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Drug-fruits interaction affects optimal anticoagulation, but little is known about this topic due to limited researches. This study aims to investigate the association between Sabah local fruits consumption among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients receiving warfarin therapy and number of international normalised ratio (INR) out of range. A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients attending clinic from April 2016 to April 2017. Predictor variables measured were number of clinic visits with local fruits consumption, types of local fruits consumed and number of local fruits consumed within 1 week before clinic visit. Negative Binomial Regression Model was used to determine predictor associated with number of INR out of range. A total of 109 atrial fibrillation (AF) patients were evaluated, with an average age of 65.33 ± 9.59 years and predominantly male (n = 66, 60.5%). A total of 946 of the 1,274 clinic visits recorded local fruits consumption during past one week. Increase in number of clinic visits with local fruits consumption was associated with 8% higher number of INR out of range, and it was significantly higher among patients who consumed Durian (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.152, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.004-1.322, p = 0.043), Tarap (IRR = 1.237, 95% CI 1.051-1.456, p = 0.010), Pineapple (IRR = 1.115, 95% CI 1.032-1.204, p = 0.005), Cempedak (IRR = 1.278, 95% CI 1.025-1.594, p = 0.029), Banana (IRR = 1.056, 95% CI 1.029-1.085, p < 0.001), and Papaya (IRR = 1.048, 95% CI 1.016-1.081, p = 0.002). Besides, taking either one or more types of local fruits significantly increased the number of INR out of range. In the final regression model, only number of clinic visits with local fruits consumption was retained (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.05-1.10, p < 0.001). Local fruits consumption significantly affects quality of anticoagulation with warfarin; it should be considered when assessing possible cause of deranged INR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical mapping evidences the chromosome organization and structure. Despite the data about plant cytogenomics, physical mapping has been conducted from single-copy and/or low-copy genes for few species. Carica papaya cytogenomics has been accomplished from BAC-FISH and repeatome sequences. We aimed to map the serk 2, svp-like and mdar 4 sequences in C. papaya. The sequences were amplified and the amplicons sequenced, showing similarity in relation to serk 2, svp-like and mdar 4 genes. Carica papaya diploidy was confirmed and the mitotic chromosomes characterized. The chromosome 1 exhibited the secondary constriction pericentromeric to the centromere of the long arm. So, we concluded that it is the sex chromosomes. serk 2 was mapped in the long arm interstitial portion of the sex chromosomes, and the interphase nuclei showed two fluorescence signals. Considering these results and the sequencing data from the C. papaya sex chromosomes, svp-like and mdar 4 genes were mapped in the interstitial region of the sex chromosome long arm. Both sequences showed only one fluorescence signal in the interphase nuclei. The procedure adopted here can be reproduced for other single-copy and/or low-copy genes, allowing the construction of cytogenetic maps. In addition, we revisited the cytogenomics data about C. papaya sex chromosomes, presenting a revised point of view about the structure and evolution to these chromosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth stagnation in early‐maturing fish is a concern for higher fish productivity and may be regulated with reproductive arrest using phytochemicals. In this line, the study attempts to improve the growth of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus, through dietary pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed (PS) supplemented diets during a 60‐day trial (30‐days of feeding PS, followed by a 30‐day recovery period). Four levels of PS at 0, 2, 4, and 6 g kg−1 diet were added to a commercial feed (32% crude protein) and fed to advanced fingerlings (19.08 ± 0.02 g) at 3% body weight, which forms the experimental groups, designated as control, T1, T2, and T3. Subsequent alterations in growth (% weight gain and specific growth rate), reproduction (gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal histology), and physiological function (haematology and stress biomarkers, viz., cortisol and glucose) were examined at the end of the experiment. Observations noted at the end of the trial showed significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced growth in groups fed 2 g kg−1, but not significantly with control. GSI showed an extreme reduction in all groups as the level of supplementation increased with the lowest being noted in T3. Sex change was observed in T2 and T3, wherein only male populations were noticed. Gonadal histology demonstrates tissue‐level generation in T1, compared with control. Tissue alteration (atrophy and necrosis) was noticed in the T2 and T3. The haematological profile indicates a gradual decrease in erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin in the T2 and T3 groups, compared with the T1 and control groups (P < 0.05). Serum biochemistry followed a similar trend. The levels of blood glucose and cortisol were higher in T2 and T3 (P < 0.05) than in the control and T1. The overall findings from this study reveal that dietary PS supplementation at 2 g kg−1 can enhance the growth of silver barb; however, higher doses suppress both growth and reproductive function, resulting in subsequent disturbances in physiology. Further studies regarding the molecular mechanism of such an outcome warrant immediate investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilean papaya, also known as mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens), is a fruit valued for its nutritional value and pleasant fragrance. The oblong fruit, featuring five ridges and a seed-filled mucilage cavity, is typically consumed cooked due to its high protease content. The mucilage and the seeds are usually discarded as byproducts. This study analyzed the biochemical composition of mountain papaya seed mucilage using methods such as HPAEC and immunolabeling. Results revealed that papaya seeds yield nearly 20% of their weight in mucilage polysaccharides, which can be separated into soluble and adherent layers. The mucilage exhibited a high proportion of acidic sugars, indicating that homogalacturonan (HG) is the predominant domain. It also contained other domains like rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and hemicelluloses, predominantly xyloglucan. The HG-rich mucilage, currently considered waste, emerges as a promising source of polysaccharides, indicating its multifaceted utility in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhea caused by gut motility involves 5‐HT3 serotonin receptor (5‐HT3R) antagonist, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3‐AchR), and H1 histamine receptor (H1R) via their respective agonist. