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The interest in the social inclusion of the child escalates in the conditions of transition, as the state of society and the well-being of future generations depend on and determine the peculiarities of its course. Given the fact that the modern age has its own ways of regulating, preserving, reproducing and developing social life, it is strongly argued that it is important to discuss its features. The focus is on social changes that give rise to atypical interventions in childhood. The social development of the "I" is characterized as a complex long process, given the complex form of internalization. Within the framework of primary socialization, preschool age is unique in laying the foundations for personality formation. The process of realization of the "I" in society depends on the characteristics of communication in the parent subsystem. It mediates the social perception formed in the child, provokes his/her activity and is the main criterion for adequate socialization. Parents are the first social reality that resists and openly opposes the satisfaction of children's instinctive desires. This experience on the part of the child is a kind of a "feedback" for the immature "I" about the interactions between them and the "significant others". This is a way for the child to differentiate itself from them, to feel like an independent "I" - with its own desires, intentions, goals. The socializing effect of parental behavior in childhood enables the child to build their own identity by developing a motivational environment for communication. This article proposes a model for constructive communication in the parent subsystem, oriented towards affective adaptation of preschool children. In the context of the proposed model, social conflict and social integration are considered as socializing procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article develops an explanation of corporal punishment (CP) as an expression of family violence by developing a multi-level, conciliatory model of human behavior. The synthesis builds upon a review of the relevant analytic approaches and empirical evidence spanning multiple levels of human behavior to include five interrelated frameworks: (1) behavioral investment; (2) socialization; (3) cultural justification; (4) social location; and (5) societal context. The analytic levels highlight the various explanatory principles that address questions relevant mainly to investigators who study behavior in terms of different levels of informational complexity. The paper outlines the most important factors that shape the use and non-use of CP within family settings. The model identifies key ontogenetic and biophysiological factors linked to the fitness of parents' offspring, along with primary socialization processes and cultural justification mechanisms that increase the probability of the intergenerational transmission of violence. In addition, the model identifies the sociological dimensions of family relationships and the importance of social locational variables in shaping parental usage of CP, as well as the importance of communities and institutions as situated within sociocultural contexts. The main conclusion suggests that to understand and explain more fully why human beings use violence in the context of familial relationships—including corporal punishment practices—analysts must consider the different influences and possible impacts of factors across all five levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study conducted by Austrian zoologist Konrad Lorenz on primary socialization in birds. Lorenz first recognized the phenomenon of imprinting which deals with the stamped experiences of infant animals and related it to primary socialization. He emphasized the importance of imprinting in establishing a preference for a particular specie and pointed out that there is a critical period during which imprinting takes place. Results show that every animal has a short period in life in which it forms a primary social relationship with its environment and not just on its parents. Moreover, the process of forming relationship differs in different species of animals and is strongly related to the adult society they live.

