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Статья посвящена обоснованию возможностей стимулирования развития человечес- кого капитала с использованием методов индивидуального подоходного налогообложения в Украине. На основе концептуальных положений теории человеческого капитала и эмпиричес- ких исследований его влияния на экономический рост выявлена необходимость постоян- ных инвестиций в человеческий капитал для улучшения его качества. В результате анализа теоретических концепций и практики подоходного налогообло- жения в мире обосновано, что плоская его концепция может быть успешно использована для стимулирования развития человеческого капитала. Однако анализ систем подоходного налогообложения зарубежных стран показал, что более эффективными являются отдель-ные инструменты налога на доходы физических лиц, в том числе налоговые льготы на об- разование. Особенно это характерно для развивающихся стран. При оценке инвестиций в человеческий капитал в Украине установлено, что доля за- нятого населения с высокой квалификацией растет на фоне уменьшения реальных расходов на высшее образование. Однако в зарубежных странах выявлена другая экономически кор- ректная зависимость - уровень квалификации растет при увеличении реальных затрат на ее получение. Анализ реальных государственных расходов Украины на одного студента и в целом по стране также показал их снижение. Это свидетельствует о наличии в Украине проблем с финансированием высшего образования. С помощью методов экономико-математического моделирования путем построения и параметризации ряда функций обосновано влияние инвестиций в образование людей на увеличение объема высококвалифицированного труда, что приводит к росту объема ВВП. Разработан научно-методический подход, основанный на алгоритме, который учиты- вает влияние фактора высококвалифицированного труда (с учетом затрат на получение квалификации) на объем ВВП. Этот подход позволил оценить эффективность затрат на налоговые льготы и целесообразность их использования для стимулирования инвестиций в высшее образование в Украине. Выполнена оценка экономических последствий стимулирования развития человечес- кого капитала путем внедрения налоговых льгот в Украине. Определено, что при увеличе- нии государством расходов на высшее образование за счет предоставления льгот наблюда- ется рост доли занятых с высокой квалификацией, что путем увеличения объемов труда приводит к росту ВВП. Но при этом выявлено, что расходы на налоговые льготы возмеща- ются только в условиях такого сценария развития событий, при котором инвестиции в ос- новные фонды увеличиваются и составляют не менее 25% ВВП. The article substantiates the opportunities for stimulating the human capital development through personal income taxation in Ukraine. The need for constant investments in the human capital for improvement of its quality has been substantiated by conceptual provisions of the human capital theory and empiric researches of its influence on economic growth. The completed analysis of theoretical concepts and practical use of income taxes worldwide allows substantiating the fact that concept of a flat income taxation can be successfully used to promote the human capital development. However, the analysis of income tax systems abroad shows that separate taxation tools for personal income, including tax allowances for education, are more efficient. This is especially typical for developing countries. In estimating investments in the human capital in Ukraine, it is found out that the share of working population with high skills increases against the decreasing actual expenses for higher education. In a meantime, foreign countries demonstrate the other economically correct dependence: the qualification level increases as real expenses to gain it increase. The analysis of real national expenses in Ukraine for one student and in the country in general also demonstrate their decrease. This proves the presence of problems in Ukraine that relate to financing the system of higher education. The methods of economic and mathematical simulation by building and parametrizing a number of functions allowed to substantiate the influence of investments in human education on the increase of the highly skilled labor, which in turn leads to the GDP growth. A scientific and methodical approach has been developed, based on the algorithm that takes into account the influence of the highly skilled labor factor (considering expenses for gaining the qualification) on the GDP level. This approach allows estimating the effectiveness of expenses on tax allowances and expediency of their use to promote investments in higher education in Ukraine. The economic consequences of the human capital development incentive by introducing tax allowances in Ukraine have been estimated. It is established that if the state increases expenses for higher education by granting allowances, the share of working population with high skills increases, thereby causing the GDP to grow by means of increasing employment level. However, it has been found out that the expenses for tax allowances are reimbursed only in the case where investments in fixed assets increase and amount no less than 25 % of the GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper provides increasing and decreasing tax arrears has become quite relevant. In the periodicals, in the works of various scientists, the topic of the shortfall in tax payments is disclosed, various proposals are made to reduce tax arrears in such areas as tightening control over taxpayers, and making new proposals for the development of tax incentives. Concept of "tax debt" is the total amount of unfulfilled obligations to pay statutory taxes and fees, penalties for late payment of taxes and fees, and penalties awarded for violation of tax legislation, expressed in monetary terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The aim of the article is to present the essence of tax justice in relation to the personal income tax in Poland. Research method – The realisation of the aim required using the method of descriptive and comparative analysis to assess the fairness of charging the personal income tax. Results – The results of the empirical study on the personal tax structure point to the progressive tax as the one which better fulfils the concept of tax justice. The common acceptance of the tax progression confirms the deeply rooted sense of vertical equity in the Polish society. According to this, higher taxes should be paid by the rich, while the less wealthy should be charged with lower taxes. Unfortunately, the structure of the personal income tax in Poland does not reflect this. On the basis of the evolution of the PIT tax structure, it is possible to determine flattening of the progression due to the introduction of the two-stage tax scale. What is more, one may experience frequent ethical doubts connected with tax exemptions, and especially with the rules of granting them. