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The aim of this study is to analyze the perceptions of the individuals of different ages about the concepts of teacher-manager-school by means of metaphors. Phenomenology method, one of qualitative research form, and convenience sampling have been used in this study. The study group consisted of 210 participants with different age levels. Research data has been obtained via metaphor identification form. Data has been analyzed by content analysis technique and according to research results, 542 valid metaphors have been determined. Five categories have been determined as to "teacher conception", which are loadstar and future enlightening person, source of information, compassionate and sacred being, supervisor-disciplined and authoritative being and creator of future respcetively. Another five categories for "headmasters" which are focus of management, authoritative and supervisor being, leader and loadstar being, financier of education, a being that have negative features. As to "school conception", six categories have been defined: love and solidarity environment, growth and maturation environment, supervising and discipline environment, guidance environment and finance environment. The conceptual categories created as a result of this categorization process have been analyzed by Pearson's chi-square analysis by taking the age of the participants into consideration. As a result of the analysis, no significant difference has been found between age groups of participants as to teachers, principals and school concepts. Although a number of radical changes in the role of important components such as school-headmaster-teacher within the scope of modern education system are targeted, the traditional perceptions of these concepts continue.

This paper examines the public education system in Stavropol Governorate in the period 1804-1917. The present part of the work covers the development of the region's public education system in the period 1872-1900, with a focus on the regional characteristics of the development of the governorate's network of educational institutions. In putting this work together, the authors drew upon the following key sources: the annual publications 'Reports by the Trustee of the Caucasus Educational District on the Condition of the Educational Institutions' and 'The Most Faithful Reports of the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod on the Department of the Orthodox Faith' and the statistical digests 'A Survey of Stavropol Governorate' and 'A Collection of Statistical Data on Stavropol Governorate'. In terms of methodology, the authors made extensive use of the statistical method. The use of this method helped identify some of the key distinctive characteristics of the making and development of the system of public education in Stavropol Governorate in the period 1872-1900. The authors' conclusion is that in the period 1872-1900 the development of the public education system in Stavropol Governorate was characterized by a number of salient regional features. Specifically, there were many lowly populated areas in the region, which precluded the Ministry of Public Education from creating an extensive network of educational institutions. There was little to no growth in the number of secondary and lower ministerial educational institutions, while, despite some growth, the number of primary schools was insufficient too. In 1884, subsequent to the adoption of The Rules for Parochial Schools, the governorate witnessed an upsurge in the establishment of parochial schools and grammar schools under the Ecclesiastical Department. This upsurge was so significant that by 1900 66% of all students in the region were enrolled in schools run by the Ecclesiastical Department. [For Part 1 of the series, see EJ1262685.]

Within Freedom Schools, the intellectual identities of academic achievement and success for Black children are fostered with positive cultural identity and social action as the foundation. This is partially accomplished with access to positive cultural messages in children's and young adult literature. The study in this article contributes to existing literature on the Children's Defense Fund Freedom Schools and focuses on the ways in which Black children's positive racial identity development is supported through the use of culturally sustaining content and pedagogical practices at Freedom Schools. Specifically, this research explored racial identity development through examining the educational experiences of Black children's interactions with Movement Oriented Civil Rights-Themed Multicultural Children's Literature.

Whereas increased scholarly attention is focusing on contemporary school closings, noticeably absent is the placement of this scholarship within the historical context of Black people's social experiences. This paradigm shift would reveal a much longer history that has had devastating consequences for Black people. In this article, we identify five waves of Black school closings and provide contemporary case studies that reveal an ongoing pattern resulting in the destabilization of Black communities across time and space. Despite persistent attacks on these institutions, our analyses capture Black people's resistance and agency in maintaining their communities and schools. In addition to providing policy implications, we further suggest the term "Black community-killing" as a theoretical way of thinking about the consequences of school closings.

Youth of color are disproportionately impacted by stressful and traumatic life events, including race-based experiences, which are linked to negative consequences. School is a salient context where youth encounter, witness, and process racial stress and trauma (RST). However, RST is often overlooked within general school-based trauma models. Thus, we propose the School Trauma and Racial Stress (STARS) blueprint, focused on RST across three levels of the school ecology. By building upon and expanding the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration recommendations regarding trauma-informed approaches (2014), the STARS blueprint applies a multilevel approach to acknowledging and addressing RST within schools. This integrated framework is a call to action across the school ecology, with the goal to increase recognition of RST within school-based trauma-informed approaches and to build racial equity and healing for students of color in K-12 schools. Practical applications for schools are discussed.

