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By examining the econometric interrelationships of rice export prices of India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the U.S. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, this study examines the most influential rice-exporting countries in the international rice export market. The sampled countries are the source of more than 80% of the global rice exports. In the process, this study relies on online data portals of the United Nations and country-level sources for aromatic and non-aromatic rice export price information from India, Pakistan, and Thailand. This study employed the Prais-Winsten and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) estimation processes with the error correction procedure. Combining the findings from both models, this study concludes that in terms of interactions, the non-aromatic long-grain rice price of the U.S. and the aromatic rice price of Pakistan are the most correlated prices in the international rice market. Considering the number of countries influenced by the price of a given country, our results indicate that Vietnam is the price leader in the non-aromatic long-grain market, followed by Argentina, Brazil, and India. India, the largest exporter, is the fourth top price leader. In the case of aromatic rice, Thailand is the absolute leader. Many countries in Asia and Africa rely on rice imports to meet domestic demand, where the food security situation is already precarious. Based on the findings, this study suggests closely monitoring rice production and export trends of Vietnam, Argentina, Brazil, India and Thailand to provide early warning when necessary to better manage supply shocks in the international rice market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When shopping for gadgets online, a person often feels worried if their shopping activity ends in fraud. Lack of confidence in online shopping is experienced by some consumers which makes them no longer want to buy gadgets on online shopping sites. The risk of buying a gadget in online shopping is huge. Starting from the risk of goods being damaged during shipment, theft, goods not arriving and much more. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the influence of the price, risk and claims of shipping insurance on the decision to buy gadgets in E-commerce. This research uses quantitative methods with double linear regression analysis. Research results show that prices influence purchasing decisions, risks influence purchase decisions, and insurance claims influence buying decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business world has become increasingly competitive lately. Business people must optimize their organizational performance to compete in the global market amidst an increasingly tight competitive environment. MSMEs or micro, small and medium enterprises are very important for economic growth and development in both industrial and developing countries, such as Indonesia. MSMEs have a function in Indonesia apart from contributing to economic growth and development. UMKM Banderk Sergai is a product business in the form of packaged instant bandrek herbal drinks that has been running since 2013. This UMKM has consumers who make repeat purchases from various cities starting from Aceh, Tebing Tinggi, Sei Rampah, Perbaungan, Lubuk Pakam, Tanjung Morawa, Medan, Deli Tua, and Binjai and there are still fluctuations in Banderk Sergai MSMEs as seen through income from 2018-2022. This research uses quantitative methods using a sample of 102 consumers at Bandrek Sergei MSMEs. The results of this finding are that repurchase decisions are strongly influenced by price and service quality, but not by trust. Then, although service quality has a big impact on customer happiness, price and trust have little effect on it. Repurchase decisions are also significantly influenced by customer satisfaction. Finally, although service quality and trust do not have a significant effect on consumer satisfaction through repeat purchase decisions, price has a significant positive effect on satisfaction. So the suggestion from this research is that Bandreak Sergai MSMEs should further improve service and trust to consumers regarding the products offered so that they continue to increase sales and consumers from Bandrek Sergai MSMEs continue to make repeat purchases in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of globalization, the development of the business world is increasingly rapid. One of them is business in the fashion sector. This business cannot be separated from global influence due to a situation that forces developing countries to follow the fashion of developed countries. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of brand image, price, location and product quality on customer satisfaction with used clothing at the Monja Horas Aek Tapa Rantauprapat shop. The results of the research show that brand image, price, location and product quality on used clothing customer satisfaction at the Monja Horas Aek Tapa Rantauprapat store have a significant effect on customer satisfaction partially and simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine service quality, price and costumer trust in interest in goods delivery services at local expedition companies in the city of Pontianak. The population in this study were all existing users of local expedition company services and the sample was determined using the Purposive Sampling method. The form of research is a form of causality research with data collection techniques using questionnaires. The analytical method used in this research is the rating scale method which is processed on a computer using the SPSS version 25 program. Data testing is carried out using validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation), correlation tests, coefficient tests determination, multiple linear regression test, F test and t test. Based on the test results (Test F), it shows that the variables of service quality, price and customer trust influence consumer buying interest. Partial test results (t test) show that service quality does not influence costumer buying interest, but price and costumer trust influence interest in using the company's goods delivery services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing mix is a tactical tool for companies in establishing a strong position in the market. The marketing mix combines four main elements: product, price, place, and promotion, to achieve the company's marketing goals and provide value to consumers. This article outlines the importance of each element in achieving optimal sales levels. Through data collection and analysis methods, it is concluded that effective implementation of the marketing mix can increase sales and the company's position in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is about purchasing decisions for Pantai Indah Kapuk 1 housing in Indonesia and this study aims to determine location, promotion and price analysis of housing purchase decisions at Pantai Indah Kapuk 1 and the respondents who are the owners of Pantai Indah Kapuk 1 housing. This research is descriptive quantitative. Primary data and secondary data obtained. Secondary data was obtained from various