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Author’s own evaluation of the personal income tax in terms of tax fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de Castilla y León is the property of Junta de Castilla y Leon, Direccion de Servicios Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Proceedings of Ostroh Academy National University Series, Economics is the property of National University of Ostroh Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this research was to study the level of knowledge about personal income tax and to investigate the factors that influenced respondents' knowledge of personal income taxes. The sample group consisted of expatriates currently working in Thailand. A questionnaire was used for data collection from 130 respondents. The statistics used in data analysis were descriptive statistics, t-test, and the one-way ANOVA test. The research findings indicated that expatriates had a medium level of knowledge of personal income tax payments. It was also found that gender, age, average monthly income, and education level influenced the knowledge held by expatriates concerning personal income taxes. The research findings and recommendations made will be useful to relevant agencies, such as the Revenue Department, employing organizations, and educational establishments. These agencies could use this information as a guide in providing additional knowledge about issues where understanding is minimal. This will help taxpayers to prepare their returns accurately, and will strengthen the tax-liability awareness of all people living in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the causal links between the level of the shadow economy and indicators of social development of 13 European countries. Based on the analysis of research results of scientists, three hypotheses concerning relationship between the analyzed indicators: there is a one-way link between social development indicators and the level of the shadow economy; there is a one-way causal link between the level of the shadow economy and the country's social development; there is a bilateral relationship between the analyzed indicators were tested. Based on the causal analysis the main hypothesis that the increase in the level of the shadow economy is accompanied by a decrease in the level of social development of the country is proved. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the correlation between the level of the shadow economy and the indicators of social development of the country using methods of causal analysis and panel data from 2010 to 2019. Based on comparative analysis of the levels of the shadow economy, share of the population at the level of poverty and share of the population in a difficult financial situation the statistically significant indirect relationship between indicators has been proved. The analysis of the relationship between the level of the shadow economy and the share of personal income tax and social contribution to GDP was made using the Granger test. Reliability established hypotheses and the nature of the relationship between the indicators on the basis of the construction of end-to-end regression (Wald test), regression with fixed individual effects (Brush-Pegan test) and regression with random individual effects (Hausman test) was carried out. Empirical calculations show that it is appropriate to describe the relationships between the level of the shadow economy and the amount of single social contribution, personal income tax and Index of Social Development by using a model with fixed individual effects. All indices are statistically at 5% significant level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prawo Budżetowe Państwa i Samorządu is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Political, economic, and social developments in the world have undergone relatively turbulent changes over the last two decades. The European Union has not avoided them either. Naturally, any such change directly or indirectly affects the national economies of individual countries. Governments adapt to the new conditions through measures in the areas of employment, production, taxes, levies, and the like. This paper aims to examine the development of income taxes in Slovakia and other countries of the EU. Personal income tax and corporate income tax are the most significant direct taxes in all Member States in terms of collection volume. Their development varies from one region of Europe to another. Therefore, the idea of greater tax harmonization in the Union regularly runs into the arguments of countries in favor of maintaining tax competition. The paper seeks the similarity of individual tax systems and suggests a possible procedure in their further convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the Italian personal income tax has undergone several important changes since its introduction in 1974, following a path similar to those in other advanced economies. These modifications have affected its redistributive impact in ways that a priori are not easily identifiable, since they have often moved in divergent directions. The aim of this paper is to study how the redistributive effect (i.e. the ability of the tax to reduce inequality in post‐tax incomes) and progressivity (i.e. the rate at which tax incidence increases with income) of the tax have changed, comparing its structure at the end of the 1970s with its current version. Contrary to what might be expected from the reduction in top marginal tax rates, after 40 years the Italian personal income tax is more redistributive and slightly more globally progressive. A simple decomposition enables one to appreciate the importance that policy choices, inflation and the evolution of income distribution have had in shaping its effects over time. The lack of automatic adjustment mechanisms to inflation has produced a strong monetary fiscal drag effect, dampening the progressivity of the tax and increasing its burden. Policy changes, however, managed to make the tax more redistributive, and not less progressive. Compared with 40 years ago, the incidence of the tax has decreased on lower incomes, while increasing on middle and high incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of taxation of personal income in Ukraine does not allow fully implementing the principle of social justice, which is regulated by the Tax Code of Ukraine. This is because in many cases, the tax-payers’ solvency is not taken into account when setting tax rates. The Ukrainian legislation does not regulate the list of poor people, and there is no clear compensatory mechanism of assistance to these social groups. As a result, the number of poor people is growing and, therefore, the social tension is increasing in Ukraine. The article focuses on the poor performance of Ukraine in various indices of socio-economic development, which results in the growth of poor people. There was no clear legislation to classify the poor in Ukraine. A list of poor people is offered. The main directions of poverty reduction in European countries are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the poor status of poverty reduction in Ukraine through tax policies, due to the poor implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy by the executive authorities. The instruments of tax regulation of low-income population in EU countries are considered, the main ones being tax rebate (tax credit), tax exemption, non-taxable minimum, and reduced tax rate. The list of instruments for tax regulation of low-income population in EU countries and Ukraine is summarized. The progressive scale of taxation of personal income is substantiated. The list of poor people is generalized. A non-taxable minimum income indicator is proposed based on the indicator used to determine the limit for applying the tax social benefit. Given the experience of EU countries, the introduction of separate instruments for tax regulation of low-income groups in Ukraine is justified

