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This article will primarily deal with improving the quality of a public transport system through the study of the main variables that influence the perceived quality by users, in other words a methodology for modeling the quality of bus services in the Spanish city of Santander, supported by user perception data. The models calibrated to study the quality of public transport perceived by users are firstly obtained by estimating all the different service attributes, considering mean users’ perceptions through an Ordered Probit model, and then studying random variations in users’ tastes, applying an Ordered Probit model with random parameters. The models represent the process of quality evaluation based on a limited group of predefined variables. The choice of these variables is important because they are used to explain the selection process to be modeled. The collected data are analyzed and modeled to check the validity of the different variables. Main results suggest consumers would be willing to pay a higher price for improved transport connection networks including the supply of clearer information and the attention to consumer’s complaints. Ticket price is also an important attribute mainly for frequent bus users. This work was made possible thanks to a grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad with additional financing from FEDER funds to the project TRA2012-37659.

Madrid is, doubtlessly, one of the greatest European capitals which, however, receives less attention from the part of theoreticians of urbanism or architecture critics. It is capital of a State questioned for its tendency to political centralism which has had, in recent times, two momentums of socio-cultural relevance: the «Movida» of the 80’s and the movement of the ‘indignados’ which in the year 2011 questioned the politics of austerity applied by completely de-ideologized political parties. This essay attempts to offer a series of renovating perspectives about the city of Madrid, overcoming that topic whereby it is a city where nothing happens, an enormous town without identity and lacking any interest

Viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimas yra aktualus, nes VT yra viena iš prioritetinių ūkio šakų, kuri atspindi šalies vystimosi eigą. Viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimui įtakos turi politinė aplinka, įvairus politiniai pokyčiai. Visuomenė netikslingai supranta viešojo transporto paskirtį mieste. Skirtingi miestai viešojo transporto paslaugų teikime, dirba nevieningai, nėra vieningos sistemos. Elektroninio bilieto kūrimo procesas nėra koordinuojamas. Siekiant efektyvaus viešojo transporto optimizavimo ir sėkmingos sistemos organizavimo yra būtina nuolat atlikti keleivių tyrimus, aiškintis, koks yra gyventojų poreikis keliauti realiu laiku, kokiais tikslais jie keliauja. Problema: viešojo transporto sistema Kretingos rajono savivaldybėje yra neefektyvi. Tyrimo objektas: viešojo transporto sistema Kretingos rajono savivaldybėje. Tyrimo dalykas: viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimas Kretingos rajono savivaldybėje. Tyrimo tikslas: parengti viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimo modelį Kretingos rajono savivaldybėje. Uždaviniai: identifikuoti ir išanalizuoti viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimo principus, pagrįsti viešojo transporto sistemos pertvarkos poreikį, pateikti viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimo Kretingos rajono savivaldybėje modelį. Metodai: literatūros, dokumentų ir kitų šaltinių analizė, anketavimas, lyginamoji analizė, sisteminimas, grupavimas, grafinis vaizdavimas. Baigiamajame darbe pateikiami 22 paveikslai, 1 lentelė. Magistro darbą iš viso sudaro 65 psl. Suformuota pagrindinė išvada, kad reikia siekti viešojo transporto sistemos organizavimo vieningumo, stiprinti kontrolę ir gerinti teikiamų paslaugų kokybę., Public transport systems is relevant because the public transport is one of the priority sectors of economy, which is reflected in the country's development process. Public transport system in the organization is affected by the political environment, different political changes. Society unintentionally understand the purpose of public transport in the city. The cities public transport services, working in unison, there is no uniform system. E-ticket creation process is not coordinated. To ensure efficient public transport system optimization and successful organization it is necessary to carry out regular passenger surveys, to explain what the residents need to travel in real time, for what purpose they are traveling. Problem: The public transport system in Kretinga district municipality is ineffective. The object of research: the public transport system Kretinga district municipality. The subject of research: public transport schemes Kretinga district municipality. The aim: to develop public transport systems model of organization of the Kretinga district municipality. Objectives: To identify and analyze the public transport system organization principles, based on the public transport system reform need to provide public transport system organization Kretinga district municipality model. Methods: literature, documents and other sources of analysis, questionnaire, a comparative analysis of the organization, grouping, graphical presentation. The final work of the 22 figures, 1 table. Master's work at a total of 65 pages. It formed the main conclusion of the need for the public transport system in the organization of unity, strengthen controls and improve quality of service.

