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Animals reared in restricted environments are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection by helminths and protozoa and therefore zoos are characterized as being parasite-rich environments. Successful implementation of control programs of these parasites in zoo environment depends upon precise and rapid diagnosing of gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of the Mini-FLOTAC technique in combination with Fill-FLOTAC for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals. Fecal samples were collected from 70 animals in four different zoos located in central and southern Italy. All the samples were analyzed using Mini-FLOTAC in combination with Fill-FLOTAC. Out of the 70 pooled samples examined, 80% (24/30) were positive for at least one parasite. Among the gastrointestinal nematodes, Strongyles were the most frequent (40%), followed by Trichuris spp. (23.3%), Parascaris spp. (13.3%) and Capillaria spp. (3.3%). Among the protozoa, Blastocystis spp., Giardia spp. and Eimeria spp. were detected in 6.6%, 3.3% and 3.3%, respectively. These results show that Mini-FLOTAC in combination with Fill-FLOTAC can be used, not only for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals, but also for monitoring control programs in which large numbers of fecal samples need to be examined rapidly and reliably.

Marine ecosystems are beset by disease outbreaks, and efficient strategies to control dispersal of pathogens are scarce. We tested whether introducing no-farming areas or 'firebreaks' could disconnect dispersal networks of a parasitic disease affecting the world's largest marine fish farming industry (∼1000 farms). Larval salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are released from and transported among salmon farms by ocean currents, creating inter-farm networks of louse dispersal. We used a state-of-the-art biophysical model to predict louse movement along the Norwegian coastline and network analysis to identify firebreaks to dispersal. At least one firebreak that fragmented the network into two large unconnected groups of farms was identified for all seasons. During spring, when wild salmon migrate out into the ocean, and louse levels per fish at farms must be minimised, two effective firebreaks were created by removing 13 and 21 farms (1.3% and 2.2% of all farms in the system) at ∼61°N and 67°N, respectively. We have demonstrated that dispersal models coupled with network analysis can identify no-farming zones that fragment dispersal networks. Reduced dispersal pathways should lower infection pressure at farms, slow the evolution of resistance to parasite control measures, and alleviate infection pressure on wild salmon populations.

In response to concerns that novel infectious agents were introduced through the movement of eggs as Atlantic salmon aquaculture developed in British Columbia (BC), Canada, we estimated the prevalence of infectious agents in archived return-migrating Sockeye salmon, from before and during aquaculture expansion in BC (1985-94). Of 45 infectious agents assessed through molecular assays in 652 samples, 23 (7 bacterial, 2 viral and 14 parasitic) were detected in liver tissue from six regions in BC. Prevalence ranged from 0.005 to 0.83 and varied significantly by region and year. Agent diversity ranged from 0 to 12 per fish (median 4), with the lowest diversity observed in fish from the Trans-Boundary and Central Coast regions. Agents known to be endemic in Sockeye salmon in BC, including Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, Ceratonova shasta and Parvicapsula minibicornis, were commonly observed. Others, such as Kudoa thyrsites and Piscirikettsia salmonis, were also detected. Surprisingly, infectious agents described only recently in BC salmon, Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola, Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola and Paranucleospora theridion, were also detected, indicating their potential presence prior to the expansion of the aquaculture industry. In general, our data suggest that agent distributions may not have substantially changed because of the salmon aquaculture industry.

Myxobolus gutturocola n. sp. was isolated from the throat of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, in Chongqing, China. Myxospore valves are unsymmetrical and smooth. Mature spores are ellipsoidal in frontal view, measuring 12.5 ± 0.2 μm (n = 25) in length, 8.4 ± 0.2 μm (n = 25) in width and 7.1 ± 0.2 μm (n = 25) in thickness. Each spore has two pyriform and unequal sizes polar capsules, the large one with 5.7 ± 0.2 μm in length × 3.6 ± 0.2 μm in width and the small one with 4.6 ± 0.2 μm in length × 2.6 ± 0.1 μm in width. Polar filaments are coiled seven or eight turns in the large polar capsule and four or five turns in the small polar capsule. The coils are arranged almost perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the polar capsule. Morphological analysis revealed that M. gutturocola n. sp. is distinct from related species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882. Molecular analysis has demonstrated that its SSU rDNA sequences do not match with any available sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rDNA sequences indicated this species clustered in a clade composed exclusively of parasites infecting the fishes of the Leucisini lineage and most closely related to Myxobolus pavlovskii isolated from the gill filaments of silver carp in Hungary.

Intranuclear coccidiosis of testudines (known as TINC) is an emerging disease in chelonians. Although endogenous stages were repeatedly detected in various tissues, attempts to find the oocysts in faeces failed, leaving the question of the transmission and classification of the causative agent of TINC unresolved. We recorded small spherical oocysts (∼6–7 μm in diameter) of an eimeriid coccidium in faeces of a leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis). Sporulated oocysts were used for the experimental oral inoculation of juvenile coccidia-free tortoises representing 5 species (S. pardalis, Testudo graeca, T. hermanni, T. horsfieldii, and Geochelone sulcata). The oocysts’ association with TINC was confirmed based on clinical signs, histopathological findings of intranuclear endogenous stages of the coccidium in many organs (including intestine), and by the partial 18S rDNA sequence analysis of the DNA isolated from organs of the experimentally infected animals and from a single naturally infected as well as from all experimentally infected tortoises. Breeding colonies of chelonians should be screened for this pathogen in order to prevent its further spread and unwanted introduction into endangered free-ranging chelonian populations.

Samples of Myxobolus lentisuturalis were found in the gallbladder of Carassius auratus in Chongqing, China, without obvious disease symptoms, which were different from samples reported in Hubei, China, and Italy which were described as highly pathogenic muscle-infecting species. In order to improve our understanding of the relationships between these different samples, we analyzed geography, DNA sequence data, and site specificity. The results indicated that (1) the genetic relationship between Chongqing and Italy samples of M. lentisuturalis was much closer than relationship between each of them and the Hubei samples; (2) host species isolation was more important than the geographic isolation in divergence of M. lentisuturalis samples, and the species might be specialized among its different host species; and (3) geographic isolation and infection-site variation played a limited impact in genetic differentiation among different samples of M. lentisuturalis infecting the same host species.

Myxozoan infections of Indian freshwater fishes are relatively well studied, but their validity is supported with molecular and phylogenetic data only for a few species. The primary objective was to present molecular data for two Myxozoan species, Myxobolus cylindricus and Henneguya gachua collected from Indian freshwater fishes, the dwarf snakehead Channa gachua and the striped dwarf catfish Mystus vittatus, respectively. Various organs of 56 C. gachua and 48 M. vittatus were dissected. Myxozoan plasmodia with mature spores were collected from the gills under a dissecting microscope. Spores obtained from plasmodia from infected hosts were fixed in 80% ethanol in vials and sent for further morphological and molecular examinations to Hungary. The 18S rDNA gene of Myxobolus and Henneguya spp. was amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Morphological characteristics of M. cylindricus and H. mystasi spores corresponded to the original descriptions made by Sarkar, Mazumdar and Pramanik, 1985 and Haldar, Samal, and Mukhopadhyay, 1997, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA gene revealed that the sequences of M. cylindricus differed from those of most Indian Myxobolus sp., known mostly from cyprinid fishes and formed a subgroup with Myxobolus neurophilus, a parasite of a perciform host, and with Henneguya chaudhuryi, a species belonging to a different genus but described from a closely related channid host. It was also closely related to another Henneguya species, H. lesteri, described from Sillago analis, a coastal fish. Henneguya mystasi had the closest similarity to Henneguya bicaudi, a species described from an Indian cyprinid fish and to Henneguya pellucida reported from a characid fish known from South America. Molecular data received by us gives a solid basis for further identification of these myxozoans, the pathogenicity of which probably plays an economic role at culturing the hosts.