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf is an herbal medicine to treat diarrhea in Indonesia, though this has not yet been proven scientifically. This study aimed to determine the antidiarrheal properties of papaya leaf through in vivo and in silico studies. In the mice model, papaya leaves were infused with distilled water and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal study using castor oil‐induced diarrhea. In silico molecular docking study of nineteen secondary metabolites was carried out on the M3‐AchR (PDB ID: 5ZHP) using AutoDock Tools 1.5.6, while ADMET was predicted by pre‐ADMET. The results showed that papaya leaf infusion caused a decrease in the total number of feces, an increase in the onset time of diarrhea, a reduction in the frequency of diarrhea, and an increase in the percentage of inhibition of diarrhea. Quercetin 3‐rutinoside, a flavonoid glycoside, is potentially an antidiarrheal remedy at M3‐AchR. ADMET prediction showed good distribution on the target and was not toxic, but absorption needed to be considered. We concluded that the antidiarrheal activity of papaya leaf infusion was dose‐dependent. Based on a molecular docking study, the flavonoid glycoside was very effective as an antidiarrheal remedy. ADMET prediction showed a specific distribution to the target and was not toxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant from the Caricaceae family and grows well in tropical and subtropical regions. Seed Pretreatment and culture substrate are important and effective factors in the processes of germination and seedling growth. In seed priming, seeds are partially hydrated to allow metabolic events to occur without actual germination and then re-dried. Materials and Methods: The experiment was done in a factorial arrangement with the two factors of seed pretreatment and culture substrate in a completely randomized design with 15 treatments, 3 replications, and 10 seeds per replication. This experiment was conducted in 2022 in the research greenhouse of University of Zabol. Pretreatment of seeds including distilled water as control (P0), humic acid (P1) and seaweed (P2) and culture substrate including compost: perlite: vermicompost (1:1:1) (S1), compost: perlite: cocopeat (1) :1:1) (S2), compost: vermicompost: cocopeat (1:1:1) (S3), perlite: vermicompost: cocopeat (1:1:1) (S4) and compost: perlite: vermicompost: cocopeat (1) :1:1:1) was (S5). Pretreatment of biofertilizers including 200 mg/l of humic acid (Humi grow 80% Gardesco) and 2 g/l of 30% Hortiland Vita free seaweed extract based on Ascophyllum nodosum was used for the pretreatment of Bangladeshi variety papaya seeds. Before planting, seeds were first disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes and then rinsed 3 times with distilled water. They were then soaked in the pre-prepared solutions at a temperature of 25 °C for 24 hours in dark room, and then air dried and were cultivated in 32-cells plug containing the desired culture substrates. Results and Discussion: The results indicated a significant effect of seed pretreatment and culture substrate on the germination and growth of papaya seedlings. The minimum average germination time (11.20 day), maximum germination speed index (0.72), seedling vigor index (2342.49) and root dry weight (0.079 g) were recorded for humic acid pretreatment. In addition, under the influence of biopriming with both humic acid and seaweed biofertilizers, the maximum percentage of germination (81% and 79%, respectively), number of leaves (6.30 and 6.23, respectively) and stem diameter (2.43 and 2.36 mm, respectively) compared to the control. Among the cultivation substrates, S5 and S3 substrates showed better results in terms of germination and seedling growth compared to other cultivation substrates. Examining the results of interaction showed that the maximum seedling height was observed in treatments P1S5 (21.03 cm), P1S3 (20.87 cm), P1S4 (19.99 cm) and P1S2 (19.82 cm). P1S5 and P1S3 treatments recorded the highest root length with a statistical class of 9.73 and 9.46 cm, respectively. The maximum shoot dry weight was recorded for treatments P1S5 (0.319 g), P1S4 (0.309 g) and P2S5 (0.302 g) without statistical difference. The plants obtained from the seeds pretreated with humic acid and grown in the S5 culture substrate had significant shoot and root dry weights; This is due to the rapid reversal of seed dormancy and the beginning of germination, as well as the ease of absorption of more water and nutrients by plants during the growth period. Conclusion: seed biopriming accelerated the germination process and increased the growth of papaya seedlings. Cultivation substrates containing vermicompost showed significant results for seed germination, establishment and growth of papaya seedlings. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to use seed biopriming, especially with humic acid biofertilizer and vermicompostcontaining culture substrate, to increase the germination percentage and produce healthy seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC., commonly referred to as mountain papaya, belongs to the Caricaceae family and is native to the Andean highlands. In Indonesia, mountain papaya can be found on the Dieng Plateau and has become one of the typical processed products from the Dieng area. The aim of the study is to explore the diversity and phenetic relationship of mountain papaya from the Dieng Plateau based on morphological markers. This study is important to provide information in guiding future conservation efforts. 18 samples were collected from three areas with different altitudes in the Dieng Plateau. In addition, it proved valuable results by elucidating patterns of variation, enabling the identification of distinct groups. A total of 18 samples were collected from three areas with varying altitudes in the Dieng Plateau. Morphological analysis used 22 characters with The Clustering Analysis Method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Diversity Analysis using Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP) software version 3.1A. The results of cluster analysis showed that mountain papaya accessions were grouped into two main clusters and five sub-clusters. Cluster grouping based on sex distribution characters, flower stalk length, and inflorescence density; there is no grouping based on geographical location or altitude. The Shannon's Index Value (H') for mountain papaya shows moderate phenetic diversity. This suggests that the mountain papaya community remains stable within its substrate and its environmental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: It is well known that calcium, ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) can regulate fruit ripening, however, their interaction in the regulation of fruit ripening has not yet been fully clarified. The present study found that the expression of the papaya calcium sensor CpCML15 was strongly linked to fruit ripening. CpCML15 could bind Ca2+ and served as a true calcium sensor. CpCML15 interacted with CpPP2C46 and CpPP2C65, the candidate components of the ABA signalling pathways. CpPP2C46/65 expression was also related to fruit ripening and regulated by ethylene. CpCML15 was located in the nucleus and CpPP2C46/65 were located in both the nucleus and membrane. The interaction between CpCML15 and CpPP2C46/65 was calcium dependent and further repressed the activity of CpPP2C46/65 in vitro. The transient overexpression of CpCML15 and CpPP2C46/65 in papaya promoted fruit ripening and gene expression related to ripening. The reduced expression of CpCML15 and CpPP2C46/65 by virus‐induced gene silencing delayed fruit colouring and softening and repressed the expression of genes related to ethylene signalling and softening. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of CpCML15 in tomato fruit also promoted fruit softening and ripening by increasing ethylene production and enhancing gene expression related to ripening. Additionally, CpPP2C46 interacted with CpABI5, and CpPP2C65 interacted with CpERF003‐like, two transcriptional factors in ABA and ethylene signalling pathways that are closely related to fruit ripening. Taken together, our results showed that CpCML15 and CpPP2Cs positively regulated fruit ripening, and their interaction integrated the cross‐talk of calcium, ABA and ethylene signals in fruit ripening through the CpCML15‐CpPP2Cs‐CpABI5/CpERF003‐like pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was undertaken to develop papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) resistant papaya hybrids through intergeneric hybridization. Intergeneric hybridization was done involving nine Carica papaya cultivars as female and Vasconcellea cauliflora as male. Intergeneric Ft hybrids were artificially inoculated. Artificial screening for papaya ringspot virus was carried out 27 days after sap inoculation. Out of twenty nine Fj hybrid plants of CO 7xK cauliflora, only six plants (CO 7V1 to CO 7V6) were found free from PRSV symptoms. Similarly, out of fifty five F: hybrid plants of Pusa Nanha x V. cauliflora only twenty three (PNV1 to PNV23) were found free from the symptoms and seventy plants (CPV1 to CPV70) out of 335 plants of CP50 x V. cauliflora were found free from PRSV symptoms. Molecular markers ISSR markers were used to check and verify the hybridity. The resistance of the hybrids and parents were subjected to DAS ELISA test. ELISA titre value varied from 0.216 to 0.927. Among the parents, the resistant male parent V. cauliflora had recorded the lowest titre value of 0.216. However, the susceptible female parent CO 7 recorded the highest titre value of 0.972 followed by Pusa Nanha 0.952 and CP50 0.942. Among the hybrids ELISA titre value ranged from 0.218 to 0.29. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) is one of the most important pests of papaya (Carica papaya L.). The high potential damage of this pest threatens papaya production. The objective of this paper is to explore the impact of biocontrol and temperature variations on the population dynamics of Paracoccus marginatus (P. marginatus). We first propose and study a mathematical model for the dynamics of P. marginatus within a papaya field. This model consists of a time-delayed non-autonomous system of differential equations that takes into account the egg incubation period, temperature variations, plant compensation and predators that are natural enemies of the papaya pest. We provide the basic properties of the model, compute the basic offspring number N 0 and show that there exists two threshold parameters N _ 0 and ξ 0 such that N _ 0 ≤ N 0 ≤ ξ 0 ≤ 1 and N 0 ≥ N _ 0 > 1 provide conditions for the extinction and persistence of the pest within the papaya field, respectively. After, we investigate the impact of biocontrol on the pest population. We found that the use of a control strategy based on constant releases of predators could reduce the pest population by 35.62 percent and increase the biomass by 77.50 percent, while the use of impulsive releases of predators result in a decrease of 96.31 percent of the pest population and an increases of 55.74 percent of the biomass. We also combine the use of continuous predator releases and bio-pesticides and discovered that a spray applied 90 days after germination could completely eliminate the pest population and boost the biomass by 81.58 percent. • The population dynamics of Paracoccus marginatus , papaya pest is modeled. • The model includes the egg incubation period, temperature variations and biocontrol. • The warm temperatures are favorable to the development and survival of the pest. • The use of impulsive releases of predators can reduce the pest by 96.31%. • The use of continuous releases of predators and bio-pesticides can eradicate the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, foam-mat drying is being considered a mild drying technique, requiring low investment costs but being particularly highly effective. This drying method is very useful for liquid or semi-liquid food products that are highly viscous and easily change qualities by heat. Liquid or finely ground foods are foamed with the assistance of surfactants (foam-creating and foam-stabilizing agents are egg albumin and carboxymethyl cellulose, respectively), followed by drying of the foam with hot air. Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was designed in this study, with 3 factors and 3 levels, including egg albumin content (6-10%), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (0.1-0.5%) and drying temperature (50-70°C). The drying rate and β-carotene content of foam and product, respectively, are the indicators observed in 18 experimental runs and 6 repetitions at the central point. Use target settings for each response based on high β-carotene content and highest drying rate to produce a high-quality papaya powder product with the shortest drying time. The optimal and feasible experimental conditions for drying foam mats were achieved with albumin concentration, CMC and optimal drying temperature at 9.07%, 0.39% and 62°C, respectively. From these optimal conditions, the optimal values of drying rate and β-carotene content were achieved as 3.41 g water/g dry matter/min and 37.95 µg/g, respectively. This study has confirmed that foam drying is a feasible method to produce good quality papaya powder, the product maintains the natural color of the original material, low moisture (8.5%) and water activity (0.35), and high rehydration ratio (4.05) when drying at 62°C for 3 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal parasitism is a major health and welfare problem in ruminants. Synthetic chemical anthelmintic drugs have led to the emergence of resistance in gastrointestinal strongyles, inducing the search for alternatives to control the infections that affect ruminants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of plant extracts against Haemonchus contortus Rudolphi. Three plants of the Guadeloupean biodiversity, Momordica charantia L., Carica papaya L. and Sargassum spp., were selected based on their high polyphenolic