In 2012, the World Bank signed five agreements with MRDPA for advisory services, out of which one relates to the growth poles policy and to its improvement for the programming period 2014-2020. This agreement has three components: 1) an analysis of the growth poles policy, 2) energy efficiency studies for each growth pole; and 3) a review of the Integrated Development Plans prepared by the growth poles for the period 2007-2013. In this context, South Muntenia Regional Development Agency, through the coordinator of Ploiești Growth Pole, requested the World Bank, under a project funded by ERDF through the Technical Assistance Operational Program 2007-2013, to support the Growth Pole in implementing the recommendations stemming from the previous analysis with: 1) updating the Integrated Development Plan for 2014-2020; and 2) proposing an improved institutional framework for coordinating the planning, implementation and monitoring of projects under this plan. The current document of the Integrated Development Plan belonging to Ploiești Growth Pole was developed during the period 2008-2009 and approved and submitted to South Muntenia RDA in April 2010. It contains a total number of 93 projects with a total value of RON 5,136,143,583.91, out of which 762,515,322.81 are EU funds, and the remainder comes from the national budget and the beneficiaries’ own contribution. In the process of updating the plan, the implementation status of these projects will be studied further, while attention will be also given to the unimplemented projects in order to see whether they will be included in the documentation, depending on their response to the new development conditions of the growth pole.

Growth of towns is a result of citizen’s social and physical division. Urban planners and scientists have increased the number of links between urban transport and urban development. Public transport has been in the focus of attention as a sustainable and environmentally sensitive transport that brings environmental benefit and possibility to serve mobility needs of citizens without private cars and reduces social division. The article identifies the main factors that affect the use of public transport in town: land use planning; local government policy; extent of economic resources; implementation of modern technologies; social tendencies. Analysis of the scientific literature has revealed four main models of towns of sustainable urban forms: neo-traditional development, urban restrictions, compact town and ecological town. Vilnius has the formed urban and mono-functional structure with a high imbalance between residential and work places which conditions a high mobility of inhabitants as well as high concentration of transport flows on limited-density street networks between the western residential areas and the central part of the City where the main workplaces are located. It presents the provisions of the Vilnius City Master Plan 2015 concerning the public transport improvement. The article also assesses developments in the public transport network in 2003–2009 resulting from changes in individual routes with regard to passenger time necessary for traveling. Modelling is carried out with the help of VISUM software. Citizens of Buivydiškės and Santariškės are mostly affected by the developments, while the situation in Pavilnys, Aukštieji Paneriai and Tarandė has changed only slightly.

For this research, I developed a computer simulation system to estimate and evaluate the effect of the introduction of a new transport system. Specifically, I investigated the present traffic situation for the case study city, estimated the information related to the traffic situation and the public transport business management when the new public transport system is constructed, and evaluated the effect of the introduction based on this information. This computer system was constructed as a decision making support system that can be used along planners' trial and error process and have much applicability to the real planning process.

Efforts in Cape Town to bring about a fundamental transformation of the existing fragmented andrelatively dysfunctional public transport system to a comprehensively planned integrated rapid transitsystem, which includes the introduction of bus rapid transit services as a key component, have encounteredcertain institutionally embedded obstacles. This paper briefly outlines the nature of these problems,focusing in particular on the difficulties experienced in engaging with, and effectively incorporating,informal minibus-taxi operations which serve a significant segment of the citys public transport passengermarket. It seeks to draw out the main policy implications, as well lessons which might be takenup elsewhere, in other initiatives to address the differentiated mobilities and travel patterns which shapethe urban transport divide in many cities of the global South.

This document details the scope and the main elements of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) with the Republic of Botswana for FY16-20. The previous Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), considered by the Board on May 21, 2009 and completed in 2013 has built a solid foundation to design the new World Bank Group (WBG) program. The CPF supports the government’s ongoing National Development Plan (NDP10) that has recently been extended until 2017. It also reviews the new NDP11 now under preparation. The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) was completed after Botswana’s General Elections in October 2014. The SCD drew on all available research and benefited greatly from the series of stakeholder consultations conducted in the country between March and September, 2014. The report was well received by the national authorities and sent for information to the Board on March 31, 2015. The SCD identified the following priority development challenges: (a) despite rapidly declining poverty, low job creation keeps inequality extremely high; (b) with the weakening of traditional growth drivers, a new growth model is needed that is jobs-intensive, export-oriented, and private sector-driven; (c) despite broad and well-intentioned investment, inclusion barriers remain; (d) sustainability is threatened as resource vulnerability challenges long-term growth and inclusion.

