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The innovative normal form, named deep learning-couple-physical and statistical methods (DL-C-PS), has been developed for synchronously retrieving land surface temperature and emissivity (LST&E) from Japan's geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8 carrying the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI). First, geophysical logical reasoning (GLR) and expert knowledge were used to formulate radiative transfer equations (RTEs). Then, a hybrid approach integrating physical and statistical methods was employed to derive the solution, with deep learning (DL) optimizing the solution process. Three band combination schemes were designed to assess the effectiveness of the DL-C-PS normal form. Simulation data from the MODerate spectral resolution atmospheric TRANsmittance mode (MODTRAN) yielded promising results during validation. Root mean square error (RMSE) values were below 1 K for LST and below 0.008 for LSE when using band combinations of four thermal infrared (TIR) bands or at least three TIR bands combined with water vapor information. Cross-validation and in situ validation showed consistent findings with simulation validation. Compared to MODIS LST&E products (MYD21), in most cases, the RMSE values for LST&E were approximately 2 K and less than 0.015 during daytime, and below 1.3 K and 0.017 during night, respectively. Validated against in situ observations, nighttime RMSE values for LST were approximately 1.5 K with correlation coefficient (R) values better than 0.93. The higher RMSE observed in daytime compared to nighttime can be attributed to the influence of the sun's illumination angle on satellite scanning imaging. Overall, this research presented a normal form for multi-parameter estimation by leveraging the optimal calculation of DL and incorporating physical interpretations.

Proust was undoubtedly a pioneer in exploring cognitive processes engaged in memory. The analysis of the episode of the madeleine, as well as the study of Proust’s statements on the goals of his work, clearly reveal the visionary side of this author. Long before several concepts entered into mainstream scientific thought, Proust proposed, among other things, that recall was a reconstruction, that a sensory cue could provoke a memory recall, and that we should distinguish between voluntary and involuntary memory. Through numerous episodes of “involuntary reminiscence” scattered throughout his work, Proust illustrates a particular form of autobiographic memory recall: a recall that does not involve consciousness and whose starting point is an emotion provoked by a specific cue. This recall, which leads, according to Proust, to a more intense revival of the memory than voluntary recall, has only reached prominence in cognitive science more than 80 years later. Additionaly, Proust underlined the determinant role that emotion may have in this particular form of recall. On the other hand, studies on animals have shown that the presentation of a retrieval cue could induce emotional reactions followed by a facilitation of the memory retrieval associated with the cue. The existence of these data, which support Proust’s proposals, should encourage the neuroscience community to further explore, in humans and animals, this form of cue elicited emotion that initiated involuntary recall of autobiographical memory.

Bromine monoxide (BrO) plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry. The state‐of‐the‐science TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) offers the potential to monitor atmospheric composition with a fine spatial resolution of up to 5.5 × 3.5 km2. We present here the retrieval of tropospheric BrO columns from TROPOMI. We implement a stratospheric correction scheme using a climatological approach based on the latest GEOS‐Chem High Performance chemical transport model, and improve the tropospheric air mass factor calculation with TROPOMI surface albedo data accounting for the geometrical dependency. Our product presents a good level of consistency in comparison with measurements from ground‐based zenith‐sky differential optical absorption spectroscopy (r = 0.67), aircrafts (r = 0.46), and satellites (similar spatial distributions of BrO columns). Furthermore, our retrieval captures BrO enhancements in the polar springtime with values up to 7.8 × 1013 molecules cm−2 and identifies small‐scale emission sources such as volcanoes and salt marshes. Based on TROPOMI data, we probe a blowing snow aerosol bromine mechanism in which the snow salinity is reduced to better match simulation and observation. Our TROPOMI tropospheric BrO product contributes high‐resolution global information to studies investigating atmospheric bromine chemistry. Plain Language Summary: Bromine monoxide (BrO) is an important species that affects the global chemistry of the troposphere. However, global observations of tropospheric BrO remain challenging and limited due to the short lifetime and low abundance. In this study, we present a global high‐spatial‐resolution tropospheric BrO column product from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument. We describe the retrieval algorithm and present a comprehensive verification and evaluation. In addition, we use the data set to investigate sources and sinks on a daily scale for measurement scenarios of BrO enhancements, such as polar sea ice, volcanic plumes, and salt marshes. We additionally optimize salinity, the key parameter in modeling blow snow aerosol bromine emissions, by comparing simulation and observation. Our work provides unique information to studies exploring atmospheric bromine chemistry. Key Points: We present the retrieval and evaluation of tropospheric BrO columns from TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)Our high‐resolution BrO product identifies small‐scale emission sources on a daily scaleA blowing snow aerosol bromine scheme with reduced snow salinity improves agreement between the model and TROPOMI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and implementation of the system for retrieving information about mathematical formulas – MFIRS. The structure of the system is mainly divided into the modules: input normalization, mathematical formula unification, mathematical formula encoding, text information feature extraction, mathematical formula feature extraction, mathematical formula indexing, retrieval and ranking. A method for extracting mathematical formulas and keywords based on FastText word embedding technology is proposed. This method can be used not only to get the structural features of the formula, but also to facilitate the calculation of the similarity of the formula by the vector result. At the same time, the model introduces the semantic features of context-rich mathematical formulas to improve the domain correlation of search results. The MathRetEval dataset was created based on about 7.9 × 10 5 arXiv documents and about 1.5 × 10 8 mathematical formulas. The scalability of the system is verified using this data set. The mathematical formulas can be written in the language TEX or MathML. When queried in the TEX language, it can be converted to a tree representation of the MathML representation and then indexed. This MFIRS is an information retrieval system for mathematical formulas with the features of mathematical perception, which can use the search for the similarity of partial formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the GlideScope Go videolaryngoscope (VL) in tracheal intubation in an Australian physician‐staffed critical care prehospital and retrieval medicine service. Methods: Our