In Australia, a range of financial services, including education bonds, high interest personal loans and credit card debt, have long been used to help families pay for the cost of schooling. However, innovative financial technology (fintech) solutions are emerging which align with the growth of a lower risk 'buy now, pay later' phenomenon. Fintechs claim to expand financial inclusion to more people, particularly when their lending activities are compared to traditional banking services. This paper focuses on Edstart, a fintech edu-business that provides low-risk lending for families managing the cost of school fees. In conducting qualitative content analysis of Edstart's website and blog, I catalogue its market-making activities and how it is leveraging logics of school choice to create a new education service market in Australia that normalises school privatisation and the payment of school fees. I end this paper with a discussion of how school choice--as a key policy reform of governments--is associated with the rollback of the welfare state and increased levels of individual financialisation. I argue that parent consumers have become increasingly invested in choosing the 'best' school for their children, and that this often increases their level of private debt.

The impact of trauma on the development and educational performance of school children and the benefits of trauma-informed practices have become more evident to both scientists and educators. Creating an effective and sustainable trauma-informed approach in schools, however, proves to be a challenging, time-consuming and complex process. This scoping review examined facilitators and barriers in the implementation of school-wide trauma-informed approaches and school-based trauma-specific interventions by carrying out a thematic analysis and framework synthesis based on 57 sources. The NIRN implementation drivers framework was used to guide the discussion of the findings. Five main themes were established: professional development (competency driver), implementation planning (organizational driver), leadership support, engaging stakeholders (leadership driver) and buy-in. A synthesis of these five themes helps guide the implementation process of trauma-informed approaches in schools. Findings of this review stress the need for identification and concrete operationalization of key elements and activities of trauma-informed educational approaches. Related to this, more empirical research is needed on how and to what extent implementation factors affect implementation success and effectiveness of trauma-informed educational approaches, taking into account implementation fidelity.

Schools are the most common venue in which children and youth receive mental health services. To organize delivery of mental health care to such a large number of children, use of school teams is often recommended. Yet, there is limited empirical literature about the composition of school mental health teams or teams' relations to service provision. This study investigated team composition, including team multidisciplinarity (number of different types of professionals) and the presence of a community provider, and the relations of these two variables to service provision at Tier 1 (mental health promotion), Tier 2 (early intervention) and Tier 3 (intensive treatment) for 386 schools representing different school sizes, locations, and urbanicity. Results suggested team multidisciplinarity and the presence of a community provider were related to more frequent endorsement of service provision at schools. Practice and research implications are discussed including possible application to hiring decisions and further research with longitudinal data and information on service quality.

Research conducted to date has highlighted barriers to initial adoption of universal behavior screening in schools. However, little is known regarding the experiences of those implementing these procedures and there have been no studies conducted examining the experiences of educators in different stages of implementing various tiered systems of supports. Universal screening is foundational to a successful Comprehensive, Integrated Three-Tiered (Ci3T) model of prevention--an integrated tiered system addressing academics, behavior, and social and emotional well-being. Therefore, the perspectives of Ci3T Leadership Team members at different stages of Ci3T implementation were solicited through an online survey that sought to understand (1) current school-based screening practices and (2) individual beliefs regarding those practices. A total of 165 Ci3T Leadership Team members representing five school districts from three geographic regions across the United States, all of whom were participating in an Institute of Education Sciences Network grant examining integrated tiered systems, reported the screening procedures were generally well-understood and feasible to implement. At the same time, results highlighted continuing professional learning may be beneficial in the areas of: (1) integrating multiple sources of data (e.g., screening data with other data collected as regular school practices) and (2) using those multiple data sources to determine next steps for intervention. We discuss educational implications, limitations, and directions for future inquiry.

