2,659 results on '"plastic film"'
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152. Food Packaging Equipment
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Saravacos, George D., Kostaropoulos, Athanasios E., Barbosa-Cánovas, Gustavo V., editor, Saravacos, George D., and Kostaropoulos, Athanasios E.
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- 2002
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153. Grain yield and water-use efficiency of summer maize in response to mulching with different plastic films in the North China Plain
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Quanqi Li, Huifang Han, and Rui Zong
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Soil health ,Agronomy ,Crop yield ,Soil water ,Plastic film ,Environmental science ,Environmental pollution ,Water-use efficiency ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Water content ,Mulch - Abstract
SummaryPlastic film (PF) mulching is widely applied in agriculture to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) and crop production. However, without efficient recovery, the residual plastic fragments in arable land threaten soil health and food security. Degradable films are generally considered as alternatives to conventional PF to mitigate PF pollution. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate the effects of various film mulching treatments (conventional PF mulching, transparent degradable film (TDF) mulching, and black degradable film (BDF) mulching, and no mulching) on soil water availability and summer maize yield in the North China Plain (NCP). Soil moisture, soil water storage, water use, and grain yield were recorded. Below 20 cm depth, soil moisture and soil water storage were higher in film mulching than in no mulching. Conventional PF mulching yielded the best water conservation, especially from sowing to jointing. TDF and BDF were similar in their regulation of soil moisture. Comparing to no mulching, conventional PF and degradable transparent film significantly reduced maize grain yield by 15.4 and 8.0% (average over 2 years), and reduced WUE by 9.4 and 7.8% (average 2 years), respectively. The observed reduction of grain yield in transparent film mulching might be caused by excessive soil temperature, especially at vegetative stages, which potentially accelerates crop senescence. Black film mulching reduced the soil cumulative temperature and prevent crops from being overheated. As consequence, grain yield and WUE of summer maize under BDF covering were significantly increased by 11.1 and 15.6%, respectively, over the 2 years. Therefore, we suggest that BDF can be used to replace conventional plastics to improve crop yield and control environmental pollution in the NCP.
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- 2021
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154. Growth plasticity in response to shading as a potential key to the evolution of angiosperm herbs
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Tomáš Herben, Martin Weiser, Tomáš Koubek, and Adam Klimeš
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0106 biological sciences ,Ecology ,Plastic film ,Biodiversity ,Plant Science ,Interspecific competition ,Biology ,Plasticity ,Herbaceous plant ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Plant ecology ,Botany ,Shading ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Woody plant - Abstract
In angiosperms, herbs evolved from ancestral woody growth form. A number of hypotheses on what was the driver of their evolution have been proposed, but none of them has received clear support so far. We are putting forward a new hypothesis that an important advantage of the herbaceous growth form lies in its greater capacity for plastic response to neighbour shading. Since most herbs form aboveground structures only for 1 year, they can respond to light heterogeneity more plastically than woody plants with long-living structures which need to pursue long-term goals such as stability and upward growth. To test the hypothesis, we carried out an experiment comparing plastic response to directional green shading of 21 species of young herbaceous and woody plants. We measured change of their tilt and length and compared it between herbs and woody plants using phylogenetic techniques. Both herbs and woody plants in our experiment responded to directed green shading by growing away from the shading plastic film. Overall response of herbs was, in agreement with the hypothesis, slightly stronger than response of woody plants, although there was high interspecific variation. The data indicate that herbs indeed have greater plasticity of stem growth in response to neighbour shading than woody plants, although the overall difference is not very strong. This capacity for plastic response might have played a role as one of the drivers of the evolution of the herbaceous growth form.
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- 2021
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155. The effect of sorbitol and sweet sorghum to carrageenan ratio on the physicochemical properties of sweet sorghum/carrageenan bioplastics
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Noor Intan, Abdurrahman Bahtiar, Mersi Kurniati, Y. W. Sari, and Sumaya Yulia Putri
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biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,Plastic film ,Plasticizer ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,Sorghum ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Bioplastic ,Carrageenan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Sorbitol ,Food science ,Sweet sorghum ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The use of synthetic plastic films has raised several environmental issues. The use of bioplastics is therefore expected as an alternative. In this study, sorghum grain extract was explored as the source for bioplastic films considering the prediction of massive availability of sorghum grains as by-products of bioethanol production. Sorghum grain extracts are rich in carbohydrate and protein, the two principals of bioplastic making. Therefore, the ability to re-utilize sorghum grain extracts is further expected to reduce the production cost. In addition to sorghum grain extracts, additives were involved in the process, which were carrageenan and sorbitol. Carrageenan was used as a gelling agent during the bioplastic’s productions while sorbitol was involved as the plasticizer. The effect of sorbitol and the ratio of sorghum extract to carrageenan on the physical and mechanical properties of the bioplastic film were investigated. The concentration of sorbitol was varied at 0, 2, 4, and 6%; the ratio of sweet sorghum extract to carrageenan was varied as 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2 at sorbitol concentration of 4%. The alkaline method was used to solubilize milled sorghum grain. The solution casting method was used to produce the bioplastic film. The film thickness was dependent on the concentration of the sorghum extract. The sorbitol incorporation reduced the tensile strength of the film while the concentration of the sorghum extract did not significantly alter the tensile strength. Improved flexibility was observed as the sorbitol concentration was increased. Water vapor transmission rate of the films is in the range of 100–147 g/m2 day, lower than polymethylpentene (PMP), a polyolefin petroleum-based plastic film, indicating the potential of the bioplastic films for future application. This further indicates the possible biorefinery of sorghum by-products as raw materials for bioplastic production.
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- 2021
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156. Optimization and Analysis of Plastic Film Consumption for Wrapping Round Baled Silage Using Combined 3D Method Considering Effects of Bale Dimensions
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A. Stankiewicz
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Optimal design ,Numerical analysis ,Biomedical Engineering ,Plastic film ,Soil Science ,Mechanical engineering ,Forestry ,Upper and lower bounds ,Discontinuity (linguistics) ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,Minification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Rotation (mathematics) ,Food Science ,Mathematics - Abstract
HighlightsSolved the problem of optimal design, in the sense of minimal film usage, of round bale diameter and height.Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions derived in the form of easy-to-solve cubic equations.Bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions ensure minimal film usage.Up to 10% savings in film usage if bale dimensions are optimally designed and wrapping parameters properly selected.Abstract. The combined 3D method is used for wrapping cylindrical bales of agricultural materials based on biaxial rotation of the film applicators. The demand for minimization of plastic film consumption keeps increasing, with the goal to save the environment, reduce plastic costs, and minimize wrapping time. Consequently, methods have been reported to solve the problem of optimal wrapping parameters for the conventional wrapping method. In this article, a model-based problem of such a design based on round bale dimensions (diameter and height) that minimizes film consumption for the combined 3D method is mathematically formulated and analyzed. The film consumption per unit of bale volume is used as a measure of film usage. Generally, it is difficult to find the optimal bale dimensions that minimize the original film usage index, due to the discontinuity of the index. Thus, near-optimal parameters, being as important as optimal parameters for engineering applications, are looked for. The problem of selecting near-optimal bale dimensions was constructed by minimizing the continuous lower bound of the original film usage index. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for near-optimal bale dimensions were established in the form of standard cubic equations, which can easily be solved using both analytical and numerical methods. Based on the optimality conditions, analytical and numerical analyses were performed of the influence of film width, pre-assumed bale volume, and numbers of bottom and upper film layers on the near-optimal bale dimensions and film usage. The results indicated that the near-optimal bale diameter and height, hereinafter called optimal, monotonically increase, while the optimal film consumption monotonically decreases, with increasing pre-assumed bale volume. Therefore, it is recommended to use bales of a maximum volume achievable with an actual wrapper and of optimal dimensions, i.e., diameter and height. The film width also influences the optimal bale dimensions and film usage: the wider the film, the smaller the minimal film usage. To confirm the effect of near-optimal bale design on film usage, the errors of the near-optimality were examined for four to sixteen film layers. The results of the numerical experiments demonstrated that for four to sixteen layers of film, there are compositions of the bottom and upper film layers for which the relative near-optimality errors do not exceed 0.01% whenever the optimal bale dimensions are used. Simultaneously, inappropriate selection of wrapping parameters may result in increased film usage, measured by mean relative errors of 1% to 9.5%, which means up to 10% film cost savings when the bale dimensions are optimally designed according to the proposed approach, and the wrapping parameters are appropriately selected. Keywords: 3D bale wrapping, Mathematical model, Minimal film consumption, Round bales, Stretch film usage.