This report, supported by the energy sector management assistance program (ESMAP), applies the tool for the rapid assessment of city energy (TRACE) to examine energy use in León, México. This study is one of three requested and conducted in 2013 by the World Bank Latin America and the Caribbean energy unit to begin a dialogue on energy efficiency (EE) potential in Latin America and Caribbean cities. In Puebla and León, TRACE helped the Mexican Secretary of Energy (SENER) develop an urban EE strategy. TRACE is a simple, practical tool for making rapid assessments of municipal energy use. It helps prioritize sectors that have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and identifies appropriate EE measures in six sectors - transport, municipal buildings, wastewater, streetlights, solid waste, and power and heat. Globally, the six are often managed by the cities which have substantial influence over public utility services. The study looked at six areas to determine the three that have the greatest savings potential and where the city has a significant degree of control: streetlights, solid waste, and municipal buildings.

Rapid urbanization in Ghana over the past three decades has coincided with rapid GDP growth. This has helped to create jobs, increase human capital, decrease poverty, and expand opportunities and improve living conditions for millions of Ghanaians. Ghana’s urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique: a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Ghana’s key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth through improvements in productivity and inclusion, rather than detracting from these goals. Many rising problems are related to efficiency and inclusion: these include slums, lack of basic services, underdeveloped manufacturing, and insufficient transport infrastructure.

The majority of the world is now urban. Cities are attracting people because they are centers for economic activity and can offer a higher quality of life: there are more jobs, more services available, transport options to move within the city, trade, knowledge exchange, and connections to other cities and countries. As a result, in 2050, two-thirds of the world population is expected to live in cities. Cities around the world are implementing innovative ideas to efficiently manage urbanization. They are facing challenges head on and placing themselves on a path toward sustainability. Increasingly, city governments are becoming empowered administratively and financially to be able to serve their growing populations, offering good public transport options, access to clean water, effective waste management, and other essential basic services. This booklet of case studies showcases cities in developing countries that are implementing bold ideas with the objective of achieving environmental, economic and social sustainability. In all the stories included, the World Bank Group has been able to work alongside the cities to help them meet their goals by offering a number of services. These case studies show what a wide variety of cities have achieved in this endeavor, with clear and measurable results. Cities have responded to the new challenges and opportunities of rapid urbanization by spurring innovation to improve services, create jobs, and enhance livability for future generations.

Bakgrund: Prestationsmätning är en viktig del av ekonomistyrning och mätningarna ser olika ut beroende på organisation. Inom offentlig verksamhet har intresset för prestationsmätning ökat i och med New Public Management-idéerna (NPM). NPM har bidragit till en ökad företagsekonomisk inriktning på offentlig styrning, där resurshushållning och effektivitet fått ett tydligare fokus. Prestationsmätning har tidigare främst förknippats med finansiella prestationer. Under 1980- och 90-talen ökade kritiken mot detta ensidigt finansiella intresse, företrädelsevis ur en företagskontext. Att även utföra icke-finansiell prestationsmätning, och att då ha en flerdimensionell styrning, framhölls allt oftare som ett sätt att få organisationer mer framgångsrika. En av de mest välkända styrmetoderna för detta synsätt är det balanserade styrkortet. Balanserade styrkort som flerdimensionell styrmetod är enligt vissa forskare lämpligt även för offentlig verksamhet. Andra forskare menar att offentlig verksamhet genom NPM och fokus på resurshushållning samt effektivitet i sig är endimensionellt. Kollektivtrafiken i Sverige tillhör den offentliga sektorn. Under senare år har kollektivtrafiken dragits med låg effektivitet samtidigt som branschen har som mål att fördubbla resandet. Hur väl balanserade är olika perspektiv inom kollektivtrafiken? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka befintlig perspektivbalans av de mått som används bland svenska kollektivtrafikhuvudmän samt att kartlägga faktiska prioriteringar mellan olika mål och mått. Metod: Till denna studie har det använts kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats, arbetsgången har varit parallell. Empirisk data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning som skickats ut till respondenter hos samtliga trafikhuvudmän i landet. Slutsats: Inom kollektivtrafiken finns det en relativt god balans mellan olika perspektiv, både i organisationer som uttalat använder sig av balanserade styrkort och de som uppger att de inte gör det. Enkätstudien visar att bland de fem perspektiv som studien utgått från är kundperspektivet och utvecklingsperspektivet de som används mest aktivt inom kollektivtrafiken. Det finansiella perspektivet och effektivitetsperspektivet är något man arbetar mindre med. Några enskilda mått som framstår som mest frekvent använda är antal resenärer, kundnöjdhet och att hålla sig inom budget. Studiens resultat visar att man arbetar mer aktivt med prestationsmätning inom organisationer som använder balanserat styrkort samt att trafikdirektörer arbetar mer aktivt med prestationsmätning jämfört med andra funktioner. Context: Measuring Performance is an important part of management control, as well as the manner in which these performance measurements are implemented in different organizations. Interest in measuring performance in the public sector has grown with the introduction of New Public Management (NPM). NPM has contributed to a more business-like way of dealing with public management, focusing on efficiency and resource management. Previously, performance measurements were mainly associated with financial performance. During the 1980s and 1990s, criticism arose against what was perceived as being companies focusing solely on financial performance. Complementing non-financial performance measurements were seen as way of bringing more prosperity to organizations. One of the most well-known multi-dimensional management methods is the balanced scorecard. According to some researchers, balanced scorecards are also suitable for public sector management, due to their multiple dimensions. Other research indicates that the influence of NPM and the focus on efficiency and resource management in this sector is one dimensional. The public transport sector in Sweden is partly funded by public finance and hence part of the public sector. During the last decade, public transport has lacked efficiency, while at the same time having a goal of doubling the number of passengers using its services. How balanced are the different perspectives in the public transport in Sweden? Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the balance between the different modes of performance measurement used within the Swedish public transport system. Secondly, this work aims to map the actual priorities of the different measurements used. Method: This study uses a quantitative method with a deductive approach; the work process has taken place in parallel. Empirical data has been collected by means of a web-based survey that has been sent out to respondents working in all the public transport authorities in Sweden. Conclusion: Within the Swedish public transport system, there is a relatively good balance between different perspectives; this pertains to both the organizations that use balanced scorecards and the non-users. This study shows that among the five researched viewpoints, the customer aspect and the development aspect are the aspects pursued most actively. The financial aspect and efficiency aim are pursued less actively. Single measurements that seem to be most actively used are the number of passengers, customer satisfaction and keeping within budget. The results also indicate that there is a more active work done with performance measurements within organizations, which use balanced scorecards and that traffic directors are using performance measurements more actively than other functions.