Copyright of Población & Sociedad is the property of Población & Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A recurrent critique towards socialization theory is its emphasis on stability and disregard for change. Some case studies in the YARG project, particularly that of Ghana, do indeed point to the central role and influence that young adults ascribe to their primary socialization agents. In these contexts, personal religiosity is described as being in accordance with the values of parents and family, making religious transmission from one generation to another appear like a seamless affair. However, data from these contexts also point to how secondary socialization agents, such as peers, media and secular education, play a central role for how young adults maintain their personal religiosity. The aim of this paper is to analyze how young adults in Ghana, India and Poland describe the role of primary socialization agents on their religiosity, but also, to critically discern this influence as against that of secondary socialization agents. This article builds on both survey and interview data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and eating habits contribute to gender differentiation. This article aims to empirically explore gender and food-related socialization of transgender individuals. We contemplate food and gender socialization of transgender individuals as an ongoing, productive process across the life course. To investigate food habits of transgender individuals four biographical interviews were conducted with trans persons. The empirical results show that trans persons orient themselves toward the social ideas concerning their lived gender. During primary socialization through the family, the sex assigned at birth initially manifests itself in the adaptation of socially normed sets of rules regarding gender and eating habits. During the transition to the opposite gender, food serves as a means of creating a gendered body that corresponds to the social ideals of a female or male body. Accordingly, food is a means of expressing conformity to societal ideas of gender. With our first insights we explore possible avenues for future research into transgender food cultures. For example, the congruence of inner and outer reality, but also the role of the body in food habits might need more attention. In addition, further food research could consider non-binary gender paradoxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alcohol dependency is a multifaceted issue influenced by various socio-cultural factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective psychosocial interventions. This study aims to investigate the socio-cultural elements contributing to alcohol dependency and to devise a tailored intervention strategy. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to explore the socio-cultural factors associated with alcohol dependency in a female patient and to provide a psychosocial intervention to aid in her recovery. Methodology: A single-subject case study design was employed for an in-depth qualitative analysis. Data was collected through interviews, case record files, observations, and home visits. The participant was a female with Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ICD-10), selected purposefully from the outpatient department of LGBRIMH, Tezpur, Assam, India. The study focused on recognizing the client's illness and developing coping mechanisms. Special attention was given to the client's spiritual beliefs and practices at her thaan (religious prayer house) as a central element of her recovery process. Conclusion: The study highlighted the significance of socio-cultural factors in understanding and treating alcohol dependency. It was found that acculturation and cultural shifts could contribute to psychological stress and substance use disorder. Conversely, cultural identification and spirituality emerged as personal strengths aiding in recovery. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating socio-cultural dimensions into psychosocial interventions for effective treatment of alcohol dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio J. Paedagogia-Psychologia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While a great diversity of values is attributed to nature, the usual social determinants, such as socioprofessional category, age or gender, have proven to be of little explanatory value. This article explores the role of socialization, and more specifically of primary socialization, in the type of value that individuals assign to nature. The investigation took place in the sub-Antarctic islands: there, nature is valued in a non-utilitarian and non-market context, which allows for the expression of a wide range of values. We have analyzed the correspondence between the forms of socialization of individuals to nature and the values they assign to it. The main distinction puts into tension two instances of primary socialization: families and peer groups. Families lead to a dominant and abstract evaluation of nature whereas peer groups lead to an egalitarian and concrete evaluation. On the other hand, those who were not socialized to nature in childhood tend to emphasize the the self-esteem provided by their adult experience of nature. Although the majority of trajectories are linear, reinforcements or alterations are possible, showing that certain forms of secondary socialisation can change the values attributed to nature.