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- 2021
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157. Preservation and post-harvest quality of okra using low density polyethylene
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Sintieli Borges Ferreira, Dalva Paulus, and Dislaine Becker
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Materials science ,biology ,Agriculture (General) ,Plastic film ,Polyethylene ,biology.organism_classification ,Ascorbic acid ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,S1-972 ,Low-density polyethylene ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,quality ,Chlorophyll ,Modified atmosphere ,abelmoschus esculentus ,Abelmoschus ,plastic film ,Completely randomized design ,modified atmosphere ,Food Science - Abstract
Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is a vegetable crop of high nutritional value, which presents great losses after harvest when stored under poor storage conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different low-density polyethylene (LDPE) thicknesses on the preservation and post-harvest quality of okra fruits under different storage periods. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with nine replicates, in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five forms of packaging at a temperature of 10 ± 1 ℃: no film and four LDPE thicknesses (10, 20, 30, and 40 µm) with five storage periods (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). It was revealed that the use of LDPE plastic films provided lower loss of mass, higher fruit firmness containment of increase in soluble solids, and lower color change at 21 days of storage compared to no film. The LDPE thickness of 30 µm showed lower incidence of rotting, better appearance throughout storage, lower color changes, containment of increase in soluble solids content, higher chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content compared to other forms of packaging, and is the most appropriate package for storing okra fruits up to 21 days, under refrigeration condition. The results of this study show that the thickness of LDPE has significant effects on the conservation and quality of okra. Our findings can be used to minimize post-harvest losses of okra during marketing.
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- 2021
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158. Characterization of shortwave and longwave properties of several plastic film mulches and their impact on the surface energy balance and soil temperature
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Rachhpal S. Jassal, Hughie Jones, Zoran Nesic, Sean Smukler, Mark Stephen Johnson, and T. A. Black
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Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,Analytical chemistry ,Longwave ,Plastic film ,02 engineering and technology ,Sensible heat ,Molar absorptivity ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Radiative transfer ,General Materials Science ,Shortwave radiation ,0210 nano-technology ,Shortwave ,Mulch - Abstract
We used, and present, robust methodologies to measure the shortwave (S) and longwave (L) spectral radiative properties (reflectivity (ρ), transmissivity (τ) and absorptivity (α)) of nine plastic films and quantified their effect, when used as mulches, on soil heat flux density (G), net radiation (Rn, above the films) and soil temperature (Ts2cm, 2-cm depth; Ts10cm, 10-cm depth) in comparison to a control (bare soil). During the daytime, all treatments increased G when compared to the control to a maximum of ~45%, except for a plastic film that had a high shortwave ρ (ρs) value (0.45). The films with the highest αs and ρs values had the highest and lowest daytime Rn, respectively. As a general rule, films with high τs and αL values caused the greatest increases in G, Ts2cm and Ts10cm. In contrast, a comparison of three black plastic films with similarly high αs and different longwave properties showed that the film with the highest αL value achieved the lowest G and Ts2cm, which was unexpected. The daytime heat-sharing ratio (G/H, where H is sensible heat flux on the upward-facing side of the mulch) ranged in value from 0.80 ± 0.47 (mulch with τs = 0.79 αL = 0.39) to 0.26 ± 0.13 (mulch with αs = 0.96 αL = 0.94). The lowest total daily downwelling shortwave radiation (Sd) required for total daily G to become positive was 9.4 MJ m−2 compared to 17.6 MJ m−2 for the control, which shows the potential of plastic films for growing-season extension.
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- 2021
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159. Effects of small ridge and furrow mulching degradable film on dry direct seeded rice
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Shan Zeng, Hui Li, Xiwen Luo, Wenwu Yang, Liang Zhanhao, and Fang Longyu
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0106 biological sciences ,Science ,Plastic film ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Dry weight ,Yield (wine) ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,biology ,Sowing ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Environmental sciences ,Agronomy ,Seedling ,Germination ,Shoot ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Medicine ,Mulch ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Global climate change and socio-economic development have led to a shortage of water and labour resources, which has had a significant impact on rice cultivation. In this study, the application of micro-ridge-furrow planting technology and degradable film mulching in dry direct-seeded rice was investigated to address the factors restricting the development of the rice industry and reduce the impact of rice production on the environment. The effects of a micro-ridge-furrow planting pattern and degradable film mulching on soil temperature, seedling growth, and yield of dry direct-seeded rice in a semiarid region of China were studied through three field experiments: micro-ridge-furrow mulching with traditional plastic film (T1); micro-ridge-furrow mulching with degradable film (T2); and traditional flat-cropping mulching with traditional plastic film (CK). The experimental results demonstrated that the micro-ridge-furrow mulching film planting pattern promoted the germination of rice seeds and improved the soil temperature, plant height, leaf area, dry mass, and grain yield. T2 had the highest average soil temperature (14.68–17.83 ℃ during the day; 14.4–15.74 ℃ at night), leaf area (41.85 cm2 plant−1), root dry mass (45.32 mg plant−1), shoot dry mass (58.46 mg plant−1), root–shoot ratio (0.821), and yield (8.112 t ha−1). In summary, the micro-ridge-furrow mulching with degradable film (T2) is recommended as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably solving environmental problems and improving grain yield in semiarid regions of China.
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- 2021
160. Valor nutricional do pré-secado de capim Tifton 85 com diferentes camadas de filme de polietileno e tempos de armazenamento
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Scheidt, Kácia Carine, Mesquita, Eduardo Eustáquio, Nath, Caroline Daiane, Neres, Marcela Abbado, Schmoeller, Marilda, Castagnara, Deise Dalazen, and Valente, Ériton Egidio Lisboa
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Silage ,Plastic film ,Tropical grass ,Gramínea tropical ,Chemical composition ,Filme plástico ,Composição química ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Ensilagem - Abstract
Forage conservation processes are fundamentally aimed at maintaining the nutritional quality of forages so that they can overcome the low availability and quality of roughage feed in unfavorable times. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the number of layers of polyethylene film and storage time on the nutritional value of haylage of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp cv. Tifton 85). Four and six layers of milky white polyethylene film were used in the wrapping of silage bales with a capacity of 400 kg (100 and 150 um in total thickness, respectively), for four different storage times (at baling and 30, 60, and 90 days). The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with four replicates, in a split-plot arrangement in time, in which the number of layers of polyethylene film that wrapped the haylage bales constituted the plots and the storage times the sub-plots. Neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) levels were higher in the haylage wrapped with four layers of polyethylene film (35.8 g kg-1 CP). Storage time affected the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), mineral matter (MM), NDIP, and lignin contents and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The ADF and lignin contents increased linearly, whereas IVDMD decreased linearly. Mineral matter showed a negative quadratic response. The NDIP and NDF contents exhibited a positive quadratic response. Storage time did not influence the dry matter (550.3 g kg-1), crude protein (102.3 g kg-1 DM), or acid detergent insoluble protein (28.9 g kg-1 CP) contents or in vitro NDF digestibility (582.1 g kg-1 DM). In conclusion, the number of layers of polyethylene film does not influence the nutritional value of Tifton 85 grass haylage. Storage for 90 days reduces the nutritional value of Tifton 85 grass haylage. Os processos de conservação de volumosos têm como objetivo fundamental manter a qualidade nutritiva das forrageiras, para que essas possam suprir a baixa disponibilidade e qualidade de alimento volumoso em épocas desfavoráveis. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de número de camadas de filme de polietileno e tempos de armazenamento sobre o valor nutricional do pré-secado de capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp cv. Tifton 85). Foram utilizadas quatro e seis camadas de filme de polietileno branco leitoso no revestimento de silos-fardos com capacidade de 400 kg (100 e 150 um de espessura no total, respectivamente) e quatro diferentes tempos de armazenamento (enfardamento, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo que o número de camadas de filme de polietileno que revestiram os fardos do pré-secado constituiu as parcelas e os tempos de armazenamento as subparcelas. Os teores de proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro (PIDN) foram superiores no pré-secado revestido com quatro camadas de filme de polietileno (35,8 g kg-1 PB). Houve efeito de tempo de armazenamento sobre os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), matéria mineral (MM), PIDN, lignina e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Constatou-se acréscimo linear para os teores de FDA e lignina, e decréscimo linear para o teor de DIVMS. A MM apresentou comportamento quadrático negativo. Observou-se comportamento quadrático positivo sobre os teores de PIDN e FDN. Para os teores de matéria seca (550,3 g kg-1), proteína bruta (102,3 g kg-1 MS), proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (28,9 g kg-1 PB) e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (582,1 g kg-1 MS) não houve influência de tempo de armazenamento. Coclui-se que o número de camadas de filme de polietileno não influenciou o valor nutricional do pré-secado de capim Tifton 85. O armazenamento durante 90 dias reduz o valor nutricional do pré-secado de capim Tifton 85.