The control of parasitic infections is particularly challenging in environments that are conducive to the maintenance of parasite lifecycles, such as the greyhound kennel, where the long-term breeding and rearing of dogs is common. The prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites within the Australian greyhound population has never previously been assessed, which seriously constrains the implementation of effective control measures. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors for GI parasites in Australian greyhounds, identify parasites which may be detrimental to the health and performance of dogs, and evaluate the likelihood of zoonotic transmission to kennel staff. Faecal samples were collected from 721 individual greyhounds situated in kennels across five states of Australia; Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Animal husbandry and current parasite control protocols were obtained from each kennel and analysed in conjunction with the detected level of parasitism. Overall parasite prevalence was approximately 60%, ranging from 50 to 70% between states. Eleven parasite genera were identified, with Sarcocystis, hookworm, Giardia and Toxocara detected most frequently. Generalised linear mixed model analyses found the major risk factors associated with parasitism were: a) the type of substrate which dogs were housed; b) age of dogs; and c) geographic region. Parasitism was associated most frequently with young dogs housed on grass/sand substrates, which allowed parasite lifecycles to continue, with constant reinfection the likely outcome. Routine treatment with broad-spectrum anthelmintics did not provide effective control in these environments and the adoption of alternate parasite control strategies is recommended. A substantial risk from zoonotic parasites was also identified, with six of the eleven parasite genera detected considered to be zoonotic and a poor understanding of zoonotic transmission among kennel managers.

In the Columbia River Basin (CRB), USA, anthropogenic factors ranging from dam construction to land use changes have modified riverine flow and temperature regimes and degraded salmon habitat. These factors are directly implicated in native salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus species) population declines and also indirectly cause mortality by altering outcomes of ecological interactions. For example, attenuated flows and warmer water temperatures drive increased parasite densities and in turn, overwhelm salmonid resistance thresholds, resulting in high disease and mortality. Outcomes of interactions between the freshwater myxozoan parasite, Ceratonova shasta, and its salmonid hosts (e.g., coho O. kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha) are well-described, but less is known about effects on chum salmon O. keta, which have a comparatively brief freshwater residency. The goal of this study was to describe the distribution of C. shasta relative to chum salmon habitat in the CRB and assess its potential to cause mortality in juvenile chum salmon (listed as threatened in the CRB under the U.S. Endangered Species Act). We measured C. shasta densities in water samples collected from chum salmon habitat throughout the lower CRB during the period of juvenile chum salmon outmigration, 2018–2020. In 2019, we exposed caged chum salmon fry from two hatchery stocks at three C. shasta-positive sites to assess infection prevalence and survival. Results demonstrated: (1) C. shasta was detected in spawning streams from which chum salmon have been extirpated but was not detected in contemporary spawning habitat while juvenile chum salmon were present, (2) spatiotemporal overlap occurs between C. shasta and juvenile chum salmon in the Columbia River mainstem, and (3) low densities of C. shasta caused lethal infection in chum salmon fry from both hatchery stocks. Collectively, our results suggest C. shasta may limit recovery of chum salmon now and in the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-06-01 We describe Myxobolus cataractae n. sp., found parasitizing Imparfinis mirini from Cachoeirinha stream, a tributary of Pardo River, Paraná River basin, municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. We based the description on myxospore morphology, histology, and small subunit ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Whitish and elongated mass of myxospores were found in gill filaments, occupying an intrafilamental position. The myxospores were slightly ellipsoidal and the morphometric measurements revealed a myxospore body length of 7.8 ± 0.4 μm; myxospore width of 5.9 ± 0.4 μm; and thickness of 3.9 ± 0.3 μm. The polar capsules are equal in size and measured 3.5 ± 0.2 μm in length and 1.7 ± 0.2 μm in width. The polar tubules had 6–7 coils. Myxobolus cataractae n. sp. is classified as the intrafilamental type and chondreal subtype by the histological analysis of gills. Phylogenetic analysis showed a well-supported subclade formed by species that parasitize gills of Siluriformes, with M. imparfinis as a sister species of Myxobolus cataractae n. sp. Using molecular and morphological characterization, this cryptic species was identified as a new species of the genus Myxobolus. São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences Division of Parasitology, SP São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences Division of Parasitology, SP

The influence of internal and external parasites on the health of Polish konik horses housed in different types of management strategies in Poland is discussed. This study includes consolidated data of different authors from the past 50 years, supplemented by results of more recent research. A total of 38 species of helminths (i.e., 37 Nematoda and one Cestoda) and five Diptera species were recorded from the horses. Protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium spp. and Theileria equi, and the Rickettsiales, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were observed for the first time in Poland.

Defence mechanisms of fish can be divided into specific and non-specific that act in concert and are often interdependent. Most fish in both wild and cultured populations are vulnerable to metazoan parasites. Endoparasitic helminths include several species of digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans. Although they may occur in large numbers, helminth infections rarely result in fish mortality. Conversely, some ectoparasites cause mass mortality in farmed fish. Given the importance of fish innate immunity, this review addresses non-specific defence mechanisms of fish against metazoan parasites, with emphasis on granulocyte responses involving mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, rodlet cells, and mucous cells. Metazoan parasites are important disease agents that affect wild and farmed fish and can induce high economic loss and, as pathogen organisms, deserve considerable attention. The paper will provide our light and transmission electron microscopy data on metazoan parasites-fish innate immune and neuroendocrine systems. Insights about the structure and functions of the cell types listed above and a brief account of the effects and harms of each metazoan taxon to specific fish apparati/organs will be presented.

Investigations on myxozoan parasites of fish from Chongqing in China, revealed two Myxidium cuneiforme-like myxosporeans infecting the gallbladder of Cyprinus carpio carpio and Carassius auratus. We researched their myxospore morphology, and analyzed their genetic similarity and phylogenic relationships to other myxozoans based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences. Although both parasites recovered were morphologically similar, the myxosporean isolated from C. auratus was consistent in morphology to Myxidium cuneiforme, which was described from this host species. The parasite isolated from C. c. carpio had overlapping myxospore dimensions to M. cuneiforme, but on average, the polar capsules were not as long. More importantly, this parasite was genetically distinct from M. cuneiforme with 96.3% and 96.5% similarity in two sequences of 18S rDNA, and we propose the name Myxidium pseudocuneiforme n. sp. for this myxozoan from common carp. Its mature myxospores are ellipsoidal and asymmetric with pointed ends in valvular view, arc-shaped or fusiform in sutural view. The pyriform polar capsules are equal in size, and polar filament with 5-6 coils. This study highlights that molecular characteristics and host specificity are indispensable for myxozoan species identification when presented with the taxonomic dilemma of whether we are observing one species that exhibits slight morphological differences or multiple, but similar, species in different hosts.