The incorporation of emotions in educational and cultural spaces is increasingly important in our society. The main objective is to review studies on emotional pedagogy both in school and in the museum and its importance in the education of blind pupils, providing elements for good practice. In the methodology used, a systematic review has been carried out with a selection of 410 articles examined up to 52 articles from 2003 to 2020. The search was conducted using 10 databases: Circ, Miar, Eric, Science Direct, 1Findr, Dialnet, Scopus, Google Scholar, Teacher Reference Center, and Wos. Among the results, we identified the importance of defining emotional training programs for teachers and museum didactic teams. They should be geared toward improving professional practices and cooperation between the museum and the school. In the conclusions obtained, it is fundamental to incorporate emotional literacy in inclusive education from the first stages of development, to promote creativity and emotional management, to exemplify the figure of the neuro-educator and his role in improving didactics both in schools and in the museum, favoring inclusion, promoting kinesthetic and corporal stimulation, both in the school and in the museum, it is a joint work between teachers and museum staff.

Background: The closure of schools in response to COVID-19 compromised access to essential meals for many students. The Emergency Meals-to-You program, a public/private partnership, was set up to address this challenge. More than 38.7 million meals were delivered between April and August 2020. This study explores lessons learned and identifies strategies for strengthening food access and security at schools and beyond. Methods: Qualitative research methods were used. This included interviews and focus groups with participants involved in setting up and delivering the Emergency Meals-to-You program. Data were thematically analyzed using key phrases, ideas, and concepts, and interpreted. Results: The program leveraged a multisectoral approach. Components relied on each other and included: schools, public/private partnership, eligibility, relationships, experience, centralized communication, food quality and branding, logistics, and transport. Strategies identified to strengthen food access focused on integration with emergency management structures, understanding food needs at the school level, building a fully procurable menu, and allowing distribution to be rapidly scaled. Conclusions: The lessons identified and strategies recommended provide a framework for working across the emergency management spectrum (school to national level) to strengthen food access and availability for students and their families affected by a pandemic, disaster, or crisis situation.

The aim of this article is to show how interaction research can contribute to the understanding and praxis of socially just guidance. The article is theoretical, but it makes use of our previous empirical studies. We combine the ethnographic study of school and racism, and interactional research on guidance. We define guidance for social justice, explaining how this translates to the level of interactional practices. We show two empirical examples of interactional phenomena hindering socially just praxis. We lastly discuss our practical conclusions on how to help school career counsellors change their interactional practices.

Due to a combination of historical, socioeconomic, political and environmental factors, Ethiopia is unfortunately prone to internal conflicts, such as the one which re-erupted in April 2018 between the Gedeo and Guji ethnic groups in southern Ethiopia. One of the effects of this conflict was that education was severely disrupted in the Gedeo and West Guji zones. Many schools were damaged or looted, and thus no longer provided safe learning environments, while others were repurposed as temporary shelters for internally displaced people. The conflict died down again in July 2018, and the authors of this article conducted their post-conflict case study research between April and June 2019. They investigated six adversely affected schools and their surrounding communities in the Gedeo and West Guji zones. Based on their research, they explore community perceptions of post-conflict reconstruction of education, focusing on early activities such as prioritising education, restoring safety and security, and supplying resources. They examine the reconstruction of education in the study area using primary data gathered from parents, teachers, administrators and humanitarian agencies through qualitative interviews. This study is influenced by four themes derived from the basic premises of complexity theory: "emergence," "self-organisation," "non-linearity" and "connectedness." Throughout the authors' analysis, they make use of the data collected by focus group discussions, interviews and field observations, complemented by secondary data. Despite numerous stakeholders' efforts to provide humanitarian aid, this study found that post-conflict reconstruction of education is poor and based on short-term normalisation rather than aiming for long-term sustainable safe learning environments for children and youth in the study areas. At the end of their sobering analysis, the authors stress the importance of providing children and youth with a long-term, sustainable and healthy learning environment using targeted strategies and policy options.

Background and Purpose: Anger is implicated in nearly every social pathology, from war to bullying to child abuse. Yet, it is also the spark of reform for nearly every positive social movement, from civil rights to labor rights to handicapped rights. This article examines how anger has been understood and misunderstood across different discursive spaces in society, research, and education to offer a peace-promoting, emotional ecology theory of anger to foster emotional growth and political change. Research Design: This article employs theoretical research, which is a logical exploration of a system of beliefs and assumption to increase understanding, develop new theory, and explore implications. Findings: Anger is reconceptualized as a crucial emotional and political experience rooted in the emotional ecologies and histories of family, school, and society. Three distinctive features characterize it: An ethical response, an emotional response, and an action response. Five steps to anger resolution follow from this analysis including: mindfulness, compassion, insight, action, and a therapeutic response (or MCIAT). Recommendations: Future studies on anger should span developmental stages and include ways anger intersects with curricula, emotional experience and intellectual understanding. Teachers, social workers, and therapists must work together to address the emotional and political aspects of anger in education. Addressing our most painful and angering global challenges in all their complexity requires full integration of the personal, educational, civic, and therapeutic dimensions of emotional ecology and this worthy enterprise should inspire interdisciplinary dialogue and future research.

