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Background: Myelin is an essential component of the peripheral and central nervous system, enabling fast axonal conduction and supporting axonal integrity; limited tools exist for analysis of myelin composition in-vivo. Objective: To demonstrate that the photophysical properties of myelin-incorporated solvatochromic dyes can be exploited to probe the biochemical composition of living peripheral nerve myelin at high spatial resolution. Methods: Using the myelin-incorporated fluorescent dye Nile Red we sequentially analyzed the spectral characteristics of remyelinating myelin membranes both in-vitro and in-vivo, including in living rats. Results: We demonstrated a consistent bi-phasic evolution of emission spectra during early remyelination, and visually report the reliable biochemical flux of myelin membrane composition in-vitro and in-vivo. Conclusions: Solvatochromic spectroscopy enables the analysis of myelin membrane maturity during remyelination, and can be performed in-vivo. As the formation of myelin during early-to-late remyelination likely incorporates fluctuating fractions of lipophilic components and changes in lateral membrane mobility, we propose that our spectrochemical data reflects the observation of these biochemical processes.

In allusion to indoor passive low-cost shoe-mounted personal navigation system (PNS), inertial navigation system (INS), and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) each has strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, an INS/PDR hybrid navigation method (IPH) is introduced based on action recognition aiming at large position divergence caused by heading drift. The PDR algorithm for improved heading estimation (IHE) is proposed. It can provide pseudoheading measurement according to the result of action recognition, so it can restrain the heading angle drift effectively. Besides, the INS/PDR IPH is proposed. In the situation of normal walking, the proposed method introduces the corresponding PDR pseudoposition measurement information to the PNS filter for correction. The proposed method not only can reserve the comprehensive and independent navigation information of INS but also can incorporate PDR location information with high precision when walking normally. Thus, the combination of the advantages of INS and PDR is achieved without adding any sensors. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the motion experiments. The navigation results of the PDR algorithm based on IHE are improved by around 57% compared with the traditional PDR. In addition, the navigation results of the INS/PDR hybrid method are improved by 42% on average compared with the INS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is common in the United States. Current treatment options for PHN are fairly limited. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) are considered mostly experimental and still rarely performed in patients with PHN. Design. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Setting. Tertiary academic medical center. Methods. 1) Pubmed, Ovid, and EBMR databases were searched for all reports that had the following key words: postherpetic neuralgia, spinal cord stimulation, and peripheral nerve stimulation. 2) A retrospective chart review was performed for all the patients that underwent PNS for PHN at Mayo Clinic Florida (MCF). Results. There were 20 original reports that described 309 patients with PHN who were treated with SCS. Sixteen reports had a permanent implantation of SCS, with a total of 255 patients, out of which 120 had long-term pain relief. There were six reports of subcutaneous PNS for PHN (in a thoracic area). Four reports provided data on success rates where all five patients received complete pain relief. In our practice, two patients underwent subcutaneous PNS for PHN (in the thoracic area) with good pain relief for 10 months and 2.5 years, respectively. Conclusions. Based on our review of the literature and the two cases at MCF, subcutaneous PNS seems to be a promising intervention in the treatment of PHN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The goal of this study was to devise a gradient system for MRI in humans that reconciles cutting‐edge gradient strength with rapid switching and brings up the duty cycle to 100% at full continuous amplitude. Aiming to advance neuroimaging and short‐T2 techniques, the hardware design focused on the head and the extremities as target anatomies. Methods: A boundary element method with minimization of power dissipation and stored magnetic energy was used to design anatomy‐targeted gradient coils with maximally relaxed geometry constraints. The design relies on hollow conductors for high‐performance cooling and split coils to enable dual‐mode gradient amplifier operation. With this approach, strength and slew rate specifications of either 100 mT/m with 1200 mT/m/ms or 200 mT/m with 600 mT/m/ms were reached at 100% duty cycle, assuming a standard gradient amplifier and cooling unit. Results: After manufacturing, the specified values for maximum gradient strength, maximum switching rate, and field geometry were verified experimentally. In temperature measurements, maximum local values of 63°C were observed, confirming that the device can be operated continuously at full amplitude. Testing for peripheral nerve stimulation showed nearly unrestricted applicability in humans at full gradient performance. In measurements of acoustic noise, a maximum average sound pressure level of 132 dB(A) was determined. In vivo capability was demonstrated by head and knee imaging. Full gradient performance was employed with echo planar and zero echo time readouts. Conclusion: Combining extreme gradient strength and switching speed without duty cycle limitations, the described system offers unprecedented options for rapid and short‐T2 imaging. Magn Reson Med 79:3256–3266, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To ensure pharmaceutical quality, chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) research is essential. However, due to the inherent complexity of Chinese medicine (CM), CMC study of CM remains a great challenge for academia, industry, and regulatory agencies. Recently, quality-marker (Q-marker) was proposed to establish quality standards or quality analysis approaches of Chinese medicine, which sheds a light on Chinese medicine's CMC study.Purpose: Here manufacture processes of Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) is taken as a case study and the present work is to establish a Q-marker based research strategy for CMC of Chinese medicine.Study Design: The Q-markers of Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) is selected and established by integrating chemical profile with pharmacological activities. Then, the key processes of PNS manufacturing are identified by material flow analysis. Furthermore, modeling algorithms are employed to explore the relationship between Q-markers and critical process parameters (CPPs) of the key processes. At last, CPPs of the key processes are optimized in order to improving the process efficiency.Results: Among the 97 identified compounds, Notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Rd are selected as the Q-markers of PNS. Our analysis on PNS manufacturing show the extraction process and column chromatography process are the key processes. With the CPPs of each process as the inputs and Q-markers' contents as the outputs, two process prediction models are built separately for the extraction process and column chromatography process of Panax notoginseng, which both possess good prediction ability. Based on the efficiency models of extraction process and column chromatography process we constructed, the optimal CPPs of both processes are calculated.Conclusion: Our results show that the Q-markers derived from CMC research strategy can be applied to analyze the manufacturing processes of Chinese medicine to assure product's quality and promote key processes' efficiency simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The somatosensory system contributes substantially to the integration of multiple sensor modalities into perception. Tactile sensations, proprioception and even temperature perception are integrated to perceive embodiment of our limbs. Damage of somatosensory networks can severely affect the execution of daily life activities. Peripheral injuries are optimally corrected via direct interfacing of the peripheral nerves. Recent advances in implantable devices, stimulation paradigms, and biomimetic sensors enabled the restoration of natural sensations after amputation of the limb. The refinement of stimulation patterns to deliver natural feedback that can be interpreted intuitively such to prescind from long-learning sessions is crucial to function restoration. For this review, we collected state-of-the-art knowledge on the evolution of stimulation paradigms from single fiber stimulation to the eliciting of multisensory sensations. Data from the literature are structured into six sections: (a) physiology of the somatosensory system; (b) stimulation of single fibers; (c) restoral of multisensory percepts; (d) closure of the control loop in hand prostheses; (e) sensory restoration and the sense of embodiment, and (f) methodologies to assess stimulation outcomes. Full functional recovery demands further research on multisensory integration and brain plasticity, which will bring new paradigms for intuitive sensory feedback in the next generation of limb prostheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is very limited literature investigating the association between physical activity (PA) and depression in South American countries such as Brazil. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression and its association with PA in a very large, representative sample of young adults (ages 18-39 years) (YA), middle-aged adults (ages 40-59 years) (MAA) and older adults (ages ≥ 60 years) (OA) residing in Brazil.Methods: The sample for this cross-sectional study was based on the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2013. The Personal Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8) was applied to measure current (past 2 weeks) depression as the outcome of interest, and the exposure was self-reported PA for leisure. Multivariable weighted logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the association between PA and depression while adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and number of health comorbidities among YA, MAA and OA.Results: The final study sample size was 59,399 (33,480 females; 25,919 males). After adjusting for the covariates of interest, the lack of PA for leisure was associated with a significant increase in depression only among males (YA: OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.02-2.06; MAA: OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.40-4.03; OA: OR 5.35, 95% CI 2.14-13.37). There was no significant association between PA for leisure and depression among females of all age groups.Conclusions: Although PA for leisure is not associated with depression among Brazilian females, the obtained results suggest that this association is significant among Brazilian males, who may be able to benefit from PA for leisure to reduce their symptoms of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury is a well-known toxic element that is found in various forms in nature. Recently, dental amalgams have been recognized as a new source of mercury. This study was carried out under in vitro condition; the amount of mercury released from teeth restored with amalgams in the presence of Wi-Fi router radiation (non-ionizing radiation) and X-ray (ionizing radiation) using a protocol similar to Computed Tomography of Para-nasal Sinuses (CT) were analyzed separately, and in combination on the samples. For this reason, 50 human premolars were restored with a certain type of commercial amalgams. The samples were divided into five groups; control, only-CT, CT+Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi+CT and only-Wi-Fi groups, and mercury measurement were investigated at 24 and 48 hours after exposure to radiation by cold-vapor atomic absorption system. The results showed a significant difference between subgroups 24 and 48 h (p-values = 0.001 and 0.008). However, over time a significant difference was only found in CT+Wi-Fi group (p-value = 0.043). In addition, in comparison with the control group, only the subgroup that was exposed to Wi-Fi waves showed a significant difference after 24 hours (p = 0.033). In line with some of the previous studies, our findings showed that electromagnetic waves are involved in mercury release process, and warnings about the consequences of electromagnetic waves on mercury release and subtitling it with a new compound in restorative dentistry should