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- 2022
161. Izdelava inovativne embalaže za vrtnine za zaščito pred napadi škodljivcev
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Batič, Uroš and Vrabič Brodnjak, Urška
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korenina vrtnine ,vegetable head ,pests ,glava vrtnine ,škodljivci ,vegetable root ,packaging ,plastična folija ,embalaža ,združevanje embalaže ,packaging combination ,plastic film - Abstract
Namen magistrskega dela je bil raziskati izdelke za zaščito vrtnin pred škodljivci in druge načine za zaustavitev škodljivcev na vrtu ter izdelati embalažo za vrtnino, ki ji bo na vrtu omogočala nemoteno rast in preprečevala škodljivcem uničenje vrtnine. Prav tako pa bo omenjena embalaža boljša od že temu namenjenih izdelkov, saj bo ščitila celotno vrtnino. Pomembno je bilo vključiti elemente na embalaži, ki so enostavni za uporabo, in prinašajo dobro uporabniško izkušnjo. V teoretičnem delu je predstavljenih nekaj splošnih informacij o embalaži in materialu, ki smo ga uporabili. Nato sledi predstavitev vrtnin, ki bi jih lahko pakirali, njihova pridelava, kako poteka razvoj in kaj vse vpliva na to. Temu poglavju sledi predstavitev potencialnih škodljivcev in njihovih lastnosti. Dodanih je še nekaj načinov, ki se uporabljajo za zaščito vrtnin pred škodljivci in za odvračanje le-teh. Sledi predstavitev načrtovanja in oblikovanja embalaže ter opisi o zahtevah, ki jih vključujemo. Naredili smo tudi krajšo raziskavo izdelkov, ki so podobni oziroma je podoben njihov namen in imajo lastnosti, kot smo jih želeli sami vključiti in izdelati v končnem produktu. Analizirali in raziskali smo tudi njihove pomanjkljivosti in določene elemente, s katerimi smo si pomagali pri izdelavi in izboljšanju naše embalaže. Magistrska naloga obravnava celoten potek od izbire in preizkušanja materiala, pa vse do načrtovanja izdelka, izvedbe končnega izdelka ter predstavitev njegove mreže in elementov. V zaključku so predstavljeni vsi elementi embalaže in končni izdelek. Za izdelavo embalaže za zaščito vrtnin pred škodljivci smo se odločili, ker je ta problematika tema vsakega vrtičkarja in po pregledu izdelkov na trgu ni bilo primernega, da bi v celoti zagotavljal dovolj veliko zaščito za razvoj vrtnine, saj so vsi izdelki ščitili le glavo vrtnine. Namreč naš končni izdelek združuje zaščito glave in korenino vrtnine. The purpose of the master's thesis was to research products for protecting vegetables from pests and other ways to stop pests in the garden and to create packaging for vegetables that will allow them to grow smoothly in the garden and prevent them from pests destroying them and also to be better than similar products on the market because it will protect the whole vegetable. It was important to include elements on the packaging that are easy to use and deliver a good user experience. The theoretical part presents some general information about the packaging and the material we will use. Then, we briefly present the vegetables that we will pack and their production, how the development takes place, and what all affects it. We then tell who the potential pests are and what their characteristics are. We add a few more ways that are used to protect vegetables from pests and to deter pests so far. Here are a few words about the planning and design of packaging and the requirements we have. We also did short research of products that are similar or similar in purpose and have similar properties as we wanted. We also analyzed and researched their shortcomings and certain elements that helped us to make and improve our packaging. The master's thesis deals with the entire process from the selection and testing of material to product design and the final product and the presentation of its network and elements. In the conclusion, all the elements of the packaging that make it special and the final product are presented. We decided to make packaging for protecting vegetables from pests because this issue is a topic of every gardener and we did not find any similar product suitable to provide enough protection for vegetable development because all products protected only the head of the vegetable and ours combines the protection of the head and roots of the vegetable.
- Published
- 2022
162. Preparation of acrylic resins modified with epoxy resins and their behaviors as binders of waterborne printing ink on plastic film.
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Duan, Yufeng, Huo, Yandong, and Duan, Li
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ACRYLIC resins , *EPOXY resins , *BINDING agents , *PRINTING ink , *PLASTIC films , *POLYMERS - Abstract
Polymers have low-energy surfaces and are difficult to be adhered by waterborne inks due to the higher surface tension of the waterborne inks. An approach to prepare acrylic resin used as a binder of waterborne printing ink on plastic film with excellent adhesion and water resistance is described. The epoxy resin is incorporated into the acrylic resin to enhance the molecular interactions between binder molecules in ink and surface molecules of plastic film. The binder resin is obtained by esterifying epoxy resin with methyl acrylic acid and then co-polymerizing the esterification product with several acrylic monomers via a free radical polymerization. The acrylic resin modified by bisphenol A epoxy resins (EP-MA-AR) shows significant enhancement over the acrylic resin without modification (AR) in adhesion between ink and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film surface and as well water resistance performance. N -Hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NHMA) is introduced into the synthesis recipe to further enhance the interactions between the polymer chains in ink and the polar groups on the surface of non-polar polypropylene(PP) film caused by the corona discharge treatment and improves the adhesion between ink on and surface of PP film dramatically, whatever using AR or EP-MA-AR as binder. The adhesion between ink and PET film surface is also further improved by this method. The water resistance of AR and EP-MA-AR is also greatly improved under the appropriate content of NHMA. Two Tgs appear on the DSC curve of EP-MA-AR, suggesting the separated status of the epoxy modified acrylic chains and the acrylic chains without modification in EP-MA-AR. The experimental data of waterborne ink on PET and PP indicate the EP-MA-AR resin prepared in this way is an applicable binder of waterborne ink on plastic film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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163. 中国可降解膜覆盖对玉米产量效应的 Meta 分析.
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银敏华, 李援农, 申胜龙, 任全茂, 徐路全, and 王星垚
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Plastic film mulching has become an important cultivation practice in agricultural production in China. However, the residuals of plastic film in soil continuously increase with its considerable application. These residuals cause a series of negative effects on environment and land. Degradable film is recognized as a feasible choice to replace plastic film. This study aimed to reveal the influence mechanism and comprehensive effects of degradable film mulching on maize yield. A total of 28 papers were selected from published articles before November in 2016, and meta-analysis was applied. Critical information was obtained from each study, including experimental site, planting pattern, site altitude, average annual precipitation, average annual temperature, experimental duration, degradable film thickness, degradable film types, and maize yield. The collected data were divided into 2 groups. In the first group, no mulching was taken as the control for degradable film mulching, including 24 available comparison pairs. In the second group, plastic film mulching was taken as the control for degradable film mulching, including 24 available comparisons. The main steps included heterogeneity test, comprehensive effect size calculation, publication bias test and correction, sensitivity analysis, cumulative meta-analysis, meta regression analysis and influence factor analysis. The results showed that in the first group, degradable film mulching averagely increased maize yield by 17.8% compared with no mulching. There were no publication bias and extreme value. The cumulative yield increasing effect of degradable film mulching trended to be stable over time. Biodegradable film had a stable maize yield than photo degradable film and photo-biodegradable film. The degradable film with 0.008 mm thickness had a significantly higher maize yield than that with 0.006 mm. The yield increasing effect of degradable film mulching trended to be smooth during years of 2002-2015 with a range of 13.4%-17.3%, and was the highest (29.0%) in Gansu Province. There was a publication bias but no extreme value in the second group. Before publication bias was corrected, the maize yield was significantly lower under degradable film mulching than that under plastic film mulching. However, this difference was not significant after publication bias correction. The maize yield was not significant between degradable film mulching and plastic film mulching in regions, where altitude was higher than 1 000 m, average annual temperature was lower than 10 ℃, and flat planting and 0.008 mm film was used. The difference and variation of maize yield under degradable film mulching and plastic film mulching decreased in the last 5 years. In summary, degradable film mulching could achieve a high maize yield in regions with high altitude and low temperature, and flat planting using 0.008 mm film. This research can provide valuable information for the development and large-scale application of degradable film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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164. 不同类型地膜覆盖的抑草与水热效应及其对马铃薯产量和品质的影响.
