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Purpose: Physical overexertion can lead to detrimental overreaching states without sufficient recovery, which may be identifiable by blunted exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses. A running test (RPETP) elicits reproducible plasma cortisol and testosterone elevations (in a healthy state) and may detect blunted hormonal responses in overreached athletes. This current study determined the salivary cortisol and testosterone responses reproducibility to the RPETP, to provide greater practical validity using saliva compared with the previously utilized blood sampling. Second, the relationship between the salivary and plasma responses was assessed. Methods: A total of 23 active, healthy males completed the RPETP on 3 occasions. Saliva (N = 23) and plasma (N = 13) were collected preexercise, postexercise, and 30 minutes postexercise. Results: Salivary cortisol did not elevate in any RPETP trial, and reduced concentrations occurred 30 minutes postexercise (P =.029, η2 =.287); trial differences were observed (P <.001, η2 =.463). The RPETP elevated (P <.001, η2 =.593) salivary testosterone with no effect of trial (P =.789, η2 =.022). Intraindividual variability was 25% in cortisol and 17% in testosterone. "Fair" intraclass coefficients of.46 (cortisol) and.40 (testosterone) were found. Salivary and plasma cortisol positively correlated (R =.581, P =.037) yet did not for testosterone (R =.345, P =.248). Conclusions: The reproducibility of salivary testosterone response to the RPETP is evident and supports its use as a potential tool, subject to further confirmatory work, to detect hormonal dysfunction during overreaching. Salivary cortisol responds inconsistently in a somewhat individualized manner to the RPETP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review generalizes data on West Nile fever manifestations in Russian between 1963 and 2022. Researchers have deter-mined peculiarities of the endemic process typical for this arboviral infection: cyclic rises in incidence with an interval of 1 to 8 years; the disease cases being predominantly registered in the south of the European part of the country; elevated risks of the disease for people aged 60 years and older; most West Nile fever cases without affecting the central nervous system with a continuous steady increase in the share of neuroinvasive forms. There are ongoing discussions of a considerable growth in an area where West Nile fever spreads as the incidence of the disease has been registered in Central Russia and this calls for assessment studies aimed at determining the northern borders of the infection area. The reviewed studies also systematize data on the WNV carriers and vectors and highlight the necessity to conduct large-scale experimental studies with their focus on examining susceptibility of various species of vertebrates and arthropods to the West Nile virus and assessing the efficiency of its transmission. The West Nile virus population that circulates in Russia has been shown to be heterogeneous and represented by the genotypes 1, 2, and 4, of which the genotype 2 is prevailing at present. The review also provides the findings of our own research with its focus on the genomes of the West Nile virus isolates indicating circulation of various genetic variants of the pathogen belonging to the genotype 2. The reviewed studies consider issues related to establishing epidemiological surveillance and sanitary-anti-epidemic (preventive) measures regarding West Nile fever in Russia and the principles of their organization at the present stage.

Some of the hardest challenges in conservation are those situations which occur when endangered species' and human interests collide. The European ground squirrel Spermophilus citellus, a mainly herbivorous rodent which feeds on agricultural crops when available, is an endangered species facing extinction in several countries. Sustainable conservation of the species can only be achieved in collaboration with all stakeholders, particularly farmers. However, in the past, this species was considered a pest, and farmers actively persecuted it, using invasive methods such as trapping and poisoning. In this situation, early monitoring and prevention are the best tools to minimise and mitigate potential conflicts. We developed a risk model to assess the potential for crop damages by ground squirrels, using data from three different locations with agricultural mosaic landscape in the Czech Republic. Our model is based on four parameters: occurrence and density of ground squirrels, migration potential, and type of habitat. The resulting model provides a graphical map of the local potential risk of crop damage. These maps can complement the regular monitoring of the European ground squirrel and its potential effects on agriculture, aiding the implementation of proactive management strategies to prevent conflicts and support the sustainable conservation of the species.