be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schwann cell c-]un is implicated in adaptive and maladaptive functions in peripheral nerves. In injured nerves, this transcription factor promotes the repair Schwann cell phenotype and regeneration and promotes Schwann-cell-mediated neurotrophic support in models of peripheral neuropathies. However, c-Jun is associated with tumor formation in some systems, potentially suppresses myelin genes, and has been implicated in demyelinating neuropathies. To clarify these issues and to determine how c-]un levels determine its function, we have generated c-Jun OE/+ and c-Jun OE/OE mice with graded expression of c-Jun in Schwann cells and examined these lines during development, in adulthood, and after injury using RNA sequencing analysis, quantitative electron microscopic morphometry, Western blotting, and functional tests. Schwann cells are remarkably tolerant of elevated c-Jun because the nerves of c-Jun OE/+ mice, in which c-Jun is elevated ~6-fold, are normal with the exception of modestly reduced myelin thickness. The stronger elevation of c-Jun in c-Jun OE/OE mice is, however, sufficient to induce significant hypomyelination pathology, implicating c-Jun as a potential player in demyelinating neuropathies. The tumor suppressor P19ARF is strongly activated in the nerves of these mice and, even in aged c-Jun OE/OE mice, there is no evidence of tumors. This is consistent with the fact that tumors do not form in injured nerves, although they contain proliferating Schwann cells with strikingly elevated c-Jun. Furthermore, in crushed nerves of c-Jun OE/+ mice, where c-Jun levels are overexpressed sufficiently to accelerate axonal regeneration, myelination and function are restored after injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To systemically review the efficacy and safety of Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) in the treatment of traumatic spinal-cord injury (TCI) in rat models. [Methods] Randomized controlled trials (RCT) about the effects of PNS for TCI in rats were searched in PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, WanFang Data from inception to November 2016. Two reviewers independenty screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion critera, extracted data, and asessed the rsk of bias of included studies. Then Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. [Results] A total of 6 RCTs involving 264 rats were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that: compared with the control group, the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores in the PNS group were superior in 7 days (SMD-1.81, 95% CI (1.18, 2.43), P < 0.00001), 14 days (SMD-1.92, 95% CI (1.51, 2.33), P<0.00001), 21 days (SMD -2. 33,95% CI (0.98,3.68),P <0.0007) ad 28 days (SMD -2.72,95% CI (1.78, 3.67), P <0.00001) after surger. The results of Meta-analysis showed that: compared with the control group, ramp test in the PNS group were superor in 7 days [ SMD - 1.55,95% CI (0.78, 2.31),P <0.0001] and 14 days[SMD - 1.83,95%% CI (1.46, 2.20), P<0.00001]. [Conclusions] Current evidence indicates that PNS can promote the recovery of motor function in the rats with TCI. Due to limited quality of the included studies, the above conclusion should be verfied by conducting more large-scale, high quality RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper describes the basic structure of CXCL1 and CXCR2 and the combination between them. CXCL1/CXCR2 is widely expressed in central and peripheral systems. • CXCL1/CXCR2 recruits inflammatory cells to the lesion site, causing an inflammatory response at the lesion site. • CXCL1/CXCR2 in the central nervous system can cause the development of inflammation, pain, depression, and Alzheimer's disease, but it can also inhibit the development of Alzheimer's disease in certain ways. • CXCL1/CXCR2 causes pain in the peripheral nervous system through multiple pathways. • CXCL1/CXCR2 are involved in cancer metastasis through the peripheral nervous system. The C-X-C chemokine ligand (CXCL) 1 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR) 2 are widely expressed in the peripheral nervous systems (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS) and are involved in the development of inflammation and pain after various nerve injuries. Once a nerve is damaged, it affects not only the neuron itself but also lesions elsewhere in its dominant site. After the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis is activated, multiple downstream pathways can be activated, such as c-Raf/MAPK/AP-1, p-PKC-μ/p-ILK/NLRP3, JAK2/STAT3, TAK1/NF-κB, etc. These pathways in turn mediate cellular motility state or cell migration. CXCR2 is expressed on the surface of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These cells can be recruited to the lesion through the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis to participate in the inflammatory response. The expression of CXCR2 in neurons can activate some pathways in neurons through the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis, thereby causing damage to neurons. CXCR2 is also expressed in astrocytes, and when CXCR2 activated, it increases the number of astrocytes but impairs their function. Since inflammation can occur at almost any site of injury, elucidating the mechanism o f CXCL1/CXCR2 axis' influence on inflammation may provide a favorable target for clinical treatment. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress of the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in neurological diseases, aiming to provide a more meaningful theoretical basis for the treatment of neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major public health problem and the chief cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Panax notoginseng, a valuable herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with obvious efficacy and favorable safety, shows a great promise as a novel option for CAD and is increasingly recognized clinically. Firstly, this review introduced recent clinical trials on treatment with PNS either alone or in combination with conventional drugs as novel treatment strategies. Then we discussed the mechanisms of P. notoginseng and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), which can regulate signaling pathways associated with inflammation, lipid metabolism, the coagulation system, apoptosis, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischaemia.