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张淑敏, 宁堂原, 刘 振, 王 斌, 孙 涛, 张学鹏, 贺贞昆, 杨 燕, and 米庆华
- Abstract
Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2017
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165. Distinct distribution patterns and functional potentials of rare and abundant microorganisms between plastisphere and soils.
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Li, Yongbin, Gao, Wenlong, Wang, Caixia, and Gao, Miao
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- 2023
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166. Biodegradable mulch films significantly affected rhizosphere microbial communities and increased peanut yield.
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Zhao, Zhirui, Wu, Haimiao, Jin, Tuo, Liu, Huiying, Men, Jianan, Cai, Guangxing, Cernava, Tomislav, Duan, Guilan, and Jin, Decai
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- 2023
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167. Long-term plastic mulching decreases rhizoplane soil carbon sequestration by decreasing microbial anabolism.
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Li, Yüze, Hou, Yuting, Hou, Quanming, Long, Mei, Yang, Yali, Wang, Ziting, and Liao, Yuncheng
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- 2023
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168. Methods of Germ Cells Study
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Popescu, P., Rumpler, Y., Gabriel-Robez, O., Ectors, F. J., Koulischer, L., Popescu, Paul, editor, Hayes, Helene, editor, and Dutrillaux, Bernard, editor
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- 2000
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169. Cytogenetics of Meiotic Cells
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Johannisson, Reiner and Wegner, Rolf-Dieter, editor
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- 1999
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170. Equipment that is allied to packaging machinery
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Hooper, J. H. and Hooper, J. H.
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- 1999
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171. Effect of Plastic Film and Straw Mulch on Wheat Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Soil Properties in Punjab, Pakistan
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Atif Javed, Muhammad Iqbal, and Ruqia Shehzadi
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Active carbon ,active carbon ,Science (General) ,Yield (engineering) ,water use efficiency ,mulch ,Science ,Plastic film ,Straw ,soil water storage ,Q1-390 ,Agronomy ,Environmental science ,Soil properties ,total water use ,Water-use efficiency ,Mulch - Abstract
A two years (2014-15 and 2015-16) field experiment was performed to find out the effect of plastic film and straw mulching on yield, water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and selected soil properties. There were three treatments i.e. control, plastic film and straw mulch. No mulch was added in control. Rice straw was applied on the surface at a rate of 5 Mg ha-1. Soil samples in 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths were taken and analyzed. Soil water contents at 20 cm interval every 7 days were determined in 0-160 cm soil depth before sowing, after harvesting and during growing seasons. Results showed that grain yield was increased significantly by 29.8 in 2014-15 and 35.6% in 2015-16 over that of control under straw mulch. Straw mulch also decreased total water use with an increase in WUE. Soil bulk density was decreased significantly with a significant increase in porosity, water stable aggregates, active carbon, organic matter and soil water contents after harvesting. Soil water storage was higher under straw mulch for most sampling times. In conclusion, mulching soil with straw can sustain wheat yield and improve WUE and soil properties.
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- 2020
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172. Comparative Analysis on Facility, Environment, Growth of Cut Flower, and Management Performance in Conventional and Smart Farm of Chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’
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Yong Kweon Yoo and Yong Seung Roh
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Chlorophyll content ,Plant growth ,Fertigation ,Optimum growth ,Plastic film ,Environmental science ,Greenhouse ,Humidity ,Cut flowers ,Agricultural engineering - Abstract
We analyzed and compared the facility status, cultivation environment, growth of flowers, and management performance of a conventional farm and a smart farm in which Chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’ was grown. The conventional farm consisted of cultivation with soil culture in a plastic film greenhouse, whereas the smart farm consisted of hydroponic cultivation in a glass greenhouse. The smart farm was equipped with sensors for measuring solar radiation, temperature, humidity, CO2, wind speed, rainfall, and pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution, and was managed in real time using computers and mobile phone applications. In contrast, the conventional farm had neither sensors for environmental measurement nor pH and EC sensors for fertigation, and all systems were operated manually. The day and night temperatures in the plastic film house of the conventional farm were lower than the optimum growth temperature of Chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’. The soil EC of the conventional farm was found to be high (3.2 dS・m-1) indicating that it was not suitable for the growth of cut flowers, whereas the smart farm was properly managed at 1.1 dS・m-1. With respect to the cultivation method, no soil disinfection was performed at the conventional farm, whereas disinfection using hydrogen peroxide was performed at the smart farm. Although there were no other significant differences in cultivation methods, symptoms of damage by mites were seen at the conventional farm. The plant growth, such as length of cut flowers, flower diameter, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content were improved in the smart farm compared with the conventional farm. In terms of management performance (based on an area of 1,000 m2), the net income was -419,000 won for the conventional farm and 4,484,000 won for the smart farm, and the yield and sales price were 22% and 52% higher in smart farm than in the conventional farm, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the differences in the plant growth as well as management performance can be attributed to precise plant growth regulation by the automated facilities at the smart farm.
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- 2020
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173. Multi-Encapsulation Combination of O/W/O Emulsions with Polyurea Microcapsules for Controlled Release and Safe Application of Dimethyl Disulfide
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Aocheng Cao, Hongyan Cheng, Yuan Li, Zhiqiang Zhou, Wensheng Fang, Qiuxia Wang, Bin Huang, Zhaoxin Song, Lirui Ren, Dongdong Yan, and Daqi Zhang
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Phytophthora ,Thermogravimetric analysis ,Materials science ,Sulfide ,Polymers ,Fumigation ,Plastic film ,Capsules ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Anti-Infective Agents ,Fusarium ,Animals ,General Materials Science ,Dimethyl disulfide ,Disulfides ,Tylenchoidea ,Soil Microbiology ,Polyurea ,Active ingredient ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Drug Carriers ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Controlled release ,0104 chemical sciences ,Drug Liberation ,chemistry ,Delayed-Action Preparations ,Emulsions ,Cucumis sativus ,0210 nano-technology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), a promising alternative fumigant, has been highly desirable for excellent management of soil pests and diseases. However, high volatility and moderate toxicity of this sulfide limit its application. To address these issues, a novel controlled release formulation of DMDS was proposed employing multiple emulsions and polyurea microcapsules (DMDS@MEs-MCs). The successful combination of the two technologies was revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared. According to the multiple encapsulation structure, the encapsulation efficiency decreased by only 3.13% after thermal storage, compared with a 15.21% decrease of microcapsules made with only a monolayer film. DMDS@MEs-MCs could effectively control the release of active ingredient, which increased applicator and environmental safety during application. Moreover, it could be facilely used by spraying and drip irrigation instead of a special fumigation device. The innovative formulation exhibited better control efficacy on soil pathogens (Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) than DMDS technical concentration (DMDS TC). In addition, it did not inhibit seed germination after 10 days when the plastic film was removed from the fumigated soil. This method appears to be of broad interest for the development of safe and handy fumigant application.
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- 2020
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174. Plastic film and organic mulching increases rhizosphere microbial population, plant growth, and mineral uptake in low input grown tomato in the northwestern region of India
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Navnath Indore, S. J. Kale, Ajinath Dukare, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Shopat Ram, and Pankaj Kumar Kannaujia
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0106 biological sciences ,Rhizosphere ,education.field_of_study ,Physiology ,fungi ,Population ,Plastic film ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Biology ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Soil quality ,Nutrient ,Agronomy ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Ecosystem ,Cycling ,education ,human activities ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Crop management determinants that manipulate population, diversity and function of soil microbiome are crucial for managing plant health and soil quality, nutrients cycling, ecosystem functioning, ...