content and natural abundance. The phytochemistry of plants was explored, a biological assay against the parasite H. contortus was carried out, and several hypotheses about the way of action were proposed by an innovative electrochemical screening method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, is a significant global health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite preventive efforts, Sri Lanka faces recurring dengue outbreaks, with the Western province being the most affected. Current treatments primarily focus on supportive care, as specific antiviral therapies remain elusive. This review presents an overview of dengue, its clinical presentations, the dengue burden in Sri Lanka, and the potential of Sri Lankan medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for treating dengue. Several plants, such as Munronia pinnata, Azardirachta indica, Cissampelos pareira L., Carica papaya, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, and Bambusa vulgaris, show antiviral properties against dengue. The utilization of these medicinal plants in dengue treatment could offer a promising avenue for further research and drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) limits papaya production worldwide. Previously, we generated transgenic lines of hybrid Tainung No.2 (TN-2) carrying the coat protein (CP) gene of PRSV with broad resistance to PRSV strains. Unfortunately, all of them were female, unacceptable for growers and consumers in practical applications. With our reported flanking sequences and the newly released papaya genomic information, the CP-transgene insert was identified at a non-coding region in chromosome 3 of the papaya genome, and the flanking sequences were verified and extended. The female transgenic line 16-0-1 was first used for backcrossing with the parental Sunrise cultivar six times and then followed by selfing three times. With multi-level molecular markers developed from the PRSV CP transgene and the genomic flanking sequences, the presence and zygosity of the CP transgene were characterized at the seedling stage. Meanwhile, hermaphrodite genotype was identified by a sex-linked marker. With homozygotic transgene and horticultural properties of Sunrise, a selected hermaphrodite individual was propagated by tissue culture (TC) and used as maternal progenitor to cross with non-transgenic parental cultivar Thailand to generate a new hybrid cultivar TN-2 with a hemizygotic CP-transgene. Three selected hermaphrodite individuals of transgenic TN were micropropagated by TC, and they showed broad-spectrum resistance to different PRSV strains from Taiwan, Hawaii, Thailand, and Mexico under greenhouse conditions. The selected clone TN-2 #1, with excellent horticultural traits, also showed complete resistance to PRSV under field conditions. These selected TC clones of hermaphrodite transgenic TN-2 provide a novel cultivation system in Taiwan and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a century ago, there are anecdotal stories of the use of therapeutic anthelminthic plants, such as papaya (Carica papaya) against cestode infections. Various studies have explored the efficacy of traditional plants in the inactivation of protoscolices and have reported the scolicidal effect of plants. Further, these plants have relatively lower side effects compared to chemotherapeutic agents and are suggested to be used for treatment of this disease in humans as well. Thus, in the present study the in vitro scolicidal effect of C. papaya and J. regia on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices was explored from sheep, goat and human cysts in Jammu region of North Western Himalayas.The ethanolic extracts of J. regia and C. papaya showed significant scolicidal activity against E. granulosus, under in vitro conditions with reference to the known standard drug “praziquantel”. Against J. regia, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (88.58%), 20 min. (91.24%), 30 min. (93.16%) and 40 min. (96.64%). Against C. papaya, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (82.95%), 20 min. (85.83%), 30 min. (90.23%) and 40 min. (92.95%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds, which are often-overlooked inhabitants of our ecosystems, play a remarkable role as hidden reservoirs and unconventional breeding grounds for novel viruses. Nevertheless, their importance is often underestimated in the field of biodiversity studies. Here, we report the complete nucleotide sequence, phylogenetic analysis and recombination pattern of a novel begomovirus associated with yellow vein diseases of Croton bonplandianum. During a survey conducted in August 2016, C. bonplandianum plants with severe leaf curl and yellow vein symptoms were identified at Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India. Total genomic DNA was isolated from symptomatic leaf samples by using the CTAB method, and begomovirus universal primers were used to confirm the presence of begomovirus via PCR. The samples were amplified using rolling circle amplification (RCA) followed by restriction digestion to yield ~ 2.7 Kb fragment unit length of begomoviruses. Full-length fragments ligated with pUC19 vector were transformed to E. coli, and the recombinant clones were confirmed by colony PCR and restriction digestion. The complete genome sequence obtained for the clone WK3 contained 2773 bp and showed a highest nucleotide sequence identity of 89.62% and 89.26% with papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) (MK087120) and bhendi yellow vein Bhubaneswar virus (BYVBhV) (FJ589571), respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, WK3 sequence formed a separate clade with BYVBhV. Recombination analysis indicated the putative evolution of the newly characterized begomovirus isolate WK3 through frequent recombination of parental sequences tomato leaf curl Iran virus (ToLCIRV) and BYVBhV in the background of CroYVMV. Based on the current ICTV criteria for the demarcation of begomoviruses species threshold (< 91%), this is identified as a member of new virus species for which the name "Croton yellow vein leaf curl virus" is proposed based on its symptom morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel papaya seed-based activated carbon/Fe3O4/AgNPs nanocomposite (MAC/Ag) was prepared via a one-pot in situ approach and used as a versatile peroxidase mimic for colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid (AA). The MAC/Ag nanocomposite exhibited enhanced peroxidase-like activity, catalyzing the oxidation of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and yielding colorimetric products. By optimizing the experimental conditions, the MAC/Ag-TMB-H2O2 detection platform displayed outstanding sensitivity towards AA, with an impressively low detection limit of 0.056 µM in the linear range of 25–500 µM. Notably, the platform demonstrated remarkable reusability and stability, maintaining a high level of activity even after numerous reuse cycles. The comprehensive investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed the crucial role