The Botswana Children's Act of 2009, African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child call for child protection. However, children continue to be exposed to disciplinary practices that do not conform to these legal frameworks. They are exposed to practices that negatively impact on child welfare and development. Using data from a qualitative study, the paper explores disciplinary practices that 15 low-income women were exposed to in their childhood in their homes. Face to face narrative interviews were used. The findings indicate that in the primary socialization setting, common disciplinary practices included violent physical and psychological discipline. Based on the African Ubuntu perspective, the findings illustrate that there was no sympathetic social relations between the women and their guardians. The paper concludes by providing recommendations such as provision of education, school social work and change in the law to promote child protection, children's rights and positive child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents as primary socialization agents have a major influence on the development of children. The facilities that can be used to maximize child development are libraries. Libraries are information centers that help meet information needs. This research aims to identify information behavior of children using public libraries in Taiwan and Indonesia and the role of parents as a child's primary socialization agents for library utilization. This study was conducted in Taichung City-Taiwan and Surabaya-Indonesia. Both cities are cities of literation and the second largest cities in each country. The libraries provided in both cities have special services for children. The method used is descriptive research with purposive sampling. The samples were parents who had invited their children to the library at least 2 times in the last month. Questionnaires were given directly to parents in the children's library services. The number of respondents was 200 respondents: 100 in Taichung-Taiwan and 100 in Surabaya-Indonesia. In addition to the collection of primary data through questionnaires, data collection was also conducted via interviews with the library staff, library website, and other secondary data. The results of this study show that the role of parents is very significant to increase child's interest in reading through the use of libraries. Therefore, it is necessary for libraries to invite parents to socialize the utilization of the library to meet the information needs of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France, for the 2015/2016 season, there were 103,276 female members of the French Football Federation and 1,606,669 male members. This article proposes an overview and a perspective of the works situated at the confluence of the sociology of socialization and the sociology of sport to inform in a different way the question of the transmission of taste, knowledge, habits, dispositions leading to the practice of football or to non-practice. After justifying the choice to focus on primary socialization, it analyzes the weight of family socialization in the transmission of football, socialization by peers but also that provided by the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality develops during early childhood (0–3 years). As early childhood education is becoming a generalized trend worldwide, this means that school or secondary socialization overlaps with family or primary socialization during this key developmental stage. While conflict is fundamental in socialization, conflicts between peers are particularly important in secondary socialization. Our research aims to assess the educational management of conflicts between children in the Pikler-Lóczy educational approach. The choice of Observational Methodology entailed the design of an ad hoc instrument based on relevant theoretical framework and suitable to systematize the proposed observation. Quality control analyses show satisfactory agreement levels while results of data analyses indicate the existence of particular individual actions and relational behaviors in children depending on their role in the conflict: victim or instigator. Additionally, educators' intervention is adjusted to each child or situation and mainly focuses on behavior regulation and perspective taking, hence, promoting healthy early socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals for Istrian & Mediterranean Studies / Annales: Series Historia et Sociologia is the property of Historical Society of Southern Primorska of Koper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: We test the effects of four policy scenarios on recruitment into organized crime. The policy scenarios target (i) organized crime leaders and (ii) facilitators for imprisonment, (iii) provide educational and welfare support to children and their mothers while separating them from organized-crime fathers, and (iv) increase educational and social support to at-risk schoolchildren. Methods: We developed a novel agent-based model drawing on theories of peer effects (differential association, social learning), social embeddedness of organized crime, and the general theory of crime. Agents are simultaneously embedded in multiple social networks (household, kinship, school, work, friends, and co-offending) and possess heterogeneous individual attributes. Relational and individual attributes determine the probability of offending. Co-offending with organized crime members determines recruitment into the criminal group. All the main parameters are calibrated on data from Palermo or Sicily (Italy). We test the effect of the four policy scenarios against a baseline no-intervention scenario on the number of newly recruited and total organized crime members using Generalized Estimating Equations models. Results: The simulations generate realistic outcomes, with relatively stable organized crime membership and crime rates. All simulated policy interventions reduce the total number of members, whereas all but primary socialization reduce newly recruited members. The intensity of the effects, however, varies across dependent variables and models. Conclusions: Agent-based models effectively enable to develop theoretically driven and empirically calibrated simulations of organized crime. The simulations can fill the gaps in evaluation research in the field of organized crime and allow us to test different policies in different environmental contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study explored the relationship between social support, community connections, self-esteem, and culture on misuse in American Indian youth. Methods: The study team developed a culturally-responsive 16-question survey for American Indian youth ages 12–20 living in six American Indian communities in the Great Plains Region of the United States. The study was grounded in primary socialization theory and variables were explored using regression models. Results: A total of 565 American Indian youth completed the participant survey