Features of the landscape and geographical conditions of the Samara region, the rich world of flora and fauna create favorable conditions for the existence of natural foci of infectious and parasitic diseases. The high population density, the presence of megacities (Samara, Togliatti), the passion of the inhabitants of the region for country recreation, together with developed agriculture, determine a high risk of infection of people with pathogens of natural focal infections.Objectives: to analyze the manifestations of the epidemic and epizootic processes of natural focal infections in the Samara region for its zoning according to the degree of danger of infection of the population with actual zoonoses.Methods. We used information on the incidence of the population (form No. 2 "Information on infectious and parasitic diseases") for the period from 2019 to 2021, data from an immunological examination of residents of municipalities using enzyme immunoassay, results of examination of environmental objects in natural foci (indication of genomes and antigens of viruses and bacteria) in vertebrates and their pellets (litter), arthropods using polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay. Cluster analysis was performed using the Statgraphics plus for Windows application program for a personal computer.Results. Territories with high, moderate and low risk of infection of the population of the Samara region with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, viral tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia, leptospirosis, Q fever and West Nile fever were identified. It is shown that the most relevant zoonosis is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.Discussion. Compiled cartographic mapping of the administrative formations of the Samara region with different risks of infection and disease of people with natural focal infections is relevant for planning preventive measures.

The European ground squirrel faces potential extinction in various countries, with populations decreasing throughout the entire range. Particularly in the Czech Republic, the mosaic landscape of private backyard gardens is now a vital habitat for the species. However, information regarding crop risks and effective, non-invasive measures for conflict mitigation are almost inexistent. To address this, we conducted field experiments examining the risk of damage for 18 common crops in backyard gardens, and tested non-invasive physical barriers to protect small plots. Our research reveals that simple fences are highly effective in safeguarding susceptible crops, particularly in areas with a high squirrel density. These findings contribute to the development of more species-specific, ecologically-based management plans and help create a sustainable future for the European ground squirrel.

According to Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, “everyone deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall have the right to take proceedings before a court so that the court may decide within a short time on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if his detention is not lawful.” Thus, national authorities must exercise the utmost diligence to ensure that the defendant’s right to an effective remedy is respected in the procedure for applying or replacing pre-trial detention or house arrest against the defendant. To respect all the guarantees provided for by law, the national regulatory framework must be predictable and explicit release if the detention is unlawful. Thus, national authorities must exercise the utmost diligence to ensure that the defendant’s right to an effective remedy is respected in the procedure for applying or replacing pre-trial detention or house arrest against the defendant. To respect all the guarantees provided by law, the national regulatory framework must be predictable and explicit.

Over the past two decades, participation in professional sports among children and adolescents has surged despite the rising inactivity and obesity rates. Approximately 60 million young individuals in the USA are involved in organized sports. This increase has led to a concerning rise in overuse syndromes, which is becoming a primary concern in sports medicine. Our review aims to examine common overuse syndromes in youth athletes and assess risk factors, pathophysiology, and preventive measures. Early sports specialization, societal pressures, and competitive demands lead to repetitive strain injuries. The young musculoskeletal system, though adaptable, is prone to injuries from intense training and insufficient recovery. Prevention advocates against early sports specialization and promotes adequate rest. Diversifying sports, limiting training hours, and a robust support system are recommended to counteract the mental effects of intense specialization. In summary, a holistic approach is needed to address overuse syndromes, emphasizing diversification, education, and a balanced approach to sports.

Biosecurity refers to a set of practices that prevents and/or controls the introduction, spread, and elimination of harmful biological agents in a production system. In this study, we aimed to survey the biosecurity practices and determine their correlation with the size of production systems. A biosecurity assessment form was provided to 69 farms in the Campos Gerais region of Paraná, Brazil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: general and bovine viral diarrhea virus- and bovine herpesvirus type-1-specific sections. The general section covered topics on traffic control, quarantine and animal isolation, hygiene practices, carcass disposal, and disease monitoring/control. The specific section consisted of questions on the reproductive and respiratory factors, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination schedule. The 69 farms were also classified into small (≤ 61), medium (62–201), and large (≥ 202) size farms based on the number of lactating cows. Moreover, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was performed between the biosecurity measures and farm size. The main risk factors and variability were related to the traffic control of people, animals, and vehicles/equipment, animal quarantine/isolation, and hygiene practices. MCA revealed that the small farms exhibited a lack of biosecurity measures, including those related to traffic control, animal quarantine, and hygiene. In medium-size farms, contact between bovine animals of different ages and difficulty in animal isolation in the quarantine system were among the main risk factors. In contrast, isolation of sick animals was easy, but the need to frequently purchase cattle was an important risk factor in large farms. These results highlight the relationship between biosecurity measures and farm size, providing valuable insights for the development of better biosecurity plans for production systems.

