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Micronutrient deficiencies affect the health and development of the population of China as well as its socia] and economic development. Iron and zinc deficiencies are quite prevalent, while insufficient intake and poor bioavailability are the major causes. Phytate is be!ieved to bc a potent inhibitor. Feasible, cost-effective and sustainable intervention programs to combat iron and zinc deficiencies need to be identified and developed.

In this thesis molecular genetic studies on Brassica rapa are described based on a collection of 256 accessions and 6 segregating populations. In chapter 2 and 3 the genetic variation and population structure are characterized in a set of genotypes from different geographical origins representing the various cultivar types. The association of traits with AFLP markers is analyzed in chapter 3, and the development of various mapping populations, linkage map construction and QTL analysis of phytate and diverse morphological traits are described in chapter 4 and 5.Genetic diversity in the primary gene pool of B. rapa was assessed by AFLP fingerprinting (chapter 2). The relationship between accessions was revealed by the dendrogram,indicating thatdifferent cultivar groups are often region(East Asia vs.Europe)specific, emerging independently in the different geographic regions. The UPGMA dendrogram (chapter 2) and population structure (chapter 3) showed that grouping based on markers coincided often with morphotypes (cultivar groups) within a geographic region. However this clustering was not supported by significant bootstrap values, suggesting that only a few genes are involved in causing the large differences in morphologies.A number of markers differed between subpopulations thereby providing an example oflinkage disequilibrium (LD) due to population structure.Diversity collections can be used to survey the allele frequencies and to explore associations with traits (chapter 3). The STRUCTURE program indicated an association between population structure and trait values even for traits such as phytate and phosphate levels.The population structureshould therefore be considered in association mapping studies in B. rapa .Markers that show association after correction for substructure can reliably be interpreted as being linked. Using the Composite Interval association mapping procedure, 54 markers were found significantly associated with at least one of the 9 different traits that were analyzed, 16 of which had known map positions. The observation that some of the marker-trait associations were confirmed by QTL analysis indicated that association mapping allows the detection of linkage with moderately frequent alleles.A multiple population approach was applied in QTL analysis for phytateandmorphologicaltraits, in which the populations were developed from wide crosses and alleles of multiple parental accessions can be evaluated,revealing a large number of genomic regions harboring allelic variation for traits of interest. For phytate and phosphate contents in seeds and leaves, and 20 morphological traits involved in flowering time, seed traits, plant height, leaf traits and turnip formation we identified a total of 54 QTL positions. Co-location of QTL for different traits was found in many cases, which might suggest pleiotropy or tight linkage. The analysis of co-location of QTL for phytate/phosphate and parental allelic effects suggested that these QTL control total phosphorus levels or are specific for the phytate pathway in B. rapa. Principal component analysis and co-localization of QTL for morphological traits indicated that some components of the genetic control of certain leaf and seed-related traits, flowering time and turnip formation might be based on the same genes, indicating a commongenetic regulation of correlated traits underlying these QTL.The comparative analyses of QTL for certain traits, such as phytate and phosphate contents and flowering time, between the 6 populations and with Arabidopsis thaliana or other related Brassica species are discussed.

Recently rapeseed products have become more important for animals nutrition and poultry feeding. Such nutrition matters like glucosinolates, tannins, nonstarch polysacharides limit its bigger interposition. The quality of rapeseed products and seeds is changeable, because it depends on genotype of the rapeseed, fertilization conditions and their technological processing during the time of feed preparation. The aim of this work is to investigate the nutritional value of rapeseed products, estimate the influence of rapeseeds to the intensity of broiler chickens growth, consumption and digestibility of nutrients. To determine the effect of phytates ferment preparation supplement to calcium and phosphorus utilization in the organism of broiler chickens and the effect of possible rapeseed supplement in feed for broiler chickens femorals’ sensory quality.