Liminal spaces operate as thresholds, as spaces "lodged between all … spaces defined and governed in any specific biocultural ecosystem." While these spaces offer interesting prospects for study, liminal spaces in schools have received very little scholarly attention. In labeling and considering the school cafeteria in U.S. schools as a liminal space, a new way of exploring a liminal "consciousness and imagination" is open to scholars and practitioners. This in-between space allows students opportunities for discursion and disclosure not generally accessible in classrooms. As anthropologists have maintained, liminal spaces afford individuals freer experiences and opportunities not encountered in more frequented, orderly spaces. Examining these possibilities increases our awareness of the liminality of the school cafeteria, and such an awareness can help students in shaping different conceptions of human flourishing.

Background: Previous research on the correlates of unintentional school injuries is based on either process or cross-sectional data. This study aims at approaching the causal effects of risk-seeking behavior, mental health problems, physical activity, and exposure to bullying on unintentional injuries in the school environment by relying on longitudinal survey data. Methods: The data comes from a German panel survey, including more than 10,000 students. We estimate fixed-effects regression models that only take into account the variation within participants and are therefore most suitable for establishing causal inferences. Results: We find an increase in risk-seeking behavior on the individual level to yield an increase in students' likelihood to suffer injuries during physical education and on the schoolyard or in the school building. The same holds true for an increase in mental health problems. Finally, students who expand their degree of physical activity in club sports also show a higher risk of unintentional injuries. Conclusions: Interventions aimed at reducing too risky behavior and mental health problems may help prevent unintentional injuries in the school environment. Since students who increase their activities in club sports are also more prone to school injuries, preventive efforts should include this group of adolescents as well.

It is estimated that trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as exposure to violence, abuse and neglect affect approximately a third of school-aged children in England and Wales. There is strong and growing evidence for the devastating impact of trauma across the lifespan, with psychological and biological effects indicated by neuroscientific research. Prolonged exposure to chronic stress can affect brain development leading to behavioural changes and problems regulating emotions. Children exposed to trauma may experience difficulties accessing and engaging with learning and a reduced ability to form trusting relationships. The scale of the problem has major implications for the provision of pastoral care, as school staff often lack sufficient training and resources to support the complex needs of children and young people affected by trauma. Drawing on my experience working as a learning mentor in the primary sector, this article considers a whole-school trauma-informed approach as a potential model for the future of pastoral care in schools.

Value co-creation unfolds as a system of interactions in which the user and service provider play an active role in collaboratively creating values that go beyond economical and financial worth. Value co-creation is a growing trend in museums; however, little is known about how it can enhance educational activities, especially concerning digital technologies. This study analyzes the role of digital technology in the value co-creation process by addressing the following research questions: (1) how can museums, and schools implement actions to enhance co-creation activities? and (2) how does digital technology contribute to the generation of a value co-creation approach, engaging a young target audience in history education? The research adopts a single case study methodology, which is based on WORld Wars Toward Heritage for Youth (WORTHY), an educational European project that involves cultural and educational institutions from Germany, Poland, Croatia, England, and Italy. WORTHY creates a virtual collaborative museum through a digital platform. The paper's findings make clear that digital technologies play a role in value co-creation through two main experiences: learning and sharing. In the learning experience, digital co-creation is grounded in artifacts and contents, while during the sharing experience, digital technologies play a role relatively to people and content.

Curated sites of learning--places that are created by people to promote formal and informal knowledge and knowledge production practices (such as schools and museums)--are deemed foundational by many societies in assisting children to become knowers. However, curated sites of learning can also uphold ways of knowing that can cause harm to people marginalized from knowledge production, which philosophers describe as epistemic injustice. By looking across fields of research (education and philosophy), I describe how epistemic injustice can be utilized in education research to provide a shared analytical lens for examining curated sites of learning. I name four levels of interaction in which epistemic injustice can occur given their purposeful design by people with power: moment-to-moment interactions, micro (within a site), meso (between local sites) and macro (between sites and national/international policies and rhetoric). I describe how educators and researchers might disrupt epistemic injustice through the examination of curated learning sites and their personal ideas about knowledge. I also highlight tensions and dilemmas that might arise for educators and researchers when engaged in such work.