Two myxosporean species have been, so far, independently reported from the gallbladder of the European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) (synonym Clupea pilchardus) in the Northern shore of the Mediterranean Sea; Ceratomyxa truncata Thélohan, and Coccomyxa morovi Léger and Hesse, 1907. The two species were described with incomplete morphological data and based only on line drawings of their mature myxospores.During a parasitological survey in the Southern shores of the Mediterranean coast in the gulf of Gabès off Tunisia, two coelozoic myxosporean species were found in the European pilchard and described using morphological and molecular phylogenetic tools. Morphological characterization was based on the mature myxospore study and some vegetative stages. The SSU rDNA sequences were performed for molecular and phylogenetic study.The most frequently encountered species belongs to the genus Ceratomyxa Thelohan, 1892. The second species belongs to the genus Coccomyxa. Morphological examinations, allowed us to match these two recorded species with Ceratomyxa truncata and Coccomyxa morovi, respectively, as previously described in the same host species referring to the original manuscripts instead of some morphological differences. Molecular analyses based on the partial SSU rDNA sequences did not much with any of the previously reported myxozoan sequences. Phylogenetic analysis positioned C. truncate in a well-supported clade including Ceratomyxa ssp. from Mediterranean Sea, while C. morovi was positioned on the basis of the subclade grouping all Coccomyxidae species.We provided herein a first morphological redescription of Ceratomyxa truncata and Coccomyxa morovi parasite of Sardina pilchardus from the Southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and we successfully obtained the SSU rDNA sequences of these two species and positioned them in the phylogenetic tree.

Background A randomised, blinded, positive controlled, multicentre, Good Clinical Practice-compliant, pivotal field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new combination of lotilaner + milbemycin oxime tablets (Credelio® Plus; Elanco Animal Health) administered orally to client-owned dogs naturally infected with intestinal nematodes. Methods Client-owned dogs presenting to veterinary clinics from households in France, Hungary and Germany were screened for intestinal nematodes. Dogs with an initial positive faecal egg count that was subsequently confirmed with a follow-up faecal examination to demonstrate the presence of naturally occurring mixed or mono-infections with Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis or Ancylostoma caninum were enrolled on Day 0 into the study. Households were randomised in an approximately 2:1 ratio to receive either an investigational product (IP; Credelio Plus tablets) or control product (CP; Nexgard Spectra® tablets) as treatment. Dogs were administered the IP (n = 278) or CP (n = 117) once on Day 0 at a dose rate of 0.75–1.56 mg/kg bodyweight milbemycin oxime and 20.0–41.5 mg/kg bodyweight lotilaner (IP) or as recommended (CP). Effectiveness of the IP and CP treatments was based on the post-treatment reduction in geometric mean faecal egg counts on Day 8 (range Day 7–10) after treatment as compared to their pre-treatment nematode faecal egg counts. Results Geometric mean (GM) faecal egg counts for T. canis, A caninum and T. vulpis were reduced by ≥ 97.2% in the Credelio Plus group and by ≥ 95.3% in the afoxolaner + milbemycin oxime group. There were insufficient data to calculate a percentage reduction in GM faecal egg counts between Day 0 and Day 8 for T. leonina due to low prevalence. Credelio Plus was well tolerated in this field study. Of the 355 total doses administered, 82.3% were accepted free choice in the IP group compared to 80.8% in the CP group. Conclusions This study demonstrated effectiveness (≥ 97.2% reduction), safety and tablet acceptance of a combination of milbemycin oxime and lotilaner (Credelio Plus) administered orally to dogs with natural intestinal infections of T. canis, A. caninum and T. vulpis. Graphical Abstract

Various host characteristics (i. e., feeding habits, geographic distribution) and habitat characteristics (i.e., seasonality) influence the structure of parasite assemblages. To compare the parasite assemblages of hosts representatives of two genera of the same fish family, simultaneously occupying a geographic region, and to examine if seasonal variations influence parasite occurrence and abundance, we examined the parasite assemblages of two sympatric marine fish, Pagrus pagrus (n = 308) and Pagellus bogaraveo (n = 315) off the coast of Algeria in the western Mediterranean. Specimens were collected during summer and autumn over three consecutive years (2014–2016). Parasite assemblages were high in species richness and abundance. We compiled an inventory of 40 parasite taxa, including ectoparasitic monogeneans and crustaceans, and endoparasitic trematodes, cestodes, acanthocephalans, and nematodes. Endoparasite taxa primarily consisted of adult gastro-intestinal parasites and long lived larval helminths. Information on the parasite community structure and seasonal variations in parasite populations of these two hosts from the Mediterranean is here provided. Observed patterns of composition, diversity, dominance, and similarity indicate an overall consistency in assemblage structure. Although each host species harbored distinct parasite communities, they shared a high proportion of parasite species suggesting similar use of a common local pool of parasites. However, most shared species did not contribute to structuring the assemblages. Seasonal patterns in parasite abundance were observed for both hosts, with peak prevalence, abundance, and diversity in autumn. Results suggest that, regardless of a common pool of parasites being available to sympatric species, several ecological filters over time, led to distinct, independent variations in the parasite assemblages in each species.

Previous morphological and histological data are supplemented with molecular and ultrastructural data for a Henneguya sp. isolated from farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi, USA. Myxospores were cryptic, encapsulated within a thin layer of epithelium in the gill lamellae with spore measurements consistent with the original description of Henneguya postexilis Minchew, 1977. Myxospores were 42.7-49.1 µm in total length with spore bodies 12.1-17.2 × 3.6-4.8 × 2.9-3 µm. Polar capsules were of unequal length, with the longer capsule being 4.4-6.7 × 1.1-1.6 µm and the shorter capsule being 4.4-6.4 × 1.1-1.6 µm. Polar tubules had 6-8 turns. Caudal processes were 25.7-38.1 µm in length. Spores were encapsulated in a thin layer of epithelium in the gill lamellae. Molecular data from the most commonly used markers for myxozoan identification and phylogeny, partial 18S small subunit ribosomal gene (SSU), partial 28S large subunit ribosomal gene (LSU), and elongation factor 2 (EF2) were generated for H. postexilis. Additionally, novel data for LSU and EF2 were generated for archived myxozoan specimens from farm-raised catfish (H. mississippiensis, H. ictaluri, H. exilis, H. adiposa, H. sutherlandi, H. bulbosus, Unicauda fimbrethilae), as well as archived specimens from wild fish (H. laseeae [from Pylodictis olivaris], Hennegoides flockae [from Aphredoderus sayanus], Myxobolus cloutmani [from Cycleptus elongatus]. These include the first EF2 sequence data for the genera Hennegoides and Unicauda. Phylogenetic analyses using these data placed H. postexilis in well supported clades with other ictalurid-infecting Henneguya species. Phylogenetic signal assessments on these analyses suggest that while SSU provided the greatest phylogenetic signal, LSU yielded comparable signal, supporting previous work implying this region may be underutilised in reconstructing myxobolid phylogenies.

Parasitism is inherent to life and observed in all species. Extinct animals have been studied to understand what they looked like, where and how they lived, what they fed on, and the reasons they became extinct. Paleoparasitology helps to clarify these questions based on the study of the parasites and microorganisms that infected those animals, using as a source material coprolites, fossils in rock, tissue, bone, mummy, and amber, analyses of ancient DNA, immunodiagnosis, and microscopy.

