last is the most appropriate option at the present time. In closing, I address some of the larger issues at stake in the euthanasia debate. In particular, I deal with the effect that changing sensibilities toward the process of dying have had upon human social life, leading to the problematic situation that Elias referred to as the ‘loneliness of the dying’.

Au mois d’octobre 1793 à Santiago du Chili, Clara Pando dépose un recours devant l’autorité laïque, la Real Audiencia de Chile, contre l’abus de pouvoir commis par une autorité ecclésiastique : l’évêque Blas y Minayo avait enlevé et enfermé sa fille avec l'aide des soldats de la garde du Gouverneur Ambrosio O’Higgins. Le Conseil des Indes, en Espagne, finit par accueillir la plainte, délaissée par les juges de Santiago. Cette dispute implique des personnes dont les patronymes sont connus au Chili au XVIIIè siècle. Ainsi, non seulement le dossier du procès, dépassant les mille deux cents pages, dévoile des aspects inattendus du Régalisme, mais il montre les conflits singuliers survenus entre des hommes et des femmes qui, à l'heure de faire des choix, ne délaissent pas leurs passions ni leurs sentiments. Bien que ce procès se termine par la bonne entente certifiée d’un couple bien connu, celui de Manuela Rebolledo et Joaquin Toesca, nous proposons ici, à partir de mots retranscrits dans les documents, une analyse des autres sensibilités exprimées. In October 1793, Clara Pando introduced an appeal for protection (Habeas Corpus) before the Real Audiencia of Chile (Spanish Colonial Justice Court). The reason: her daughter was kidnapped and locked up by order of the Bishop Blas y Minayo, supported by the guards of Governor Ambrosio O’Higgins. Because of the judges’ neglective attitude, the Consejo de Indias (Highest Spanish Colonial Authority) put together a file of more than one thousand pages, which allow us -besides from knowing how some aspects of the "regalismo" (Arrangement that granted some ecclesiastical privileges in favor of the Crown) operated in this part of the Spanish Empire− to give a glance to the particular conflicts that arose due to disagreements related to affection and power between men and women, which did not spare passions and feelings when it comes to vital decisions. At the same time, despite that lawsuit involved reknown persons of the Chilean colonial society, we propose a different approach for the analysis of the words and sensibilities contained in a trial that ends in November 1797, which certified the reconciliation of a troubled marriage: that of Manuela Rebolledo and Joaquín Toesca. En octubre de 1793 Clara Pando interpuso un recurso de fuerza ante el tribunal de la Real Audiencia de Chile. El motivo: su hija fue secuestrada y encerrada por orden del Obispo Blas y Minayo, quien contó con el auxilio de la guardia del Gobernador Ambrosio O’Higgins. Ante la desidia de los jueces, el Consejo de Indias elaboró un expediente de más de mil paginas que nos permite, además de conocer cómo operaban ciertos aspectos del Regalismo en esta parte del imperio español, acceder a los conflictos singulares que surgen del desencuentro de afectos y de poderes entre hombres y mujeres que no desatienden pasiones y sentimientos a la hora de tomar decisiones vitales. De paso, ya que este pleito involucra nombres conocidos del siglo XVIII chileno, proponemos otra mirada a las palabras y a las sensibilidades contenidas en un proceso que se termina, en noviembre 1797, con la avenencia certificada de un matrimonio tormentoso, el de Manuela Rebolledo con Joaquín Toesca.

Resumo Este artigo desenvolve, com base na perspectiva pós-keynesiana, a hipótese de que a deterioração da infraestrutura de um país inibe o investimento privado e reduz suas sensibilidades em relação aos seus determinantes, como a taxa de juros real, crédito, taxa de câmbio real, investimento público e infraestrutura. A hipótese é testada para o período 1985-2013 para seis economias da América Latina, empregando os estimadores dynamic fixed effects, pooled mean group e cross sectionally augmented pooled mean group em um painel dinâmico heterogêneo. Os resultados indicam o impacto positivo da infraestrutura sobre a formação de capital privado. Sugerem também que a deterioração do estoque de infraestrutura promove quedas na sensibilidade do investimento privado em relação aos seus determinantes, o que reduz a potência da política econômica em estimular o investimento privado via mudanças em seus determinantes. Abstract This article develops, based on the post-Keynesian perspective, the hypothesis that the deterioration of a country’s infrastructure inhibits private investment and reduces its sensibilities regarding its determinants, such as real interest rate, credit, real exchange rate, public investment, and infrastructure. The hypothesis is tested for the period of 1985-2013 for six economies of Latin America, by using the estimators dynamic fixed effects, pooled mean group and cross sectionally augmented pooled mean group in a dynamic heterogeneous panel. The results indicate the positive impact of infrastructure on the formation of private capital. They also suggest that the deterioration of the infrastructure stock causes drops in the private investment sensibility regarding its determinants, which reduces the potence of the economic policy in stimulating the private investment by changing its determinants.