service has used VLs for several years, including the McGrath Mac, and from February 2019 the GlideScope Go. Clinicians may alternatively use direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh laryngoscope. We conducted a non‐inferiority trial comparing first‐pass intubation success using the GlideScope Go VL with that using the McGrath Mac VL. We collected data on video intubation of all adult patients between February 2017 and December 2019, by our service. Comparison was also made with patients intubated using direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh direct laryngoscope. Results: One hundred and seventy‐two patients were intubated with the aid of a VL. First‐pass success rates (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 0.98 (0.92–0.99) and 0.92 (0.84–0.96), respectively, for the GlideScope Go and McGrath Mac, giving a difference (95% CI) in first‐pass success rates of 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.13). First‐pass success rate for the Macintosh laryngoscope was 0.88 (0.84–0.91). Conclusions: We demonstrated that first‐pass success rates with the GlideScope Go are at least as good as our service had achieved with both the McGrath Mac and with direct laryngoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The contribution of norepinephrine on the different phases of spatial memory processing remains incompletely understood. To address this gap, this study depleted norepinephrine in the brain and then conducted a spatial learning task with multiple phases. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats were administered 50 mg/kg/i.p. of DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine) to deplete norepinephrine. After 10 days, rats were trained on a 20-hole Barnes maze spatial navigation task for 5 days. On the fifth day, animals were euthanized and HPLC was used to confirm depletion of norepinephrine in select brain regions. In Experiment 2, rats underwent a similar Barnes maze procedure that continued beyond day 5 to investigate memory retrieval and updating via a single probe trial and two reversal learning periods. Results: Rats did not differ in Barnes maze acquisition between DSP-4 and saline-injected rats; however, initial acquisition differed between the sexes. HPLC analysis confirmed selective depletion of norepinephrine in dorsal hippocampus and cingulate cortex without impact to other monoamines. When retrieval was tested through a probe trial, DSP-4-improved memory retrieval in males but impaired it in females. Cognitive flexibility was transiently impacted by DSP-4 in males only. Conclusions: Despite significantly reducing levels of norepinephrine, DSP-4 had only a modest impact on spatial learning and behavioral flexibility. Memory retrieval and early reversal learning were most affected and in a sex-specific manner. These data suggest that norepinephrine has sex-specific neuromodulatory effects on memory retrieval with a lesser effect on cognitive flexibility and no impact on acquisition of learned behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the UK over 11,000 critically ill patients are transferred between hospitals each year. In addition, a significant number of critically ill patients are transferred to hospital from locations outside hospital such as rural general practice surgeries or the community. While specialist teams are available for some transfers, the majority are conducted by teams from the referring hospital. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the principles of critical care transfer, transfer platforms and the importance of a structured approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the primary transfer of seriously ill and injured patients into hospital, more than 10,000 intensive care patients undergo interhospital transfers each year in the UK, of whom the vast majority are accompanied by staff from the referring hospital. Many more critically ill or injured patients are transferred between departments in their existing hospital where risks of the move may be equally as high as for the interhospital transfers. The high frequency of transfers of critically ill patients is primarily due to the escalating complexity of healthcare, the concentration of skills into specialized regional centres, and the relative lack of availability of intensive care unit (ICU) beds. The care practised during the constraints of patient transfer (whether within or between hospitals) should mirror the attention to detail provided in the hospital ICU, and it is the responsibility of the transport team to ensure the efficacy of the process and safety of the patient. This is achieved through careful preparation and planning. Preparation starts with adequate and appropriate training of transfer personnel as well as selection of equipment which is fit for purpose. Success is based on anticipation and prevention of potential complications and hazards to the patient and transfer team. This article gives an overview of the hazards, organization, and planning of patient transfers, and highlights the importance of interdisciplinary teamwork, good communications, and appropriate decision-making. It also discusses special situations encountered in the transfer or retrieval of patients with complex needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been considerable research into how children solve single-digit addition problems for more than a century now, which has brought about significant changes to the ways teachers' support children to retrieve single-digit addition facts. In this project, we examine what makes an addition problem difficult to retrieve in light of contemporary teaching approaches, based on both student performance and teacher perceptions. Australian primary school students in Years 3 and 4 (n = 166) solved 36 single-digit addition problems under two different conditions during a structured interview. These data were then used to create the Difficulty Retrieving Addition Facts (DRAF) measure, which we propose as a contemporary measure of single-digit addition problem difficulty to supersede older measures developed in a different era of instruction. We then invited Australian primary school teachers (n = 49) to complete a questionnaire asking them to estimate the percentage of students who would be able to rapidly retrieve these same 36 single-digit addition problems to facilitate comparison between student performance and teacher perceptions. We found that although teachers were generally accurate in discerning which addition problems students would find relatively easy to retrieve and which they would find more difficult, they tended to overestimate student capacity to retrieve addition facts in general, particularly when the addition fact was comparatively difficult. We suggest that this overestimation resulted from teacher responses being shaped by curriculum expectations, which states that students should be able to recall single-digit addition facts by the end of Year 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this information age, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become an integral component of modern education. These courses encompass a wide range of resources, such as videos, audios, texts, and other forms. An accompanying question is how to effectively organize, classify, and retrieve these resources. However, currently available classification and retrieval methods are mostly based on text retrieval technologies. As a result, multi-modal resources such as videos and audios are often ignored or incorrectly classified. Furthermore, more current methods exhibit low efficiency when processing the vast amount of data in MOOCs. To address and solve these issues, this study focuses on the extraction and fusion of multi-modal features of MOOC resources. It proposes an efficient classification and retrieval method based on 3D convolution, aiming to offer a more accurate and efficient approach for classifying and retrieving MOOC resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on phrasal verbs has focused on the effectiveness of exercises requiring learners to provide the missing particle for a given verb. However, this research does not address other common exercise formats, such as those requiring learners to complete entire phrasal verbs. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring such an exercise format and its two principal implementations. The participants were 134 Japanese EFL learners. Both exercise setups present the definition and initial letter of a phrasal verb as a prompt. In the guessing method, students attempt to fill in the missing phrasal verb based solely on the prompt and then receive corrective feedback. In contrast, in the error-free retrieval method, students study the phrasal verb and its definition before attempting the same gap-fill exercise. Retention of phrasal verbs improved more with the guessing method. Further, across both methods, participants struggled more with recalling particles than verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces Semantic Knowledge Advanced Tool for Extraction Browsing Organisation Annotation Retrieval and Discovery (SKATEBOARD), a tool designed to facilitate knowledge exploration through the application of semantic technologies. The demand for advanced solutions that streamline Knowledge Extraction, management, and visualisation, characterised by abundant information, has grown substantially in the current era. Graph-based representations have emerged as a robust approach for uncovering intricate data relationships, complementing the capabilities offered by AI models. Acknowledging the transparency and user control challenges faced by AI-driven solutions, SKATEBOARD offers a comprehensive framework encompassing Knowledge Extraction, ontology development, management, and interactive exploration. By adhering to Linked Data principles and adopting graph-based exploration, SKATEBOARD provides users with a clear view of data relationships and dependencies. Furthermore, it integrates recommendation systems and reasoning capabilities to augment the knowledge discovery process, thus introducing a serendipity effect generated by the SKATEBOARD interface exploration. This paper elucidates SKATEBOARD's functionalities while emphasising its user-centric design. After reviewing related research, we provide an overview of the SKATEBOARD pipeline, demonstrating its capacity to bridge RDF and LPG representations. Subsequent sections delve into Knowledge Extraction and exploration, culminating in the evaluation of the tool. SKATEBOARD empowers users to make informed decisions and uncover valuable insights within their data domains, with the added dimension of serendipitous discoveries facilitated by its interface exploration capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults show an immediate emotional enhancement of memory (EEM) when emotional and non-emotional information are presented in mixed lists but not pure lists, but it is unclear whether older adults’ memories also benefit from the cognitive factors producing the list-composition effect. The present study examined whether the list-composition effect extended to older adults (55+), testing the following alternatives: (1) younger and older adults could show the list-composition effect, (2) due to age-related decreases in cognitive resources, older adults may show weaker effects of list-composition, or (3) due to age-related positivity effects, older adults’ list-composition effect may vary by valence. Results supported the first alternative: the list-composition effect occurred for older as well as younger adults, when testing memory for pictures (Experiment 1) or words (Experiment 2). In a third experiment, we explored whether mixing information at only encoding or retrieval (and blocking in the other phase) would suffice for the list composition effect to occur. Results revealed that mixed encoding/blocked retrieval did not elicit the EEM in either age group. Overall, the results suggest age-related stability in the cognitive processes that give rise to the immediate EEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For critically ill and injured patients, timely access to definitive care is associated with a reduction in avoidable mortality. Access to definitive care is significantly affected by geographic remoteness. To overcome this disparity, a robust critical care transport (CCT) or retrieval system is essential to support the equity of care and overcome the tyranny of distance. While critical care transport or retrieval systems have evolved over the years, there is no universally accepted system or standard, which has led to considerable variation in practices. The objective of this mixed-methods study was to identify and explore the current clinical, operational, and educational practices of government and charity-funded critical care transport and retrieval organizations operating across access- and weather- challenged geography. Methods: This study utilized a mixed-methods approach comprising a rapid review of the literature and semi-structured interviews with identified subject matter experts (SME). Results: A total of 44 articles and 14 interviews with SMEs from six different countries, 12 different services/systems, and seven operational roles, including clinicians (physician, paramedic, and nurse), educator, quality improvement, clinical governance, clinical informatics and research, operations manager, and medical director were included in the narrative analysis. The study identified several themes including deployment, crew composition, selection and education, clinical governance, quality assurance and quality improvement and research. Conclusion: This mixed-methods study underscores the paucity of literature describing current clinical, operational, and educational practices of government or charity-funded CCT or retrieval programs operating across access- and weather- challenged geography. While many common themes were identified including clearly defined mission profiles, use of dedicated or specialized transport teams, central coordination, rigorous selection processes, service-sponsored graduate education, and strong clinical governance, there is little consensus and considerable variation in current practices. Further research is needed to identify and harmonize best practices within the CCT and retrieval environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent results demonstrate that inducing an abstract representation of target analogs at retrieval time aids access to analogous situations with mismatching surface features (i.e., the late abstraction principle). A limitation of current implementations of this principle is that they either require the external provision of target-specific information or demand very high intellectual effort. Experiment 1 demonstrated that constructing an idealized situation model of a target problem increases the rate of correct solutions compared with constructing either concrete simulations or no simulations. Experiment 2 confirmed that these results were based on an advantage for accessing the base analog, and not merely an advantage of idealized simulations for understanding the target problem in its own terms. This target idealization strategy has broader