The global pig production has undergone major changes over the past 30 years with larger farms, more intensified production as well as improved hygiene and biosecurity practices. To investigate whether these changes, along with expanded pig welfare, have had an impact on parasite occurrence, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Sweden on farms where the pigs are always loose-housed, floors are solid and bedding material is provided. A total of 1615 faecal samples were collected on 42 conventional indoor farms from a) post-weaning piglets (n = 337); b) growers (n = 345); c) fatteners (n = 308); d) dry sows (n = 277) and e) pre-partum sows (n = 348). Samples were analysed using centrifugal flotation with a saturated glucose-salt solution and a modified McMaster technique, with a lower detection limit of 50 eggs or oocysts per gram. Samples positive for strongyle-type eggs were cultured to third stage larvae for genus identification. Farms also responded to a questionnaire regarding biosecurity, hygienic measures, and other management routines. Risk factors for parasite occurrence were assessed using mixed-effects logistical regression to account for farm-level clustering of samples. Interestingly, the prevalence of Ascaris suum was reduced compared to a similar investigation in the 1980s. In the present study A. suum was detected only in 43 % of the herds, with the highest prevalence in pre-partum sows (37 %) followed by fatteners (25 %). Small sized farms were associated with higher odds of being positive, compared to large sized farms (OR = 159.1, P = 0.010). Oesophagostomum spp. were detected in 64 % of the herds and again mainly in pre-partum sows (63 %). Trichuris suis was detected in 10 % of the herds but only in

Background Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods. They have been an issue of growing importance in recent years; however, there is limited information about the vector-borne pathogens circulating in Portugal. The aim of the present study was to detect canine vector-borne bacteria and protozoa of veterinary and zoonotic importance using molecular methods. Methods One hundred and forty-two dogs from Lisbon, southern Portugal, were tested: 48 dogs from a veterinary hospital clinically suspected of vector-borne diseases and 94 apparently healthy dogs from shelters. Anaplasma spp./Ehrlichia spp., Babesia/Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Mycoplasma spp. infections were detected by PCR from blood samples and examined under light microscopy. Other information including clinical status and diagnostic test results were collected for each animal. Results Infections were detected by PCR in 48 (33.80%) dogs. Single infections were found in 35 dogs (24.64%), and co-infections were found in 13 (9.15%) dogs. Twenty-nine (20.42%) dogs were positive for Hepatozoon spp., 15 (10.56%) for Mycoplasma spp., 11 (7.75%) for Anaplasma spp./Ehrlichia spp., and six (4.21%) for Babesia spp. DNA sequencing was used to identify Babesia vogeli (2.81%), Babesia canis (1.40%), Hepatozoon canis (20.42%), Mycoplasma haematoparvum (2.11%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (8.45%), Anaplasma platys (7.04%), and Ehrlichia canis (0.70%). Conclusions This is the first molecular identification of B. canis and M. haematoparvum in dogs from southern Portugal. This study highlights the importance of molecular methods to identify CVBD pathogens in endemic areas and helps to guide the clinical approach of veterinarians in practice. Graphical Abstract

Natural and uninterrupted water courses are important for biodiversity and fish population stability. Nowadays, many streams and rivers are obstructed by artificial migration barriers, often preventing the migration of fish. On the other hand, distribution of pathogens by migrating fishes is still a point of concern. Pathogen transport and transmission is a driving force in the dynamics of many infectious diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible consequences of the removal of an artificial migration barrier for the upstream transport of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) in brown trout, by migrating fish. To test this question, a river system was selected with a migration barrier separating a PKD positive river from a PKD negative tributary. After removal of the barrier, PKD prevalence and pathology was examined during five years after elimination of the barrier. In the tributary, no PKD was recorded at any time of the survey. By means of unidirectional PIT (passive integrated transponder)-tagging, we confirmed upstream migration of adult brown trout into the tributary during the cold season, presumably for spawning. By eDNA, we confirmed presence of T. bryoalmonae and Fredericella sp., the definitive host, DNA in water from the PKD positive river stretch, but not in the PKD negative tributary. Our study illustrates the importance of the connectivity of streams for habitat maintenance. Although migration of brown trout from a PKD-positive river into a PKD-negative tributary, mainly for spawning, was confirmed, upstream spreading of PKD was not observed.

A total of 30 specimens of the Amazonian electric knifefish, Brachyhypopomus beebei Schultz, 1944 (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), were collected from the Peixe-Boi River in the state of Pará, Brazil (1°06’59” S; 47°18’26” W). Fragments of the brain tissue were extracted for analysis via optical microscopy, and 18 specimens (60%) presented microparasites of the genus Myxobolus, with unequal capsules. The spores were 18.6 µm (17.7-19.8 µm) long and 8.6 µm (8.4-9.0 µm) wide; the largest polar capsule was 13.0 µm (12.4-13.4 µm) long and 5.6 µm (5.3-6.0 µm) wide, and the smallest capsule was 5.0 µm (4.5-5.3 µm) long and 2.5 µm (2.3-2.6 µm) wide. Infected brain fragments were extracted for histological processing and staining with hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen. Some fragments were conserved in ethanol for molecular genetics analysis. A partial sequence of the 18S DNA gene was obtained from the spores, which did not correspond to any other sequences deposited in GenBank, although it did form a clade with other Myxobolus parasites of the nervous system. The morphological data, together with molecular phylogeny, supported the designation of a new species Myxobolus freitasi n. sp.

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a disease found in salmonid fish that is widespread in Europe and North America. The dependency of the clinical signs on the water temperature is extensively reported in rainbow trout, but detailed information on brown trout is lacking. In this study, juvenile brown trout were exposed to the spores of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and then kept at different ambient water temperatures (16°C, 19°C and 22°C) for 10 weeks along with recording of morbidity throughout the experiment. At 6, 8 and 10 weeks post‐exposure, fish from each temperature group were sampled and underwent pathoanatomical examination to survey disease progression. At 16°C, brown trout showed a significantly higher survival probability compared to those kept in 19°C and 22°C water. Additionally, the parasitic burden (MSQ) was higher and the clinical signs were more pronounced in the brown trout kept at 19°C and 22°C compared with the ones kept at 16°C. This study highlights the correlation of PKD outbreaks and water temperature increases related to global climate change, which will impact the future distribution of brown trout in natural waters.

The Italian wolf population in human-modified landscapes has increased greatly in the last few decades. Anthropisation increases the risk of transmission of many zoonotic infections and in this context, control of taeniid cestode species needs to be addressed from a One Health perspective. Predator-prey interactions are at the root of taeniid cestode transmission, and the wolf plays a key role in the maintenance and transmission of taeniids. To date, all available data on the taeniids of wolves in Italy refer to populations living in a wild habitat. Between 2018 and 2019, we investigated taeniids in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Thirty-eight faecal samples were collected and analysed, 4 of which were also genetically characterised for individual wolves and belonged to three different animals. Samples collected were analysed microscopically and by molecular analysis in order to identify the taeniid species. Taeniid eggs were detected in 34.2% (13/38) of samples. Within samples positive to taeniid eggs only Echinococcus granulosus s.s. and Taenia hydatigena were identified in 26.3% and 10.5% of the samples, respectively. On microscopic examination, Capillaria spp., Ancylostomatidae and Toxocara canis eggs, Crenosoma vulpis larvae, and coccidian oocysts were also found. The combination of low biodiversity of taeniid species with a high occurrence of E. granulosus s.s. recorded in this study could be the consequence of a deeper link occurring between wolves and livestock in human-modified landscapes than in wild settings.Cestodes Taeniidae dans une meute de loups vivant dans un agroécosystème vallonné hautement anthropique.La population de loups italiens dans les paysages modifiés par l’homme a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. L’anthropisation augmente le risque de transmission de nombreuses infections zoonotiques et, dans ce contexte, le contrôle des espèces de cestodes Taeniidae doit être abordé dans une perspective One Health. Les interactions prédateurs-proies sont à la base de la transmission des Cestodes Taeniidae, et le loup joue un rôle clé dans le maintien et la transmission des Taeniidae. À ce jour, toutes les données disponibles sur les Taeniidae du loup en Italie se réfèrent aux populations vivant dans un habitat sauvage. Entre 2018 et 2019, les Taeniidae d’une meute de loups vivant dans un agro-écosystème vallonné hautement anthropique ont été étudiés. Trente-huit échantillons fécaux ont été collectés et analysés, dont quatre ont également été génétiquement caractérisés pour des loups individuels et appartenaient à trois animaux différents. Les échantillons prélevés ont été analysés au microscope et par analyse moléculaire afin d’identifier les espèces de Taeniidae. Des œufs de Taeniidae ont été détectés dans 34,2 % (13/38) des échantillons. Dans les échantillons positifs aux œufs de Taeniidae, seul Echinococcus granulosus s.s. et Taenia hydatigena ont été identifiés dans 26,3 % et 10,5 % des échantillons, respectivement. Lors de l’examen microscopique, des œufs de Capillaria spp., d’Ancylostomatidae et de Toxocara canis, des larves de Crenosoma vulpis et des oocystes de coccidie ont également été trouvés. La combinaison d’une faible biodiversité d’espèces de Taeniidae avec une forte occurrence d’E. granulosus s.s. rapportées dans cette étude pourrait être la conséquence d’un lien plus profond entre le loup et le bétail dans les paysages humains que dans les paysages sauvages.