sources such as journalists, books and other related primary publication data obtained by distributing questionnaires to the target respondents. Determining the number of samples using purposive sampling technique and will be distributed via Google form to at least 150 respondents obtained. The results showed that location has a significant positive relationship with purchasing decisions, promotion has a significant positive relationship with purchasing decisions, and price has a significant positive relationship with purchasing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Data Sources Study Design Data Extraction Methods Principal Findings Conclusions To examine the impact of “cross‐market” hospital mergers on prices and quality and the extent to which serial acquisitions contribute to any measured effects.2009–2017 commercial claims from the Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI) and quality measures from Hospital Compare.Event study models in which the treated group consisted of hospitals that acquired hospitals further than 50 miles, and the control group was hospitals that were not part of any merger activity (as a target or acquirer) during the study period.We extracted data for 214 treated hospitals and 955 control hospitals.Six years after acquisition, cross‐market hospital mergers had increased acquirer prices by 12.9% (CI: 0.6%–26.6%) relative to control hospitals, but had no discernible impact on mortality and readmission rates for heart failure, heart attacks and pneumonia.For serial acquirers, the price effect increased to 16.3% (CI: 4.8%–29.1%). For all acquisitions, the price effect was 21.8% (CI: 4.6%–41.7%) when the target's market share was greater than the acquirer's market share versus 9.7% (CI: −0.5% to 20.9%) when the opposite was true. The magnitude of the price effect was similar for out‐of‐state and in‐state cross‐market mergers.Additional evidence on the price and quality effects of cross‐market mergers is needed at a time when over half of recent hospital mergers have been cross‐market. To date, no hospital mergers have been challenged by the Federal Trade Commission on cross‐market grounds. Our study is the third to find a positive price effect associated with cross‐market mergers and the first to show no quality effect and how serial acquisitions contribute to the price effect. More research is needed to identify the mechanism behind the price effects we observe and analyze price effect heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sarcomas are a group of rare heterogeneous neoplasms of mesenchymal origin. Despite attendant difficulties in study of such disease states, there has been at least one US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) treatment approval for sarcomas in 8 of the last 11 years since 2013. The relative costs, as well as trends in the marketplace, for medications approved for sarcoma have heretofore been unexplored. Given the expansion of medical treatments for sarcoma subtypes in the past decade, it is vital to assess the current status of the landscape to better comprehend achieved successes, challenges, and future directions. Herein, we provide an overview of some of the trends in FDA approvals as well as their associated costs and correlations with incidence as well as outcomes. Sarcomas represent a diverse set of both malignant and benign subtypes consisting of often rare and ultra-rare conditions. Over the course of the last decade, there have been numerous FDA approvals for agents treating various sarcoma subtypes. Given this burgeoning landscape of sarcoma treatments, we seek to review current FDA-approved agents with respect to their rates of incidence, approval rates, and financial costs. We gathered clinical trial data by searching FDA approval announcements from 2013 to 2023. We determined the 30 day and one year cost of therapy for patients of FDA-approved sarcoma treatments in the aforementioned timeframe. From 2013 to 2023, 14 medications have been FDA-approved for sarcoma subtypes. The 30-day dosing prices for these medications range from $11,162.86 to $46,926.00. Since 2013, the rates of approval for sarcoma medications have been higher than in prior decades. Nonetheless, there remains the potential for significant financial toxicity for patients living with sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) has the potential to address some of the societal concerns regarding intensive livestock production, such as those with regard to animal health and welfare. However, information on the attitudes of consumers towards PLF is scarce. An online survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment was conducted in Flanders, Belgium to determine whether type of animal health monitoring (visual assessment without PLF, PLF at group level, PLF at individual animal level), animal welfare label (4 levels) and price influence the preference for filet mignon of consumers. In total, 454 respondents participated in the survey, of which 250 purchased filet mignon themselves. The characteristics gender, frequency of buying filet mignon, attitude towards organic and attitude towards welfare labels affected the utility (or "preferences") of the meat. The utility was highest for female respondents, for respondents who bought filet mignon less than once a month, for those who consciously bought organic meat and those with a positive attitude towards labels guaranteeing animal welfare and health. The utility of filet mignon was not affected by the type of animal health monitoring, whereas animal welfare label and price had a significant effect. Respondents were willing to pay more for filet mignon carrying a welfare label, ranging from 15.2 €/kg (Label 1) up to 18.1 €/kg (Label 3) compared to a reference price of 12 €/kg (No label). For the use of PLF for automated health monitoring, it should be further researched if consumers are neutral towards the use of PLF, or whether the technology might be relatively unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) incentivizes drug development for rare diseases with limited sales potential. Partial orphans—drugs used to treat rare and common diseases—frequently turn into multi-billion dollar blockbusters. This study analyzes partial orphan cancer drugs' development, approval, and economics. 170 drugs with US Food and Drug Administration approval for 455 cancer indications were identified (2000-2021). 