Abstract We study how taxable income responds to changes in marginal tax rates, using as a main source of identifying variation three large reforms to the Spanish personal income tax implemented in the period 1999–2014. The most reliable estimates of the elasticity of taxable income (ETI) with respect to the net-of-tax rate for this period are between 0.45 and 0.64. The ETI is about three times larger for self-employed taxpayers than for employees and larger for business income than for labor and capital income. The elasticity of broad income is smaller, between 0.10 and 0.24, while the elasticity of some tax deductions such as the one for private pension contributions exceeds one. Our estimates are similar across a variety of estimation methods and sample restrictions and also robust to potential biases created by mean reversion and heterogeneous income trends.

Statistics on the amount of individual entrepreneur (registered and stopping one’s financial-economic activity) have been investigated. Systematization of scientific – practical methods for formation of the concept “optimum taxing load” has been carried out. In order to equalize the tax burden for individual entrepreneurs, applying both the general tax regime and a special one in the form of a simplified tax system, it has been offered to harmonize the definition of the object of the insurance premiums taxation with the current single tax when choosing the object of taxation “income, after deduction of expenses incurred”. Since the fixed payment in terms of payment of insurance premiums is payable regardless of the actual conduct of its own business for the calendar year, this proposal will allow us proportionately fulfill tax obligations to the budget.

Abstract In this paper, we use administrative data on tax returns to characterize the distributions of before- and after-tax income, tax liabilities and tax credits in Spain for individuals and households. We use the most recent available data, 2015 for individuals and 2013 for households, but also discuss how the income distribution and taxes have changed since 2002. We also estimate effective tax functions that capture the underlying heterogeneity of the data in a parsimonious way. These parametric functions can be used to calculate after-tax incomes in surveys where this information is not directly available, and can also be used in quantitative work in macroeconomics and public finance.

Diversification of tax revenues to the budgets of the United Territorial Communities (UTC) enhances the capacity of local self-government authorities to finance community development. The article is aimed at identifying the prospects for the formation of the own incomes of the combined territorial communities on the basis of an analysis of the sources of tax revenues of the UTC in the Central Region of Ukraine. Tax revenues to local budgets in Europe are considered. Absence of a unified approach to the formation of financial resources of local governments is proved. The own budget revenues of the UTC in the Central Region of Ukraine are analyzed. It is determined that, in the structure of own incomes, local taxes and fees provide half of all revenues only for a small part of the existing UTC. The main source of the own budget incomes for the Central Region’s average UTC is the income tax, almost 80% of which comes from the taxation of wages of employees in private enterprises and individuals - entrepreneurs. Prospects for forming the own revenues to the budgets of the UTC in the Central Region of Ukraine, depending on the main source of their tax revenues, are characterized. Based on the carried out analysis, the optimal structure of tax revenues to the budgets of the UTC in the Central Region of Ukraine is developed, which will increase the financial independence of territorial communities from the instruments of the State financial support of their development.