ObjectivesTo evaluate short-term changes in knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 and preventive measures during the post-acute phase of the pandemic in Spain.MethodsA survey was performed in Catalonia and Navarre between May-2022 and July-2023 in household contacts of COVID-19 cases. Knowledge and attitude were assessed at baseline and at three months, using a Likert scale. Responses were grouped according to correct or incorrect.ResultsAt baseline, 172 subjects were contacted, 118 (69%) of which completed a follow-up interview three months later. Knowledge of correct hand-washing and mask protocols had maintained over time (−1.7%, p = 0.553 and − 2.5%, p = 0.473, respectively). Attitudes toward preventive measures was adequate in the first interview (86%), but attitudes regarding use of face masks decreased significantly (−9.1%, p = 0.048) over time in participants with higher risk of severe COVID-19. However, most short-term changes in knowledge and attitudes were not statistically significant.ConclusionHousehold contacts showed correct knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 and its preventive measures, without significant changes in the short term despite a relaxation of government-mandated preventive measures. These results provide relevant information in case of a new health emergency due to respiratory viruses.

This review highlights the possible hazard of mycotoxins occurrence in foods and feeds in regards to foodborne diseases. The possible management of the risk of contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins by using natural feed additives, protecting against deleterious effects of mycotoxins or inhibiting the growth of fungi and mycotoxin production, is deeply investigated in the available literature and some effective measures for safe utilization of mycotoxin contaminated feed/food are proposed. The biological methods of decontamination, degradation or biotransformation of mycotoxins are deeply analyzed and discussed. Some natural antagonists against target fungi are also reviewed and a comparison is made with conventional fungicides for ensuring a safe prevention of mycotoxin contamination. The most common and useful chemical methods of mycotoxins decontamination of agricultural commodities or raw materials are also investigated, e.g., chemical additives inactivating or destroying and/or adsorbing mycotoxins as well as chemical additives inhibiting the growth of fungi and mycotoxin production. The practical use and safety of various kind of feed/food additives or herbal/biological supplements as possible approach for ameliorating the adverse effects of some dangerous mycotoxins is deeply investigated and some suggestions are given. Various possibilities for decreasing mycotoxins toxicity, e.g., by clarifying the mechanisms of their toxicity and using some target antidotes and vitamins as supplements to the diet, are also studied in the literature and appropriate discussions or suggestions are made in this regard. Some studies on animal diets such as low carbohydrate intake, increased protein content, calorie restriction or the importance of dietary fats are also investigated in the available literature for possible amelioration of the ailments associated with mycotoxins exposure. It could be concluded that natural feed additives and bioactive supplements would be more safe and practical approach to combat foodborne mycotoxicoses as compared to chemical additives.

On March 12, 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic, in response to widespread infections and thousands of fatalities resulting from the outbreak. Researchers worldwide have paid close attention to this pandemic. This situation has been aided by mathematical models that guide public policy. In Rwanda, this problem involves uncertainty and incomplete information, and a stochastic approach is appropriate for capturing a broad range of possible outcomes. However, many epidemiological models do not account for preventive measures using a stochastic approach to analyze COVID-19 in Rwanda. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to build and analyze a COVID-19 pandemic stochastic model with preventive measures implemented in Rwanda. A deterministic model is formulated and transformed into stochastic equations. The numerical solutions of both models were computed and compared. The stochastic model is considered to be the best to use in the Rwanda context because of the model’s fluctuations, which capture even the residuals and uncertainties. The results indicate that the pandemic could spread faster if awareness-raising strategies are not effectively implemented, and preventive actions for the pandemic are considered crucial tools for effective control and mitigation.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common health problems, especially among women, which can have significant impacts on the quality of life and health care costs. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding UTIs can influence prevention and treatment outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to assess Syrian refugee women’s level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward UTIs in Al-Mafraq Governorate. The relationships between the selected demographics and the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of these women toward UTIs were also examined. Design: A descriptive-correlational study design. Settings: Data was collected from two clinics in Al-Mafraq Governorate. The actual names of the centers are withheld, but they represent primary healthcare providers in the region. Participants: 400 Syrian refugee women were systematically sampled for this study. Selection was based on visiting the clinics during the study period, with inclusion and exclusion criteria focused on age, nationality, and willingness to participate. Methods: Structured interview questions were used to gather data related to the participants’ demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding UTIs. Results: The majority of participants had secondary education or less (87.3 %). The mean knowledge score about UTIs was 41.26 %. Detailed knowledge scores were reported for UTI causes, transmission modes, symptoms, complications, and preventive measures. Conclusions: Syrian refugee women in Al-Mafraq Governorate displayed a limited understanding of UTIs. Many women self-reported signs and symptoms related to UTIs, indicating a potential health concern. The results emphasize the importance of initiating UTI-focused educational campaigns for this population.