of hydroxyl radicals. The successful quantitative analysis of AA in papaya juice verified the applicability of the MAC/Ag-TMB-H2O2 assay. These findings highlight the potential of the MAC/Ag nanocomposite as a reliable and reusable detection nanozyme for AA, offering promising prospects in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical analysis. Highlights: • MAC/Ag nanocomposite achieves highly sensitive AA detection. • Wide linear range (25–500 µM) and low limit (0.056 µM) enhance AA analysis. • Exceptional reusability with 93.11% activity retention after five cycles. • Quantitative AA analysis in papaya juice demonstrates practicality. • Mechanistic insights into AA detection highlight hydroxyl radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggs of dumbo catfish are known to stick to the substrate due to the presence of a mucus layer, which causes suboptimal oxygen supply and low hatching percentage. This indicates that the mucus layer must be lowered while eliminating the need for a substrate during hatching. One of the natural ingredients that can be used for this purpose is papaya leaf, which contains the proteolytic enzyme papain. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of papaya leaf solution on the percentage of live embryos after soaking, hatching percentage, hatching time, survival rate, and abnormality percentage of dumbo catfish larvae. This research was carried out at the Basic Fisheries Laboratory, Aquaculture Study Program, Fisheries Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University in August-October 2022. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used, which consisted of four treatments and three repetitions. The treatment given was the soaking of eggs in papaya leaf solution with different concentrations of (P0/control), 2 g/0.96 L (P1), 4 g/0.96 L (P2), and 6 g/0.96 L (P3). The results showed that P2 was the best treatment with 100% live embryos after soaking, 94.06% hatching percentage, 20.24 hours hatching time, 92.78% survival rate, and 0.93% abnormality percentage. Based on these results, the soaking of dumbo catfish eggs in papaya leaf solution could increase the hatching percentage and survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on converting fruit waste into usable clean energy by an innovative, cost-effective anaerobic biodigester. The biodigester is designed to anaerobically digest various fruit wastes and starter inoculums of cow dung that are locally obtained. A batch vertical digester of 1000 liters capacity built of fiber with a phonematic agitator positioned in the center is used to improve mixing. The retention time is 30 days with a substrate of banana peels co-digested with mango and papaya peels individually in the ratio of 50:50. The combined wastes generated the biogas and the total quantity of biogas generated for all combined wastes over 21 days varies between 530L/day and 480L/day respectively. In this work, banana and mango peel (waste/water) split 50:50 gives a peak yield of 530L/day. The average ambient temperatures are kept in the range of 25°C to 35°C (i.e., mesophilic range). The pH range of 6.4 to 7.8 is consistently maintained and seems to be stable. Therefore, this proposed anaerobic digester would reduce the disposal of solid waste, and it is cost-effective. After cleaning, it is observed that the combined peels of bananas and papaya contained 91.95% of the estimated biogas and methane, which can be used to solve energy issues such as electricity production and cooking purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based nanoparticles offer sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives to conventional methods, promising antibacterial properties in the face of antibiotic resistance and addressing global health concerns. Five urine and stool samples were collected from the Benin Medical Centre in Benin City, Edo State, and sent to the Wellspring University Research Laboratory for microbiological analysis. Carica papaya and Bryophyllum pinnatum were used for fresh utilization by washing, weighing, and crushing their leaves, then mixing them with distilled water and heating at 85 °C and 60 °C for 60 minutes. Silver and copper nanoparticles (AgNPs and CuNPs) were synthesized using standard procedures. The NPs were preliminary validated by visual detection of color changes and characterized using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 300 nm and Fourier transform infrared. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant-mediated NPs was investigated using five isolates: S. aureus, B. alvei, H. pylori, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant-mediated NPs was investigated using five clinical strains displaying multiple resistance to antibiotics: S. aureus, B. alvei, H. pylori, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The agar-well diffusion method showed inhibition of the isolates by plant-mediated NPs but no inhibition by the plant extract alone. The study indicates that plant-mediated NPs exhibit promising antimicrobial activity, promoting sustainability and eco-friendliness, but further research is needed to assess their safety and efficacy in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a number of antimicrobial agents suggested worldwide. However, many of them exhibit unexpectedly harmful side effects on human beings. The extracts of Carica papaya seeds were prepared through the soxhlet extraction technique, and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the agar-well diffusion method, where dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a negative control while antibiotic amoxicillin was used as a positive control. The objective of the study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of naturally occurring seeds of C. papaya against human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of the study indicated that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. papaya seeds showed very effective antimicrobial behavior against all the test pathogens, while the aqueous seed extracts showed lower antimicrobial behavior. The results revealed a highest zone of inhibition and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. The present study focuses on the use of C. papaya seeds as an antimicrobial agent in treating bacterial infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of papaya (Carica papaya) leaf meal on the physio-metabolic enzyme response of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fingerlings were distributed in five different experimental groups with replicates. Each replicate contains 15 fishes with a mean average initial weight of 11.34 ± 0.20 g-11.61 ± 0.04 g and is fed daily twice for 60 days. Five practical iso-nitrogenous fish diets (~30% protein) were prepared with different levels of papaya leaf meal (PLM) with partial replacement of rice bran, that is T1 (0% PLM), T2 (10% PLM), T3 (15% PLM), T4 (20% PLM) and T5 (25% PLM). The digestive enzymes, such as amylase and protease varied significantly. Amylase activity was significantly higher in the T3 