This paper focuses on an old but still discussed postulate, the Khaldûn-Laffer curve, and empirically applies it to personal income tax by using annual time-series data of Turkey for the period 1970-2015. From our analysis, two fundamental findings emerge: first, Turkish data provides evidence in favor of the Khaldûn-Laffer curve, suggesting that there is a non-linearity between tax rates and tax revenue. Second, the optimal tax rate that maximizes revenue from personal income tax is 15.03% against the current rate we estimate at 15.37%. These findings imply that Turkey’s current personal income tax rate falls slightly into the prohibitive range of the curve.Overall, it is safe to argue that the current personal income tax rate should be lowered to its optimal value to maximize the revenue from personal income taxation. If done so, the Turkish fiscal authorities would be able to generate more revenue with a relatively lower tax rate.

As the end of the Twenty-Tens approaches, there is a growing public consensus in Croatia that the key challenge facing the country is of demographic nature. Put simply, the accession to the European Union (EU) in July 2013 only exacerbated the negative trends regarding the emigration of mostly young and high-skilled workers to other, more developed countries. However, policymakers have hitherto failed to offer a comprehensive set of countermeasures, with tax policy being no exception. Accordingly, it is the aim of this paper to explore possible tax measures the Croatian legislator may employ in tackling the brain drain phenomenon, with special emphasis on highly skilled workers. More specifically, starting from the assumption that policymakers want to assume a more proactive role in addressing brain drain, the main contribution of the paper is in drawing the contours of a coherent tax-related response to this issue.

This paper develops a static general equilibrium model of occupational choice with heterogeneity in both labor and entrepreneurial skills that generates high levels of employment informality. The model uses a detailed structure of personal income taxes (PITs) and subsidies to formal workers to capture the labor wedges present in many countries. These features enable the model to assess how changes in PITs and subsidies affect labor market outcomes and the government's fiscal accounts. The model is calibrated for Mexico, which, like many developing countries, has high levels of labor informality. The model's simulations shed light on the impact of a series of reforms to PITs and subsidy schemes aimed at increasing labor formality among low-income workers. The results suggest that adjusting the current structure of the formal employment subsidy combined with PIT exemptions for low-income workers could reduce informality while marginally improving the government's fiscal balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article quantifies personal income tax compliance by regions for the first time in Spain and identifies the factors explaining differences in tax compliance between regions, an aspect that has scarcely been analyzed in the literature. To this end, and in addition to the dynamic and spatial components considered by Alm and Yunus, this article considers the variables included in the classical tax evasion model of Allingham and Sandmo, as well as tax morale and political-institutional variables, including those linked to the country's fiscal decentralization. The results obtained confirm, on one hand, those reached in the very extensive literature studying tax evasion from the individual perspective (including the importance of the dynamic element) and, on the other, the relevance of the spatial component in explaining tax compliance, so that greater or lesser tax compliance is partly explained by factors such as the tax behavior of neighbors or how those neighbors are treated by the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examined whether, and to what extent, the internal mobility of the unemployed in Spain was affected by a reform in the personal income tax that introduced a mobility incentive targeting this group. The reform introduced a distinct change in the incentives to relocate for work among unemployed workers living in certain regions of Spain. The reform's effectiveness was assessed by means of a difference-in-differences econometric approach, combined with nationally representative administrative data. The results suggested that the reform led, at most, to relatively few new migration flows, and accounted for the existence of differential migration trends between the regions that adopted the reform and those that did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further reforming of the Ukrainian tax system in order to improve the mechanism of personal income taxation (PIT) and filling local budgets points out the relevance of the research. The article considers the determinants of personal income tax as an important component of the tax system of Ukraine. The authors analyzed the PIT revenues to the consolidated budget of the country and identified a positive trend of its growth. Determinants and indicators of impact on PIT revenues are highlighted in the study. These factors are divided into following groups: economic, political and legal, demographic, socio-cultural and individual. The influence of main factors (GDP, Employment Rate, Inflation Rate, Average PIT Rate) on the PIT revenue component is considered. Regression and correlation analyses were performed using STATA program, and linear regression was calculated. In order to assess the dependence, countries were clustered according to key factors of their economic development for the period 2009—2019. According to the analysis results, it is determined that PIT revenues are closely dependent on the general macroeconomic situation in the country, and the average tax rate has a significant impact on its revenues.