This thesis focuses on the diversity of sorghum and its post-harvest processing into food. We studied the contribution that sorghum can make to Fe and Zn intake by poor people in Africa, using the situation in Benin as a study context. The culinary and sensory characteristics of sorghum crops and their derived foods in northern Benin were surveyed. Three food categories were identified: pastes, porridges, and beverages. We distinguished more than 100 farmers’ varieties. A genome fingerprinting technique (AFLP) was used to cluster these farmers’ varieties into 45 distinct genotypes which were analyzed for their phytate content and Fe and Zn concentration and in vitro solubility. Seven of the identified genotypes contain adequate in vitro soluble Fe to meet consumers’ requirements. The impact of the local sorghum processing technologies on phytate, phenolics and Fe and Zn in vitro solubility was evaluated. Wet cleaning of sorghum grain, germination and fermentation are the most effective process operations to degrade phytate and phenolics and to increase the solubility of Fe and Zn. A mathematical model used to study the effect of processing variables on Fe and Zn solubility suggests that maximum mineral in vitro solubility in sorghum can be achieved, by processing the grains with combined germination and fermentation. Such combinations would enable the preparation of infant cereal porridges with improved nutrient contents.

In order to exert an effect, either local or systemic, putative beneficial dietary substances have to survive at least to some extent the digestive process within the gastrointestinal tract. For that purpose, five castrated male pigs (100 ± 2 kg mean live b.w.) fitted with T-shaped ileal cannulas were used to determine the recovery up to the terminal ileum of various non-nutritional factors (NNF) from legumes (defatted soybean, raw lupin, raw chickpea and raw or autoclaved kidney beans). Kidney bean lectin (PHA) recovery within the small intestine ranged between 2.5 and 4.8 mg from 5.96 mg ingested. Two different methods were used to determine ileal digestibility of protease inhibitors (PI) in pigs. According to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, apparent digestibility of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and Bowman–Birk inhibitor for pigs fed the defatted soybean-based diet were 0 and 58%, respectively. On the other hand, the apparent digestibility of PI along the small intestine, expressed in terms of trypsin inhibitory activity, was 96, 98 and 95% of activity in the diet, while data expressed in terms of chymotrypsin inhibitory activity were 95, 99 and 79% of activity in the diet for defatted soybean, raw chickpea and autoclaved kidney bean diets respectively. Differences found in ileal digestibility values of PI using both methodologies, ELISA and enzymatic inhibition, might be explained by the detection of inactive forms by specific antibodies. Intestinal apparent digestibility of phytate was 0% for defatted soybean and autoclaved kidney bean diets, whereas values for raw lupin and chickpea diets were 4.1 and 24.5%, respectively. In conclusion, significant amounts of several NNF survived the passage through the stomach and small intestine of cannulated pigs, which might have biological relevance. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

S. De Vincenzi1,∗, M. Lupattelli2, E. Cestola1 and G.B. Liponi3 1Department of Vegetal Biology and Agroenvironmental and Zootechnical Biotechnologies, Section of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, University of Perugia; 2Department of Vegetal Biology and Agroenvironmental and Zootechnical Biotechnologies, Section of Vegetal Biology, Agricultural Faculty, University of Perugia; 3Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa ∗Correspondence: E-mail: zooteb@unipg.it

This article 'Variability in bioavailable iron in hand-pounded traditional rice varieties from a highland village in northern Thailand' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