The integration of emergency and specialized transport rooting tools in the usual traffic control paradigms is one of the opportunities offered by modern intelligent traffic control systems. The research is connected with improvement of on – line traffic control and adaptation of special traffic lighting alternatives by ITS The task can be solved with the help of modern technical methods and equipment as well as applying control paradigms of the distributed systems. The problem is solved with the help of calculations hyper-graph and scheduling theory. The goal the research is to develop methods, which support scheduling of the emergency transport, using high performance computing.

Today´s society is facing many challenges, of which the biggest one is to continue to be globalized and at the same time sustainable. Thus, the search for alternatives to them, requires a never before experienced effort. The rapid expansion of cities in Brazil, put issues such as urban mobility on the agenda for discussion, raising problems such as traffic jams, traffic deaths, lack of infrastructure of roads, lack of security, insecurity in public transport that make locomotion unsafe act and stressful for the citizen. The public roads remain the same, the number of private cars grows in the streets and no brakes. Given the above and taking public transport as an outlet for mitigation of problems in the context of mobility is that this study evaluated the urban mobility in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, with regard to service and people´s access to the city´s public transport system through desk research, field and observational. The results of this study show that there must be a change in thinking of the general population. Need to understand that there is not a privilege but a right to move safely and comfortably within a city for all who compose it. Traffic routes are public goods and should be distributed according to the amount of people, not vehicles. The city should be designed for pedestrians, not for cars. The public transport has priority on the roads, then, allows the mass transport of the population. This should give security and comfort to its users. Thus, urban planning built together, demonstrates the people a service with transparency, accountability and the existence of a management based on democracy. It is hoped therefore that this research will be useful in the sphere of planning and management of the municipal territory, contributing as a monitoring tool of urban mobility, seeking to present paths to sustainable urban development of the city of Aracaju. A sociedade atual se encontra diante de vários desafios dos quais o maior deles seja continuar sendo globalizada e ao mesmo tempo sustentável. Desse modo, a busca por alternativas a eles, exige um esforço nunca antes experimentado. A acelerada expansão das cidades, no Brasil, colocou temas como a mobilidade urbana em pauta para discussões, levantando problemas como engarrafamentos, morte no trânsito, falta de infraestrutura das vias, ausência de segurança, precariedade nos transportes públicos que torna o ato de locomoção inseguro e estressante para o cidadão. As vias públicas continuam as mesmas e o número de veículos particulares aumenta cada vez mais. Diante do exposto, e tendo o transporte público como uma saída para a mitigação de problemas no âmbito da mobilidade é que este trabalho avaliou a mobilidade urbana da cidade de Aracaju, Sergipe, no tocante ao serviço e acesso da população ao sistema de transporte público da cidade, através da pesquisa documental, de campo e observacional. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que deve haver uma mudança no modo de pensar da população de modo geral. Precisa-se entender que, não existe privilégio, mas o direito de se transitar com segurança e conforto no âmbito de uma cidade para todos os que a compõe. As vias de circulação são bens públicos e devem ser distribuídas de acordo com a quantidade de pessoas, não de veículos. A cidade deve ser pensada para os pedestres, não para os carros. O transporte coletivo tem prioridade nas vias, pois, permite o transporte em massa da população devendo dar segurança e conforto aos seus usuários. Assim, o planejamento urbano construído em conjunto, demonstra para a população um serviço prestado com transparência, responsabilidade e a existência de uma gestão baseada na democracia. Espera-se, portanto, que essa pesquisa seja útil na esfera do planejamento e gestão do território municipal, contribuindo como uma ferramenta de monitoramento da mobilidade urbana, procurando apresentar caminhos para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável da cidade de Aracaju.