Copyright of Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Alcalá is the property of Dykinson SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Estudos Politicos is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Revista Brasileira de Estudos Politicos) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Free-of-charge legal assistance remains one of the key areas of state activity. However, the system created is not optimal and its formal, organisational and financial framework needs to be modified. This concerns not only an increase in the amounts of funding, but also the quality of services provided. Not only is the choice of the legal and organisational model of providing legal assistance doubtful, but also the subjective and objective scope of the statutory regulations (including in the context of interpretation of tax regulations) raise some objections. As a postulate for the law as it should stand de lege ferenda), it is proposed to make appropriate legislative changes, aimed not only at clarifying the content of the provisions, or removing the legislative inconsistencies found, but also at thoroughly considering a remodelling of the legal assistance system in Poland. The above conclusions were formulated against the backdrop of the organisational and financial legal solutions adopted in other countries. To this end, the author used the formal-dogmatic and comparative legal methods, and also resorted to the historical method as an auxiliary method, in order to show the evolution of the institution under analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essence of the unified social contribution as an important component of the social protection system, and personal income tax and military tax, which, on the one hand, play a significant role in forming the revenue part of the state budget of Ukraine and, on the other, are the part of the costs affect the financial result of the entity is investigated in this paper. The main normative legal acts of Ukraine regulating the procedure of accrual, payment, accounting and reporting of the unified social contribution, personal income tax and military tax are analyzed, separate provisions of the legislation defining amendments to the submission of a single consolidated quarterly reporting of these taxes and payments are highlighted. The peculiarities of displaying information on the unified social contribution by legal entities and private entities-entrepreneurs, that is, all employers, regardless of the taxation system, as a part of quarterly reporting of personal income tax and military tax are formed. The peculiarities of reporting of the unified social contribution by private entities-entrepreneurs on the simplified taxation system by submitting as a part of the Declaration of the single taxpayer (quarterly/annual) Annex 1 with reflection of information about the amount of the unified social contribution paid during the quarter/year are revealed. The peculiarities of displaying information concerning single social contribution by private entities-entrepreneurs on the general system of taxation as a part of the Declaration of property and income are determined. The irrationality of the legislative initiative to combine reporting of the unified social contribution, personal income tax and military tax by different methods and bases of their calculations, various budget allocations of such funds for their payment, different users of information provided in these tax reports, various ways of errors correction and submission of clarifying reports, long period of information processing by state bodies in case of replacing monthly tax period by quarterly one while accruing various types of social benefits, pensions, etc. is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Economist / Novi Ekonomist is the property of University of East Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper estimates the extent of evasion of personal income tax (PIT) in Italy by integrating two methods that the literature has previously applied separately. The consumption‐based method introduced by Pissarides and Weber (1989) is used to estimate misreporting of income in micro data collected in the household IT‐SILC survey. We adopt an econometric specification close in spirit to that of Feldman and Slemrod (2007), which allows us to estimate income misreporting at different rates for different income sources. The misreporting estimates are then used in the discrepancy method to correct the incomes compared with administrative registered data. The comparison provides new estimates of evasion of personal income tax by type of income, region and income class. The estimates are used to improve microsimulation analyses of the distributional impact of tax evasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article was to describe the current tax on revenue from buildings and to present the doubts connected with it. The author analysed legal acts, interpretations of the tax authorities, judgments of administrative courts, and views of tax law scholars and com- mentators for the article. The tax on revenue from buildings (until 2018 also known as the tax on commercial real estate) is a relatively new tax under Polish law. It was introduced in 2018, though it was amended considerably in 2019. Although it is regulated by the Personal Income Tax Act and the Corporate Income Tax Act, in fact it should be recognised as a kind of wealth tax. The taxpayers are the owners of buildings that are wholly or partially used for the purposes of tenancy, lease, and other similar contracts (the total value of the building has to exceed PLN 10 million). The tax rate is 0.035% of the buildings value, paid monthly. It can be deducted from advance payments for income tax, and next it can be deducted from the income tax amount indicated in an annual tax return. The tax has created many doubts over interpretation. Some of them could be eliminated through the legislature’s amendments to the relevant provisions.

Because of its basic structural feature of adaptability to the taxpayer’s economic capacity, personal income tax is one of the basic instruments for achieving tax equity. The progressiveness of the personal income tax system does not exclusively affect the realization of the redistributive principle; it is also considered as a suitable instrument for mitigating or annulling the negative consequences of the regressive effect of indirect taxes, primarily value added tax. In addition, the funds collected from personal income tax, as a shared tax, represent the most generous source of funding for local and regional self-government units and public services which they provide to their residents. Having this in mind, if the development of the Croatian personal income tax system is observed, especially in the last ten years, the question arises whether it succeeds in achieving its basic functions: fiscal and social.