This study aimed to identify the intestinal parasites of road-killed wild felines in the North Central and North, Paraná state, southern Brazil. The animals were monitored by sampling previously established transects. The places where the felines were run over were mapped, the animals were identified, and the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. The feces were submitted to coproparasitological techniques of spontaneous sedimentation, floating in hypersaturated NaCl solution and centrifugal floating in zinc sulfate. All the parasitic structures detected were photomicrographed. In the coproparasitological analyses were identified oocysts of Cystoisospora spp., eggs of Ancylostomatidae, and Capillaria spp.; eggs of Aelurostrongylus spp., Toxocara spp., Physaloptera spp., Taenia spp., and Spirometra spp.; Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae; and eggs and adults of Ancylostoma cati and Taenia spp. One of the cats was parasitized by a flea of Ctenocephalides felis felis. Based on these results, the animals analyzed in this study supplied important samples for the evaluation of parasitic diversity of North of Paraná and suggested that this region may have conditions that allow the maintenance of these parasites life cycles in the environment and among wildlife. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os parasitas intestinais de felinos silvestres mortos em estradas nas regiões Norte Central e Norte, Paraná, sul do Brasil. Os animais foram monitorados por amostragem de transectos previamente estabelecidos. Os locais de atropelamento foram mapeados, os animais foram identificados e enviados para autópsias, durante as quais amostras de fezes foram coletadas e submetidas a técnicas coproparasitológicas de sedimentação espontânea, flutuação em solução hipersaturada de NaCl e flutuação por centrífugação em sulfato de zinco e fotografadas, quando estruturas parasitárias estavam presentes. Nas análises coproparasitológicas, foram identificados oocistos de Cystoisospora spp., ovos de Ancylostomatidae e Capillaria spp, Aelurostrongylus spp., Toxocara spp., Physaloptera spp., Taenia spp. e Spirometra spp.; larvas de Aelurostrongylus abstrusus; e ovos e adultos de Ancylostoma cati e Taenia spp. Um dos felídeos estava parasitado por Ctenocephalides felis felis. Com base nesses resultados, os animais analisados neste estudo forneceram amostras importantes para a avaliação da diversidade parasitária do Norte do Paraná e sugeriram que esta região pode apresentar condições que possibilitem a manutenção dos ciclos de vida desses parasitas no ambiente e entre a vida silvestre.

Recent anecdotal reports from seafood processors in eastern Australia have described an increased occurrence of post-mortem myoliquefaction ('jellymeat') in broadbill swordfish Xiphias gladius, and macroscopic cysts throughout the musculature of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares. A genus of parasitic cnidarians, Kudoa (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida), species of which are known to occur in economically important wild-caught fish species globally, can cause similar quality-deterioration issues. However, Kudoa sp. epizootiology within commercially harvested, high-value fish caught within Australia is poorly understood, despite the parasite's economic importance. To determine the causative agent responsible for the observed quality deterioration in swordfish and yellowfin tuna, muscle-tissue samples from seafood processors in Mooloolaba, Australia, collected from October 2019-February 2020, were examined for parasitic infection. Kudoid myxospores were identified from both hosts and were subquadrate in shape, with four equal-sized polar capsules. The SSU rDNA sequences from both fish shared 99% identity to Kudoa species. Kudoa musculoliquefaciens was isolated from 87.1% of swordfish sampled, suggesting that it is a widespread parasite in swordfish from the southwest Pacific Ocean. This study provides the first molecular and morphological characterisation of Kudoa thunni in yellowfin tuna and K. musculoliquefaciens in swordfish harvested from the waters of eastern Australia, expanding the geographical distribution of K. thunni and K. musculoliquefaciens to include the Coral and Tasman Seas. We demonstrate that not all infected swordfish progress to jellymeat, show the usefulness of molecular tools for reliably identifying infection by Kudoa spp., and add to the overall knowledge of kudoid epizootiology in wild-caught fish.

Background Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) associated to ticks are among the most important health issues affecting dogs. In Italy, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia conorii and Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) have been studied in both healthy canine populations and those clinically ill with suspected CVBDs. However, little information is currently available on the overall prevalence and distribution of these pathogens in the country. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in clinically suspect dogs from three Italian macro areas during a 15-year period (2006–2020). Methods A large dataset (n = 21,992) of serological test results for selected TBPs in three macro areas in Italy was analysed using a Chi-square test to evaluate the associations between the categorical factors (i.e. macro area, region, year, sex and age) and a standard logistic regression model (significance set at P = 0.05). Serological data were presented as annual and cumulative prevalence, and distribution maps of cumulative positive cases for TBPs were generated. Results Of the tested serum samples, 86.9% originated from northern (43.9%) and central (43%) Italy. The majority of the tests was requested for the diagnosis of E. canis (47%; n = 10,334), followed by Rickettsia spp. (35.1%; n = 7725), B. burgdorferi (s.l.) (11.6%; n = 2560) and Anaplasma spp. (6.2%; n = 1373). The highest serological exposure was recorded for B. burgdorferi (s.l.) (83.5%), followed by Rickettsia spp. (64.9%), Anaplasma spp. (39.8%) and E. canis (28.7%). The highest number of cumulative cases of Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) was recorded in samples from Tuscany, central Italy. Rickettsia spp. was more prevalent in the south and on the islands, particularly in dogs on Sicily older than 6 years, whereas Anaplasma spp. was more prevalent in the north and E. canis more prevalent in the south and on the islands. Conclusions The results of this study highlight the high seroprevalence and wide distribution of the four TBPs in dogs with clinically suspected CVBDs from the studied regions of Italy. The very high seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) exemplifies a limitation of this study, given the use of clinically suspect dogs and the possibility of cross-reactions when using serological tests. The present research provides updated and illustrative information on the seroprevalence and distribution of four key TBPs, and advocates for integrative control strategies for their prevention. Graphical Abstract