110 full, 22 partial, and 38 non-orphan drugs were compared regarding their approval, benefits, trials, epidemiology, price, beneficiaries, and spending with data from regulatory documents, Global Burden of Disease study, and Medicare and Medicaid. Full orphans, relative to partial and non-orphans, were more frequently monotherapies for hematologic cancers supported by smaller single-arm trials treating diseases with a lower incidence and higher severity. The time from first to second indication approval was 1 year shorter for partial than full orphans. Full orphans offered a greater overall survival (median: 4.0 vs 2.8 vs 2.8 months, P <.001) and progression-free survival benefit (median: 5.1 vs 2.5 vs 3.6 months, P <.001). Monthly prices were higher for full and partial than non-orphan drugs (median: $17 177 vs $13 284 vs $12 457, P <.001). Beneficiaries (8790 vs 4390 vs 1730) and spending ($570 vs $305 vs $156 million) per drug were greater for partial than non-and full orphans. Although partial orphans' benefits, trials, and economics are more similar to non-than full orphans, they receive all of the ODA's benefits and are swiftly extended to new indications; resulting in greater spending. A maximum ODA revenue/patient threshold could limit expenditure on partial orphans. • The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) incentivizes drug development for rare diseases with limited sales potential. However, orphan drugs frequently turn into multi-billion dollar blockbusters, particularly those used to treat rare and common diseases: "partial orphans." • This is the first study to analyze the development, US Food and Drug Administration approval, epidemiology, and economics of full, partial, and non-orphan cancer drugs. • We show that the clinical benefit, trials, and epidemiology of partial orphan cancer drugs are more similar to non-orphans than full orphans. • However, partial orphans receive all of the ODA's incentives and are swiftly extended to new indications; resulting in greater prices, beneficiaries, and gross spending. • Establishing a maximum revenue threshold for the ODA's benefits alongside indication-specific pricing could reduce expenditure on partial orphan drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to propose a risk-induced game theoretic forecasting model to predict average daily rate (ADR) under COVID-19, using an advanced recurrent neural network. Design/methodology/approach: Using three data sets from upper-midscale hotels in three locations (i.e. urban, interstate and suburb), from January 1, 2018, to August 31, 2020, three long-term, short-term memory (LSTM) models were evaluated against five traditional forecasting models. Findings: The models proposed in this study outperform traditional methods, such that the simplest LSTM model is more accurate than most of the benchmark models in two of the three tested hotels. In particular, the results show that traditional methods are inefficient in hotels with rapid fluctuations of demand and ADR, as observed during the pandemic. In contrast, LSTM models perform more accurately for these hotels. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited by its use of American data and data from midscale hotels as well as only predicting ADR. Practical implications: This study produced a reliable, accurate forecasting model considering risk and competitor behavior. Theoretical implications: This paper extends the application of game theory principles to ADR forecasting and combines it with the concept of risk for forecasting during uncertain times. Originality/value: This study is the first study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, to use actual hotel data from the COVID-19 pandemic to determine an appropriate neural network forecasting method for times of uncertainty. The application of Shapley value and operational risk obtained a game-theoretic property-level model, which fits best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology is currently developing increasingly rapidly. This applies to familiar communication tools, namely smartphones. With advances in technology, people are interested in enjoying technology so people often buy smartphones based on desire, not because of need. Therefore, this research aims to determine the influence of product quality and price on Realme smartphone purchasing decisions, empirical study; Libra Cell. The number of respondents was 100 people, with sample criteria; realme smartphone users and Libra Cell consumers. The sample used uses a non-probability sampling technique. The method used is purposive sampling, namely a sampling technique with certain considerations, so the samples selected are people who meet the criteria mentioned above. By using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the methods used include; validity and reliability analysis (smartPLS 4.0). The result is that product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions and the price variable has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Realme needs to improve and develop product quality and smartphone prices so that the company can know what factors can motivate people to buy Realme smartphones. However, it should be noted that purchasing decisions are influenced by several other factors that are beyond the scope of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the significant effect of compensation and motivation on employee turnover at PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. Snack Division either partially or simultaneously. This research was conducted at PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. Snack Division having its address at Jalan Ancol Barat I No. 10, RW.3, Ancol, Kec. Pademangan, North Jakarta City, Special Capital Region of Jakarta 14430. The type of this research is quantitative with the method is causal research. The population in this study were employees of PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. Snack Division consisted of 120 people and used a type of sample, namely the entire population was sampled, namely all employees of PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur Tbk. Snack Division has 120 employees. The results of this study note that compensation has a positive effect on employee turnover, this can be seen from the t test with tcount 9.134 > ttable 1.657 with a significance level of 0.000 this value is smaller than 0.1 (0.000 < 0.1). Motivation has a positive effect on Employee Turnover, this can be seen from the t-test with a t-value of 4.024 > ttable 1.657 with a significance level of 0.000 this value is greater than 0.1 (0.000 <0.1). Compensation and motivation have a positive and significant effect on employee turnover, this can be seen from the results of the F test with an Fcount of 43,333 while Ftable of 3.07 means 43,333> 3.07. Thus, it can be interpreted that discipline and motivation simultaneously have a significant influence on employee turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to analyze more deeply the relationship and influence of content quality, price on purchase decisions mediated by celebrity endorsers on purchase decisions via Instagram. The method used in this research is a quantitative method. In this research the variables used are independent variables, mediating variables and dependent variables. The independent variables used are price and content quality. The mediating variable used is Celebrity endorser. The Dependent variable used is Purchase decision. The population in this study are Instagram social media account users who live in Jakarta with a sample size of 150. Data analysis techniques using SEM with AMOS tools. The conclusions are Price influences Celebrity Endorser, Celebrity Endorser influences Purchase decisions, Price influences purchase decisions, and Price influences purchase decisions through celebrity endorsers with a CR value of 2.06 > 1.96. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to present a comprehensive depiction of the factors influencing the decision-making process regarding the purchase of subsidized housing, focusing specifically on variables such as building quality, strategic location, and price. The research objectives include identifying the key variables impacting the choice of acquiring subsidized housing in the Cileungsi region through a quantitative descriptive approach. Utilizing purposive sampling, the study surveyed one hundred local residents who recently acquired homes through government assistance programs. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) employing variance-based methods or component-based structural equation modeling, specifically Partial Least Squares (PLS), was utilized for data analysis. The anticipated outcomes of this investigation are expected to contribute significantly to understanding consumer behavior in the context of subsidized housing purchases in Cileungsi. Moreover, the application of PLS analysis methods is poised to provide an in-depth comprehension of the interrelationships among variables within the tested model and furnish strategic recommendations for developers of subsidized housing and pertinent stakeholders to enhance product appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer research has given impulsive purchasing an enormous amount of attention. The phenomena are interesting as it is driven by a range of psychological elements that are internal to the individual as well as external stimuli associated with the market. The purpose of this study is to compile the body of research in the domains of retailing and consumer behavior in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impulse purchase behavior. It provides an in-depth analysis of the concept of impulse purchase as well as several behavior-related elements. Several books and journal databases were used to examine the research of different authors. The study framework was further developed and the literature was categorized into several factors influencing impulse buying as a result of the content analysis of the numerous research publications. The meta-analysis presented in this paper incorporates systematic review of research from over the last three decades and it is anticipated that the study will help researchers and marketing professionals gain an in-depth understanding of consumers' impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding digital menu choices in limited-option environments, such as university cafés, is crucial for promoting healthier and more sustainable food choices. We are, therefore, looking at two possible interventions or nudges—recommendation and position—and how they interact with, for example, price. In the first smartphone-based study (N = 517), participants were presented with two menu options, while the factors “recommendation”, “position”, and “price” were manipulated. We only found effects in relation to the choice of the more popular menu option. Specifically, when the popular meal was the expensive option, the recommendation had a negative effect on choice, but not when the popular meal was the cheaper option. The aim of the second smartphone-based study (N = 916) was to shed more light on the role of popularity or personal preference in relation to recommendations. We manipulated the differences in personal preference (small or large) using a ranking task presented before the menu choice. In Study 2, the interaction effect between recommendation and price for the more popular menu option could not be replicated. Instead, we found that the greater the difference in preference, the less pronounced the price effect was. Overall, some effects of the recommendations have been identified, but further research is needed to clarify the exact circumstances under which they arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: India has taken several initiatives to provide health care to its population while keeping the related expenditure minimum. Since cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent chronic conditions, in the present study, we aimed to analyze the difference in prices of medicines prescribed for three cardiovascular risk factors, based on (a) listed and not listed in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) and (b) generic and branded drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Outpatient prescriptions for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were retrospectively analyzed from 12 tertiary centers. The prices of medicines prescribed were compared based on presence or absence in NLEM India-2015 and prescribing by generic versus brand name. The price was standardized and presented as average price per medicine per year for a given medicine. The results are presented in Indian rupee (INR) and as median (range). RESULTS: Of the 4,736 prescriptions collected, 843 contained oral antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and/or hypolipidemic medicines. The price per medicine per year for NLEM oral antidiabetics was INR 2849 (2593-3104) and for non-NLEM was INR 5343 (2964-14364). It was INR 806 (243-2132) for generic and INR 3809 (1968-14364) for branded antidiabetics. Antihypertensives and hypolipidemics followed the trend. The price of branded non-NLEM medicines was 5-22 times higher compared to generic NLEM which, for a population of 1.37 billion, would translate to a potential saving of 346.8 billion INR for statins. The variability was significant for sulfonylureas, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The study highlights an urgent need for intervention to actualize the maximum benefit of government policies and minimize the out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the effect of service quality, price, and handling of complaints on consumer satisfaction in Ibis Budget Hotel. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive with the population in this study being consumers in Ibis budget hotels. There are four variables studied in this research Service Quality (X1), Price (X2), and Handling of Complaints as independent variables, and Consumer Satisfaction (Y) as the related variables. The sample used in the study in 100 respondents. The data in this study used primary data by distributing questionnaires with multiple linear regression methods that processed the use of SPSS 17.0 software. the results of research based on multiple linear regression analysis showed that the Service Quality (X1), Price (X2), and Handling of Complaints had positive and significant impacts on consumer Satisfaction (Y). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the fifth largest planting industry in China, the cultivation of edible fungi not only promotes the development of agricultural economy in various regions, but also faces many problems. Firstly, through the research on the operational status of edible fungi enterprises and individual growers in Youxi County of Fujian Province, where was the main producing area of edible fungi, the existing problems and causes in the current edible fungi industry were revealed. Secondly, the cost-income ratio and economic benefits of different types of edible fungi in Youxi County were analyzed. Based on this analysis, the seasonal models and the HP filtering method were used to analyze the price fluctuations of different types of edible fungi in Youxi County. Finally, the grey relational degree model was used to explain the impact of the related indicators on the price and yield fluctuations of edible fungi. The research results revealed that the existence of seasonal fluctuations was common in the production of edible fungi. The influencing factors for different types of edible fungi were different, and there was high correlation between the price, resident population, and the yield of various varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paris-Lyon line is the busiest High-Speed Line in Europe and has been open to competition in open access since December 18, 2021. The main objective of the paper is to explore the effects for users with respect to price and frequency compare with the existing literature. The analysis is based on a large database (n = 1243) collected by web scraping from September 2019 to October 2022. The method relies on a descriptive analysis with a similar route without competition (Paris-Bordeaux) in the comparison group. The results highlight an increase of frequency by 15% and a decrease in price by 23%. The prices charged by the newcomer are lower than those of the incumbent (−30% to −50%). The comparison with the control route suggests a positive effect on price that moderates the economic catch-up effect following the COVID-19 pandemic in an inflationary context. More specifically, SNCF appears to take a wait and see attitude to competitive pressure from Trenitalia. It has moderated its prices since the new offer was introduced and has maintained its trains. • Competition have a positive effect on user welfare. • Barriers to competition underscore the importance of public regulation for success. • Incumbent adopts a wait and see attitude in response to competitive pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated how an intangible component of consumer welfare can derive from the presence of store brands in durable-product categories. The objective was to explore the degree to which consumers can more reliably depend on price as an accurate indicator of quality in those product categories in which store brands are present. When a strong price-quality relationship exists, consumers may confidently choose a given level of quality chiefly on the basis of price. The focal measure was the correlation between price and quality, computed separately for those categories in which only national brands were present and for those categories in which both store brands and national brands were present. Examination of the price and quality of 14,234 individual brands from the U.S. and other countries tested by Consumer Reports revealed that when store brands were present the strength of the relationship between price and quality exceeded the strength of the respective relationship when store brands were absent. Counterfactual simulations confirmed the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted at higher education institutions in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to confirm theoretical and empirical models that are built based on theories related to the marketing mix and functional positions. This study describes the causal relationship between exogenous variables, moderating variables, and endogenous variables. In this case the exogenous variables consist of Product, Price, Promotion, Location, People, Process, Service, where the moderating variable is Functional Position and the endogenous variable is Student Decision. The research approach was carried out with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study were lecturers at five universities in North Sumatra Province, namely the Universitas Sumatera Utara, Universitas Negeri Medan, Universitas Medan Area, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, and Universitas Prima Indonesia, totaling 303 people. The research results show that product, price, location, promotion, people have no significant effect on student decisions in choosing a doctoral education. Meanwhile, service, process has a positive and significant effect on the decision to choose doctoral education. The research findings also show that functional positions significantly moderate prices, products, services on student decisions. Functional positions did not significantly moderate location, people, and processes on student decisions to choose doctoral education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency department (ED) patients may be billed for critical care time (current procedural terminology codes 99291 and 99292) if they receive at least 30 min of critical care services. We sought to determine the median cash (self-pay) prices for critical care time performed in the ED in the United States and assess for associations between hospital characteristics and prices. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of hospital cash prices for critical care time performed in the ED using the first 25 alphabetical states. For each hospital, we recorded hospital characteristics including state, control (nonprofit, governmental, or for-profit), size, teaching status, and system. We then searched for each hospital's cash prices for 99291 and 99292 using Turquoise and hospital websites. We determined the median price for 99291 nationally, regionally, and for large hospital systems. We performed multivariable quantile regression to assess for associations between hospital characteristics and prices for 99291. Of the 2629 eligible hospitals, 2245 (85.4%) and 1893 (72.0%) reported cash prices for 99291 and 99292, respectively. For 99291, the cash price ranged from $45 to $84,775 with a median of $1816 (IQR: $1039-3237). For 99292, the median price was $567 (IQR: $298–1008). On multivariable analysis, hospitals had higher cash prices for 99291 if they were located in the West, for-profit, or part of a large system. In particular, hospitals owned by Tenet Healthcare charged the most for 99291 (median $28,244). The cash prices for critical care time vary substantially based on hospital characteristics. In particular, for-profit hospitals and those in the West tend to charge the most. Given that patients who require critical care are unlikely to be able to choose the hospital to which they present, standardization of critical care time fees should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-Dairy (ND) food consumption is rapidly increasing in the UK and for many consumers plant-based diets are presumed to be healthier than standard diets. ND alternatives have different nutritional compositions, and their consumption could present challenges on a public-health level. Aim: To compare the price and nutritional composition of dairy and ND milks and cheeses in UK supermarkets. Methods: Macro and micronutrient data was recorded from Alpro's website and the 6 leading UK grocers for their own-label ND milks and cheeses. For missing micronutrient values the McCance & Widdowson's dataset was used. 99 total products were extracted: 57 ND milks, 7 dairy milks, 10 dairy cheeses and 25 ND cheeses. Dairy milk and cheese were used as control against which all ND products were compared. Results: Soya and coconut milks had lower values of carbohydrates, sugars, calcium, iodine, and potassium (p < 0.01) than dairy. Almond milk had lower values of carbohydrates (p = 0.01), sugars, calcium, iodine, and potassium (p < 0.01) compared to dairy milk. Protein