BackgroundThe global impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been profound, affecting public health, the global economy, and overall human life. Past experiences with global pandemics underscored the significance of understanding the perception of HCWs and hospital staff in developing and implementing preventive measures. The World Health Organization (WHO) provided protocols to manage the spread of COVID-19 and assist healthcare workers and health systems globally in maintaining high-quality health services.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess nurses’ perception, awareness, and compliance regarding the implementation of COVID-19 protocols and explore factors influencing their perception.MethodologyA quantitative cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted, distributing a constructed survey among nurses in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.ResultsOut of 141 participants, most adhered to protocols such as hand sanitization, social distancing, and proper personal protective equipment (PPE) usage. The predominant age group among respondents was 31 to 40 years (n = 71, 50%). A significant portion of participants reported holding a bachelor’s degree (n = 86, 61%), with only 14% possessing advanced degrees (n = 19). Nearly a third of the nurses in the study had accumulated 6 to 10 years of professional experience (n = 49, 34.8%). A noteworthy percentage of nurses were engaged in daily shifts exceeding 8 h (n = 98, 70%). Gender differences were observed, with females exhibiting a higher tendency to avoid shaking hands and social gatherings. Saudi nationals were more inclined to shake hands and engage in gatherings. Non-Saudi nurses and those aged between 8 h adhered better to PPE usage, proper donning/doffing, and disposal of PPE in designated bins.ConclusionUnderstanding COVID-19 protocols is crucial for tailoring interventions and ensuring effective compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures among nurses. More efforts should be made toward preparing the healthcare nursing to deal with the outbreak. Preparing healthcare nursing with the right knowledge, attitude, and precautionary practices during the COVID-19 outbreak is very essential to patient and public safety.

Assessing the risk of cropland abandonment in mountainous area is essential for ensuring food security. However, the current evaluation indicator system is incomplete, and the reliability analysis of the results is lacking. This paper proposes a spatially comprehensive assessment method of cropland abandonment risk based on AHP and PCA using multi-source data of land use, abandoned cropland, administrative area, population density, GDP, cropland soil information, and climate, and applies the method to Yunnan Province in China. Firstly, 14 indicators were selected from four aspects, including social factors, farming conditions, cropland quality, and climate factors, to construct a three-layer indicator system of “target-criteria-indicator”. Fuzzy membership was used to calculate the indicator layer, and then the PCA method was applied to calculate the first principal component for the criterion layer. Finally, the AHP method was used to calculate the weighted superposition of the criterion layer. The proposed method showed good reliability in the study areas. In Yunnan Province, 33.03% of cropland is at high risk of abandonment, 37.52% is at medium risk, and 29.45% is at low risk. The high risk area is mainly distributed in the Lancang River Basin and Honghe River Basin. Social factors were found to play the greatest role in the risk of cropland abandonment in Yunnan Province. Factors such as low population density, large shape coefficient of cropland, and low annual average precipitation were identified as the main drivers of cropland abandonment in this region. The research results of this paper can provide decision-making reference for preventing and controlling cropland abandonment in mountainous areas.

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To determine the incidence and severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in high responders (25–35 follicles with a diameter of ≥12 mm on day of triggering) who received a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to trigger final follicular maturation. We used individual data from women who participated in four different clinical trials and were high responders to ovarian stimulation in a GnRH antagonist protocol in this retrospective combined analysis. All women were evaluated for signs and symptoms of OHSS using identical criteria based on Golan's system (1989). High responders (n = 77) were of different ethnicities. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between women with or without signs and symptoms of OHSS. Mean ± standard deviation baseline data were: age, 32.3 ± 3.5 years; anti-Müllerian hormone, 42.4 ± 20.7 pmol/L; antral follicle count, 21.5 ± 9.2. Before triggering, duration of stimulation was 9.5 ± 1.6 days and the mean number of follicles with a diameter of ≥12 mm and ≥17 mm was 26.5 ± 4.4 and 8.8 ± 4.7, respectively. Mean serum estradiol (17,159 pmol/l) and progesterone (5.1 nmol/l) levels were high at 36 h after triggering. Overall, 17/77 high responders (22%) developed signs and symptoms of mild OHSS which lasted 6–21 days. The most frequently prescribed medication was cabergoline to prevent worsening of OHSS. No severe OHSS occurred and no OHSS cases were reported as serious adverse events. High responders receiving GnRH agonist for triggering should be informed that they may experience signs and symptoms of mild OHSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The objective of our study was to measure and give insight into the seropositivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the patients in our pediatric hospital surgical unit in Pakistan. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care pediatric hospital surgical unit in Pakistan between 1 January 2021 and 1 June 2021 on the enrolled neonates and children aged 1 day to 13 years. All patients from three different pediatric strata [neonates (<1 month), infants (1 to 12 months) and children (>1 year)] were enrolled in the study. Results Six-hundred patients were enrolled, and 426 patients were included in the study. Among 426 patients, 234 (54.9%) were male, and 192 (45.1%) were female. Overall only 118 (27.7%) patients developed symptoms. The other 308 (72.3%) were asymptomatic of which 28 (9.1%) had fever, 28 (9.1%) had cough, 38 (12.33%) had body aches, 292 (94.8%) had vomiting/diarrhea, and only 28 (9.1%) developed loss of smell and taste. Our results showed seropositivity of 27.7% (n  = 118), while 72.3% (n  = 308) had negative antibody titers. Conclusion A much higher pediatric SARS-CoV-2 burden of 27.7% was found in our pediatric surgical unit than has previously been reported in the literature of 6.8% for children in pediatric hospitals or pediatric surgical units. Contrary to reporting early in the COVID-19 pandemic, this study determined that children experience a significant burden of COVID-19 infection. Thus, children appear very important in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, from harboring the virus and further studies need to be done to find if they are transmitting the disease silently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hepatitis B infection is an occupational disease of professionalshealthcare professionals at the global level. It is estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 healthcare professionals in the world experience an accident at work. The results of evidence-based studies suggest that there is a gap in knowledge about HBV among healthcare professionals. Aim: The aim of this research is to assess knowledge and attitudes about the hepatitis B virus and prevention measures in the population of healthcare professionals employed in tertiary healthcare institutions in Montenegro. Material and Methods: A transversal prospective research („cross-sectional” study) was conducted, where the results were obtained using the original author’s questionnaire. The research was conducted in a tertiary level health institution (Clinical Center of Montenegro). The questionnaire was conducted on a voluntary and anonymous basis. Among the methods of inferential statistics, Pearson’s rank coefficient and ANOVA test were used. Among the statistical methods, the Chi square test (X 2-test) was used. The results are shown in a table. The level of significance is p<0.05. Results: There were 272 health professionals who took part in the research, among whom the largest share in the research was nurses and technicians with a percentage of participation of 76.1%, then doctors 17.3%, laboratory technicians 5.5%. The majority of respondents were female gender 77%, while male respondents participated in the research with 23%. The average age of our respondents was 38.76 years. The results of our research showed a high level of knowledge of professionalshealthcare professionals about the ways of transmission of HBV infection, while a significantly lower level of knowledge of professionalshealthcare professionals about knowing the symptoms of HBV infection and the risk of developing certain diseases caused by this virus is recorded. Of the examined group of health professionals, 81.5% point out that they are often exposed to contact with the patient’s blood in their work, while 52.2% of respondents state that in their previous work they had an accident in which they came into contact with the patient’s blood one or more times. Conclusion: Analyzing the data obtained from the research, one gets the impression of incomplete information, knowledge and interest about the HBV virus among health professionals, especially when it comes to the respondents’ knowledge of the symptoms of this infection, its risk for the occurrence of other diseases and the importance of general and specific prevention. In this regard, as a proposal for measures to be planned and implemented in KCCG, it would primarily refer to the continuous education of employees at all levels of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced guidelines with respect to hygiene practices, quarantine policies, and medical practices for health institutions to follow. Most studies examining compliance with WHO guidelines have been conducted at individual level but not at institutional level. This study investigates the availability of resources of health institutions in Iraq and their compliance with WHO COVID‐19 guidelines. A total of 234 health workers, including physicians, nurses and medical technicians, were recruited in Babylon, Iraq. Self‐reported number of health workers available in the health centre and the levels of compliance with the WHO's guidelines were assessed. Implementation of preventive measures for infected persons, fogging procedures, and having a crisis management team in the health centre were the top three common practices as recommended by WHO. There was a weak but significant positive relationship between the number of health workers in the healthcare centre and the levels of compliance with the WHO's COVID‐19 guidelines (ρ = 0.243, p < 0.05), indicating that manpower may determine the implementation of these guidelines. There is a correlation between the quantity of health workers and the levels of compliance with the WHO's COVID‐19 guidelines, showing that it is important to ensure sufficient human resources available in the health centre to implement the standard practices. In addition, more financial resources are needed to provide sufficient protective equipment and disposable supplies to health workers in Iraq. Key points: There was a weak but significant positive relationship between the number of health workers in the healthcare centre and the levels of compliance with the WHO's COVID‐19 guidelines.Implementation of preventive measures for infected persons, fogging procedures, and having a crisis management team in the health centre were the top three common practices as recommended by WHOMore financial resources are needed to provide sufficient protective equipment and disposable supplies to health workers in Iraq [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the transposition of the decisions of the Constitutional Court, the Law No 201/2023 provided five key changes concerning the preventive measures. The present paper aims to examine the amendments regarding non-custodial preventive measures, in terms of its lenght during the trial, along with the term to solve the appeal filed against the judicial control ordered by the prosecutor, as well as the amendments in respect with custodial preventive measures concerning the deadline to seek for the prolongation