group, while protease activity was highest in the T4 group. The activities of metabolic enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenases were lowest in the T4 and T5 groups. The oxidative stress enzymes were also recorded for their minimum values in the T5 group. The overall results indicate that the fish fed with 20% PLM (T4 group) showed the best performance in terms of growth and physio-metabolic enzyme parameters, although some of the parameters indicated a better value at 25% inclusion. Hence, it can be concluded that PLM can be included up to 20% in the diet of L. rohita (Rohu) fingerlings for optimum production without any deleterious effect on enzyme activity, which is mostly required for fish growth and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly examined the proximate composition, bioactive composition, and in vitro biological activities of three different cultivars of papaya leaf extracts (PLEs) as potential functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. The dark green leaves of three papaya cultivars, Khaek Dam (KD), Holland (H), and Thai Local (L), were used in this study. The protein content of the leaves ranged from 25.96 to 32.18%, the fat content ranged from 7.34 to 11.66%, the carbohydrate content ranged from 5.80 to 17.91%, the moisture content ranged from 6.02 to 6.49%, the ash content ranged from 11.23 to 12.40%, and the fiber content ranged from 23.24 to 38.48%. The L cultivar possessed significantly higher protein and carbohydrate contents, whereas the H cultivar had the highest ash content (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 113.94 to 173.69 mg GAE/g extract, with the KD cultivar having the highest TPC (p < 0.05). Several metabolic compounds such as phenolic compounds (particularly kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin), terpenoids (such as eucalyptol), glycosides, and indole were identified. The PLE from the KD cultivar had the highest levels of DPPH• inhibition, metal chelation, reducing power, and antidiabetic activity (p < 0.05), suggesting superior biological activity. All three PLEs reduced the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with low nitric oxide formation. These results indicate that the papaya leaf, particularly from the KD cultivar, could be a promising source of functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of augmentative biological control requires estimates of parasitoid dispersal from the release point to determine appropriate release density, spacing, and timing. This study evaluated the movement patterns of Fopius arisanus Sonan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids, which have historically been used to control invasive tephritid fruit flies. The wasps were released from the central point, and dispersal was monitored over time using parasitism in sentinel fruit and trap captures at 40 points radiating out from the center (15–240 m). The releases were conducted 4 times during June, July, September, and November 2006. The data showed that there were large declines in dispersal by distance. Parasitism was greatest closest to the release point, within 30 m. Parasitism was also greatest within the first 24 h of the release. After 1 wk, parasitism decreased from 41% to 1.5% within 30 m. These data correlated strongly with trap capture data, which also showed that parasitoid movement favored the SE region of our release site, roughly corresponding to the overall prevailing winds. Wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature all affected parasitoid movement during our trial, indicating the complex environmental factors that can affect release success. This is the first report of dispersal metrics for F. arisanus. Our findings are in agreement with other similar studies on braconid movement generally and suggest that frequent, high-density releases are most effective since the dispersal of F. arisanus is limited and retention in the environment is low. We discuss our results in the context of international augmentative biological control release programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the sole aqueous ozone (Oz) and guar gum (GG) coating and the combined effects of aqueous ozone and GG coating (Oz + GG) on the quality and shelf life of 'Red Lady' papaya. The ozone (2 mg L−1 for 5 min) and 0.3% GG coating were used individually and in combination (Oz + 0.3 GG) on papaya. The various physicochemical parameters were analysed every 2 days up to 8 days of ambient storage. The findings indicated that both ozone treatment and GG coating in isolation demonstrated efficacy in preserving quality and extending shelf life compared to the control group. However, the Oz + 0.3 GG combination treated fruits exhibited significantly lower physiological weight loss (5.23%), decay incidence (30%), and respiration rate (32.15 mL CO2 kg−1 h−1), along with improved color values compared to the control. These treated fruits also demonstrated reduced levels of malonaldehyde (14.89 µM g−1 FW) and hydrogen peroxide (70.86 µM g−1 FW) content, indicating less oxidative damage. Furthermore, combined treatment maintained around 2-fold higher fruit firmness (9.10 N), total phenols (35.69 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW), flavonoids (12.19 mg CE 100 g−1 FW), antioxidants activity (37.28%), titratable acidity (0.20%) and received higher sensory acceptability compared to the control. In conclusion, the Oz + 0.3 GG treatment extended the shelf life of stored papaya by up to 8 days (2 days more than untreated fruits) without compromising their quality under ambient conditions. The findings suggest practical implications for the fruit industry, catering to both economic and environmental sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como propósito conocer la contaminación del suelo de cultivos de papaya (Carica papaya), por la aplicación de agroquímicos en el control de plagas y enfermedades. Donde se tomaron muestreo de suelo de 5 parcelas de papaya (Carica papaya), se extrajeron 15 muestras de 1 kg c/u de suelo, seguido de una parcela sin intervención antrópica de 3 muestras para ser enviadas al laboratorio. De los resultados se determinaron los agroquímicos utilizados en cultivos de papaya (Carica papaya) como herbicidas el fuego, propanil, hedonal y glifosato; como insecticidas el dimetoato y aldrin; como fungicidas el zineb, mancozeb WP y Champión. Se encontró que el cadmio tuvo mayor concentración de 1,677 mg/kg, seguido de plomo de 13,297 mg/kg y cromo VI con su máxima concentración de 0,7833 mg/kg. Las alternativas como estrategias de uso de agroquímicos fueron la resina de catahua (Hura crepitans) que actúa como plaguicida, herbicidas de agua miel de cacao, abonos orgánicos solidos (fertilizante solido de gallinaza, compost de estiércol de ganado, vermicomport, compost de pulpa de café) y corteza de barbasco (Lonchpocarpus nicou). Se concluyó que los suelos de cultivos de papaya (Carica papaya) se encuentran contaminados por el uso excesivo de agroquímicos en el control de plagas, enfermedades y mejoramiento de la producción.