was significantly (p < 0.01) lower for all ND except soya. Dairy cheeses had higher values for energy, protein, iodine, potassium, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and calcium (p < 0.01) than ND. Median prices were similar between dairy and ND milks, whereas ND cheeses were significantly more expensive compared to dairy (p < 0.01). Conclusions: ND alternatives fall short in several key nutrients compared to dairy. Fortification, accurate labelling and nutrition education are needed to help consumers make healthy and informed choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is devoted to the issue of determining the price of a real estate object based on the use of statistical market evaluations of similar objects. In the course of the research, a technique for determining the price of a real estate object was developed using parametric equations of the least squares method, which allows using an unlimited amount of input information and obtaining equalized values of price-forming factors. In contrast to the existing methods of the comparative approach to determining the price of the object of assessment, the proposed method allows you to obtain the value of the price-forming factors, and then the price of the object without establishing the difference between the factors influencing the price, as is the case with the classical approach of processing the input database. Approbation of the developed methodology showed the effectiveness of the possibility of its application in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the medium- and long-run, prices rather than interest rates are thought to have an effect on exchange rates, and the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory, which posits as a determining factor in exchange rates, has been used not only in academic fields but also in practice. This study considers that exchange rates are determined by the mixture of past exchange rates and the PPP theory. On the other hand, it is often pointed out that the actual exchange rate diverges significantly from the exchange rate derived from the PPP theory. Moreover, this study hypothesizes that when the deviation becomes large, there will be a movement to correct the deviation. The empirical estimations show that when the deviation is large, such movement cannot be found and when the deviation is small, there is a movement toward correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the main trends of the modern economy is the active use by businesses of digital technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and other intellectual resources. In this regard, the purpose of this article was to detail the components that form the intelligence of a company, as well as the elements of individual intellectual capital (IC), which are most in demand in the intellectual economy. Initially, the work, based on the synthesis of theoretical views on the intelligence of a company, identified its main components, which included the intellectual resources of the company (its IC) and intellectual abilities (on the use of these resources and business positioning). After that, the two main components forming the IC of the company were specified: a) corporate IC; and b) individual IC of employees. The traditional task of the area under consideration is to determine the composition of the company's IC and estimate its value. The study proposes approaches to solving these problems, in particular, options for analytical representation of the cost of an company's IC. Increasing demands for the intellectual content of business, digitalization, and involvement of AI are changing the composition of current requests for the knowledge and skills of employees. In this regard, the possible composition of universal competencies that are in demand in a digital, intellectual environment is considered. Two main groups of requirements that determine the requests for such an employee were identified: the presence of digital hard-skills, as well as developed soft-skills. Next, we considered the elements of individual IC that can ensure the implementation of the noted competencies. The conducted comparative analysis made it possible to determine the two-way correspondence and mutual influence of the universal competencies of employees and elements of their individual IC. As a result, in the model of functioning of the intellectual economy enterprise (in the conditions of current information trends), one of the two main parts of the company’s IC was identified and structured – the relationship between skills and competencies of employees that provide the necessary parameters of the overall individual IC. The conducted research allowed us to comprehensively assess the range of competencies and abilities of an enterprise employee that are most in demand in the intellectual environment.

This study explores the impact of price, digital marketing, and service quality on consumer Purchase Intention at Perumda Bidadari MSME Gallery. The population involved all visitors with a sample of 100 respondents selected through the non-probability sampling method, using accidental sampling. Data collection using questionnaires. This research applies a quantitative approach to evaluate the relationship between variables. The research instrument was tested with validity and reliability. Statistical analysis uses t-test, f-test, normality test, multicollinearity, and linearity test. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results showed that service quality has a positive and significant impact on Purchase Intention, while the effect of price and digital marketing strategy is not significant. With an R Square value of 0.814, it shows that about 81.4% of the variation in Purchase Intention can be explained by the combination of price, digital marketing, and service quality factors. Keywords: Price; Digital Marketing; Service Quality; Purchase Intention

Horticulture has the potential to meet the development agenda of agrarian economies, like that of Cameroon, through the cultivation of high-value fruits and vegetables. Bananas and pineapples are two widely grown fruits in Cameroon for income, employment, and foreign earnings. Cameroon remains an important global player in the banana trade. To boost production, identifying important factors that drive the supply response of such crops is an important policy question. Here, we ask if non-price factors are important determinants of supply response of such horticultural crops, a question that has received very little attention. The objective of this study is thus to estimate the effect of non-price factors on the supply response of bananas and pineapples. To do this, a Nerlovian response function is directly estimated via an Error correction model using time series data, to capture long-run dynamics of production and supply. The results show that non-price factors such as rainfall, temperature, and land are the major drivers of the supply response of both crops. The effects of these factors, however, vary with the crops. We provide plausible explanations why non-price factors are salient. Our results suggest that improving the timely availability of weather and climate information, and input subsidies are possible areas for policy interventions.