The authors analyze to what extent and how the tax burden should be shifted towards top income earners in order to reduce income inequality. Starting from Lambert and Aronson (Inequality decomposition analysis and the Gini coefficient revisited 1993) and Alvaredo (A note on the relationship between top income shares and the Gini coefficient 2011) decomposition by income groups, they prove that for three types of revenue-neutral linear personal income tax reforms (PIT) based on Pfähler (1984) the redistributive effect is always higher than before the reform; and when the size of the rich group is sufficiently small (e.g. 1%), the best option is allocating tax changes proportionally to net income, and the worst doing it proportionally to tax liabilities. An empirical illustration of the theoretical results is provided using micro data from the Spanish PIT.

Tax relations of enterprises with a state take a significant place in their state and economic life, as it is evidenced by the appearance of tax accounting, which is fixed in legislation. The analysis of burden of taxation is rather a relevant issue for Ukraine’s economy at the present stage of development because the rate of the burden of taxation is the main criterion of efficiency of the state’s tax system, the formation of which is tried to be initiated in the project of Tax Code. Because of the insufficient level of the burden of taxation, the government budget receives fewer means, and that’s why the government of the state won’t be able to perform their functions effectively and completely. To provide the optimum level of the burden of taxation is one of the first-priority tasks of the tax system of each country. The purpose of the paper is to research the existing practice of taxation of activity of the enterprises of Ukraine, which allows analysing the tendencies of the level of burden of taxation according to the norms of tax law and developing proposals for its optimization. Methodology. The informational and methodological base of research is the statistical data of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the official site of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, laws and regulations concerning taxation in Ukraine, materials of scientific periodicals and the Internet resources. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following methods have been used: knowledge of formal and dialectic logic, systemic and structural analysis. Results. The tendencies of the burden of taxation in Ukraine have been analysed according to such directions: analysis of types of charged payments to the state budget of Ukraine, analysis of volumes of compensation on value-added tax, analysis of new taxes and fees for an individual, analysis of burden of taxation in Ukraine according to the international ratings. The conducted researches showed that strengthening of rating of our country in the world economic scope in general and in different spheres in particular (trade, financial, social and so on) is impossible without the formation of the strong internal basis for development, which tax system provides. Ukraine has the potential for improvement of institutional, administrative, and economic levers in this sphere. Along with this, it is necessary to avoid actions, which allow “artificially” increase the rating of the country without real improvement in this sphere, because it can influence image and reputation of the country negatively, arousing mistrust towards the system of state administration and regulation. Practical implications. The recommendations, offered by the authors, according to the results of the research, can be useful both for the developers of the economic policy and for the subjects of business activity for the purpose of optimization of the burden of taxation in the country. Value/originality. The originality of the research, which has been carried out by the authors, is in the justification of the factors that influence the level of burden of taxation of business in Ukraine and the development of proposals concerning its optimization for the purpose of simplification of the burden of taxation on businessmen of the country.

The present work was carried out with the objective of knowing the behavior of the personal income tax - IRP in its levels of collection since 2012 until 2017. The qualitative research initially included the documentary modality referring to the revision of bibliographies of conceptualizations of personal income tax. Then we proceeded to the explanatory mode in relation to the identification of laws, decrees and resolutions that put in force the mandatory IRP to finally resort to quantitative research for the collection, processing and construction of a historical database of the levels of IRP collection as well as their behavior in the variation of taxpayers and tax collections from one period to another. Initially it was sought that the IRP had a formalizing effect since the valid supporting documentation to deduct the expenses and investments was the invoice. But in 2016 the legal provisions change the rules of games and impact on the levels of collection. The collection of the IRP since its entry into force until the year 2017 experienced a sustained but asymmetric growth with respect to the number of people who were taxing year after year with the reduction of the non-affected range.

Since 1983, Indonesian tax policy has been the subject of ongoing reforms in order to replace the old colonial tax arrangements, reduce income dependency from oil and gas, decrease the government's foreign debt and maintain its fiscal sustainability. Nevertheless, after 25 years of reform, actual Indonesian tax performance is still far from what might have been expected as Indonesia have one of the lowest total tax ratios among the ASEAN countries. This research show that the most recent changes put in place may have reduced potential tax revenue from personal income but an increase in the compliance rate.