Background: Blood-feeding arthropods can transmit parasitic, bacterial, or viral pathogens to domestic animals and wildlife. Vector-borne infections are gaining significance due to increasing travel and import of pets from abroad, as well as the changing climate in Europe. The main objective of this study was to assess the percentage of cats with positive test results for selected vector-borne pathogens in Germany and explore any possible association of such results with time spent abroad.Methods: This retrospective study included test results from cats for which a ‘Feline Travel Profile’ established by the laboratory LABOKLIN had been requested by veterinarians in Germany between April 2012 and March 2020. This above-mentioned diagnostic panel includes the direct detection of Hepatozoon spp. and Dirofilaria spp. via PCR as well as indirect detection assays (IFAT) for Ehrlichia spp. and Leishmania spp. The panel was expanded to include an IFAT for Rickettsia spp. from July 2015 onwards.Results: A total of 624 cats were tested using the “Feline Travel Profile”. Serum for indirect detection assays was available for all 624 cats, EDTA-samples for direct detection methods were available from 618 cats. Positive test results were as follows: Ehrlichia spp. IFAT 73 out of 624 (12%), Leishmania spp. IFAT 22 out of 624 (4%), Hepatozoon spp. PCR 53 out of 618 (9%), Dirofilaria spp. PCR 1 out of 618 cats (0.2%) and, Rickettsia spp. IFAT 52 out of 467 cats (11%) tested from July 2015 onwards. Three cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen before 2015. After testing for Rickettsia spp. was included in 2015, 19 cats had positive test results for more than one pathogen (Rickettsia spp. were involved in 14 out of these 19 cats).Conclusions: At least one pathogen could be detected in 175 out of 624 cats (28%) via indirect and/or direct detection methods. Four percent had positive test results for more than one pathogen. This data emphasizes the importance of considering the above-mentioned vector-borne infections as potential differential diagnoses in clinically symptomatic cats.

These guidelines are intended to provide an in-depth review of current knowledge and assist the planning and implementation of studies for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides in reducing transmission of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) to dogs and cats. At present, the prevention of VBP transmission in companion animals is generally achieved through the administration of products that can repel or rapidly kill arthropods, thus preventing or interrupting feeding before transmission occurs. The present guidelines complement existing guidelines, which focus on efficacy assessment of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestations, but also give guidance for studies focused on other vectors (i.e. mosquitoes and phlebotomine sand flies). The efficacy of parasiticides in reducing VBP transmission can be evaluated through laboratory or field studies. As such, the present guidelines provide recommendations for these studies, representing a tool for researchers, pharmaceutical companies and authorities involved in the research, development and registration of products with claims for reducing VBP transmission in dogs and cats, respecting the overall principles of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). Gaps in our current understanding of VBP transmission times are herein highlighted and the need for further basic research on related topics is briefly discussed.

Background Captive wild animals in zoos infected with Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. can be sources of zoonotic infections and diseases. Therefore, to investigate the distribution of these pathogens in captive wild animals of zoos in Henan, China, a total of 429 fresh fecal samples were collected from six zoos in Henan, China. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. Positive results for Cryptosporidium (C. parvum and C. hominis) were subtyped based on the (gp60) gene. Results The overall prevalence was 43.1% (185/429), and the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were 2.8% (12/429), 0.5% (2/429), 20.8% (89/429), and 19.1% (82/429), respectively. Five Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. hominis, C. parvum, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. macropodum, were identified in this study. Cryptosporidium parvum was further subtyped as IIdA19G1. Two Giardia duodenalis assemblages (A and E) were also identified. A total of 20 Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were detected, including 18 known (BEB6, D, HND-1, CD7, SDD1, Henan-IV, KIN-1, CHK1, Peru8, Henan-V, CHG11, CHG-1, CHS9, CHG21, Type-IV, CHC9, CM5, and CHB1) and 2 novel genotypes (CHWD1 and CHPM1). A total of nine subtypes of Blastocystis sp. (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5, ST6, ST7, ST10, ST13, and ST14) were identified in captive wild animals in zoos in the present study. Cryptosporidium andersoni, nine Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes, and five Blastocystis subtypes were here first identified in new hosts. Conclusions Our study has expanded the host ranges of these four pathogens. The data indicate that animals in zoos can commonly be infected with these four zoonotic pathogens, and animals in zoos are potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans.

Diagnostic accuracy of pathogen detection depends upon the selection of suitable tests. Problems can arise when the selected diagnostic test gives false‐positive or false‐negative results, which can affect control measures, with consequences for the population health. The aim of this study was to compare sensitivity of different diagnostic methods IHC, PCR and qPCR detecting Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fish and as a consequence differences in disease prevalence. We analysed tissue from 388 salmonid specimens sampled from a recirculating system and rivers in the Czech Republic. Overall prevalence of T. bryosalmonae was extremely high at 92.0%, based on positive results of at least one of the above‐mentioned screening methods. IHC resulted in a much lower detection rate (30.2%) than both PCR methods (qPCR32: 65.4%, PCR: 81.9%). While qPCR32 produced a good match with IHC (60.8%), all other methods differed significantly (p

Slaughter condemnations are important sources of information on cattle health. The incidence of bovine parasitic diseases is still very high in Brazil. These diseases, in addition to causing harm to the animals health, are neglected zoonotic diseases in several parts of world. The study analysed not only the Carcass losses, but also the economic damage resulting from slaughter condemnations due to parasitic causes. Cattle slaughter data from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), over the period of 2012 to 2015 and data from the Secretary of Livestock and Irrigation of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPI-RS) were analyzed between 2014 and 2018.The number of organs and carcasses condemned was multiplied by the respective values (in Brazilian Real) obtained from slaughterhouses and subsequently converted into dollars. Brazilian analysis in SIF (Federal Inspection System) establishments showed that more than 1.2 million organs (3,884,505 kg) and 20,000 carcasses (4,547,718 kg) were condemned only due to parasitic causes during post-mortem inspection. In Rio Grande do Sul, in state inspection establishments, more than 1.7 million organs (8,210,559 kg) and 5,000 carcasses (1,243,200 kg) were condemned. These data are alarming and support the need for public policies to control these parasitic diseases. Resumo Condenações durante o abate são importantes fontes de informação sobre a sanidade dos rebanhos. Ainda são altas as incidências de doenças parasitárias, as quais trazem consequências à saúde dos animais, são zoonoses e têm sua importância negligenciada em diversos países. O estudo objetivou quantificar não apenas as perdas encontradas, mas o prejuízo econômico resultante das condenações ao abate por causas parasitárias. Para isso foram analisados dados de abate de bovinos do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, no período de 2012 a 2015, e dados da Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária e Irrigação, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2014 a 2018. A quantidade de órgãos e carcaças condenados foi multiplicada pelos respectivos valores (em Reais), obtidos da indústria frigorífica e, posteriormente, convertidos para dólar. A análise brasileira de estabelecimentos com SIF (Serviço de Inspeção Federal) mostrou que mais de 1,2 milhão de órgãos (3.884.505 kg) e 20 mil carcaças (4.547.718 kg) foram condenados devido a causas parasitárias durante a inspeção. No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos estabelecimentos de inspeção estadual, foram condenados mais de 1,7 milhão de órgãos (8.210.559 kg) e 5 mil carcaças (1.243.200 kg). Os dados são alarmantes e ressaltam a necessidade de políticas públicas para controlar estas parasitoses.