User-generated reviews have become important to consumers in evaluating market offerings and making purchase decisions. This study takes an overall look at the evolving sources of information from which consumers draw to get information about products and services and focuses specifically on an electronics product, a smart phone. We examine the influence of online product ratings and reviews on consumers. Results from data analysis found that online consumer ratings may have more of an impact on consumers than do the ratings of experts. Consumers were more likely to purchase products receiving high ratings from consumers despite receiving low ratings from experts, compared to products receiving high ratings from experts but low ratings from consumers. This suggests that consumers may trust other consumers more than they trust experts to rate products and services. In addition, results suggest that online ratings have more of an impact on high-priced products than they do on low- priced products. Unique patterns in search behavior are also found for inexpensive products. Implications are discussed for both theory development and practice.

Transportation is a major need in the community's economy. The role of transportation has a very positive impact on regional economic development as a whole, especially in relations between organizations. Realizing the importance of transportation, several parties have decided to open transportation service companies that aim to help the community and make transportation a business sector. The quality of customer experience has become an important concept in consumer behavior research. The conceptualization of experience quality includes visitors' affective responses to the psychological benefits they want from their visiting experience. This growth is influenced by several 7p factors, namely promotion, physical, place, people, and price. This research shows the influence or role of other variables outside of product variation and service quality on the quality of experience, namely price. This research aims to test and explain whether Co-Creation and Excellent Service offered by Sinar Jaya bus transportation services have an effect on Quality Experience with Currency as Moderation. The sampling method in this research used Non-Probability Sampling which is purposive sampling, resulting in the acquisition of data from 103 respondents who had used the Sinar Jaya Bus Transportation Service and then a feasibility test was carried out using the help of the SmartPLS 3.2.9 Program through a validity test, discriminant validity test, and reliability test. The results of data feasibility testing obtained convergence validity, discriminant validity, and reliability values ​​> 0.7 so that this research could be declared valid.

In this article, the authors examine how historical price information influences consumers' decision to defer a purchase. They focus on two aspects of historical price information: the direction and the frequency of past price changes. The authors advance a theoretical framework postulating that the interaction between these two factors shapes consumers' decisions to buy now versus later. Controlling for the total magnitude of price changes, the authors propose that consumers are more likely to defer purchase when the price of the product has previously increased compared with when the price has decreased. Importantly, the authors hypothesize that this effect is more pronounced when consumers observe a single large change in price (e.g., a decrease of $100 vs. an increase of $100) compared with when they observe multiple smaller changes that establish a trend (e.g., four decreases of $25 vs. four increases of $25). The authors argue that these effects are driven by differences in consumers' expectations about future prices. They test their predictions, as well as two moderators of the proposed effects—the monotonicity and the timing of price changes—in six well-powered preregistered experimental studies (N = 5,713) using both hypothetical and actual purchases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study examines and analyses the role of family factors on prices and brands on student decisions to choose private universities to continue their studies. This study involved 500 students from various private universities in Jambi Province to serve as samples. The results showed that in the first model, price and brand influenced the decision to choose private universities (PTS) in Jambi province, and the magnitude of the effect was 63.9%. Price, Brand and Family in the second model significantly affect the Selection Decision of Private Universities (PTS) in Jambi Province, with the magnitude of the influence being 75.5%. In the third model, the family plays a role or can moderate the impact of price and brand on choosing private universities (PTS) in Jambi Province. Keywords:Lecture Decisions; Family; Price; Brand; Private College

Measuring customer satisfaction is an efficient method for evaluating organisational performance of firms, especially in today’s competitive environment. In the Algerian context, where the industry is developing rapidly and the customer satisfaction and its antecedents have an importance for the most of the Algerian companies, it becomes crucial to explore the factors influencing customer satisfaction in the industrial sector. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop a specific model for a customer satisfaction index in the Algerian industrial environment. The inexistence of this type of models in the Algerian context has provided difficulties to companies in detecting what affects the satisfaction of their customers; this research can help them to find out what are the factors that impact on the customer satisfaction and improve it. To achieve this, we have examined previous studies conducted in other countries to identify the antecedents of customer satisfaction. The research methodology employed in this study follows a quantitative approach. We conducted a questionnaire survey among a sample of 203 customers of the BCR brand, which specialises in faucet production. The questionnaire was designed to measure various factors, including corporate image, customer expectations, perceived quality, perceived value, price, and handling of complaints. The collected data was analysed using SPSS software, and the model will be constructed using Smart-PLS software. The findings of the study confirmed that three variables significantly impact customer satisfaction in the studied context: perceived value, price, and perceived quality, specifically focusing on the sustainability dimension. Based on these results, we have developed a customer satisfaction index model, specifically focusing on the antecedents’ part, which incorporates these three variables.