applicability than prior interventions based on the late abstraction principle because it can be achieved by a greater proportion of participants and without the need to receive target-specific information. We present a computational model, SampComp, that predicts successful retrieval of a stored situation to understand a target based on the overlap of a random, but potentially biased, sample of features from each. SampComp is able to account for the relative benefits of base and target idealization, and their interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of data retrieval, sparse vectors serve as a pivotal representation for both documents and queries, where each element in the vector denotes a word or phrase from a predefined lexicon. In this study, multiple scoring mechanisms are introduced aimed at discerning the significance of specific terms within the context of a document extracted from an extensive textual dataset. Among these techniques, the widely employed method revolves around inverse document frequency (IDF) or Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), which emphasizes terms unique to a given context. Additionally, the integration of BM25 complements TF-IDF, sustaining its prevalent usage. However, a notable limitation of these approaches lies in their reliance on near-perfect matches for document retrieval. To address this issue, researchers have devised latent semantic analysis (LSA), wherein documents are densely represented as low-dimensional vectors. Through rigorous testing within a simulated environment, findings indicate a superior level of accuracy compared to preceding methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study investigated age-related differences in retrieval from long-term memory using a semantic fluency task in which participants recalled animals during a 5-minute retrieval period. We evaluated the relative uniqueness of items and their output position within the retrieval process to further elucidate how younger and older adults access and retrieve semantic knowledge in long-term memory. Although older (n = 96, aged 56-79, M = 62.44) and younger adults (n = 98, aged 18-27, M = 23.44) scored similarly for retrieval fluency and originality, these abilities tended to decline when we analyzed age as a continuous variable, indicating some preservation in earlier adulthood, but impairment in older age. Additionally, participants tended to recall common, more easily accessible items before unique, less accessible items, and this pattern was more prominent in older adults. Thus, there are both similarities and differences in semantic fluency in older age.

The spectral characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres is a relatively new subject. Until recently, space and ground-based observatories allowed only a few planets to be observed with spectroscopic instruments. The arrival of JWST data and the development of new instruments on Earth will drastically modify the situation, giving access to deeper modelling contraints and to a better understanding on planet formation and evolution. This paper is devoted to describe the turning point experienced by the astronomy of exoplanets that will continue in particular with the launch of the ESA/Ariel mission at the end of the decade.

Episodic memory (EM) deficit is the core cognitive dysfunction of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). However, the episodic retrieval pattern detected by functional MRI (fMRI) appears preserved in aMCI subjects. To address this discrepancy, simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG)-fMRI recording was employed to determine whether temporal dynamics of brain episodic retrieval activity were disturbed in patients with aMCI. Twenty-six aMCI and 29 healthy control (HC) subjects completed a word-list memory retrieval task during simultaneous EEG-fMRI. The retrieval success activation pattern was detected with fMRI analysis, and the familiarity- and recollection-related components of episodic retrieval activity were identified using event-related potential (ERP) analysis. The fMRI-constrained ERP analysis explored the temporal dynamics of brain activity in the retrieval success pattern, and the ERP-informed fMRI analysis detected fMRI correlates of the ERP components related to familiarity and recollection processes. The two groups exhibited similar retrieval success patterns in the bilateral posteromedial parietal cortex, the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC). The fMRI-constrained ERP analysis showed that the aMCI group did not exhibit old/new effects in the IPL and LPFC that were observed in the HC group. In addition, the aMCI group showed disturbed fMRI correlate of ERP recollection component that was associated with inferior EM performance. Therefore, in this study, we identified disturbed temporal dynamics in episodic retrieval activity with a preserved spatial activity pattern in aMCI. Taken together, the simultaneous EEG-fMRI technique demonstrated the potential to identify individuals with a high risk of cognitive deterioration.

Recent studies have shown higher resting-state vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) to be related to greater memory retrieval. Research has not yet linked resting vmHRV with memory encoding and retrieval, as both are thought to play an important role in correctly distinguishing between true and false memories. The current study investigated this possible link in n = 71 undergraduate students. VmHRV was assessed during a 5-minute resting baseline period. Participants then completed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task, where they first viewed 6 word lists (12 words per list), and were later asked to identify previously shown words (true memories) and reject non-presented words. Results showed that participants with lower resting vmHRV were less able to discriminate true from false items. These data extend previous work on resting vmHRV and memory suggesting that resting vmHRV represents a psychophysiological pathway involved in both the proper encoding and retrieval of memories.

The traditional method for retrieving cloud optical thickness (COT) is carried out through a Look-Up Table (LUT). Researchers must make a series of idealized assumptions and conduct extensive observations and record features in this scenario, consuming considerable resources. The emergence of deep learning effectively addresses the shortcomings of the traditional approach. In this paper, we first propose a daytime (SOZA < 70°) COT retrieval algorithm based on FY-4A AGRI. We establish and train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for COT retrieval, CM4CR, with the CALIPSO’s COT product spatially and temporally synchronized as the ground truth. Then, a deep learning method extended from video prediction models is adopted to predict COT values based on the retrieval results obtained from CM4CR. The COT prediction model (CPM) consists of an encoder, a predictor, and a decoder. On this basis, we further incorporated a time embedding module to enhance the model’s ability to learn from irregular time intervals in the input COT sequence. During the training phase, we employed Charbonnier Loss and Edge Loss to enhance the model’s capability to represent COT details. Experiments indicate that our CM4CR outperforms existing COT retrieval methods, with predictions showing better performance across several metrics than other benchmark prediction models. Additionally, this paper also investigates the impact of different lengths of COT input sequences and the time intervals between adjacent frames of COT on prediction performance.