of preventive arrest or house arrest, as the case may be, respectively to order these measures justified by new grounds. It will also examine the time limits henceforth the preventive measures shall terminate by virtue of law, either custodial or non-custodial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the weaknesses of the internal control mechanism of dating applications and social media platforms to prevent innocent users from fraudsters. The study applied a qualitative technique and adopted the semi-structured interviews method to achieve the study objectives. The semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain first-hand information concerning love scams. The study found that most dating applications have feeble internal control mechanisms concerning registration. Therefore, fraudsters can trace and approach potential victims easily. For the prevention of users from scammers, the identification process should be strengthened by introducing stringent identity requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and COVID-19 preventive behaviours among people living with HIV during the pandemic has received little attention in the literature. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study assessed the associations between viral load, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the use of COVID-19 prevention strategies during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a secondary analysis of data generated through an online survey recruiting participants from 152 countries. Complete data from 680 respondents living with HIV were extracted for this analysis. Results: The findings suggest that detectable viral load was associated with lower odds of wearing facemasks (AOR: 0.44; 95% CI:0.28–0.69; p < 0.01) and washing hands as often as recommended (AOR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42–0.97; p = 0.03). Also, adherence to the use of antiretroviral drugs was associated with lower odds of working remotely (AOR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.38–0.94; p = 0.02). We found a complex relationship between HIV positive status biological parameters and adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures that may be partly explained by risk-taking behaviours. Further studies are needed to understand the reasons for the study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Methods Results Conclusion Following the COVID-19 outbreak, authorities recommended preventive measures to reduce infection rates. However, adherence to calls varied between individuals and across cultures. To determine the characteristics of effective health communication, we investigated three key features: message source, content, and audience.Using a pre-test and two experiments, we tested how message content (emphasizing personal or social benefit), audience (individual differences), message source (scientists or state officials), and their interaction influence adherence to preventive measures. Using fliers advocating preventive measures, Experiment 1 investigated the effects of message content and examined the moderator role of individual differences. Experiment 2 presented the messages using news articles and manipulated sources.Study 1 found decreasing adherence over time, with no significant impact from message content or individual differences. Study 2 found messages emphasizing ‘protect yourself’ and ‘protect your country’ to increase intentions for adherence to preventive measures. It also revealed an interaction between message source and content whereby messages emphasizing personal benefit were more effective when they came from healthcare professionals than from state officials. However, message source and content did not affect vaccination intentions or donations for vaccine research.Effective health communication requires simultaneous consideration of message source and content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of public health crises such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is essential that individuals cooperate by complying with preventive measures (e.g., wearing a mask). The current research examines how high trust in close others is linked to less cooperation—that is, less compliance with measures—and thus, undermines collective interests. Specifically, we test whether individuals are less willing to comply with preventive measures when interacting with close others they trust. We conducted two experiments in which participants read a vignette depicting a social interaction with either close others (e.g., family) or strangers. Participants had to report the extent to which they would (1) trust the other people in the situation and (2) comply with the mask wearing and physical distancing measures during this interaction. In both experiments, we find that when individuals are considering an interaction with close others, they report experiencing higher trust which is then linked to lower compliance with preventive measures. In Experiment 2, we further demonstrate that participants report less compliance with preventive measures around close others, even when they perceive non‐compliance with the measures as morally "wrong". Our findings shed light on the challenges that compliance with preventive measures poses during social interactions in a context of high trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed for the first time the oral and dental health of ultra-trail athletes. We also confirmed and quantified the scale of their exposure to oral health risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study using data from a survey among runners who enlisted in the 2020 edition of the UT4M races (Ultra-Trail des 4 Massifs). The dental health of 84% of the participants was "good" or "very good". The nutritional intake during effort comprised foods liable to induce tooth decay (energy bars (55%), sugar-rich gels and fruit confectionary (40%)) and snacking was frequent (39%). More than 3/5 of runners saw a dentist for preventive check-ups. The more runners participate in races the more likely they are to have oral hygiene strategies during competitions (aOR = 1.85, p ≤ 0.05). The oral health of ultra-trail runners is better than that of the average French adult population. Regular dental hygiene and preventive dental consultations appear to counterbalance the risks that we evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourists' visual attention has a central function in constructing their visual experiences and affects their perceptual and cognitive processes. Visual attention might be affected by environmental factors; however, the effects of environmental factors on visual attention are still vague in the literature. Moreover, visual attention might influence tourists' stress intensity. This study explores how tourists' visual attention patterns vary under environmental factors and quantifies the effects of visual attention on stress intensity by a mixed- methodology involving observations, eye-tracking experiments, and post-experiment surveys. Findings suggest that crowding is an important environmental factor affecting tourists' visual attention patterns. Moreover, natural sounds enhance tourists' visual attention to natural landscapes and mitigate tourists' stress simultaneously. Mask-wearing can reduce tourists' visual attention to human crowds but cannot reduce stress intensity directly. Our findings extend the attention restoration theory by a multi-sensory perspective and the transactional theory of stress through eye-tracking analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wiener Klinisches Magazin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practical Oncology Journal is the property of Journal of Practical Oncology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Congenital Zika Syndrome presents a significant public health concern, particularly due to its association with severe neurological complications in infants born to maternal infected with the Zika virus during pregnancy. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the risks, complications, and preventive measures associated with Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Methods. A thorough literature search was conducted, encompassing studies, case reports, and clinical observations related to neurological complications in infants with congenital Zika syndrome. The review focuses on elucidating the intricate relationship between maternal Zika virus infection and the subsequent neurological challenges faced by newborns. Results. The neurological impacts of congenital Zika syndrome are multifaceted, ranging from the well-documented microcephaly to less explored manifestations such as brain abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, intracranial calcifications, seizures, and sensory impairments. Additionally, joint and limb contractures contribute to the complexity of congenital Zika syndrome-related neurological deficits. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the subject, shedding light on the diverse ways in which Zika virus infection during pregnancy can affect the developing fetal nervous system. Conclusion. Understanding the intricate neurological complications associated with congenital Zika syndrome is crucial for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and policymakers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge, emphasizing the need for continued research, surveillance, and public health interventions to mitigate the impact of the Zika virus on maternal and child health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India is a populous country with many health issues wherein mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are also a health threatening condition. Aim: To find out the awareness about MBD and preventive measures being used by students of a pharmacy college in Telangana state. Materials and Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted between July 1st to 31st, 2018 in a pharmacy college in Nalgonda district. 112 students participated in the study and data was collected using predesigned and pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was presented in proportions with confidence interval using IBM SPSS Version 20 software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY). Results: The study included 112 study participants with majority (63.4%) of them being males and 75.9% being 17--20 years of age. 87.5% had knowledge that fever was the main symptom of malaria followed chills.(67.8%) Majority of students got their knowledge from internet (89.2%). Conclusions: While knowledge about MBDs and their preventive measures is good, their practice is poor, and the students have to be further educated upon this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly complex geo-political and geo-strategical events and the appearance of new global security pawns determine the world states to find new forms and collaboration methods to ensure their own security and promote national and common concerns. The development and expansion of organized crime modes, equally as its globalization imposed by states and intergovernmental organizations the assimilation of international legal instruments with the purpose of facilitating the safeguarding of evidence, the elements of evidence, the fast transfer to the specialized judicial authorities for the administration of evidence and the prompt sanctioning of perpetrators. Child sexual abuse can take many forms, including harassment, touching, incest or rape, and can take place in different environments, including homes, schools, placement institutions, churches and last but not least, the online environment. Children are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse because they are often under the authority and control of adults and have less access to the mechanisms by which they can lodge complaints. The European Parliament approved new rules this year to help online providers detect, remove and report further online material on child sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Criminal Code highlights facts that constitute crimes and sanctions that can be applied to those who violate them in order to protect the interests of society, legal entities and citizens. The authorities are charged with enforcing the sanctions of the Criminal Code and other consequences, and the accountability of offenders must be done according to specific standards, corresponding to the needs of two major interests: the interests of society and individual interests. Carrying out normal work involving the rapid detection of crimes and the identification of offenders, as well as the implementation of legal consequences that serve as a means of combating and preventing