Abstract Young adults (18–24 years) in universities are frequently exposed to an environment that promotes unhealthy eating behaviors. Using a validated tool, the Chinese Nutrition Environment Measurement Survey for Stores (C-NEMS-S), we assess the food availability and healthier options in a large, urban Chinese university. We employed C-NEMS-S for scoring criteria and weighting. A total of 52 on-campus canteen outlets were audited in an urban university located in Shijiazhuang City, China. General food outlets (n 43) and self-served food outlets (n 7) were further categorized into eight subtypes. Beverage outlets (n 2) were discussed separately from food outlets. C-NEMS-S scores were significantly different across food outlet types (P = 0.0024), especially between noodle and rice outlets (P = 0.0415). Food availability scores for starchy tubers (P

The method used in this research is a quantitative descriptive method using secondary data in the form of weekly data on prices of volatile food products from livestock in the form of beef, chicken meat, and chicken eggs for the period 2018 to 2021 sourced from the National Strategic Food Price Information Center. This research uses the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model analysis, ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticy) model and GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticy) model analysis. The model for forecasting the price of volatile food products from livestock in the form of chicken meat, beef, and chicken eggs in traditional markets in Jambi Province, namely GARCH (1,1), has excellent performance. It is suggested that the GARCH (1,1) model can be used to forecast the prices of volatile food products from livestock in the form of chicken meat, beef, and chicken eggs in traditional markets in Jambi Province.

This research aims to analyze the factors influencing passenger satisfaction at Terminal B Kabanjahe. The study adopts a quantitative approach with a descriptive method, and the data analysis employs SPSS software version 22. The results reveal a positive influence of factors such as product quality, service quality, and emotional factors on passenger satisfaction at Terminal B Kabanjahe. However, there is no significant influence found between price and cost factors and passenger satisfaction at the terminal. Furthermore, when considered simultaneously, product quality, service quality, emotional factors, price, and cost collectively contribute to 44.50% of passenger satisfaction, while the remaining 55.50% is influenced by other external factors beyond the study's model. Other contributing factors to passenger satisfaction involve location, promotion, brand image, reputation, trust, and various other aspects.

In today’s complex and highly competitive marketplace, marketers, realizing a need to develop sustainable strategies, have turned to branding as a solution. Understanding the brand preferences of consumers is always under discussion. In such context, this study measured the effects of price, attributes, brand personality, appearance, and self-congruity on brand preference in buying a passenger car. A deductive reasoning approach, quantitative method, and positivist epistemology with predetermined hypotheses were used. A six-point Likert scale structured survey was utilized to gather the primary information. The sample included 411 passenger car users in Nepal. A judgmental sampling technique and a causal research design were used. Through path analysis, the effect of price, attributes, brand personality, appearance, and self-congruity on dependent variables was identified using structural equation modeling. The study’s outcome showed that attribute (β = 0.062, p > 0.05), price (β = –0.041, p > 0.05), and appearance (β = 0.022, p > 0.05) have no significant positive impact on consumer brand preference. Moreover, the study discovered that brand preference is influenced by self-congruity (β = 0.297, p < 0.05) and brand personality (β = 0.232, p < 0.05) in buying passenger cars in Nepal. It is concluded that brand image and prestige are more critical for high-involvement products. These outcomes provide a road map for future scholars and business people with a view of the emerging context of market development.

E-hailing is a transportation service that allows passengers to book a ride through a digital platform or mobile application instead of hailing a taxi or car on the street. The services connect passengers with drivers of private vehicles, often through a network of independent contractors. Key companies providing e-hailing services around the world include Grab, Uber, Maxim and others. Many says that e-hailing has disrupted the traditional taxi industry by offering more convenience, pricing transparency, and even offer a higher level of service through driver and vehicle ratings. These services have become an integral part of modern urban transportation, providing an alternative to traditional taxis and public transportation. Providers of e-hailing work hard to keep customers satisfied and loyal to their platforms through a combination of strategies and features designed to enhance the overall customer satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the roles of accessibility, safety, comfortability and price on customers’ satisfaction on e-hailing services, and proposes some suggestions to improve the services. This research espoused a quantitative research methodology by using a survey approach. Data was collected from 108 retail management students of the Faculty of Business and Management, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor Malaysia. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The analyses carried out inclusive of descriptive analysis and cross tabulation analysis. The results show the four variables have roles on students’ satisfaction. This study also determines to provide several solution factors about some e-hailing issues faced by the students. This finding will provide the solutions on how e-hailing needs to improve their services to satisfy students in UiTM Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor Malaysia.

Despite the recognised benefits of IT, we still know very little about how the perceived utilisation of IT-enabled information by suppliers is linked to customer satisfaction in B2B markets.