Presented paper focuses on measuring tax literacy among bachelor degree students at the University of Economics, Prague, along with analysis of the two factors that influence it. Based on the 150 collected questionnaires (63 % response rate), we measured tax literacy of students (personal income tax and VAT) and examined whether it depends on (i) previous passing of tax courses and (ii) previous practical experience with filing tax returns. More than half of the students were well to excellently-versed in tax matters, including those who have not completed any more advanced tax courses apart from the elementary tax course. For VAT, the results of statistical tests show that students’ knowledge depends on passing a more advanced course on consumption taxation. On the other hand, the link between experience with tax returns and results of tax literacy tests cannot be unambiguously confirmed or rejected. Within the first statistical test (personal income tax), it was established that students’ knowledge does not depend on previous filing of tax returns; the second test (value added tax) led to the opposite conclusion.

It is practice in almost all countries of the world that funds for financing the budget are on the financial market through the use of short-term or securities-based securities, shares, bonds, etc. As financial markets and institutions are not the only way to finance the budget, the paper will present the possibility of its tax financing, double economic taxation, as well as its importance and percentage representation in the overall budget.

The article proposes a comprehensive vision of the personal income tax system issues in the context of its use as a tool for the formation of local public finances, a systemic approach to increasing its effectiveness in the context of the need to balance the interests in the chains of the individual-society general system: individual-local community, the territory of the labor force supplier-the territory of the labor force recipient (scope of application of labor), the local community-the territory/sphere where social services are provided. A conclusion is drawn about the dominant fiscal function of the personal income tax and the tax on real property other than a parcel of land, which exhibits the constant growth of its tax rates without an acceptable extension of the preferential part. The process of transforming these taxes and their budget-forming role in the formation of the capable united territorial communities were investigated. The main issues of enrollment and distribution of income tax among the budgets of different territorial communities as subjects of the process of decentralization of public finances were revealed. The significant amount of work is required to assess the actual and potential capacity of the respective territories in order to provide the relevant services in the context of the entire array of the settlement network, which requires the development of a budget classification that would contribute to more detailed local budgets in developing a model for their distribution of profitable tax that would better take into account the parameters of the capacity of territorial communities, provision of their residents with the relevant services. The conclusion is made on the necessity of forming the preferential part of the mentioned taxes on the new conceptual principles, which provide for an extensive and effective system of tax incentives that would be provided to taxpayers, indirectly through the participation of the state, opportunities for obtaining education, treatment, introduction of energy-saving technologies, saving, investing in construction of housing, etc., and also formed the motivation for legalization of incomes as the basis for expanding the tax base, increasing budget formation of relevant taxes.