A new cnidarian myxosporean infecting the spleen of an economic and ecological important bryconid fish (Salminus franciscanus) is described based on integrative taxonomic approach including morphological, ultrastructural, biological traits, geography, molecular data and phylogenetic analysis. In a total of thirty specimens examined, nineteen (63.3%) were infected by an undescribed parasite species belonging to the genus Myxobolus. Plasmodial development was asynchronous, with young development in the periphery and mature myxospores in the central area and without projections and microvilli in the plasmodial wall. Mature myxospores were ovoid in shape and measured 7.9 ± 0.2 μm (7.6–8.1 μm) in length and 5.4 ± 0.1 μm (5.0–5.6 μm) in width. The two polar capsules were equal in size, occupying a little more than half of the myxospore body, measuring 4.0 ± 0.2 μm (3.9–4.1 μm) in length and 1.7 ± 0.1 μm (1.5–1.8 μm) in width. The polar tubules coiled in six turns, perpendicular to the long axis of polar capsule. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species within a clade containing nine myxobolid species from South American characiforms fish and appears as a close species of Myxobolus pantanalis. Nevertheless, the sequences of the new species and M. pantanalis have a large genetic divergence of 13.5% in their SSU rDNA. In light of the differences observed from the integrative taxonomy, we confidently considered that this isolate is a new species of cnidarian myxosporean, M. douradae n. sp., increasing the knowledge of diversity of this enigmatic group of cnidarians.

The present study describes a new species of the genus Sphaerospora found in the urinary bladder of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus collected in Corre Água district of the municipality of Macapá, Amapá State (Brazil). The study includes morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the new parasite, to determine the relationship of the new species with related myxosporean species. The new species has polysporous plasmodia, which vary in size and shape. The mature myxospores are subspherical shape in valvar view. In the sutural view, the myxospores are 5.3±0.2 (5.2-5.6) μm in length and 7.0±0.7 (6.3-7.7) μm in width, with two piriform polar capsules equal size, 2.5±0.2 (2.3-2.8) μm in length and 1.8±0.2 (1.6-2.0) μm in width. The phylogenetic analyses of a partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed the status of the new species and determined the relationship of the new species and related myxosporean species.The sum of the evidence indicates that, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. belongs to the family Sphaerosporidae, and is the first record of the genus Sphaerospora from Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The present study describes Henneguya tietensis n. sp. parasitizing Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) from Brazil, through morphological and molecular analysis. Myxospores were found in the gill tissue of P. lineatus with a prevalence of 10%. The myxospores consisted of two elongate, elliptical shell valves each with a long, tapering caudal appendage. The morphology was consistent with Henneguya and the myxospore measured as follows (mean ± SD): total length 55.5 ± 2.1 μm, body length 16.2 ± 1.1 μm, body width 5.5 ± 0.1 μm, caudal appendages length 39.0 ± 2.0 μm. The polar capsules were 7.3 ± 0.2 μm long, 1.7 ± 0.2 μm wide and contained a polar filament coiled 11 to 13 turns. Histological analysis showed the plasmodia developing in the middle region of each gill filament and caused a focally extensive distension by forming a space-occupying mass within the gill filament. The ultrastructural analysis allowed the observation of the presence of mature myxospores throughout the plasmodium. Phylogenetic analysis with the SSU rDNA gene showed Henneguya tietensis n. sp. as a sister species of the subclade formed by Henneguya piaractus and Henneguya brachypomus that infect fishes of the genus Piaractus. The genetically closest species was H. piaractus, which showed a similarity of 82.4%. Using molecular and morphological characterization, the myxozoan parasite described herein represents a new species of the genus Henneguya. Departament of Parasitology Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – Unesp, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 - Distrito de Rubião Junior Faculdade de Ciências e CIIMAR Universidade do Porto Docente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais Centro Universitário CESMAC Departament of Parasitology Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – Unesp, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 - Distrito de Rubião Junior FAPESP: 2014/12862-0 FAPESP: 2015/24901-2 FAPESP: 2019/07708-5

Background Parasites that infect cats include protozoa, helminths and arthropods, many of which are transmissible to humans. Effective control relies on a good knowledge of parasite distribution and the risk factors for infection. The present study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of major feline parasites in Italy and the risk factors associated with their occurrence. Methods Over a 12-month study period, feces, hair and ectoparasites from naturally infected cats from feral colonies, shelters and private households were analyzed at 13 study centers across Italy. Samples from these cats (n = 987) were analyzed at all centers using the same diagnostic methods. Prevalence values and risk factors were evaluated statistically for the identification of predictors of risk. Results The overall prevalence of gastro-intestinal and broncho-pulmonary (BP) nematodes was 35.9% (354/987). Toxocara cati was the most prevalent species (253/987; 25.6%), followed by Ancylostomatidae (98/987; 9.9%). Among BP nematodes, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was the most common (76/987; 7.7%). Approximately 35.7% (352/987) of the study population was infested by ectoparasites, of which the most common were fleas (29.4%, 290/987), followed by ear mites Otodectes cynotis (9.8%, 97/987). Predictors of risk for parasite infection included age, a predominantly or exclusively outdoor lifestyle, geographic area and lack of antiparasitic treatment. Conclusions Both ecto- and endoparasites are still common in cats throughout Italy, many of them being of zoonotic concern and vectors of pathogens to humans. Given the presence of parasites throughout the entire study period, year-round treatment should be considered. Furthermore, data confirm the need to protect the human–animal bond using proper endo- and ectoparasiticides to reduce the risk of human infection, in application of the One-Health concept. Graphical abstract

Background: Controlling canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) is a major concern, since some of these diseases are serious zoonoses. This study was designed to determine seropositivity rates in Spain for agents causing the following five CVBD: leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum: Li), heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis :D i), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis :E c), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Anaplasma platys: An) and Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi :B b). Methods: Anti-An, -Bb, and -Ec antibodies and the Di antigen were determined using the 4DX SNAP W Test (IDEXX Laboratories) and anti-L. infantum (Li) antibodies using the Leishmania SNAP W Test (IDEXX Laboratories) in blood and/or serum samples. Results: Among 1100 dogs examined, overall seropositivity rates were: Li (15.7%), Ec (5%), An (3.1%), Di (1.25%) and Bb (0.4%). While seropositivity towards Bb and Di was similar in all geographic regions, rates were significantly higher in the east of Spain (8.3%) for An, significantly higher in the north (20%) for Ec, and significantly higher in the Southeast (46.6%) and South (27.4%), and significantly lower in the north (0%) for Li. No statistical associations were observed between sex and the CVBD analyzed (p ≥0.05) while the following associations with other variables were detected: a higher seropositivity to Ec (40%) and Bb (6.7%) in dogs under one year of age compared with adults (p < 0.05); and a higher seropositivity to An and Li in dogs that lived outdoors versus indoors (p=0.01; p < 0.001, respectively). Seropositivity rates of 2.1%, 0%, 1.7%, 0.5% and 4.2% were recorded respectively for An, Bb, Ec, Di and Li in dogs with no clinical signs (n= 556) versus 3.8%, 0.6%, 7.5%, 1.8% and 25.9% for those with signs (n = 507) suggestive of a CVBD. Conclusion: The data obtained indicate a risk for dogs in Spain of acquiring any of the five CVBD examined. Veterinarians in the different regions should include these diseases in their differential diagnoses and recommend the use of repellents and other prophylactic measures to prevent disease transmission by arthropod vectors. Public health authorities also need to become more involved in the problem, since some of the CVBD examined here also affect humans.

We identified Myxobolus anatolicus Pekmezci, Yardimci, Yilmaz & Polat, 2014 and 4 novel Myxobolus species from the Anatolian khramulya Capoeta tinca (Cyprinidae) in northern Turkey based on morphology, histology, and phylogenetic analysis. M. karaeri sp. nov. plasmodia were observed in the skin doublets between fin rays, the surfaces of the operculum, the gill arch membrane, and in the skin of the fin base. M. samsunensis sp. nov. plasmodia were observed in epithelial tissue inside and on the surface and midline of the gill filaments. M. cakmaki sp. nov. presented as a typical vascular species, which develops in large plasmodia at the end of the gill filaments. The chondrophilic M. ekingeni sp. nov. was detected by histology inside the cartilaginous gill arch and the cartilaginous gill rays of the filaments. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences revealed that M. karaeri sp. nov. and M. samsunensis sp. nov. were clustered with Myxobolus species that infect gills, scales, and fins of cyprinids. M. cakmaki sp. nov. grouped with Myxobolus species that exclusively infect the gills of cyprinids. No molecular data were available for M. ekingeni sp. nov.