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- 2020
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175. Ridge–furrow with grass straw mulching farming system to boost rainfed wheat productivity and water use efficiency in semiarid <scp>Kenya</scp>
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Jian-Yong Wang, Simon N. Nguluu, Fei Mo, Levis Kavagi, Hong Zhou, and You-Cai Xiong
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Agricultural Irrigation ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Plastic film ,Poaceae ,Rainwater harvesting ,Soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Water-use efficiency ,Triticum ,0303 health sciences ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Plant Stems ,Water ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Soil carbon ,Straw ,Kenya ,040401 food science ,Soil quality ,Crop Production ,Agronomy ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background Ridge-furrow mulching farming systems (RFMs) aim to increase field productivity and improve water use efficiency. To explore environment-friendly and efficient farming systems is a central aspect of rainfed wheat field management in Kenya where rainfall utilization is at a low level. We introduced RFMs (including plastic film and grass straw mulching) to semiarid Kenya to evaluate the effects on field productivity, rainwater utilization, soil quality and economic profitability using old and modern wheat cultivars from 2012 to 2013. Results Across the cultivars, the RFMs increased grain yield, aboveground biomass and water use efficiency by 74-163%, 36-104% and 89-273%, respectively, compared with conventional flat planting (control). RFMs significantly shortened the vegetative period while prolonging the reproductive period. The net economic output under RFMs was 74-165% higher than that of the control. Grass straw mulching achieved the highest economic output to input ratio, almost 45% higher than plastic film mulching, despite the former harvested only 82% of the maximum field productivity of the latter. Compared with the control, grass straw mulching promoted the contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and C:N ratio by 14%, 8% and 5%, respectively, while obviously decreased values of these parameters were observed under plastic mulching. Conclusions Through reducing soil water loss, and improving rainwater use efficiency and soil quality, ridge-furrow grass straw mulching would be a sustainable option for boosting field productivity and thus ensuring local food security in rainfed agricultural areas of Kenya. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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- 2020
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176. Effect of scanning samples through polypropylene film on predicting nitrogen content of forage using handheld NIR
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Robert B. Mitchell, Steven D. Masterson, Randy L. Wehling, Mary-Grace C. Danao, Isaac R. Rukundo, and Curtis L. Weller
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pca ,Coefficient of determination ,Materials science ,Spectrometer ,Near-infrared spectroscopy ,packaging ,Analytical chemistry ,Plastic film ,forage ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Spectral line ,nitrogen ,pls regression ,Principal component analysis ,Partial least squares regression ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Food Science ,Second derivative - Abstract
This study examined the effect of collecting near infrared (NIR) spectra of forage samples through a transparent polypropylene (PP) plastic film instead of glass cups on calibrating two handheld NIR spectrometers to nitrogen content (N). The first device was a transportable spectrometer (H1) covering 790–2500 nm at 1 nm interval, while the second device was a smartphone spectrometer (H2) covering 900–1700 nm at 4 nm interval. The spectra from each spectrometer were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to identify wavebands for PP packaging that would interfere in subsequent partial least squares (PLS) regression modeling to predict N. PCA results showed that the loadings of the first principal component (PC1) of the first derivative of the spectra from H1 and loadings of the second principal component (PC2) of the second derivative of the spectra from H2 were useful in identifying wavebands due to PP film. Regression models for H1 had better prediction performance when spectra were collected through glass than through PP films, in terms of coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.958), standard error of prediction (SEP = 0.96 g kg-1), and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) = 4.93 vs. (r2 = 0.942, SEP = 1.13 g kg-1, and RPD = 4.17). Similar results were obtained for H2 using spectra collected through glass (r2 = 0.821, SEP = 1.73 g kg-1, and RPD = 2.72) than through PP (r2 = 0.499, SEP = 2.99 g kg-1, and RPD = 1.57). Removing peaks due to PP in the sample spectra improved the PLS models for H1 (r2 = 0.959, SEP = 0.94 g kg-1, and RPD = 5.02), but not for H2 (r2 = 0.521, SEP = 3.17 g kg-1, and RPD = 1.49). Hence, scanning samples through PP films can reduce the accuracy of predicting N, but for some handheld NIR spectrometers, this could be overcome by excluding wavebands due to PP.
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- 2020
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177. Efficacy of black plastic film mulching as a cultivation strategy to cope with leaf senescence and increase yield of rainfed spring maize ( Zea mays L.)
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Yan Jin, Zhenqing Xia, Haidong Lu, Leiyong Si, Qi Wang, and Yafang Fu
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Senescence ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Yield (engineering) ,Agronomy ,Spring (hydrology) ,Plastic film ,Soil Science ,Environmental science ,Pollution ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,Zea mays - Published
- 2020
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178. Changes in Soil Chemical Properties of Strawberry, Watermelon, and Tomato-Grown Plastic Film Houses from 2010 to 2019
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Mi-Jin Chae, Ha-il Jung, Eun Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Kwon, Tae-Gu Lee, and Myung Sook Kim
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Horticulture ,Nutrient ,Soil test ,Plastic film ,Environmental science ,Greenhouse crops - Published
- 2020
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179. Preparation and characterization of polydimethylsiloxane-based paper transparentizing agent and its application in paper coating
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Longgang Tian, Yujie Gao, and Haoran Ma
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Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,business.product_category ,Polydimethylsiloxane ,Plastic film ,Bioengineering ,Plant based ,Penetration (firestop) ,engineering.material ,Sizing ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Paper machine ,Coating ,chemistry ,engineering ,Composite material ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
A new type of polydimethylsiloxane-based paper transparentizing agent was prepared via a combined method. The performance of the transparentizing agent was investigated systematically by adding and dipping, with use of the surface sizing device of a paper machine. Optimum performance was found at 30% concentration of the transparentizing agent and 30 to 45 °C of dipping temperature. Under the optimal conditions, the transparentizing t agent achieved a rapid penetration in the base paper and filled in the pores of the paper, to be further effectively adsorbed and retained on the fiber surface. The transparency of test paper reached as high as 76±0.97 %, which was 37±1.4% higher than that of the control. However, the addition of transparentizing agent reduced the mechanical strength of paper slightly. The as-prepared transparentizing agent was found to exhibit excellent application stability and biodegradability when applied in the paper machine,When used as plastic film, the transparent paper would lose its strength completely after eight weeks. The resulting transparent paper can be used to develop paper-based film and other related plant based transparent/ translucent paper, which has great potential in replacing plastic products and eliminating white pollution.
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- 2020
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180. Plastic film bags on the refrigeration of table grapes
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M.N. Amorim, S.H.N. Turco, B.T.S. Caçula, M.J.M. Guimarães, D. Lourençoni, I.B. Miranda, and Í.E.A. Santos
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Materials science ,Metallurgy ,Plastic film ,Refrigeration ,Table (landform) ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Published
- 2020
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181. Response of productivity and nitrogen efficiency to plastic-film mulching patterns for maize in sub-humid northeast China
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Xiaodong Bo, Jiusheng Li, and Yanfeng Li
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Irrigation ,Field experiment ,Crop yield ,0207 environmental engineering ,Plastic film ,Soil Science ,Growing season ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Drip irrigation ,Animal science ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,020701 environmental engineering ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
In the semi-humid region of northeast China, the plastic-film mulching (PFM) is essential for sustaining yields, while the yield-increase potential and nitrogen (N) use mechanism under different PFM patterns in this area remain poorly understood. A field experiment using maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted for two consecutive years to study the effects of different PFM patterns on soil microclimate factors, N mineralization, N loss, crop yields and N use efficiency under drip irrigation. The six treatments consisted of full ridge-furrow mulching (FM), only ridge mulching (RM), non-mulching (NM), ridge-furrow mulching without fertilization (CFM), ridge mulching without fertilization (CRM), and non-mulching without fertilization (CNM). The results showed that the PFM could obviously warm the soil throughout the growing season. Compared to NM, FM and RM obviously increased the soil temperature by 2.0–5.4 ℃ and 1.6–4.8 ℃ in the 2017 season, respectively, and by 1.9–7.8 ℃ and 1.0–5.7 ℃ in the 2018 season, respectively. Across two years, soil temperature was highest for FM followed by RM and NM. In general, FM enhanced the soil water content compared with RM, especially in the 0–50 cm profile throughout the growing season. The PFM could significantly (p
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- 2020
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182. Evaluation of cultivation methods, surface, and deep soil water use of maize in a semi-arid environment in China
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Yunliang Han, Xiaoliang Qin, Lina Wei, Xiaoxia Wen, Yüze Li, Duanpu Song, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Yinglong Chen
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0106 biological sciences ,Plastic film ,Soil Science ,Sowing ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Arid ,Water consumption ,Agronomy ,Yield (wine) ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Whether continuous ridge–furrow plastic film mulch (PM) and flat planting with PM is sustainable for soil water status and yield remain unknown. The study investigated effects of ridge–furrow PM ap...