Landsat data correction using the Land Surface Reflectance Code (LaSRC) has been proposed as the basis for the atmospheric correction of smallsats. While atmospheric correction can enhance smallsat data, the Landsat/LaSRC pathway delays output and may constrain accuracy and utility. The alternative, the Closed-form Method for Atmospheric Correction (CMAC), developed for smallsat application, provides surface reflectance derived solely from scene statistics. In a prior paper, CMAC closely agreed with LaSRC software for correction of the four VNIR bands of Landsat-8/9 images for conditions of low to moderate atmospheric effect over quasi-invariant warehouse-industrial targets. Those results were accepted as surrogate surface reflectance to support analysis of CMAC and LaSRC reliability for surface reflectance retrieval in two contrasting environments: shortgrass prairie and barren desert. Reliability was defined and tested through a null hypothesis: the same top-of-atmosphere reflectance under the same atmospheric condition will provide the same estimate of surface reflectance. Evaluated against the prior surrogate surface reflectance, the results found decreasing error with increasing wavelength for both methods. From 58 comparisons across the four bands, the LaSRC average absolute error ranged from 0.59% (NIR) to 50.30% (blue). CMAC provided reliable results: error was well constrained from 0.01% (NIR) to 0.98% (blue).

Microwave hyperspectral instruments represent one of the main atmospheric sounders of China’s next-generation Fengyun meteorological satellites. In order to better apply microwave hyperspectral observations in the fields of atmospheric parameter retrieval and data assimilation, this paper analyzes the sensitivity of trace gases to five selected bandwidth channels using a radiative transfer model based on the simulated data of microwave hyperspectral radiances at 50–60 GHz. This method uses information entropy and a weighting function to select channels and analyze the impact of this on the retrieval accuracy of atmospheric profiles before and after channel selection. The experimental results show that channel selection can reduce the number of channels by approximately 74.05% while maintaining a large amount of information content, and this retrieval effect is significantly better than that of MWTS-III. After channel selection, the 10 MHz, 30 MHz, and 50 MHz bandwidths have the best retrieval results in the stratosphere, whole atmosphere, and troposphere, respectively. When considering the number of channels, computational scale, and retrieval results comprehensively, the channel selection method is effective.

Background: This study examines the surface changes of stainless steel miniplates and screws after their retrieval from patients who underwent maxillofacial trauma and orthognathic surgery. The assessment focuses on comparing the alterations in these materials, aiming to contribute to our understanding of their durability and performance in clinical settings. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 stainless steel miniplates and screws were collected from 30 patients who had previously undergone either maxillofacial trauma or orthognathic surgery. The retrieved miniplates and screws were carefully removed from the patients and cleaned to remove any organic debris. Each specimen was then examined for surface changes. Surface changes were evaluated using visual inspection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and roughness measurements. Visual inspection provided a qualitative assessment, while SEM allowed for a more detailed examination of the surfaces. Roughness measurements were conducted using a profilometer. Results: Visual inspection revealed varying degrees of surface changes in the retrieved miniplates and screws. These changes included scratches, corrosion, and discoloration. SEM analysis confirmed the presence of surface alterations, with some specimens showing more significant damage, such as pitting and cracks. Roughness measurements indicated an increase in surface roughness for both miniplates and screws, suggesting that the surfaces had become less smooth. Conclusion: This comparative study of stainless steel miniplates and screws retrieved from maxillofacial trauma and orthognathic surgery patients demonstrated that these materials undergo surface changes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Non-surgical endodontic retreatment is to be a conservative option over endodontic surgery in case of recurrent infections. Root canal retreatment procedures needs to be initiated faster and proficiently with proper root canal retreatment files. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining root dentin thickness post Gutta Percha (GP) retrieval from the root canal after using two different rotary instruments. Materials and methods: A total of sixty extracted single rooted teeth were chosen. Shaping and Cleaning was done Step Back (Telescopic) technique with apical preparation of size 40 k File. Irrigation was carried out using NaOCl (3 %) and Ethyelenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) to clear the smear layer. The canals were dried using paper points and obturation was completed using lateral compaction technique with AH plus resin sealer. Upon completing the obturation, it was categorized into two groups: Group I- ProTaper retreatment files (PTR) and Group II- Solite RS3 (S-RS3) Retreatment files. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was used to assess the remaining dentin thickness post gutta-percha retrieval at 3,5 and 7 mm respectively. To test the significance between groups independent t test was used. Results: It can be noted from the results that more amount of remaining dentin thickness was seen after using Solite RS3 files at 3 mm, 5 mm and 7 mm on the mesial side compared to ProTaper retreatment files (p 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that Solite RS3 files have the potential to preserve the remaining dentin thickness. However, more studies including various other parameters should be performed to arrive at a definitive conclusion.