This article reflects on the effect of gatekeepers, guides and ghosts on gaining access to research participants and field sites. Using a critically reflective approach, we examine our role as researchers and the roles of intermediaries in the process to access schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings show how gaining access is a non-linear process that is influenced by the agency of researchers and intermediaries at different contextual levels. Our analysis probes past research on gatekeepers, develops the emerging research on the role of guides and advances current understandings by introducing the concept of ghosts. Given the lack of detailed, contextualised accounts on how researchers gain access to schools during or after a crisis, our experiences add to current understandings by providing an 'on the ground' account on how research can be stymied or end with mixed results when it is viewed as a difficult undertaking.

In Spring 2022, the campaigning group Reclaiming Education organised two webinars to explore the impact of academisation and consider alternatives, principally a return to local authority oversight or the establishment of local education boards. Speakers at the second event included Nigel Gann, Georgia Gould, Anntoinette Bramble and John McDonnell MP. Upwards of 100 people attended. This article outlines the main points made.

In South Asian societies, nationalist projects have often relied on cultural symbols drawn from varied native traditions for their legitimacy claims. In a multi-ethnic society like India, with a multitude of narratives about collective pasts, it becomes difficult for such projects to achieve a multi-symbol congruence that is deemed necessary. The schools are key sites where such complex interplay of the production of locality (region) and national identity can be examined. Schools located in the state of Assam afford a vantage point to examine the vexed relation between the national and the regional imaginaries. The article draws on materials collected from a school affiliated to the Vidya Bharati Trust located in Assam. The Trust and the schools run by it have been extensively examined for their focus on promoting a certain ideology of nationalism which is based on the cultural supremacy of Hindu symbols. However, the branches of such schools in Assam carry a distinct regional character in their endorsement of regional icons and of Assamese language. This article examines the dynamics of nation, religion and region within educational spaces in the deployment of visual images and in the curricular materials used in a school named after Sankardeva.

The central purpose of school-based consultation is making psychological and educational knowledge accessible to teachers, parents, systems, and communities so that it becomes standard practice. Current research methods based on limited scientific paradigms have not adequately addressed that purpose. Applied research based on engineering is a better model to study the complex problems at the interface of psychoeducational science, indirect service, and classroom practice in a diverse, pluralistic society. Such research requires a mix of methods focused on producing usable knowledge about the practices and processes of school-based consultation. Mixed method research may be particularly well suited to that task because it a) recognizes the composite expertise of the participants; b) features pragmatic approaches to merge education science with application and implementation realities; and c) acknowledges that educational systems are inherently relational. We provide additional considerations that may be useful as researchers tackle the thorny problems of applied school-based consultation research.

Continuing racial inequities and marginalization have led some communities to reject reliance on public schooling by forming their own programmes and/or schools, claiming sovereignty over the education of their children. We highlight Freedom Schools as one such ongoing but under-studied movement that precedes and contributes to recent, increasingly consequential demands for justice. Our mixed-methods case study explores the social networks through which cultural capital is developed and its roles in claims to educational sovereignty. Community cultural wealth theory guided our identification of three forms of cultural capital--aspirational, familial, and resistant--while social network theory guided our examination of their development.

This research aims to create a School Self Evaluation Model which will enable schools to evaluate their own educational practices. Qualitative research method is adopted in the research. Research data were collected through literature review and document analysis. Opinions about the usefulness and consistency of the developed model in respect to literature review and document analysis are taken from four experts on educational sciences. In this study, descriptive document analysis method is used in the analysis of data. In the light of the information obtained from the literature, the two main categories and five sub-categories that will form the basis of the document analysis have been predetermined. Then, 16 documents considered suitable for use creating a model of the end-result of the literature review have been read in the context of these categories and the obtained data is divided into these two basic categories and five sub-categories and it is summarized. A holistic image was tried to obtain by supporting the obtained data with the existing literature and School Self Evaluation Model is created.