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- 2020
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183. Effect of Microsprinkler Irrigation under Plastic Film on Photosynthesis and Fruit Yield of Greenhouse Tomato
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Zhenguang Lu, Mingzhi Zhang, Haochen Yang, Qingjun Bai, Qin Haixia, Qiu Xinqiang, Yushun Zhang, and Wang Yanping
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0106 biological sciences ,Irrigation ,Article Subject ,Plastic film ,Greenhouse ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Drip irrigation ,01 natural sciences ,Horticulture ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Loam ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,T1-995 ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Dry matter ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Water-use efficiency ,Instrumentation ,Technology (General) ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Mathematics - Abstract
The aim of this study is to exam the effect of microsprinkler irrigation technology under plastic film (MSPF) and to evaluate the reasonable micropore group spacing and capillary arrangement density in the greenhouse. Compared with drip irrigation under plastic film (DIPF) and microsprinkling irrigation (MSI) conditions, the effects of different micropore group spacing (L1: 30 cm micropore group spacing, L2: 50 cm micropore group spacing) and capillary arrangement density (C1: one pipe for one row, C2: one pipe for two rows, and C3: one pipe for three rows) with the MSPF on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit yield of tomatoes were studied using completely randomized trial design. The results showed that under the same irrigation amount, compared with DIPF and MSI, the photosynthetic rate of tomatoes treated with L1C2 increased by 8.24% and 13.55%, respectively. The total dry matter accumulation, yield, and water use efficiency at condition of L1C2 increased by 12.16%, 19.39%, and 10.03% compared with DIPF and 26.38%, 20.46%, and 31.02% compared with MSI, respectively. The results provide evidence that the MSPF can be applied to greenhouse tomatoes. The photosynthetic rate, total dry matter accumulation, yield, and water use efficiency of tomato leaves cultivated at a micropore group spacing of 30 cm were 1.07, 1.13, 1.14, and 1.13 times higher than those of 50 cm, respectively. With the decrease in capillary arrangement density, the photosynthetic characteristics of the tomato leaves, the total dry matter accumulation, and yield of tomatoes all experienced a decline. It is recommended to use a combination of one pipe for two rows of capillaries at a 30 cm micropore group spacing as the technical parameter of greenhouse tomato with MSPF in arid and semiarid sandy loam soils.
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- 2020
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184. Can drip irrigation under mulch be replaced with shallow‐buried drip irrigation in spring maize production systems in semiarid areas of northern China?
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Meng Wang, Yuhui Geng, Jinxin Huang, Guojun Cao, and Lichun Wang
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China ,Irrigation ,Fertigation ,Agricultural Irrigation ,Nitrogen ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Plastic film ,Drip irrigation ,Zea mays ,Soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Spring (hydrology) ,Biomass ,Water-use efficiency ,Fertilizers ,0303 health sciences ,geography ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Water ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plastic mulch ,040401 food science ,Agronomy ,Potassium ,Environmental science ,Seasons ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, shallow-buried drip irrigation in spring maize production has gradually replaced drip irrigation under plastic films and has become a common irrigation method in semiarid areas of northern China. RESULT Two years of field experiments were carried out in the semiarid area of western Jilin province to compare the two drip irrigation methods in the spring maize production system. The treatments included MW1 (drip irrigation under mulch + moderate irrigation amount), MW2 (drip irrigation under mulch + high irrigation amount), SM1 (shallow-buried drip irrigation + moderate irrigation amount), and SM2 (shallow-buried drip irrigation + high irrigation amount). The maize yields were significantly higher under mulch than under shallow-buried drip irrigation, but there was no interaction between mulch and the irrigation amount. Drip irrigation under mulch greatly improved spring maize N, P and K uptake compared with that under shallow-buried drip irrigation. The agronomic-use efficiency, recovery-use efficiency, and partial factor productivity were ranked in the order of MW2 > MW1 > SW2 > SW1. The water-use efficiency of drip irrigation under mulch was 7.44% and 6.82% higher than that of shallow-buried drip irrigation under the moderate and high irrigation levels, respectively. However, considering the costs of the plastic mulch, there was no significant (P
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- 2020
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185. Modified Porous Starch in Development of Biodegradable Composite Polymer Materials
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Zinaida Borodina, Aleksandr Papakhin, Aslan Sardzhveladze, Valentina Kolpakova, and Ilya Vasiliev
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Materials science ,Starch ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,polysaccharides ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,biodegradation ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Maize starch ,Porous starch ,Viscosity ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,hybrid composition ,lcsh:TP368-456 ,starch ,food and beverages ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Biodegradable composites ,0104 chemical sciences ,lcsh:Food processing and manufacture ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,hydrolysis ,Extrusion ,physical and mechanical properties ,0210 nano-technology ,plastic film ,Food Science - Abstract
Introduction. Modern food industry needs composite polymer materials based on natural compounds that accelerate the biodegradability of packaging materials. Starch is one of the most effective organic fillers. It has an excellent compatibility with synthetic polymers during extrusion. The research objective was to perform a comparative assessment of the physical and mechanical characteristics of thermoplastic starch based on enzymatic modified porous corn starch. The starch included samples both purified and unrefined from reducing substances. The samples were tested in biodegradable film production. Study objects and methods. The research featured porous starch, hybrid compositions with thermoplastic porous starch (TPS), and films based on low density polyethylene (PLD). The study involved various methods for determining biochemical and structural features of starch, e.g. electron microscopy, and physicomechanical properties of compositions and films. Results and its discussion. Compared to native starch, porous starch had a 1.6 times higher water-binding capacity and a 4 times greater solubility. Its enzymatic attackability was 24% higher, while its dynamic viscosity was a 1.7 times lower. These properties had a positive effect on the biodegradability of the films. The film samples that had the PLD:TPS ratio of 60:40 and the porous starch ratio of 40:60 demonstrated higher indicators of breaking tensile stress than the native starch samples. When the ratio of PLD:TPS was 70:30, the difference reached 14%; with that of 60:40 – 23%. Similar results were obtained for the break elongation: the indicator increased by 74% at the ratio of 70:30, by 65% at the ratio of 60:40, and by 21% at 40:60. The superior tensile stress indicator of the porous starch samples proved its higher strength properties, while the better break elongation results denoted a greater biodegradability. Conclusion. Modified starch, unrefined from reducing substances, proved more expedient for TPS and PLD film production. Unlike refined starch, it reduced the biodegradability period of the final product. The biodegradability period can be specified in a prospective study of food properties during storage using the new film.
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- 2020
186. The characteristic change of plastic film from common used packing bags under UV photodegradation
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Peng Ju, Yu Zhang, Linqing Xie, Jingxi Li, Fenghua Jiang, and Chengjun Sun
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Microplastics ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Plastic film ,Ultraviolet light ,Irradiation ,Polyethylene ,Composite material ,Photodegradation ,Plastic bag - Abstract
Since its invention, plastic has brought great changes to our daily life. It is considered as one of the most basic materials for the development of modern society. Most of the plastic produced are used for packaging and disposable products. Due to the high disposable rate and mismanagement, a large amount of plastic debris enters the marine environment. Potentially lasting several hundred years in the environment, the large plastic debris can be continuously broken into microplastics which are smaller than 5 mm under the action of ultraviolet light, heat, wind, tide, wave and bacteria etc. Therefore, the amount of microplastics will keep rising in the ocean. Microplastics is considered as a new emerging pollutant and has become a global concern. Understanding the degradation process of plastic in the environment is important for evaluating the contribution of plastic debris as one microplastics source. In this work, polyethylene film from 6 kinds of packaging bags commonly used in our daily life, i.e., food packing bag, garbage bag, thick film, and express packing bag, were selected to carry out photodegradation experiment under ultraviolet radiation in the laboratory. Properties of plastic films were investigated by tensile tests, infra-red spectrometry and scanning electron microscope at various time intervals. The results showed that the elongation-at-break of six kinds of polyethylene film decreased with increasing of UV exposure time. While Young’s modulus showed a trend of increase-decrease with increasing exposure time in general. The yield strength showed a general increasing-decreasing or decreasing trend with increasing exposure time. PE films from food packing bag and degradable garbage bag became brittle and tended to break into microplasics after 36 h under UV irradiation of 160 W/m2. However, the retained elongation-at-break of PE film from express packing bag was up to 76% after 180 h UV irradiation. Chain scission and structure changes occurred during photodegradation process. FT-IR spectra indicated that difference existed in photodegraded process among PE films from six kinds of plastic bags. Ether group existed in FT-IR spectra of PE film from food packing bag, while ketone, ester, carboxylic acid, and vinyl group appeared in the spectra of thick film and express packing bag. Carbonyl index, crystallinity index and vinyl index of films from food packing bag, thick film and express packing bag increased at various degrees with prolongation of exposure time. The microstructure at tensile fracture surface became smoother after photodegradation, showing appearance of small fragments. This indicated that the intermolecular force decreased significantly, which was consistent with the trend of mechanical properties. The plastic packing bags commonly used in our daily life tend to become brittle and fragment into small pieces under ultraviolet radiation and become one source of microplastics in environment. These results can provide basic data and theoretical support for study of environmental behavior processes of plastic debris and source of microplastics, assessment of environmental risk, etc.