Part 7: Networking; International audience; In this paper, we consider the problem of finding itineraries in bus networks under multiple independent optimization criteria, namely arrival time at destination and number of transfers. It is also allowed to walk from one stop to another if the two stops are located within a small distance. A time–dependent model is proposed to solve this problem. While focusing on the network where the size of the Pareto set in the multi–criteria shortest path problem might grow exponentially, we develop an efficient algorithm with its speed–up techniques. An evaluation on the qualities of found paths and the empirical results of different implementations are given. The results show that the allowance of walking shortcuts between nearby stops gives a better route planning.

Various transport-related agencies and local governments develop their respective transport plans or strategies to address bottlenecks and improve outcomes in the transport sector. However, to be able to bring a more focused or targeted intervention that is more inclusive, these various strategies need to focus on establishing interconnectivity between key urban growth centers and between lagging and fast-growing regions, and creating supporting institutions that promote greater integration. Upon the request of the National Economic and Development Authority, a framework plan was developed to provide policy-makers with a strategic framework to help identify the transport needs of the Philippines and guide in implementing an integrated, more coordinated approach to establishing stronger transport infrastructure linkages to support the country’s inclusive growth agenda. The framework plan was developed under the guidance of a vision and goals developed by stakeholders across the Philippines. This comprehensive vision can be summarized as ‘Bringing us all closer together for prosperity.’ The geographic focus of the Framework Plan includes all of the Philippines outside of Metro Manila. This Framework Plan does not replicate the work being done by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for Metro Manila (the JICA study covers Metro Manila with an approximate radius of 100 kilometers and is being conducted to evaluate specific transport infrastructure projects for the Metro Manila area). Future improvements and needs of transportation infrastructure to meet the demand for long-distance transport to and from Metro Manila and to other urban/economic centers in the Philippines are considered; nevertheless, national-level strategies recommended in this study affect all areas of the Philippines.

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. While this work focuses on the growth poles in Romania, the analysis was limited to the boundary of the center city of Brasov, due to the difficulty of collecting individual indicators for all the constituent localities of a metropolitan area. The report details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, parking restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, street lighting timing program, and active leakage of water and pressure management.

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in Timisoara in April 2013 and outlines ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. It details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, parking restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, street lighting timing program, and active leakage of water and pressure management.

The main impetus for this report (and for the reports prepared for the other six growth poles) is a request received from the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration. The request came within the context of on-going preparations for the 2014-2020 programming period, with energy efficiency being one the major themes of the Europe 2020 strategy, and a critical priority for all EU member countries. Within Romania, local authorities that will want to access energy efficiency funds under the 2014-2020 Regional Operational Program will need to first prepare energy efficiency strategies. The TRACE tool is specifically targeted at local authorities, and is a good instrument for drafting such strategies after the 1989 Revolution; Romania began its transition from a centralized system to a market-run economy. Today the country is a member of the European Union (EU) and NATO. After more than a decade of economic restructuring and political change, the country has taken significant steps to catch up with the economic performance of more developed EU countries. Although radical reforms brought about significant changes, the standard of living of Romanians is still behind the EU average. Cluj-Napoca (Cluj) is one of cities where such disparities are less pronounced, as the region is more developed and prosperous than most regions in the country. Cluj has developed quite well in the past few years, and it has become one of the most flourishing cities in the country, having a good growing potential. At present, the city is an important economic center, home to several local brands that have become famous nationwide as well as in Europe. Moreover, Cluj is known today as the 'capital' of the IT sector in the country, due to an aggressive expansion of this field in recent years.