Near-real time observations of aerosol properties could have a potential to improve the accuracy of XCO2 retrieval algorithm in operational satellite missions. In this study, we developed a retrieval algorithm of XCO2 (Yonsei Retrieval Algorithm; YCAR) based on the Optimal Estimation (OE) method that used aerosol information at the location of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) measurement from co-located measurement of the Afternoon constellation (A-train) such as the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Observation (CALIPSO) and the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua. Specifically, we used optical depth, vertical profile, and optical properties of aerosol from MODIS and CALIOP data. We validated retrieval results to the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) ground-based measurements and found general consistency. The impact of observed aerosol information and its constraint was examined by retrieval tests using different settings. The effect of using additional aerosol information was analyzed in connection with the bias correction process of the operational retrieval algorithm. YCAR using a priori aerosol loading parameters from co-located satellite measurements and less constraint of aerosol optical properties made comparable results with operational data with the bias correction process in three of the four cases subject to this study. Our work provides evidence supporting the bias correction process of operational algorithms and quantitatively presents the effectiveness of synergic use of multiple satellites (e.g. A-train) and better treatment of aerosol information.

Memory encoding and retrieval are critical sub-processes of episodic memory. While the hippocampus is involved in both, less is known about its connectivity with the neocortex during memory processing in humans. This is partially due to variations in demands in common memory tasks, which inevitably recruit cognitive processes other than episodic memory. Conjunctive analysis of data from different tasks with the same core elements of encoding and retrieval can reduce the intrusion of patterns related to subsidiary perceptual and cognitive processing. Leveraging data from two large-scale functional resonance imaging studies with different episodic memory tasks (514 and 237 participants), we identified hippocampal-cortical networks active during memory tasks. Whole-brain functional connectivity maps were similar during resting state, encoding, and retrieval. Anterior and posterior hippocampus had distinct connectivity profiles, which were also stable across resting state and memory tasks. When contrasting encoding and retrieval connectivity, conjunctive encoding-related connectivity was sparse. During retrieval hippocampal connectivity was increased with areas known to be active during recollection, including medial prefrontal, inferior parietal, and parahippocampal cortices. This indicates that the stable functional connectivity of the hippocampus along its longitudinal axis is superposed by increased functional connectivity with the recollection network during retrieval, while auxiliary encoding connectivity likely reflects contextual factors.

Key Clinical Message: Application of central venous catheters become more common however a rare complication, embolization, can occur which lead to high mortality rate. Therefore, cardiovascular foreign bodies should be immediately remove with a safe and effective method and algorithm. So, we investigate the results of cardiovascular foreign body retrieval in our center based on a designed algorithm. In this case series study, patients who had cardiovascular foreign body embolization were managed by our algorithm. Our approach was based on the time duration of foreign body embolization in cardiovascular system and also its location. If the embolization time was less than 48 h, based on the location of foreign body, insertion site would be right femoral or jugular vein. If the time of foreign body embolization was more than 48 h, echocardiography should be done to assess thrombosis around foreign body. Retrieval was done with snare technique in all patients. Over 12 patients, 9 patient had port catheter foreign body in SVC and atrium, 1 patient had port catheter in atrium, 1 patient had port catheter in pulmonary artery and 1 patient had hemodialysis catheter in inferior vena cava (IVC) and atrium. Foreign body retrieval was successful in all 11 patient. The IVC and atrium were the common site of port catheter fragments. According to our experience, we organize a useful algorithm for retrieval of cardiovascular foreign body based on time of embolization and its location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior testing can facilitate subsequent learning, a phenomenon termed the forward testing effect (FTE). We examined a metacognitive account of this effect, which proposes that the FTE occurs because retrieval leads to strategy optimizations during later learning. One prediction of this account is that tests that require less retrieval effort (e.g., multiple-choice relative to cued-recall) should lead to a smaller benefit on new learning. We examined the impact of interpolated multiple-choice or cued-recall testing (relative to no prior testing) on new learning of a four-section STEM text passage. The effect sizes associated with the FTE were numerically, though not significantly larger when the prior tests were cued-recall than multiple-choice, but only when interpolated judgments of learning were not queried. Further, when multiple-choice tests were made more difficult through lure similarity, the FTE was similarly increased. Finally, the FTE was eliminated entirely when participants provided four JOLs after reading each text section. We believe this elimination of the FTE stemmed from an increase in performance for the control participants induced by reactivity from repeated metacognitive queries requiring deep metacognitive reflection. Taken together, these experiments support a metacognitive account of FTE and have important implications for how educators and students should employ retrieval practice and leverage the benefits of metacognitive reflection to improve new learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decreased fidelity of mnemonic representations plays a critical role in age-related episodic memory deficits, yet the brain mechanisms underlying such reductions remain unclear. Using functional and structural neuroimaging, we examined how changes in two key nodes of the posterior-medial network, the hippocampus and the angular gyrus (AG), might underpin loss of memory precision in older age. Healthy young and older adults completed a memory task that involved reconstructing object features on a continuous scale. Investigation of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity during retrieval revealed an age-related reduction in activity reflecting successful recovery of object features in the hippocampus, whereas trial-wise modulation of BOLD signal by graded memory precision was diminished in the AG. Gray matter volume of the AG further predicted individual differences in memory precision in older age, beyond likelihood of successful retrieval. These findings provide converging evidence for a role of functional and structural integrity of the AG in constraining the fidelity of episodic remembering in older age, yielding new insights into parietal contributions to age-related episodic memory decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study aimed to observe intimal