crime, is in the interest of society. Individual interests demand that this activity be strictly regulated by law, with abuses and injustices outlawed, as well as provide citizens with effective ways to defend themselves against a false accusation or more serious than the real one. Official participants in criminal proceedings must do their job objectively and impartially to administer good repressive justice. The law has developed remedies to protect against unfounded or illegal judgments, as well as mistakes committed by courts or other entities with jurisdiction. These remedies may include checking illegal or unfounded decisions and correcting errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: chronic constipation is a functional gastrointestinal disorder with a considerable prevalence about which there are erroneous beliefs and perceptions. Objective: to establish the beliefs and perceptions of patients with chronic constipation about its etiology, its complications and the efficacy of general measures. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was conducted in a universe of 49 patients with a diagnosis of chronic constipation at the "Felix Lugones Ramirez" General Hospital between 2020 and 2022. The variables age, sex, improvement with treatment, beliefs and perceptions were measured. Results: patients diagnosed with chronic constipation were mostly female (57.14%), with a mean age of 60.73 years, and 75.51% of patients experienced improvement with treatment. Constipation as a cause of colon cancer (46 patients) and hemorrhoids (41 patients) were the most prevalent beliefs and perceptions, while it is caused by not going to the bathroom every day (eight patients) were the least recognized belief and perception (or both). Conclusions: chronic constipation is a functional gastrointestinal disorder subject to multiple popular beliefs and perceptions that are not scientifically supported and that is widely related to the occurrence of hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer fundamentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A lack of knowledge about COVID-19 has led people to believe in conspiracy theories, their origins, and their purposes. These theories influence people's compliance with preventive strategies and accepting vaccination, thus affecting the overall community health. This study investigated the association between compliance with preventive measures, conspiracy ideation, and COVID-19 conspiracy ideation. Methods:Data from 554 participants =18 years were collected using a questionnaire distributed over social media platforms. Associations between compliance with preventive strategies and several covariates were investigated. To quantify/test the effect of belief in conspiracy theory and COVID-19 conspiracy while accounting for other covariates, a multiple logistic regression model was implemented to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Participants were mainly males (58.3%), employed (61.2%), and Kuwaiti nationals (79.1%) with a median (IQR) age of 32 (20) years. The prevalence of generic conspiracy ideation, COVID-19 conspiracy, and poor compliance with preventive measures were 33%, 28.3%, and 34.7%, respectively. After adjustment for several covariates, believers in conspiracy theory (aOR=1.97, 95%CI:1.24-3.14), believers in COVID-19 conspiracy (aOR=1.96, 95%CI:1.2-3.21), compared to none/low believers, were significantly associated with poor compliance with preventive measures. Conclusion: Believers in conspiracy theories and COVID-19 conspiracy theories are significantly more likely to be poorly compliant with preventive measures against COVID-19. This has a negative effect on the community health. Policymakers need to address conspiracy theories on public platforms which will help promote the adaptation of correct public health practices and preventive strategies leading to better health of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the status of human trafficking in India will be presented. Human trafficking is one of the speediest expanding and profitable types of offence not only in India but Internationally too. This form of modern-day slavery contains miscellaneous exercises of human exploitation such as sex trafficking, forced labour, marriage, begging, and illegal organ transplantation. On the other hand, central reasons or vulnerability components of trafficking such as structural inequality, culturally sanctioned traditions, deprivation or financial insecurity, bonded labour, and gender violence, which are outlying and aggravated by disintegration, have stuck around unrecognised in intellectual and policy provinces. The significance of Human trafficking impacts all nations and destroys sufferers and society while affecting social, economic, and health costs. This paper argues that the focus is required to be conveyed to such underlying sources and manners by which this corruption is expanding. There is high need to look out for the laws made for crimes related to human trafficking, to protect the human of the trafficked persons in India. Hence, it furnishes some preventive actions to restrain and deal with the nuisance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to identify the level of Knowledge awareness and attitudes of female rural agriculture students towards the issue of pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables. It adopted the descriptive approach, whereby the opinions of 225 fourth-year students at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, were surveyed in May 2023 using the electronic questionnaire. Data analysis included frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and significance indices. Key findings: More than half (51.6%) have moderate Knowledge awareness in general, 12.9% have low awareness, and 35.6% have high awareness. Most of them had moderate or low Knowledge awareness of the theoretical and applied dimension. About half had a moderate or low attitude towards preventive measures in general. The trend towards purchasing measures was mostly moderate (89.3%). Attitude toward home-based measures ranged between moderate and high (43.6%, 42.7%). The most important sources of Knowledge awareness formation are: academic courses, libraries/books, agricultural sites, social media, family/relatives and television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)