Avaliou-se o efeito da maceração e do processamento doméstico do feijão-comum na composição química, nos teores de fitatos, de taninos, de amido e de fatores de flatulência, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: feijão-comum cru (FC), cozido sem maceração liofilizado (FCSM), cozido sem água de maceração não absorvida liofilizado (FCSAM), cozido com água de maceração não absorvida liofilizado (FCCAM) e na água de maceração (AM). Os feijões foram macerados por um período de 16 horas, na proporção 3:1 (água:feijão), em temperatura ambiente. Através de ensaio biológico com ratos machos Wistar, estudou-se o efeito de fitatos e taninos no quociente de eficiência protéica líquida (NPR) e digestibilidade protéica. Observou-se redução nos teores de fitatos (85%) pela utilização da maceração. No caso do conteúdo de taninos, somente o processo de cozimento do feijão promoveu alta decomposição dos mesmos (84%). No tratamento (FCSAM) observou-se redução nos teores de rafinose (25,0%), estaquiose (24,8%) e verbascose (41,7%) e no teor de amido (26,8%). No ensaio biológico observou-se que o NPR da dieta controle (caseína) e da dieta caseína mais sólidos solúveis da água de maceração, não apresentaram diferença significativa (p> 0,05); entre os tratamentos de feijão também não houve diferença significativa, sendo os valores dos NPR menores do que aqueles da caseína. A digestibilidade do tratamento (FCSM) foi a maior dentre os tratamentos de feijão (74,3± 5,8%); a caseína apresentou valor de 94,6± 0,9%. A remoção dos fatores antinutricionais fitatos e taninos, teor de amido e dos fatores de flatulência do feijão-comum foi mais efetiva no tratamento onde a água de maceração não absorvida era descartada (FCSAM). The domestic processing of the common bean resulted in reduction in the antinutritional factors phytates and tannins, in the starch content and in the flatulence factors raffinose, stachiose and verbascose. The objetive of this study was to evaluate the effect of the soaking step and the domestic processing of the common bean, on the chemical composition, the levels of phytate, tannin, starch and flatulence factors by utilizing the follows treatments: raw bean (FC), freeze-dried cooked unsoaked bean (FCSM), freeze-dried cooked bean without the non-absorved soaking water (FCSAM), freeze-dried cooked bean with the non-absorved soaking water (FCCAM) and the soaking water (AM). The beans were soaking for a period for 16 hours in the proportion 3:1 (water:beans) at room temperature. The effect of the phytates and tannins on the net protein efficiency ratio (NPR) and protein digestibility using male Wistar rats were studied. A decrease in the phytate content of the beans (85%) with use of soaking was observed. In the case of the tannin content, only the cooking of the beans promoved high decomposition (84%). In the (FCSAM) treatment a decrease in the raffinose (25.0%), stachiose (24.8%), verbascose (41.7%) and starch (26.8%) contents was observed. Diets containing casein (control), casein plus the soluble solids obtain from the soaking water showed no significant difference (p>0.05) for the NPR, as well as for the different bean treatments, although these showing lower values. The treatment (FCSM) showed the higher digestibility (74.3± 5.8%) of the bean treatments, the casein diets showing 94.6± 0.9%. The reduction of the phytates, tannin, starch contents and flatulence factors in the common bean was most effective when the soaking water not absorved was descarted (FCSAM).

The utilization of a "multimistura" as food supplement, in nutritional improvement programs for the low-income population in Brazil, represents a low-cost and easy-to-use food preparation alternative, presentig reasonable nutritive value and satisfying local taste preferences. This is based on the fact that the "multimistura" is made up of non-conventional ingredients/foods and of agroindustrial by-products, rich in different nutrients. This paper was designed to determine some toxic and/or antinutritional factors of a "Multimistura" utilized as food supplement in institutional programs to prevent malnutrition by the Department of Welfare and Social Affairs of the City of Natal, RN. The product studied had the following formulation: 30% of wheat bran; 30% of wheat flour; 30% of corn meal; 3% of powder from cassava leaves; 4% of pumpkin seeds powder; and 3% of eggshell powder. The analysis of the main toxic and/or antinutritional factors showed very low concentrations of phytates and tannins and no detectable levels of aflatoxin and cyanic acid. O uso da "multimistura" como suplemento alimentar, em programas de intervenção nutricional para populações brasileiras carentes, vem se apresentando como uma alternativa alimentar de valor nutritivo razoável, baixo custo, preparo rápido e paladar regionalizado. Isto resulta do fato desta ser constituída principalmente de alimentos não convencionais e/ou subprodutos agro-industriais ricos em diferentes nutrientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo dosar alguns fatores tóxicos e/ou antinutricionais de uma "multimistura" utilizada como suplemento alimentar em programas institucionais no combate à desnutrição da Secretaria Municipal de Promoção Social da cidade de Natal. O produto analisado tinha a seguinte formulação: 30% de farelo de trigo; 30% de farinha de trigo; 30% de fubá de milho; 3% de pó de folha de mandioca; 4% de pó de semente de jerimum; 3% de pó de casca de ovo. As análises dos principais fatores tóxicos e/ou antinutricionais mostraram baixíssimas concentrações de fitatos e taninos e níveis não detectáveis de aflatoxinas e ácido cianídrico.