The genus Salmincola is an ectoparasitic copepod group commonly infesting the branchial and buccal cavities of salmonids. While negative impacts on hatchery fishes have been reported, their impacts on wild fish populations and distribution patterns are critically understudied. In the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan, we found parasites belonging to this genus on the branchial cavity of a stream salmonid, Southern Asian Dolly Varden Salvelinus curilus. All parasites recovered were identified as Salmincola edwardsii based on morphological characteristics and partial 28S rDNA sequences. Prevalence was highly heterogeneous even among neighboring streams (0-54.8%, < 10 km) with the mean intensity among streams being generally low (2.19 parasites/infeted fish). Despite the low intensity, quantile regression analysis showed negative trends between parasite intensity and host condition, suggesting that the infestation of S. edwardsii has a potential negative impact on the host salmonid. In addition, a single copepod was found from an anadromous fish, which could indicate some salinity tolerance of the copepods. It is important to evaluate the effects of Salmincola spp. on host species and determine the limiting factors on the parasite's distribution for proper management.

Specimens of a pentastomid, identified as a nymphal Linguatula serrata, have previously been reported from the nasal cavity of the endangered Australian marsupial, the spotted-tail quoll, Dasyurus maculatus. These specimens were made available for morphological and molecular characterisation to confirm their species identity. Specimens were examined by light microscopy. Molecular sequencing attempts were unsuccessful. Examination showed that the specimens were adult pentastomes of the genus Linguatula. Morphological differences are reported between these specimens and published measurements of specimens from other hosts collected from the same region. This is the first confirmed report of an adult Linguatula pentastome in a native Australian animal. Due to the small number of specimens and the lack of successful molecular characterisation, the pentastomes have been referred to Linguatula sp. until future work can confirm the species identity. The need for combined molecular and morphological analysis of pentastome specimens is reiterated.

Parasitological studies of the Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan, are scarce, and knowledge about its endoparasites is quite limited. In order to describe its parasitic community, a total of 60 Franklin’s gulls were captured in the coastal area in central Chile, using modified Bal-chatri traps. Ectoparasites were collected from all 60 live individuals through inspection of their plumage, while 30 were examined for endoparasites by standard parasitological necropsy. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 78.3%, including the feather mite Zachvatkinia larica (43.3%) and four species of lice: Actornithophilus piceus lari (15.0%), Austromenopon transversum (6.7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10.0%) and Saemundssonia lari (46.7%). Some 25 of 30 (83.3%) of birds necropsied were parasitized with the following helminths: Aporchis sp. (6.7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56.7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3.3%), Profilicollis altmani (56.7%), Eucoleus contortus (10.0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13.3%), Paracuaria adunca (10.0%), Stegophorus sp. (3.3%) and Tetrameres skrjabini (3.3%). To our knowledge, with the exception of P. altmani, these helminths are reported for first time in the Franklin's gull.

The present study describes two new Myxobolus species infecting the gills of Semaprochilodus insignis, the most consumed freshwater fish species in the Brazilian Amazon. The fish specimens were caught in the Tapajós River, in the state of Pará, and the morphological, ultrastructural, small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA), and phylogenetic data of the myxosporean species were obtained. Two species of Myxobolus were found in the gills of S. insignis. Myxobolus maiai n. sp. developed in the gill filaments, and mature myxospores were round-shaped from the frontal view, measuring 12.5-14.8 (13.9 ± 0.5) μm in length, 11.4-13.8 (12.3 ± 0.5) μm in width, and have a thickness of 6.4-7.7 (6.9 ± 0.6) μm in the lateral view, with symmetric values. Its polar capsules were 4.4-6.6 (5.5 ± 0.5) μm in length and 2.3-3.7 (3.0 ± 0.3) μm in width, and the polar tubules had 4 - 5 coils. Myxobolus iarakiensis n. sp. was found infecting the gill arch. Mature myxospores were oval-shaped from the frontal view, and measured 6.7-8.6 (8.0 ± 0.4) μm in length, 4.5-6.3 (5.6 ± 0.4) μm in width, and had a thickness of 2.7-4.7 (3.8 ± 0.5) μm in the lateral view, with symmetric values. Its polar capsules were 2.1-3.7 (2.9 ± 0.3) μm in length and 1.1-2.0 (1.5 ± 0.2) μm in width, and its polar tubules had 4 - 5 coils. The ssrDNA based phylogeny showed these two novel species as grouping in a clade composed of parasite species of Prochilodontidae hosts.

Moxidectin (MOX) is a macrocyclic lactone approved worldwide for the treatment of both endo- and ecto-parasites in many mammalian species. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of MOX as a treatment against parasites in a range of mammalian species. An electronic literature search was performed for publications to the 1st September 2020. A total of 205 papers were retrieved and screened against all required criteria; hence, 35 were papers were reviewed in this study. The level of evidence and methodological quality was analysed, where a total of 13 publications were categorised as a ‘randomised control trial’, seven were categorised as a ‘non-randomised control trial’ and 15 as an ‘experimental control trial’. The overall methodological quality of the publications was considered low, low to moderate, moderate, moderate to high and high in ten, four, twelve, five and a further four, respectively. We assessed the treatment and possible toxicity of MOX in 13 mammalian species, six investigations reported adverse effects to MOX in a small percentage of individuals. The authors reported observed reactions that were typically mild symptoms that did not require additional therapies, and/or resolved themselves. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of MOX treatment in a larger number of species, particularly in wildlife.

This study identified the parasitic species in juvenile freshwater finfishes during the fattening stage, from a fish farm located in the Zona da Mata (MG), southeastern Brazil, and revealed both macro and microscopical lesions in fish gills. A total of 172 juvenile fishes of different species (Oreochromis niloticus, Ictalurus punctatus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Astyanax bimaculatus and Brycon amazonicus) were transported to a laboratory in São Paulo city. The fish were sedated and then euthanized for parasitological analysis. All fish were infected by at least one parasite species. Ten different species of parasites were identified: Apiosoma sp., Epistylis sp., Ichthyobodo sp., trichodinids, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena sp., monogeneans, Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae, and Dermocystidium sp. The best management practices and lack of sanitary control were also discussed. Resumo Este trabalho identificou espécies parasitas em peixes de produção juvenis de água doce, durante a fase de engorda, oriundos de uma piscicultura da Zona da Mata (MG), na região sudeste do Brasil, além das lesões de brânquias, causadas tanto macro quanto microscopicamente. Um total de 172 peixes juvenis de diferentes espécies (Oreochromis niloticus, Ictalurus punctatus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Astyanax bimaculatus e Brycon amazonicus) foram transportados para um laboratório na cidade de São Paulo. Os peixes foram anestesiados e eutanasiados para análise parasitológica. Todos os peixes estavam acometidos por pelo menos uma espécie de parasito. Dez diferentes espécies de parasitos foram identificadas: Apiosoma sp., Epistylis sp., Ichthyobodo sp., tricodinídeos, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena sp., monogeneas, metacercárias de Centrocestus formosanus e Dermocystidium sp. As boas práticas de manejo e inadequado controle sanitário também foram discutidos.