Abstract Papaya (Carica papaya) is a trioecious species with female, male, and hermaphrodite plants. Given the sex segregation, selecting hermaphroditic plants is vital for orchard establishment due to their greater commercial value. However, selecting hermaphrodite plants through sexing is laborious and costly. Moreover, environmental stressors can exacerbate the issue by potentially inducing abnormal flower development, thus affecting fruit quality. Despite these challenges, the molecular mechanisms governing sex development in papaya remain poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to identify proteins associated with sex development in female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya through comparative proteomic analysis. Proteins from flower buds at the early and late developmental stages of three papaya genotypes (UENF-CALIMAN 01, JS12, and Sunrise Solo 72/12) were studied via proteomic analysis via the combination of the shotgun method and nanoESI-HDMSE technology. In buds at an early stage of development, 496 (35.9%) proteins exhibited significantly different abundances between sexes for the SS72/12 genotype, 139 (10%) for the JS12 genotype, and 165 (11.9%) for the UC-01 genotype. At the final stage of development, there were 181 (13.5%) for SS72/12, 113 (8.4%) for JS12, and 125 (9.1%) for UC-01. The large group of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between the sexes was related to metabolism, as shown by the observation of only the proteins that exhibited the same pattern of accumulation in the three genotypes. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism proteins were up-regulated in hermaphrodite flower buds early in development, while those linked to monosaccharide and amino acid metabolism increased during late development. Enrichment of sporopollenin and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways characterizes hermaphrodite samples across developmental stages, with predicted protein interactions highlighting the crucial role of phenylpropanoids in sporopollenin biosynthesis for pollen wall formation. Most of the DAPs played key roles in pectin, cellulose, and lignin synthesis and were essential for cell wall formation and male flower structure development, notably in the pollen coat. These findings suggest that hermaphrodite flowers require more energy for development, likely due to complex pollen wall formation. Overall, these insights illuminate the molecular mechanisms of papaya floral development, revealing complex regulatory networks and energetic demands in the formation of male reproductive structures.

Objective: Improve the accuracy and robustness of papaya ripeness detection. Methods: A method of papaya ripeness detection based on multi-target sampling and improved Mask R-CNN was proposed. In the process of data expansion, the method introduced multi-object sampling technology to generate enhanced images from small data sets taken under controlled conditions, which was conducive to extending the proposed method to data sets with complex features of actual papaya images. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method were verified by means of average accuracy, accuracy, accuracy-recall curve and calculation time, and the results of papaya ripeness detection effect were compared with those of Faster R-CNN, RetinaNet and CenterMask. Results: The values of mean awerage precision, 50% mean awerage precision and 75% mean awerage precision for the papaya ripeness detection were 98.43%, 98.67% and 98.68%, respectively. The average accuracies for the ripeness detection of immature, semi-mature and mature papayas were 99.38%, 98.81% and 99.37%, respectively. Conclusion: This method can be used to develop an electronic system for papaya ripeness detection and improve the performance of papaya ripeness detection and grading.

Background: Antioxidants are widely recognized for their potential health benefits, including their impact on cognitive function and gut microbiome modulation. Understanding these effects is essential for exploring their broader clinical applications. Objectives: This review aims to evaluate the effects of antioxidants on the gut microbiome and cognitive function, with a focus on findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The studies involved human participants across a range of age groups, with interventions encompassing natural antioxidant sources, such as berries, as well as specific antioxidant vitamins. An extensive search across PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases identified six relevant RCTs, each evaluated for potential bias. Results: These studies focused on a variety of antioxidant-rich products, including both naturally derived sources and supplemental forms. Antioxidants, including vitamins C, B2, and D, along with polyphenols such as xanthohumol, fermented papaya, peanuts, and berry extracts, demonstrate the potential to support cognitive function and promote gut health through mechanisms that modulate microbiome diversity and reduce inflammation. However, observed changes in microbiome diversity were modest and inconsistent across the studies. Conclusions: While preliminary evidence suggests that antioxidants may benefit gut health and cognitive function, the heterogeneity of existing studies limits their immediate clinical applicability. Additionally, more robust RCTs are needed to substantiate these findings and guide future interventions.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a highly nutritious fruit crop cultivated commercially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Being a shallow rooted fruit crop, it requires frequent application of nutrients. Papaya is highly remunerative due to its high productivity and responds positively to nutrient application. Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) is a major threat to papaya production, which causes severe yield loss and reduces fruit quality. To combat PRSV and enhance productivity, a nutrient formulation was developed by combining organic, inorganic nutrient sources with biocontrol agents to improve the health and vigor of the plants. Experiments were conducted to standardize the application time and evaluate the efficacy of nutrient formulation in enhancing yield, and to combat papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) incidence in papaya from January 2021 to December 2023 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The results revealed that foliar application of nutrient formulation at monthly intervals from the 3rd to the 7th month after planting (MAP) along with regular application of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) at bimonthly intervals from the 3rd MAP significantly increased the yield (37.79% and 30.57% in TNAU Papaya CO 8 and Red Lady, respectively) and reduced PRSV disease incidence (22.49% in TNAU Papaya CO 8 and 16.53% in Red Lady). Metabolomics study indicates that foliar spray of nutrient formulation enhanced the activators and precursors of defense enzymes, viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenyl ammonia lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT) and nitrate reductase (NRase) in the sprayed plants over unsprayed control. Therefore, the sprayed plants exhibited tolerance to PRSV incidence by maintaining vigor and induced systemic resistance by the defense enzymes.

Among all fruits, the papaya ranks among the most significant, occupying fourth place in terms of marketing volumes. The papaya encounters various deterioration issues throughout the marketing chain, which results in the loss of bioactive phytochemicals in the fruit’s pulp. Making puree is the best way to make papaya pulp last longer, but processing can break down antioxidants like phenolic compounds (which are mostly stored in cell vacuoles) and carotenoids (which are stored in chromoplasts). The flash vacuum expansion process (FVE) promotes an expansion of the water present in the vacuoles, which generates cell rupture and consequently, the release of intracellular components. Because cell rupture is promoted from within the cell, the expulsion of bioactive compounds is more efficient and can therefore increase their bioaccessibility. Our results show that the FVE process increased the antioxidant capacity of the purees (measured by TEAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays) before and during digestion. Our results show that the FVE process significantly enhances the bioaccessibility and stability of antioxidant compounds, providing a clear advantage over the conventional method. Fruit purees generated by FVE can be an ingredient that increases the functionality of foods (juices, nectars, purees, ice creams, and yogurt) aimed at people with digestive problems, baby food, or the use of fruits with low commercial value.