Physical implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, like the Bennett-Brassard (BB84), are forced to use attenuated coherent quantum states, because the sources of single photon states are not functional yet for QKD applications. However, when using attenuated coherent states, the relatively high rate of multi-photonic pulses introduces vulnerabilities that can be exploited by the photon number splitting (PNS) attack to brake the quantum key. Some QKD protocols have been developed to be resistant to the PNS attack, like the decoy method, but those define a single photonic gain in the quantum channel. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a new QKD protocol, called ack-QKD, which is resistant to the PNS attack. Even more, it uses attenuated quantum states, but defines two interleaved photonic quantum flows to detect the eavesdropper activity by means of the quantum photonic error gain (QPEG) or the quantum bit error rate (QBER). The physical implementation of the ack-QKD is similar to the well-known BB84 protocol.

There is consensus that, distal to peripheral nerve injury, myelin and Remak cells reorganize to form cellular columns, Bungner's bands, which are indispensable for regeneration. However, knowledge of the structure of these regeneration tracks has not advanced for decades and the structure of the cells that form them, denervated or repair Schwann cells, remains obscure. Furthermore, the origin of these cells from myelin and Remak cells and their ability to give rise to myelin cells after regeneration has not been demonstrated directly, although these conversions are believed to be central to nerve repair. Using genetic lineage-tracing and scanning-block face electron microscopy, we show that injury of sciatic nerves from mice of either sex triggers extensive and unexpected Schwann cell elongation and branching to form long, parallel processes. Repair cells are 2- to 3-fold longer than myelin and Remak cells and 7- to 10-fold longer than immature Schwann cells. Remarkably, when repair cells transit back to myelinating cells, they shorten -7-fold to generate the typically short internodes of regenerated nerves. The present experiments define novel morphological transitions in injured nerves and show that repair Schwann cells have a cell-type-specific structure that differentiates them from other cells in the Schwann cell lineage. They also provide the first direct evidence using genetic lineage tracing for two basic assumptions in Schwann cell biology: that myelin and Remak cells generate the elongated cells that build Bungner bands in injured nerves and that such cells can transform to myelin cells after regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a 26-kD apolipoprotein that is mainly expressed in specific cell types, such as human liver parenchymal cells and kidney proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. ApoM can regulate the formation of pre-β-HDL and the reverse cholesterol transport and thus plays an important role in the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, meaning that it can affect the development of lipid metabolism disorders. Significantly elevated serum apoM levels are detected in patients with hyperlipidemia. However, few studies have shown how apoM is expressed in primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), which is often accompanied with hyperlipidemia, and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study was aimed at examining the apoM levels in patients with PNS and at determining the effects of PNS on serum apoM levels in these patients. Methods: This study included patients with hyperlipidemia (n = 37), the PNS with hyperlipidemia group (n = 62), PNS without hyperlipidemia group (n = 33), and healthy controls (n = 73). The age and body–mass index (BMI) matched among the groups of participants. Their serum apoM concentrations were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum levels of conventional lipids and renal function indices were assessed using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The data were analyzed by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient (continuous variables) or Student’s t test (mean differences). Results: The average serum apoM concentrations were higher in the hyperlipidemia group (61.1 ± 23.2 mg/L, P = 0.004) than in the healthy controls (31.6 ± 18.92 mg/L). The serum apoM concentrations were lower in the PNS with hyperlipidemia group (25.1 ± 16.31 mg/L, P = 0.007) and in the PNS without hyperlipidemia group (21.00 ± 17. 