One hundred and seventy four human subjects were studied to find out the interaction of vitamin A or beta -carotene with the inhibitors of iron absorption, from a basal breakfast containing bread from either 100 g of precooked corn flour or 100 g of white wheat flour, 50 g of cheese and 10 g of margarine. Bread was labeled with either 55Fe or 59Fe. This bread was made from commercially flours fortified with iron as ferrous fumarate and vitamins. It was noticed that the percentage of iron absorption from the breakfast prepared with precooked corn flour given alone and with different concentrations of coffee was practically the same, while the iron absorption from the breakfast prepared from wheat flour decreased from 6% when the breakfast was given alone, to less than 2% when it was given with different concentrations of coffee. The only ingredient present in precooked com flour and not in wheat flour was vitamin A This difference encouraged the authors to perform further experiments using precooked com and wheat flours fortified only with ferrous fumarate. These studies demonstrated that vitamin A inhibits the effect of the polyphenol and partially inhibits the effect phytate on iron absorption. HPLC and spectrophotometric studies demonstrated an interaction between vitamin A and iron. Other experiments, which included 100 volunteers, were performed to test the effect of vitamin A and beta -carotene on iron absorption from com, wheat and rice. The presence of vitamin A increased iron absorption up to 3 times for rice, 2.4 times for wheat and 1.8 times for como beta - carotene increased absorption almost 3 times for the three cereals tested, showingthat both compounds were capable ofpreventingthe inhibitory effect of phytates on iron absorption. This information suggest that vitamin A and B-carotene form a complex with ¡ron keeping it soluble in the intestinallumen and preventingthe inhibitory effect of phytates and polyphenols on iron absorption. Nueva propiedad de la vitamina A y beta -caroteno sobre la absorción de hierro en humanos: efecto de los fitatos y polifenoles como inhibidores de la absorción de hierro. Ciento setenta y cuatro sujetos fueron estudiados con el fin de conocer la interacción de la vitamina A y el beta -caroteno con los inhibidores de la absorción de hierro, utilizando un desayuno basal conteniendo un pan preparado a partir de 100 g de harina precocida de maíz o de harina blanca de trigo obtenidas comercialmente y fortificadas con fumarato ferroso y vitaminas, mas 50 g de queso y 10 g de margarina. Este pan fue marcado con 59Fe o 55Fe. Se apreció que el porcentaje de absorción de hierro del desayuno preparado con harina de maíz administrado solo o con diferentes concentraciones de café fue prácticamente el mismo, mientras que la absorción de hierro del desayuno basal preparado con harina de trigo disminuyó de 6% cuando el desayuno es administrado solo, a menos de 2% cuando fue administrado con diferentes concentraciones de café. El único ingrediente presente en la harina de maíz y no en la de trigo, fue la vitamina A. Esta diferencia estimuló a los autores para practicar otros experimentos utilizando harina precocida de maíz o harina blanca de trigo fortificadas solamente con fumarato ferroso. Estos estudios demostraron que la vitamina A inhibe el efecto de los polifenoles y parcialmente el de los fitatos sobre la absorción de hierro. Estudios espectrofotométricos y de HPLC demostraron que ocurren interacciones entre la vitamina A y el hierro. Otros experimentos, que incluyeron 100 voluntarios, fueron practicados para evaluar el efecto de la vitamina A y el beta -caroteno sobre la absorción del hierro del maíz, trigo y arroz. La presencia de vitamina A aumentó la absorción de hierro hasta 3 veces en arroz, 2.4 veces en trigo y 1.8 veces en maíz. El beta -caroteno aumentó la absorción hasta 3 veces para los tres cereales estudiados. Esta información sugiere que la vitamina A y el beta -caroteno forman complejos con el hierro manteniéndolo soluble en el lumen intestinal y evitando el efecto inhibitorio de fitatos y polifenoles sobre la absorción de hierro.