between January 2016 and August 2017. The present study found that community connections were negatively associated with marijuana use in American Indian youth. Higher community connection scores were associated with higher social support and self-esteem scores. Conclusions: Tribally-led prevention initiatives can fill an important socio-behavioral prevention gap by facilitating social support opportunities for American Indian youth who may not have adequate support from immediate family or friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the socialization and occupational identity of undergraduate music education majors enrolled in traditional preservice teacher education programs. Preservice music teachers (N = 578) from 30 randomly sampled institutions completed a 128-item questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables, and factor analysis was used to explore the underlying structure of occupational identity. Correlational and regression analyses revealed relationships among socialization influences and occupational identity. Descriptive findings surrounding various aspects of primary and secondary socialization revealed that parents, school music teachers, and private lesson instructors exerted a positive influence on student decisions related to participating in music and pursuing a music education career. Factor analysis results indicated that occupational identity consisted of three constructs: musician identity, self-perceived teacher identity, and teacher identity as inferred from others. Correlations between secondary socialization and occupational identity were slightly stronger than those between primary socialization and occupational identity, and influential experiences were more predictive of occupational identity than influential people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociedad e Infancias is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitisü Dergisi is the property of Adiyaman University, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I bring Berger and Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality into conversation with the relatively new subfield of the sociology of the senses to argue that greater attentiveness to sensory perception can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of the social construction of reality. When read with this sensitization, one finds implicit references to the senses throughout their discussion, but nowhere is sensory perception explicitly theorized as a part of the social construction process. Drawing specifically on their analysis of primary socialization, face-to-face interaction, language and relevance structures, and the fundamental dialectic of externalization, objectivation, and internalization, I demonstrate that processes of perceptual construction – specifically sensory attention and disattention – are key mechanism of social construction underlying many of Berger and Luckmann’s arguments. A more explicit focus on sensory perception not only clarifies and strengthens many of their observations, but also constitutes a renewal of their important call to examine the processes of social construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Communication plays an important role in health decisions and behaviors. Friends and family exert influence through communication and, when considering smoking, this is particularly salient among those friends and family who smoke. Guided by primary socialization theory and integrated behavioral model, the present study examined the effects of having smoking friends and family on smoking beliefs (e.g. negative consequences, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement), cultural normative beliefs, pro-smoking injunctive norms, smoking intentions and recent smoking behaviors. Design/methodology/approach: Cross-sectional online survey data were collected from college students (N = 227). Multivariate analysis of covariance and path analysis were performed. Findings: College students who reported having smoking friends were more likely to report higher levels of positive reinforcement, cultural normative beliefs, pro-smoking injunctive norms, positive attitudes, smoking intentions and recent smoking behaviors than those without smoking friends. Frequent communication with smoking friends was significantly related to cultural normative beliefs, pro-smoking injunctive norms, positive attitudes and smoking intentions. The analysis, however, did not yield statistical support for the associations between frequent communication with smoking family and smoking perceptions, norms and behaviors. Originality/value: The present study highlights the vital roles of friends' influence for college students' smoking behaviors. Communication-based intervention can help better equip college students with communication strategies that prevent tobacco use by promoting more effective conversations with friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is notoriously difficult to reduce norms to empirical phenomena. If they are defined in terms of normative language or emotions, the problem is how to distinguish normative from non-normative language or emotions, and this requires an independent concept of normativity. But normativity is as difficult to reduce to empirical phenomena as norms are. A solution may be to make the psychoanalytical assumption that human animals develop normativity through their interactions with their caregivers, whom they conceive to have features that monotheisms ascribe to God. Normative or superegoic emotions can be understood as the unconscious reexperience of early infantile interactions with one's own "godlike" caregiver. Based on this approach, three types of normative emotions can be distinguished: first, sadistic superegoic emotions, where individuals unconsciously reexperience their caregiver as authorizing their reactive aggression (anger), proactive aggression (indignation), and her displays of disgust (superegoic disgust); second, masochistic superegoic emotions, where one unconsciously reexperiences one's own infantile experience of having hurt one's own caregiver (guilt), or being disgusting to them (shame); and third, narcissistic emotions, including one's unconscious reexperience of the infantile