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- 2020
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187. Biodegradable cotton gin trash/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite plastic: Effect of particle size on physicochemical properties
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Maryam Naebe, Xungai Wang, Rechana Remadevi, and Abu Naser Md Ahsanul Haque
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Vinyl alcohol ,Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,Composite number ,Plastic film ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallinity ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Thermal stability ,Particle size ,0204 chemical engineering ,Biodegradable plastic ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Cotton gin trash (CGT), a potential lignocellulose resource was combined with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to produce the biodegradable composite plastic film. A 50:50 CGT/PVA ratio was maintained using coarse and fine CGT powder particles and the effect of particle size on the morphology, crystallinity, tensile strength, optical transmittance, thermal stability and biodegradability was investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showed uniform distribution of CGT in PVA matrix particularly of the fine powders (~5.7 μm). The incorporation of CGT in PVA enhanced the tensile strength, biodegradability, thermal stability and induced complete UV protection. Overall, while the flexibility of the composite film decreased, the tensile strength increased 10% and 20%, respectively by the coarse and fine CGT powders when compared to the pure PVA film. Considering the fabrication cost as estimated in the study, the results point towards the immense potential of CGT as a low-cost reinforcement material for PVA to be successfully used in the production of biodegradable plastic material.
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- 2020
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188. Effects of Different Application Rates of Organic Compound Fertilizer on Young Squash Growth and Soil Chemical Properties under Plastic Film House
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Sung Hyun Kim, Seong-Jin Park, Yun hae Lee, Jaehong Shim, Myung Sook Kim, and Hyun Young Hwang
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Horticulture ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Plastic film ,engineering ,Fertilizer ,engineering.material ,Organic compound ,Squash - Published
- 2020
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189. FRUITING OF MELON (Cucumis melo L.) GROWN ORGANICALLY ON MULCHED SOIL
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Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak and Halina Buczkowska
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Melon ,Crop yield ,Plastic film ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,Biology ,Ascorbic acid ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Cultivar ,Mulch ,Carotenoid ,Cucumis - Abstract
Growing melon under temperate climate conditions is quite risky due to the high climatic requirements of this species. Vegetable growers use plastic film mulches to heat soil, to reduce weed infestation, and to maintain optimal soil moisture content. The aim of our study was to determine the suitability of white and black plastic film for soil mulching in melon cultivation under temperate climate conditions. Plants of three Polish heterotic cultivars of melon (C. melo L. var. saccharinus Naud.): Emir F1, Junior F1, and Seledyn F1, as well as of the breeding line 61/2014 F1 were the subject of this study. Two soil mulching methods were applied: black polyethylene (PE) plastic film and white PE plastic film, using for this purpose double-sided whiteon-black PE plastic film. The use of black plastic contributed to a significant increase in marketable yield of melon fruits. The content of L-ascorbic acid and carotenoids in fruits of melon grown on white mulch proved to be higher than in those grown on black mulch. The Polish cultivars studied can be considered as tolerant to temperate climate conditions.
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- 2020
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190. Long-term impacts of nitrogen fertilization and straw incorporation on rice production and nitrogen recovery efficiency under plastic film mulching cultivation
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Lianghuan Wu, Mengjie Zhu, Wenhai Mi, and Yan Sun
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0106 biological sciences ,Soil nutrients ,Physiology ,Plastic film ,chemistry.chemical_element ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Straw ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Nitrogen ,Nitrogen fertilizer ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Paddy field ,Fertilizer ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer as base fertilizer in plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC) system easily leads to soil N deficiency in the late growth period of rice. The combination...
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- 2020
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191. The Effects of Malch Applications on The Seedling Quality of 110R and Fercal Grape Rootstocks
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Zeki Kara and Mohammed Salah Mohammednoorı Fakhar
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Horticulture ,Cutting ,biology ,Seedling ,Shoot ,Plastic film ,Rootstock ,biology.organism_classification ,Plastic mulch ,Pruning ,Mulch ,Mathematics - Abstract
Viticulture in Turkey as well as all over the world is also one of the most important agricultural production from socio-economic issues. Significant quantities of high-quality vine seedlings are needed to maintain and improve the current state of viticulture at national and global levels. Soil cultivation, irrigation and plant protection activities that increase the production cost of seedlings are negatively affected by the seedling efficiency and quality. In this study, mulch applications of 110R and Fercal grape rootstocks obtained from the Sub-Union of Sapling Producers, from standard graftable quality virus free cuttings, in open field conditions (Black plastic BP, Black plastic jute PJ, Biodegradable plastic BD, Wheat stalk OM and Control) was done. Effects of applications on seedling yield and quality (soil temperature (°C), leaf temperature (°C), stomatal conductivity (mmol m -2 s -1 ), leaf chlorophyll content (spad value), leaf area (cm2), leaf number ( pieces), leaf weight (g), shoot length (cm), shoot diameter (mm), pruning residue weight (g), shoot development level (0-4 scale), number of roots (pieces) and diameter (mm), root fresh and dry weight (g), root growth level (0-4 scale) and seedling efficiency (%) were examined. While mulch applications in general provided improvement in all parameters examined, the order of efficacy varied according to grapevine rootstocks and examined properties. In terms of seedling efficiency, BP application in Fercal rootstock and BD application in 110R rootstock were most effective. According to the data obtained from this study, the positive effects of BP and BB, PJ and OM mulch applications were determined in the production of grape rootstock seedlings in open areas and especially in areas where the relative humidity was very low.
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- 2020
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192. Influence of plastic film mulching and planting density on yield, leaf anatomy, and root characteristics of maize on the Loess Plateau
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Taisheng Du, Wenbin Zhou, Wenbo Bai, Shaokun Li, Yanyan Yan, Peng Hou, Rulang Zhao, Yonghong Wang, Ming Zhao, Li Niu, and Jiqing Song
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0106 biological sciences ,Stomatal conductance ,Field experiment ,Plastic film ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Photosynthesis ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Agriculture ,Water-use efficiency ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Water content ,Leaf anatomy ,Respiration ,lcsh:S ,Sowing ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Anatomy ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Plastic film mulching ,Root growth ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
In rainfed areas of northwestern China, maize production is constrained mainly by low temperature during early growth and water limitation during the entire growth period. Plastic film mulching is commonly used to increase maize yield in this area, because it increases topsoil temperature and moisture content as well as water use efficiency. However, the physiological and anatomical bases of maize yield improvement with plastic film mulching are not well understood. The effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on maize yield, photosynthetic characteristics, respiration, leaf anatomy, and root growth were studied in a two-year field experiment conducted on the Loess Plateau of China in 2017 and 2018. The experiment used a split-split plot design with two mulching treatments (plastic film mulching and no mulching), two planting densities (7.5 × 104 and 10.5 × 104 plants ha−1), and two maize cultivars, Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335. Compared with no mulching, plastic film mulching increased maize yields by 31.1%–46.4% in 2017 and 3.6%–34.7% in 2018. Compared with low planting density, high planting density significantly increased and slightly reduced yields of both cultivars in the dry year 2017 and the rainy year 2018, respectively. Plastic film mulching increased photosynthesis and respiration as well as leaf stomatal density and aperture. Photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, and stomatal conductance and aperture were lower at high planting than at low planting density. Maize yield was positively correlated with photosynthesis, dark respiration, and stomatal aperture. Mulching increased root dry weight and length in the 0–20 cm soil layer and root activity at maturity. Overall, the changes in root growth and leaf anatomy resulted in increased photosynthesis and dark respiration, and the increased photosynthesis contributed to the increase in grain yield and biomass production under plastic film mulching conditions. Our results increase understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which plastic film mulching increases maize yield in water- and temperature-limited areas.