62 mg/L, P = 0.003) than in the healthy controls. The serum apoM concentrations in the PNS with hyperlipidemia group did not differ significantly from those in the PNS without hyperlipidemia group (P = 0.083). Moreover, serum apoM levels positively correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA1 levels and negatively correlated with proteinuria in PNS patients (r = 0.458, P = 0.003; r = 0.254, P = 0.022; r = −0.414, P = 0.028). Conclusion: Serum apoM concentrations are higher in patients with hyperlipidemia than in healthy controls. Low serum apoM levels in patients with PNS are likely caused by PNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic injuries to human peripheral nerves are frequently associated with damage to nerve surrounding tissues including muscles and blood vessels. Currently, most rodent models of peripheral nerve injuries (e.g., facial or sciatic nerve) employ surgical nerve transection with scissors or scalpels. However, such an isolated surgical nerve injury only mildly damages neighboring tissues and weakly activates an immune response. In order to provide a rodent nerve injury model accounting for such nerve-associated tissue damage and immune cell activation, we developed a drop tower-based facial nerve trauma model in mice. We compare nerve regeneration in this novel peripheral nerve trauma model with the established surgical nerve injury along several parameters. These include gene expression, histological and functional facial motoneuron (FMN) regeneration, facial nerve degeneration, immune cell activation and muscle damage. Regeneration-associated genes (RAGs; e.g., Atf3) were strongly induced in FMNs subjected to traumatic and surgical injury. Regeneration of FMNs and functional recovery of whisker movement were faster in traumatic versus complete surgical injury, thus cutting down experimentation time. Wallerian degeneration of distal nerve stumps was readily observed in this novel trauma injury model. Importantly, drop tower-inflicted facial nerve injury resulted in muscle damage, activation of muscle satellite cell markers (PAX7) and pronounced infiltration of immune cells to the injury site only in this model but not upon surgical nerve transection. Thus, we provide a novel rodent PNS trauma model that can be easily adopted to other PNS nerves such as the sciatic nerve. Since this nerve trauma model replicates multiple tissue damage frequently encountered in clinical routine, it will be well suited to identify molecular and cellular mechanisms of PNS nerve repair in wild-type and genetically modified rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present crisis of science’s governance, affecting science’s reproducibility, scientific peer review and science’s integrity, offers a chance to reconsider evidence based policy as it is being practiced at present. Current evidence based policy exercises entail forms of quantification – often in the form of risk analysis or cost benefit analyses – which aim to optimize one among a set of policy options corresponding to a generally single framing of the issue under consideration. More cogently the deepening of the analysis corresponding to a single view of what the problem is has the effect of distracting from what could be alternative readings. When using evidence based policy those alternative frames become a kind of ‘uncomfortable knowledge’ which is de facto removed from the policy discourse. All the more so when the analysis is supported by extensive mathematical modelling. Thus evidence based policy may result in a dramatic simplification of the available perceptions, in flawed policy prescriptions and in the neglect of other relevant world views of legitimate stakeholders. This use of scientific method ultimately generates – rather than resolving – controversies and erodes the institutional trust of the involved actors. We suggest an alternative approach – which we term quantitative story-telling – which encourages a major effort in the pre-analytic, pre-quantitative phase of the analysis as to map a socially robust universe of possible frames, which represent different lenses through which to perceive what the problem is. This is followed by an analysis where the emphasis in not on confirmatory checks or system optimization but – the opposite – on an attempt to refute the frames if these violate constraints of feasibility (compatibility with processes outside human control); viability (compatibility with processes under human control), and desirability (compatibility with a plurality of normative considerations relevant to the system’s actors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Gradient strength and speed are limited by peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) thresholds. The coil array method allows the gradient field to be moved across the imaging area. This can help reduce PNS and provide faster imaging for image-guided therapy systems such as the magnetic resonance imaging-guided linear accelerator (MRI-linac). Theory The coil array is designed such that many coils produce magnetic fields, which combine to give the desired gradient profile. The design of the coil array uses two methods: either the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a set of field profiles or the electromagnetic modes of the coil surface. Methods Two whole-body coils and one experimental coil were designed to investigate the method. The field produced by the experimental coil was compared to simulated results. Results The experimental coil region of uniformity (ROU) was moved along the [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable classification predictive models of 626 drugs acting on the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems were constructed based on linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, random forest, and support vector machine methods with physicochemical descriptors characterizing the steric factors, electrostatic interactions, and H-bonding features. Internal cross-validations demonstrated that these models possessed satisfactory statistical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]