Background The Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has emerged as a global health threat. The causal reasoning is that Zika infection is linked to the development of microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. With no clinically approved antiviral treatment for ZIKV, the need for the development of potential inhibitors against the virus is essential. In this study, we aimed to screen phytochemicals from papaya ( Carica papaya L.) against NS5 protein domains of ZIKV. Methods Approximately 193 phytochemicals from an online database (IMPACT) were subjected to molecular docking using AutoDock Vina against the NS5-MTase protein domain (5WXB) and -RdRp domain (5U04). Results Our results showed that β-sitosterol, carpaine, violaxanthin, pseudocarpaine, Δ7-avenasterols, Rutin, and cis-β-carotene had the highest binding affinity to both protein domains, with β-sitosterol having the most favorable binding energy. Furthermore, ADMET analysis revealed that selected compounds had good pharmacokinetic properties and were nontoxic. Conclusions Our findings suggest that papaya-derived phytochemicals could be potential candidates for developing antiviral drugs against ZIKV. However, further experimental studies using cell lines and in vivo models are needed to validate their efficacy and safety.

Background: Tinea capitis (T. capitis), commonly known as scalp ringworm, is a fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair. Among the causative agents, Microsporum canis (M. canis) stands out, often transmitted from cats to humans (zoonotic disease). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Carica papaya (C. papaya), fruit extract against dermatophytes, particularly M. canis, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for suppressing fungal growth and assess the toxicity of C. papaya on human cells. Methodology: It conducted in two parts. First, In Vitro Study include the preparation of C. papaya fruit extract using methanol as the solvent, Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract including Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted, Cytotoxicity assays were performed using HUH-7 cells, employing the MTT assay (1-(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), Antimicrobial activity against M. canis was evaluated, including: Zone of inhibition (ZI), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), M. canis cell alterations were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Second, In Vivo, Albino Wistar male rats were included. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract from papaya revealed several functional groups, including hydroxyl, ammonia, alkane, carbonate, and alcohol. Additionally, the GC-MS analysis identified 15 compounds, with xanthosine and decanoic acid being the predominant components. The methanolic extract of papaya fruits demonstrated potent antifungal activity: ZI = 37 mm, MIC = 1,000 µg/mL, MFC = 1900 µg/mL, MTT results indicated lower cytotoxicity of the fruit extract at concentrations of 20 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL, and 200 µg/mL, The IC50 revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with increasing extract concentration. Notably, papaya extract induced considerable alterations in the morphology of M. canis hyphae and spores. In animal tissue, improvements were observed among the group of rats which treated with Papaya extract. This study highlights the potential of C. papaya fruits as a natural antifungal agent, warranting further exploration for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a typical climacteric fruit with a brief shelf life due to the rapid degradation of quality during post-ripening, necessitating appropriate postharvest management to address this challenge. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of thyme oil nanoemulsion (TO-NE) coating and utilize its benefits for preserving papaya. This study also investigated the physiological properties and quality changes of papaya storage at 20 ℃ and, in parallel, examined the effects of TO-NE coating to mitigate microbial infection of papaya during storage. The postharvest papaya was soaked in different concentrations (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/g) of TO-NE for coating. At the same time, the decay loss rate and effective shelf life were also evaluated. This study revealed that polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinesterase (PME) activities were inhibited during the storage of papaya treated with 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coated compared to the control group. This resulted in the preservation of the firmness of papaya fruits, in addition to a higher ascorbic acid content, delayed total soluble solids (TSS) accumulation, and total chlorophyll content (TCC) degradation, with a lagging color change for two days. The respiration rate and ethylene production were suppressed, while the 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coated group at day 14 (ethylene peak) were 63.2 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1 and 7.3 µL kg−1 h−1, lower than control. The 0.25 mg/g TO-NE coating treatment significantly reduced the decay rate for 10 days of storage, preserving their appearance and facilitating ripening. This is a viable option for extending Tainung No.2 papaya shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though papaya is a lucrative fruit regarding nutritional, medicinal, and commercial attributes, its susceptibility to postharvest loss may account for ≥ 40%. An experiment was carried out at Khulna University, Bangladesh from April to May 2013 to investigate the effects of botanical extracts on the postharvest physicochemical attributes, intensity, and severity of diseases and shelf life of papaya cv. Shahi. The experiment comprised botanical extracts from onion bulb, neem leaf, garlic bulb, oriental pepper leaf, datura leaf, and control as six treatments and replicated thrice following a completely randomised design (CRD). Among the physicochemical parameters, total soluble solids (TSS), weight loss, and dry matter of papaya fruit increase, and pulp to peel ratio, moisture content decrease gradually during the storage period disregarding treatments. Garlic bulb extract decreases the incidence and severity of postharvest diseases and extends the shelf life by more than 7 days compared to control. Thus, garlic bulb extract can be used for postharvest papaya storage. However, further experiments should be conducted before the final recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under laboratory conditions, the toxicological effects of pesticides tend to be less variable and realistic than under field conditions, limiting their usefulness in environmental risk assessment. In the current study, the earthworm Eisenia fetida was selected as a bioindicator for assessing glyphosate toxic effects in two different trials to solve this dilemma. In Trial 1, the worms were exposed for 7 and 14 days to concentrations of a commercial glyphosate formulation (1 to 500 mg a.i. kg−1) currently used in the field. In Trial 2, the worms were kept in nine soils collected from different plots with crops for 14 days of exposure. In both experiments, glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities and contents of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were evaluated. In T1, the glyphosate formulation produced a 40% inhibition of AChE activity and a significant increase in GST, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities and LPO contents in E. fetida on day 7. In T2, higher concentrations of glyphosate were detected in the soils of soybean, papaya, and corn (0.92, 0.87, and 0.85 mg kg−1), which induced a positive correlation between the levels of glyphosate residues with GST, SOD, CAT, GPx, and LPO and a negative correlation with AChE. These findings indicate that crop soils polluted with glyphosate elicited higher oxidative stress than under laboratory conditions, confirmed by IBRv2, PCA, and AHC analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]