injuries related to stent retrieval in the iliac artery of a canine. In-stent restenosis remains challenging owing to permanent stent implantation. A retrievable stent may be alternative for intervention without permanent residue. Five retrievable stents with point-to-point overlapped double-layer scaffolds were deployed into the iliac arteries and retrieved on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 from five canines. Arterial diameter decreased by 9–10% before retrieval and 15% on day 14 after retrieval. In the 14-day-stent, the stent surface was clean without visible fibrin. In the 28-day-stent, the overlay was mainly composed of fibrin and fibroblasts. The proliferation of smooth muscle cells has not yet been observed with α-smooth muscle actin staining. In the 42-day-stent, endothelial and smooth muscle cells decreased under the struts, and the internal elastic lamina was interrupted segmentally. Neointima formation involves fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Neointimal thickness was negatively correlated with strut space. Stent traces on the artery wall tended to be flat at a follow-up14 days after retrieval. The primary intima was completely covered by neointima. Two stents could not be retrieved because of in-stent thrombosis or capture loss. The stent was covered mainly by depositional fibrin after 28 days and by typical neointima after 42 days. The stent retrieval procedure did not induce injury to vascular smooth muscle, and the intima repair was performed 14 days after stent retrieval. • The retrievable stent in this study was characterized by the point-to-point overlapped double-layer struts. • The results demonstrated the feasibility of retrieving a stent from iliac artery as long as 28–42 days after implantation, and also provided much valuable data in pathology. • The procedure of stent retrieval did not induce injury to vascular smooth muscle. • The retrievable stent could provide not only longer period of mechanical support than drug-eluting balloon but also eliminate foreign body implantation earlier than bioresorbable scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

False memories have been extensively investigated over the past few decades using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this paradigm, participants study lists of words associatively related to a non-presented critical lure. During a memory test, these critical lures are falsely recalled or recognized. Most studies have focused on false memories that arise when both encoding and retrieval are conducted in the same language (i.e., within-language conditions), which is typically the participant's native or first language (L1). However, much less is known about false memories when critical lures appear in the memory test in a different language than the studied lists (i.e., between-language conditions), being one of them the participant's second language (L2). The main objective of this exhaustive review was to provide an overview of the current state of research on false recognition using the DRM paradigm in between-language conditions, where languages are switched between encoding and retrieval (i.e., L1L2 versus L2L1). The results revealed a language dominance effect in between-language false memories. In other words, false recognition rates were dependent on the study language, with a trend toward higher false recognition when words were enconded in the L1 (L1L2) compared to when words were encoded in the L2 (L2L1). This review enhances our understanding of how studying words in a first or second language affects false memory in the DRM paradigm, emphasizing the significance of investigating false memory in second language speakers and the necessity for further research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of individual experience during the performance of a psychological task using a phenomenological approach is a relatively new area of research. The aim of this paper was to combine first‐ and third‐person approaches to investigate whether the strategies individuals use during a working memory task are associated with specific task conditions, whether the strategies combine to form stable patterns, and whether the use of specific strategies is related to task accuracy. Thirty‐one participants took part in an experiment in which they were instructed to remember colors, orientations, or positions of stimuli presented in a change detection task. After every 7th–15th trial, participants took part in an in‐depth phenomenological interview in which they described their experiences during the trial that immediately preceded the interview. Qualitative analysis revealed a set of 18 strategies that participants used while performing the task, which we divided into active and passive strategies of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Quantitative analysis revealed that while many strategies were used in all task conditions, some strategies and their combinations may be better suited to the specific task demands, while others are more general in nature. The results also suggest a distinction between strategies for encoding object identity and spatial features. Finally, our results did not provide robust evidence for a relationship between specific strategies and task accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trying to guess what the correct answer to a question might be can facilitate future learning of this answer when presented in the form of corrective feedback. One issue that determines the effectiveness of guessing as a learning strategy is the timing of the presentation of feedback: it can be presented either immediately after the guess, or after a delay. Whereas the timing of feedback is of little importance for complex materials such as trivia questions, previous research suggests that for simpler materials such as related word pairs guessing seems to benefit learning only when feedback is immediate. In order to test whether this always has to be the case, we conducted two experiments in which we increased the richness of study materials by superimposing the to-be-learned word pairs over unrelated context pictures. We then manipulated the match between contexts at study and at test (Experiment 1) and at the time of feedback delivery (Experiment 2). Contrary to previous studies showing no benefits of guessing with delayed feedback, our results show that learning related word pairs can benefit from guessing even when feedback is delayed. These benefits of guessing occur if participants are reminded via reinstated contexts of the guessing stage at the time of feedback delivery. Our results help constrain theories of guessing benefits and extend theories of reminding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture of contemporary femoral stems is a rare occurrence in total hip arthroplasty. A knowledge gap remains regarding manufacturing, patient, and surgeon factors that may contribute to the increased risk of this complication. We analyzed 13 contemporary fractured porous-coated femoral stems of various designs to determine cause and contributing factors of mechanical failure. Cases included 12 men and 1 woman who had an average age at index surgery of 53 years (range, 34 to 76 years). There were 10 of 13 patients who had a body mass index more than 30 (obese); 3 of the 10 had a body mass index more than 40. The mean time to fracture was 7.6 years (range, 7 months to 12 years). There were 4 titanium alloy stems that fractured an average of 3.6 years postrevision surgery for head/cup exchange and had associated iatrogenic