experience of believing to be able to measure up to the model represented by one's caregiver. This approach raises the question of whether non-human animals can experience superegoic emotions. The answer depends on whether they underwent some form of primary socialization; if not, at most, forms of proto-normativity may be found in them such as unsocialized reactive aggression (protoanger) and unsocialized proactive aggression (proto-indignation). The possibility for domesticated non-human animals to have superegoic emotions other than those found in human animals (para-guilt) is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate time use of housework for all members of family households, especially focusing on how time allocation varied by siblings' gender composition. Background: Three knowledge gaps were addressed: the allocation of housework time between all family members; children's contributions to housework, focusing on the relevance of sibling structure; and the differences in time allocation of housework by parental education within family households. The study contributes to the understanding of the family as the primary socialization environment and the foundations of gender inequality of unpaid work time in the life course and in society. Methods: 478 four‐person households were sampled from the German Time Use Study from 2001/2002 and 2012/2013. Using information from 3,743 time diaries, absolute and relative time use for total housework on Mondays through Fridays was analyzed according to siblings' gender composition, applying linear regression. Results: Mothers and daughters spent more time on housework in shared family households than fathers and sons. Total housework time was lowest in households with two sons and highest in households with two daughters. Older daughters spent more time on housework than younger daughters, and sons with a sister spent more time on housework than sons with a brother, regardless of the birth order. Parents' education had no impact on the time allocation in this sample. Conclusion: Children's gender plays a role in their interaction with their parents, and both gender identity at the individual level and the dyadic gender compositions of families must be considered when explaining the household allocation of housework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the effects of childhood circumstances and conditions on the risk of exclusion from social relations in old age, using a life-course perspective and examining gender influence. Secondary analysis of SHARE. Weak and inconsistent consequences of the primary socialization context were found, however, in many cases, the expected effect is missing or contradictory. No impacts on the structure of the family of origin were found. For men, we often found a small, but significant effect of physical aspects of childhood living. For women, the cultural capital of family of origin and the quality of relations with parents seem to have a greater effect. Findings suggest that life-long resilience factors play an important role in the process of counterbalancing childhood living conditions. Early socialization consequences will not necessarily lead to ESR at old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fight for legitimacy, understanding the rules of status games is critical. This idea holds true in the wedding marketplace. However, when legalization of marriage for same-sex couples disrupted the binary wedding script, the rules of the game became less clear to consumers. Couples sometimes found their gendered bodies, roles, and expressions were out of sync with the evolving script of a destabilized wedding field, thus raising legitimacy questions. This situation is defined as hysteresis—meaning delays in the realignment between habitus and the field. Hysteresis results in consumers' disorientation about what forms of capital are valued as well as perceived absences of materials or recognition from the market. This study investigates consumers' attempts to mobilize gendered capital to resolve hysteresis through realignment of habitus and the script. Grounded in a Bourdieuian field-level analysis of depth interviews with 30 same-sex couples and ethnographic observation in the wedding field, four consumption alignment strategies are identified that consumers leverage to address hysteresis: confronting, masking, collaborating, and experimenting. Consumers' variations in gendered capital explain which consumption alignment strategies they use, with different possibilities for updating habitus and expanding the script. Throughout this process, consumers' moral judgments hinder this pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmopolitanism is often cast as an elite cultural orientation and as a privileged disposition to an increasingly globalized marketplace, instigated by, and lived through, mobility. But how does cosmopolitanism evolve among consumers at intersectional subordinate positions of power? This article analyzes the emergence of cosmopolitanism through a 9 year longitudinal extended case study of female migrants with low levels of resources. Through the deployment of a Bourdieusian framework, cosmopolitanism is theorized to evolve through processes set in motion by the experience of mismatch and subsequent alignment between new social contexts and existing socialized dispositions (hysteresis). The experience of hysteresis caused by mobility can lead to a habitus with traits of cosmopolitanism. The emergence of a cosmopolitan habitus can result in a sense of emancipation, but it also engenders new subordinate positions within intersectional systems of power. The outcome of this process is labeled dominated cosmopolitanism, representing a more nuanced version of cosmopolitanism that incorporates various systems of power. The analysis has implications for acculturation studies in consumption contexts characterized by low-resource endowments and provides new insights into the processual nature of the constitution of social systems of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing is the property of Institute of Sociology NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Special Treatment / Különleges Bánásmód is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)