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The purpose of this project is to determine the feasibility of using institutional-size pouches to package and process shelf stable particulate food products. Food Innovisions, Inc. packaged and processed two particulate type products, Chicken a la King and Beef Stew, in institutional-size retort pouches for shipment to U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center. At the conclusion of this segment of the project, evaluation of this packaging system will be performed at the Natick RD&E Center., Prepared in cooperation with Food Innovisions, Inc., New Orleans, LA, and Exxon Chemical Co., Houston, TX.

The publication consists of four parts. Part A: general context has 3 chapters covering zinc industry perspective and introduction, historical background and raw materials. Part B: the electrolytic process contains 7 chapters on roasting, leaching and solution preparation, solution purification, electrolysis, melting and casting, material balance control and effluent treatment, and other electrolytic processes. Part C: carbothermic reduction processes includes 8 chapters on carbothermic reduction, sintering, retorting processes, blast furnace production of zinc, thermal refining of zinc, zinc fuming processes, electric furnace reduction processes and other pyrometallurgical reduction processes. Part D: general and comparative aspects of major zinc production processes has four chapters covering treatment of oxide and secondary materials, energy consumption, costs and economics of the electrolytic zinc process, and costs and economics of the ISF (Imperial smelting furnace) process. An appendix covers the properties of zinc and related compounds., The publication consists of four parts. Part A: general context has 3 chapters covering zinc industry perspective and introduction, historical background and raw materials. Part B: the electrolytic process contains 7 chapters on roasting, leaching and solution preparation, solution purification, electrolysis, melting and casting, material balance control and effluent treatment, and other electrolytic processes. Part C: carbothermic reduction processes includes 8 chapters on carbothermic reduction, sintering, retorting processes, blast furnace production of zinc, thermal refining of zinc, zinc fuming processes, electric furnace reduction processes and other pyrometallurgical reduction processes. Part D: general and comparative aspects of major zinc production processes has four chapters covering treatment of oxide and secondary materials, energy consumption, costs and economics of the electrolytic zinc process, and costs and economics of the ISF (Imperial smelting furnace) process. An appendix covers the properties of zinc and related compounds.

A laboratory study of the separation and recycling of spent carbon cathode blocks from a failure pot of Fushun aluminium smelter (pot life 6 y) in China is presented. The vacuum-distillation process consists of distillation of the electrolyte and sodium from the spent carbon cathode block at 1 100-1 200 degrees C under a vacuum of less than 10 Pa in a horizontal thermal-reduction retort, leaving a non-distillable residue containing mostly carbon. The results show that, using a distillation temperature of 1 200 degrees C, a distillation time of 90 min and a vacuum of under 10 Pa, Na3AlF6 (ca 54%) and NaF (ca 46%) (from the electrolyte) and sodium metal are vacuum distilled from the spent carbon cathode block, the distillation ratio exceeds 80% and the carbon content of the distillation residue is 91.20% with impurities of CaF2 (ca 4%), Al2O3 (2-3%), Fe2O3, SiO2 and other oxides (1-2%) and sodium (below 0.2%)., A laboratory study of the separation and recycling of spent carbon cathode blocks from a failure pot of Fushun aluminium smelter (pot life 6 y) in China is presented. The vacuum-distillation process consists of distillation of the electrolyte and sodium from the spent carbon cathode block at 1 100-1 200 degrees C under a vacuum of less than 10 Pa in a horizontal thermal-reduction retort, leaving a non-distillable residue containing mostly carbon. The results show that, using a distillation temperature of 1 200 degrees C, a distillation time of 90 min and a vacuum of under 10 Pa, Na3AlF6 (ca 54%) and NaF (ca 46%) (from the electrolyte) and sodium metal are vacuum distilled from the spent carbon cathode block, the distillation ratio exceeds 80% and the carbon content of the distillation residue is 91.20% with impurities of CaF2 (ca 4%), Al2O3 (2-3%), Fe2O3, SiO2 and other oxides (1-2%) and sodium (below 0.2%).

China is the world’s largest Pb and Zn producer and consumer, accounting for almost fifty percent of the global totals. Lead smelting processes include the oxygen bottom blowing process, the Kivcet flash smelting process, oxygen-enriched air top blowing processes such as the ISA and Ausmelt processes, and the double side-blowing smelting process based on the use of a Vanyukov furnace. Plants based on the QSL and Kaldo direct smelting processes have both been closed, with the latter subsequently modified to an oxygen bottom blowing smelter. Details are given of the SKS oxygen bottom blowing technology which was developed in China and includes an oxidation-blast furnace reduction process and an oxidation-liquid Pb slag reduction process using bottom blowing/side blowing. The process is environmentally friendly, can be used for sulphide and oxide ores of various grades, provides high recoveries, has low production costs and exhibits simple and flexible operation. Secondary lead smelting technologies include reverberatory furnaces, blast furnaces, rotary furnaces for Pb paste desulphurisation and the side-submerged combustion smelting process which has been developed in China for liquid high-Pb slag reduction. Pyrometallurgical processes for Zn production include the vertical retort process, the ISP blast furnace process for Zn-Pb sulphide concentrate and electric furnace smelting. Zn hydrometallurgical processes are also reviewed, including fluidised roasting of Zn concentrate, two-stage leaching and leaching residue volatilisation in a kiln, the hot acid leaching-jarosite process, hot acid leaching-goethite process, direct leaching process for sulphide concentrate and the oxide direct leaching/solvent extraction process. Leach residue treatments include the fuming furnace process, the top blowing furnace process, the rotary kiln process and the oxygen-enriched side blowing submerged combustion process., China is the world’s largest Pb and Zn producer and consumer, accounting for almost fifty percent of the global totals. Lead smelting processes include the oxygen bottom blowing process, the Kivcet flash smelting process, oxygen-enriched air top blowing processes such as the ISA and Ausmelt processes, and the double side-blowing smelting process based on the use of a Vanyukov furnace. Plants based on the QSL and Kaldo direct smelting processes have both been closed, with the latter subsequently modified to an oxygen bottom blowing smelter. Details are given of the SKS oxygen bottom blowing technology which was developed in China and includes an oxidation-blast furnace reduction process and an oxidation-liquid Pb slag reduction process using bottom blowing/side blowing. The process is environmentally friendly, can be used for sulphide and oxide ores of various grades, provides high recoveries, has low production costs and exhibits simple and flexible operation. Secondary lead smelting technologies include reverberatory furnaces, blast furnaces, rotary furnaces for Pb paste desulphurisation and the side-submerged combustion smelting process which has been developed in China for liquid high-Pb slag reduction. Pyrometallurgical processes for Zn production include the vertical retort process, the ISP blast furnace process for Zn-Pb sulphide concentrate and electric furnace smelting. Zn hydrometallurgical processes are also reviewed, including fluidised roasting of Zn concentrate, two-stage leaching and leaching residue volatilisation in a kiln, the hot acid leaching-jarosite process, hot acid leaching-goethite process, direct leaching process for sulphide concentrate and the oxide direct leaching/solvent extraction process. Leach residue treatments include the fuming furnace process, the top blowing furnace process, the rotary kiln process and the oxygen-enriched side blowing submerged combustion process.