mechanical and electrocautery damage to the femoral neck at fracture initiation sites. There were 6 modular stems that failed at the stem-sleeve or stem-neck interfaces with evidence of fretting corrosion. For 2 stem-neck fractures, mismatched head/stem combinations from different manufacturers resulted in untested mechanical offsets and loading. There were 2 proximal neck fractures and 1 mid-shaft fracture of coated cobalt-chromium alloy stems that occurred in 3 obese men. The neck fractures (10 to 12 years) were well-fixed stems. Lack of proximal fixation contributed to the mid-shaft fracture (7 months). While rare, femoral stem fractures pose catastrophic outcomes in primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. Manufacturing, patient, and surgical factors contributing to stem failures were identified, including patient obesity, heat-treatment reduction of mechanical properties, iatrogenic implant damage, and mixing of different vendor stems and heads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to use cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT) to examine the efficacy of hand and rotary files, manual dynamic agitation, and inactive ultrasonic actions in removing Ca(OH) 2 from root canal surface when used in conjunction with two distinct vehicles. Materials and Methods: Using the ProTaper Gold file system, the root canals of 100 mandibular premolars were cleaned and shaped up to file F2, and then filled with either Ca(OH) 2 + saline or Ca(OH) 2 + camporated monochloro-phenols. After 7 days of incubation, CBCT was used to do a prevolume analysis. Several forms of agitation were used to successfully remove calcium hydroxide (K‑ and H‑file, ProTaper Gold rotary file, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and manual dynamic agitation). CBCT was used to reevaluate the volumes after the fact, & the percentage of change was determined the Post Hoc Tukey test, One-way ANOVA, & the Dunn test were utilized to analyse the data statistically. Results: Saline‑based Ca (OH) 2 was little simple to be separate than camporated monochloro-phenols(CMCP)‑ based group. When the agitation systems were compared, H‑file in both the groups removed more calcium hydroxide from root canals than other systems(P < 0.01). Conclusion: The H‑file system and PUI were more effective than the K‑file, rotary, and manual dynamic agitation methods in eliminating calcium hydroxide from root canals. However, the saline‑based calcium hydroxide was easier to be removed than camphoro monochlorophosphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the number of 3D CAD models increasing rapidly, retrieving models of similar parts has become an important activity as existing designs may contain vital information regarding design and manufacturing. This paper is targeted at retrieving and comparing sheet metal parts. In the method proposed herein, the general shape of a sheet metal part is represented by a simplified hierarchical tree wherein the nodes represent the planar walls of the part and feature-related information is attached to these nodes as textual attributes. A shape index is derived from this simplified tree and subsequently used to retrieve similar parts from the database. The retrieved parts are assessed for their similarity with the enquiry part using five criteria: the general shape of the part, bends and their direction, feature types, feature location and feature size. In addition to determining the degree of similarity, the main advantage of the proposed method is that the assessment provides useful feedback to design and manufacturing engineers based on these five criteria. A prototype system developed in C++ has been tested on a database containing a few hundred parts and the effectiveness of the proposed method in retrieving and comparing the parts is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of modern mechanical product design, retrieval and reuse of the pre-existed 3D CAD models would greatly save time and cost. Mechanical models, as artificial models, are mainly composed of regular surfaces, and the function of the models is to constrain mechanical movements. The purpose of retrieval is to reuse the functions of models designed by predecessors. To mine the functions contained in mechanical models, this paper proposes an original function dimension (FD)-based engineering shape matching method. Firstly, the function vector of each face making up the model is defined according to its use, machining or assembly method. Then the vectors are grouped to form the FDs of the model by using parallel relation which describes the function dimension of the model. The similarity between CAD models can be obtained by weighting the similarity between the matched FDs using area and angle. Based on FDs, the performance of model retrieval can be improved to facility functional reuse from geometric similarity. We validate the FD-based 3D model retrieval method using the popular ESB database and one novel multi-modal dataset. Extensive experiments show the superiority of the proposed method through comparisons. It has better retrieval accuracy and higher efficiency (3 × 109 models/second). Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the novel engineering 3D object dataset that we contribute is closest to real engineering models presently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflected global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals from Earth surface can be received by receivers at low Earth orbit for the remote sensing of geophysical parameters. While the technique has been studied for around 30 years, most early spaceborne GNSS reflectometry missions only adapted to receive GPS signals and the studies of reflected Galileo (GAL) signals in space are limited. The Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II (GNOS-II) payload onboard the FY-3E satellite is the first mission that can operationally receive reflected GPS, BeiDou (BDS), and GAL signals at the same time. This letter presents the GAL reflectometry measurements from GNOS-II together with their calibration and wind speed (WS) retrieval methods. Results show that while GAL has a different signal modulation, the observables can be used to retrieve WSs using the same geophysical model functions (GMFs) of GPS after a dedicated calibration. The retrieved WSs from GAL also have a comparable accuracy as those from GPS and BDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation and retrieval of episodic memories in humans and contextual memories in animals. However, amnesia is not always observed when this structure is compromised. To determine why this is the case, we compared the effects of several different circuit manipulations on memory retrieval and hippocampal activity. Mice were first trained on context fear conditioning and then optogenetic and chemogenetic tools were used to alter activity during memory retrieval. We found that retrieval was only impaired when manipulations caused widespread changes (increases or decreases) in hippocampal activity. Widespread increases occurred when pyramidal cells were excited and widespread decreases were found when GABAergic neurons were stimulated. Direct hyperpolarization of excitatory neurons only moderately reduced activity and did not produce amnesia. Surprisingly, widespread decreases in hippocampal activity did not prevent retrieval if they occurred gradually prior to testing. This suggests that intact brain regions can express contextual memories if they are given adequate time to compensate for the loss of the hippocampus.