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- 2020
193. An overview of the use of plastic-film mulching in China to increase crop yield and water-use efficiency
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Huaiping Zhou, Fengju Wang, Zhanxiang Sun, Xurong Mei, Yuzhong Li, Qin Liu, Qingsuo Wang, Haigang Li, Chaochun Zhang, Yanqing Zhang, Xucheng Zhang, Wei-ping Hao, Enli Wang, Chang-Rong Yan, Tinglu Fan, Jianbo Shen, Zhikuan Jia, Fusuo Zhang, Wenqing He, and Dongbao Sun
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,AcademicSubjects/SCI00010 ,Crop yield ,Perspective ,Plastic film ,Environmental science ,Environment/Ecology ,Agricultural engineering ,Water-use efficiency ,AcademicSubjects/MED00010 ,China ,Mulch - Published
- 2020
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194. Novel pre-treatment of dirty post-consumer polyethylene film for its mechanical recycling
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V. Godoy, L. Quesada, Gabriel Blázquez, M.A. Martín-Lara, J.M. Soto, and Mónica Calero
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021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Municipal solid waste ,Plastic recycling ,General Chemical Engineering ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Plastic film ,02 engineering and technology ,Human decontamination ,010501 environmental sciences ,Reuse ,Polyethylene ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Wastewater ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sewage treatment ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The excessive consumption of plastic films in many applications due to their lightness and versatility and the low recycling rate of this type of material is a very significant matter that increases the problem of plastic film pollution. Plastic recycling has been a popular topic in conferences and technical journals during the past few years, but studies on the washing process are rarely published. Washing is an essential step in the mechanical recycling of these materials. This work provides an assessment on the feasibility of the washing procedure to clean post-consumer polyethylene film, presented in municipal solid waste, which had not been collected selectively, to increase mechanical recycling of post-consumer plastic films. Particularly, the study analyses (1) the characteristics of the washing water after cleaning procedure at room temperature, at 60 °C and at 60 °C with addition of NaOH chemical; (2) benefits of a drying stage before washing on the cleaning efficiency and characteristics of residual water and (3) benefits of physical or physical-chemical treatment of water by using a single step of settling or a two-step process that includes flocculation-coagulation and later settling, in the possibility of wastewater recycling for its use again in the washing process. Results showed very low differences between washing procedures at room temperature and at 60 °C. However, with the addition of NaOH chemical best cleaning was achieved although a more difficult wastewater treatment was found, due to high COD, BOD5, chlorides, nitrogen and phosphorous content. Results also showed that drying before washing significantly improved decontamination of post-consumer polyethylene film decreasing the consumption of fresh water and the requirement of depuration of it. Finally, the stage of physical-chemical treatment of wastewater by means of the use of coagulants and flocculants showed the possibility of increasing the reuse of water in the process for cleaning of plastic with relatively low cost.
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- 2020
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195. Identification of Commercial Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics: Study of UV Induced Degradation in an Effort to Combat Plastic Waste Accumulation
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Ali Bumajdad, Ana Antelava, Achilleas Constantinou, George Manos, Raf Dewil, and Sultan Majed Al-Salem
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TGA ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Oxo Biodegradable ,Plastic film ,Weathering ,02 engineering and technology ,Chemical Engineering ,Biodegradation ,Oxo-biodegradable ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Colour ,020401 chemical engineering ,Ultimate tensile strength ,Materials Chemistry ,Litter ,Engineering and Technology ,Degradation (geology) ,Haze ,Thermal stability ,0204 chemical engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
End of life single-use items such as carrier bags constitute a large proportion of the litter found in marine and terrestrial environments. The main objective of the current work was to investigate the response of an oxo-biodegradable commercial plastic film product to photo-degradation using accelerated weathering, verifying the claim of its biodegradability and suitability as an eco-friendly product. This study is also geared towards the appropriateness of such products to reduce plastic waste accumulation in urban environments. The film samples were exposed to weathering as a means to determine the impact of UV induced oxo-biodegradation. Haze (%), light transmission (%) and the total change in colour (ΔE) were measured as indicators to the degradation profile of the polymeric materials, in addition to tensile pull mechanical properties and thermal stability. The melting peak indicates the melting point (Tm) of the polymer and with exposure to weathering it showed a slight decrease from 105 to 102 °C indicating that biodegradation mechanisms were triggered to a certain extent. The reduction in strain at rupture was also indicative for a loss in crystalline structure, coupled with Young’s modulus increase throughout the weathering exposure tests. Therefore, the material studied could be a candidate to mitigate the accumulation of plastic waste in open environments based on the results of this study whilst regulating controlled substances.
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- 2020
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196. Parameter Analysis and Field Tests of a Double Crank Multi-Rod under Plastic-Film Hill-Drop Mechanism Potato Planter
- Author
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Wei Sun and Petru-Aurelian Simionescu
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0106 biological sciences ,Crank ,Drop (liquid) ,Plastic film ,Sowing ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plant Science ,Agricultural engineering ,Kinematics ,01 natural sciences ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Potato planter ,Seeding ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Mulch ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Mathematics - Abstract
The new technology of filming in autumn and planting directly through the plastic film in spring is an effective water-saving method and drought-resistance commercial potato production. However, filming first and then planting is not compatible with the working of known potato mulching planters. In order to realize the hill-drop under plastic-film in potato seeding, a double crank multi-rod mechanism has been designed and a prototype built. Using computer-aided design software, the effect of several kinematic parameters upon the motion of the planter dibber has been systematically investigated. A mechanism with optimized parameters has then been built and tested in a dry farming area of the Loessal Plateau of Northwest China. Results showed that the qualified rate of sowing depth under plastic-film was 92%, the rate of hole dislocation was 5%, the qualified rate of hole distance was 88% and the mechanical-damage degree of plastic-film lighting surface was 52.1 mm/m2. The proposed planter meets all the agronomic requirements of hill-drop on plastic-film potato planting, and has the potential to perform well in other geographic areas, where comparable farming conditions exist.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
197. Land transfer, collective action and the adoption of soil and water conservation measures in the Loess Plateau of China
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Qian Lu and Rui Jia
- Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Atmospheric Science ,Irrigation ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Plastic film ,02 engineering and technology ,Agricultural engineering ,Collective action ,01 natural sciences ,Natural hazard ,Mediation ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Afforestation ,Environmental science ,Soil conservation ,China ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Based on the data of 849 rural households in the Loess Plateau of China, this paper uses exploratory factor analysis to study farmers’ participation in collective action from the aspects of information, participation, organization and effect of action. Through Bootstrap mediation effect test, this paper investigates the direct and indirect impacts of land transfer area and period on the soil and water conservation measures of farmers, respectively. The results show that the area of land transfer directly affects the use of terraced fields, plastic film and afforestation, but not the use of water-saving irrigation techniques. The transfer period has a significant direct impact on the adoption of the four measures mentioned above. Although the mediating effect of collective action in the process of land transfer area affecting the use of terraced fields, afforestation and water-saving irrigation techniques is significant, it is not significant on the use of plastic film. The mediating effect of collective action in the process of land transfer period affecting the use of terraced fields and water-saving irrigation techniques is significant, while it is not significant on the use of plastic film and afforestation.
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- 2020
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198. Variations in aroma and specific flavor in strawberry under different colored light‐quality selective plastic film
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Zhaojiang Zuo, Xile Wang, Binbin Ni, Bin Wang, and Xin Peng
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biology ,Chemistry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Plastic film ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,Light quality ,Quality (business) ,Food science ,Chemical property ,Flavor ,Colored light ,Aroma ,Food Science ,media_common - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
199. Fabrication of penicillin G portable microbiological test plate for on-farm antibiotic residues in milk
- Author
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Linlin Xu, Puleng Agathah Matebesi, Jingsheng Liu, Dong Na, Ping Chen, George Adoko, Moeketsi Ntakatsane, and Poloko Mosebi
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Guar gum ,medicine.drug_class ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Antibiotics ,Plastic film ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Penicillin ,Agar plate ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,medicine ,Food science ,Water diffusion ,Agar diffusion test ,Konjac glucomannan ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Antibiotic residues in animal-derived food products such as milk pose a potential health risk to consumers. A portable antimicrobial screening test plate was fabricated particularly for on-farm testing of milk. A cold-water soluble compound gelling agent composed of guar gum (GG) and konjac glucomannan (KG) was prepared and its properties were optimized for enhancing performance of the test plate. A ratio of 4:6 (GG:KG) showed improved gel strength, cohesiveness, transmittance, and water diffusion of the compound gel. Microbial colony number and size were also increased. The test plate displayed a minimum inhibition concentration of 4 µg/L penicillin G and clearer zone of inhibition. Detection time was also significantly reduced to approximately 9–15 h compared to the conventional agar plate method. The plastic film test plate with optimized compound gel demonstrated tremendous potential for detection of antibiotics in milk.
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- 2020
- Full Text
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200. Artificial neural network approach to predict the lightfastness of gravure prints on the plastic film
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Swati Bandyopadhyay and Mahasweta Mandal
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Materials science ,Artificial neural network ,General Chemical Engineering ,Plastic film ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Lightfastness ,General Chemistry ,Composite material ,Spectral data - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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