Magnesium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus are stored in seed tissues in spherical particles called globoid crystals. The main component of globoid crystals is phytin, a salt of myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid. Based on chemical similarity, commercially available phytates may be suitable standards for quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis of globoid crystals. The stability of globoid crystals and commercial phytates was different when analyzed under identical conditions. Phytates in globoid crystals from Cucurbita maxima cotyledons, were relatively stable in the electron beam during EDX microanalysis at room temperature, but there was a loss of potassium. No loss of potassium occurred during analysis at low temperature, even with repeated analyses on the same spot. Commercial phytates showed considerable beam damage in the form of raised mounds at the sites of analyses. The extent of the damage was much reduced with analysis at low temperature. Although there was some variation in the peak-to-background ratios of potassium and sodium with various analytical conditions, there was no differential loss of potassium or sodium as occurred with EDX analysis of globoid crystals. Reasons for differences between in situ and isolated phytates are unclear. Provided analyses are carried out at low temperature, commercial phytates have potential as standards but further research is required to determine how to control moisture content during sample preparation and analysis.

At present, canola meal is primarily streamlined into the animal feed market where it is a competitive animal feed source owing to its high protein value. Beyond animal feed lies a potential game-changer with regards to the value of canola meal, and its opportunity as a high quality food protein source. An economic and sustainable source of protein with high bioavailability and digestibility is essential to human health and well-being. Population pressures, ecological considerations, and production efficiency underscore the importance of highly bioavailable plant proteins, both for the developed and developing world. Despite decades of research, several technologies being developed, and products being brought to large scale production, there are still no commercially available canola protein products. The workshop entitled "Canola/Rapeseed Protein-Future Opportunities and Directions" that was held on 8 July 2015 during the 14th International Rapeseed Congress (IRC 2015) addressed the current situation and issues surrounding canola meal protein from the technological, nutritional, regulatory and genomics/breeding perspective. Discussions with participants and experts in the field helped to identify economic barriers and research gaps that need to be addressed in both the short and long term for the benefit of canola industry.

Objectives of this research were to produce a chromium (Cr) deficiency in rats in our laboratory as assessed by glucose removal rate and to determine if phytate would exacerbate the chromium deficiency state. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of 5 dietary groups: negative control without added chromium or phytate, low sodium phytate with 0.8% phytate, high sodium phytate with 2.8% phytate for 3 weeks then 1.4% phytate, calcium phytate with 1.8% phytate, or 5 parts per thousand chromium (chromic chloride) added to the diet. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed during weeks 5, 7, and 9, and non-fasting plasma glucose values were determined during the final week of the study. Results showed that plasma glucose removal rates indicative of impaired glucose tolerance were produced. The rats fed calcium phytate seemed to exhibit the lowest glucose removal rate (1.9%/min) despite the high dietary chromium content (737 ppb). However, there were no significant differences (p

Het kleurcomplex fosfomolybdeenblauw, gevormd uit fosfaat met het kleurreagens molybdaat-antimoontartraat-ascorbinezuur is vergeleken met het klassiek verkregen complex; fosfaat met molybdaat-hydrazinesulfaat. De vergelijking is beperkt gebleven tot het spectrum en de stabiliteit van de kleur.