The aim of the article is to review and evaluate selected solutions in the area of personal income tax in terms of their impact on the tax and political gap. The solutions affecting the labour market, taxation of rent and income from real estate transactions were analysed. The author claims that taxation rules for individual sources of income in Poland are not conducive to building tax justice and contribute to deepening the tax gap understood as the sum of the political gap and non-compliance with fiscal rules of taxation by taxpayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the legal solutions adopted in 2015-2019 in Poland in order to tighten the tax system. In the field of income taxes, these were anti-abusive regulations, securing the tax system in a general way, as well as targeting specific tax avoidance schemes. The first part of the article discusses the factors determining fiscal efficiency which is the main criterion adopted in the study. In the next part the most important tax solutions sealing the system are presented. In the third part an attempt was made, using a number of indicators, to answer the question whether the observed increase in tax revenues from corporate income taxes can be attributed to the anti-abusive measures which were taken. Based on the conducted research, it has been shown that the decreasing tax gap is the result of the improvement in tax collection effectiveness in connection with the adopted sealing measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly stated that the behavioral aspect is problematic for economists. Nevertheless, a large strand of the literature on the topic exists, and it is high time we started making use of this fact. Using a simple literature review, the article presents some of the recent psychological discoveries from the fields of social psychology and behavioral economics that can be applied to macroeconomics in the context of estimating and reducing tax gaps (aim 1). Also, some fundamental methodological issues (aim 2a) and ethical distinctions between different meanings of procedural justice are raised (aim 2b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Técnica Tributaria is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Asesores Fiscales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We believe that what most authors have in mind when referring to the "most redistributive country" is a tax and transfer schedule that is most redistributive across all pre‐tax and transfer income distributions. In order to measure each country's tax and transfer redistribution according to the same baseline, we suggest using the transplant‐and‐compare method of Dardanoni and Lambert (2002, Journal of Public Economics 86, 99–122) to establish a common base. The redistributive effects of countries' tax and transfer schedules are illustrated by employing microdata on eight countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Of these eight countries, Finland is found to be the most redistributive country, according to the common base method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the paper is to investigate the main directions of decentralization reform, trends in local budget revenues in Ukraine, to assess the impact of decentralization reform on the structure and composition of local budgets financial resources, to identify the ways of their optimization. The main components of decentralization reform, the main practical results of territorial and fiscal decentralization in Ukraine are formulated in this paper. Analysis of the development of voluntary territorial communities association in the country during the last five years is carried out. The principles of public administration and the development of normative regulation of local self-government, voluntary association of territorial communities and their cooperation are investigated. It is determined that the practical result of administrative-territorial decentralization is to ensure the creation of new capable territorial entities – united territorial communities. The practical result of tax decentralization is the increase of financial capacity of the united territorial communities. The dynamics of the share of local taxes and fees in own revenues of the general local budgets fund is considered, special attention is paid to such national tax as personal income tax. The dependence of local budgets on transfers from the state budget is noted. And all this on the basis of achievement the ratio of state and local budget revenues of most EU countries is 50:50. The directions of reducing the risk of financial unreliability of local governments under COVID-19 conditions are determined. The difficulties of tax administration of large taxpayers; the main factors determining the size of the shadow economy in the country are investigated. There is no direct relationship between the level of taxation in Ukraine and the level shadow economy. The assessment of the extent of concealment and incomplete reporting of domestic businesses according to the survey in the framework of the SHADOW project is made. The consequences of increasing shadow economy share in the country are determined. The experience of several European countries in personal income taxation is studied, the peculiarities of granting the right to apply the social tax benefit from the personal income tax is determined. Recommendations for optimizing the taxation of individuals in terms of taxation of dividends are provided in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore how the revenue power of the marginal tax rates in personal income tax rate schedules can be computed. Analytical expressions to measure the relative revenue effectiveness of marginal tax rates are provided. These expressions distinguish between mechanical and behavioural components as well as differentiating genuine allowances from non-genuine allowances. Finally, an empirical application to Spanish tax return microdata is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the reform of the tax system and the accounting and reporting system, as well as the integration of Ukraine with the European Community, the issue of simplifying the conditions for doing business, building an effective and understandable system for administering taxes and other duties acquire special significance. One of the important aspects of reforming the tax system of Ukraine is the introduction of unified reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax. The purpose of the article is to identify the positive and negative aspects of the process of reforming the reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax and scientifically substantiate the structure of such unified reporting. The existing forms of reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax, proposed by government agencies, were analyzed. In addition, the unified reporting models from these taxes proposed by scientists were critically assessed by the author. It was found that such indicators as the presence of Ukrainian citizenship, gender and the sign of a new job, do not participate in the process of monitoring the completeness of tax payments. Therefore, it is impractical to fill in these indicators for each employee, and it is enough to submit the total number and structure of these indicators on the reporting title page. The opposite situation exists with the military tax, which is advisable to display for each employee in the reporting for more effective control over its accrual and payment. The author has improved the structure of unified reporting on personal income tax and unified social tax, which will reduce the time spent on filling out such reports, increase the efficiency of control by the fiscal authorities and simplify the process of processing unified reporting data. The main advantages of the proposed form of unified reporting are: significant reduction in the number of indicators; simplicity and compactness; personalized registration of military tax; ease of filling and processing information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financial & Credit Activity: Problems of Theory & Practice is the property of University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Kakwani index computes the departure from proportionality of a progressive income tax by measuring the difference between the concentration coefficient for tax liabilities and the Gini coefficient for pre-tax incomes. In case of maximum progression, that is a situation in which only one taxpayer faces the overall tax burden, the index reaches its theoretical maximum value, given by 1 minus the Gini coefficient for pre-tax incomes. We argue that this phenomenon can happen in one special case that is not satisfied in real-world personal income taxes. As a matter of fact, the overall tax revenue of a real-world personal income tax cannot be eventually paid only by the richest taxpayer. Therefore, the maximum concentration coefficient for taxes cannot be equal to 1, and, consequently, the maximum value of the Kakwani index cannot be 1 minus the Gini coefficient for pre-tax incomes, as generally described in the related literature. According to different hypotheses, we give evidence of this phenomenon by employing the Italian personal income tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]