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Follicular androgens are important for successful ovulation and fertilization. The classical nuclear androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor expressed in the cells of the ovarian follicle. Androgen actions can also occur via membrane androgen receptor SLC39A9. Studies in fish ovary demonstrated that androgens bind to SLC39A9 and increase intracellular zinc to regulate ovarian cell function. To determine if SLC39A9 is expressed and functional in the key cell types of the mammalian ovulatory follicle, adult female cynomolgus macaques underwent ovarian stimulation. Ovaries or ovarian follicular aspirates were harvested at 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). SLC39A9 and AR mRNA and protein were present in granulosa, theca, and vascular endothelial cells across the entire 40-hour ovulatory window. Testosterone, bovine serum albumin–conjugated testosterone (BSA-T), and androstenedione stimulated zinc influx in granulosa, theca, and vascular endothelial cells. The SLC39A9-selective agonist (−)-epicatechin also stimulated zinc influx in vascular endothelial cells. Taken together, these data support the conclusion that SLC39A9 activation via androgen induces zinc influx in key ovarian cells. Testosterone, BSA-T, and androstenedione each increased proliferation in vascular endothelial cells, indicating the potential involvement of SLC39A9 in ovulatory angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cell migration also increased after treatment with testosterone, but not after treatment with BSA-T or androstenedione, suggesting that androgens stimulate vascular endothelial cell migration through nuclear AR but not SLC39A9. The presence of SLC39A9 receptors and SLC39A9 activation by follicular androstenedione concentrations suggests that androgen activation of ovarian SLC39A9 may regulate ovulatory changes in the mammalian follicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. Inadequate understanding of the ovulation drivers hinders PCOS intervention. Herein, we report that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) controls follicular fluid (FF) glutamine levels to determine ovulation. Murine ovulation starts from FF-exposing granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis. FF glutamine, which decreases in pre-ovulation porcine FF, elevates in PCOS patients FF. High-glutamine chow to elevate FF glutamine inhibits mouse GC apoptosis and induces hormonal, metabolic, and morphologic PCOS traits. Mechanistically, follicle-development-driving FSH promotes GC glutamine synthesis to elevate FF glutamine, which maintain follicle wall integrity by inhibiting GC apoptosis through inactivating ASK1-JNK apoptotic pathway. FSH and glutamine inhibit the rapture of cultured murine follicles. Glutamine removal or ASK1-JNK pathway activation with metformin or AT-101 reversed PCOS traits in PCOS models that are induced with either glutamine or EsR1 -KO. These suggest that glutamine, FSH, and ASK1-JNK pathway are targetable to alleviate PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION What are the quantitative, qualitative, and temporal patterns of retrograde mentruation? SUMMARY ANSWER The extreme quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity of the available studies prevents the definitive conclusion that retrograde menstruation is a universal and consistent phenomenon during the reproductive period. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Retrograde menstruation has been defined as a universal, physiological phenomenon that occurs similarly in about 90% of menstruators during the reproductive period. However, uncertainties still exist in terms of the event frequency, total amount, and cellular composition of retrograde menstruation and the differences between individuals with versus those without endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Two systematic reviews were performed, one for human studies, and one for non-human primate studies. We retrieved studies from the PubMed and Embase databases published between 1 January 1980 and 1 November 2023. Studies published in the English language were included and identified using a combination of MeSH terms. References from relevant publications were systematically screened and further articles were identified using PubMed's 'similar articles' and 'cited by' functions. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Results were reported in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Studies that did not report original data or provided a review of the field were excluded. Bias analysis was completed for each included human study by using the Newcastle–Ottawa scoring system. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Fifteen studies were finally included in the human systematic review, mostly with limited sample sizes. The macroscopic visualization of blood in PF during menses was reported with a frequency ranging from 9% to 100%. A prevalence of endometrial cells detected in peritoneal fluid ranging from 8% to 75% was reported in the various studies. Controversial findings were reported in relation to patients with endometriosis. Retrograde menstruation has been evaluated cross-sectionally on single occasions, and no information is available on the course of the phenomenon within an entire cycle and between subsequent cycles. Two studies were included in the non-human primate systematic review; one of them showed that retrograde menstruation was observed more frequently in baboons with naturally occurring endometriosis (83%) than in those with a normal pelvis (51%). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION In humans, peritoneal fluid has often been collected at different cycle phases and not systematically during menstruation. The indication for laparoscopy was not always clear for all participants. A wide variety of methods were used to detect endometrial cells, including cytological staining, cell block analysis, immunocytochemistry, and various methods of cell culture. WIDER IMPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS The idea that almost all women experience retrograde menstruation regularly and similarly during their reproductive life is currently unsubstantiated. It is an academic notion accepted uncritically. Development of endometriosis may derive from differences in the frequency or severity of the event. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The review was partially funded by Italian Ministry of Health—Current Research IRCCS. P.Vi. serves as co-editor in Chief of Journal of Endometriosis and Uterine Disorders. E.S. serves as Editor in Chief of Human Reproduction Open and discloses research grants from Ferring, Ibsa, Gedeon Richter, and Theramex, and honoraria from Ibsa and Gedeon Richter. P.Ve. serves as Associate Editor for Human Reproduction Open; is a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, of the Italian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and of the International Editorial Board of Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica; has received royalties from Wolters Kluwer for chapters on endometriosis management in the clinical decision support resource UpToDate; and maintains both a public and private gynecological practice. All other authors declare they have no conflict of interest. REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vertebrates, folliculogenesis and ovulation are regulated by two distinct pituitary gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Currently, there is an intriguing consensus that a single hypothalamic neurohormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), regulates the secretion of both FSH and LH, although the required timing and functions of FSH and LH are different. However, recent studies in many non-mammalian vertebrates indicated that GnRH is dispensable for FSH function. Here, by using medaka as a model teleost, we successfully identify cholecystokinin as the other gonadotropin regulator, FSH-releasing hormone (FSH-RH). Our histological and in vitro analyses demonstrate that hypothalamic cholecystokinin-expressing neurons directly affect FSH cells through the cholecystokinin receptor, Cck2rb, thereby increasing the expression and release of FSH. Remarkably, the knockout of this pathway minimizes FSH expression and results in a failure of folliculogenesis. Here, we propose the existence of the "dual GnRH model" in vertebrates that utilize both FSH-RH and LH-RH. Folliculogenesis and ovulation are regulated by separate hormones (FSH and LH), though the release of both has been thought to be regulated by the same upstream hormone, GnRH. Here they show that in fish, FSH release is regulated by a distinct hormone, FSH-RH, thereby revisiting our current understanding of gonadotropin release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the efficacy of 4 mg drospirenone (DRSP) progestin-only pills (POPs) versus combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) containing 0.02 mg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 0.075 mg of gestodene (GS) in ovulation inhibition and inducing unfavorable cervical mucus changes using a delayed-starting approach. This randomized controlled trial involved 36 participants aged 18–45 years. The major outcomes included ovulation inhibition assessed using the Hoogland and Skouby score, and cervical mucus permeability, assessed using the modified World Health Organization score. The results demonstrated ovulation inhibition rates of 77.8% for the EE/GS group and 88.9% for the DRSP group. The risk ratio and absolute risk reduction were 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10, 2.40) and − 0.11 (95% CI: − 0.35, 0.13), respectively, satisfying the 20% non-inferiority margin threshold. The median time to achieve unfavorable cervical mucus changes was comparable between the DRSP (3 days, interquartile range [IQR]: 6 days) and EE/GS (3.5 days, IQR: 4 days) groups. However, the DRSP group had a higher incidence of unscheduled vaginal bleeding (55.56% vs. 11.11%; p = 0.005). DRSP-only pills, initiated on days 7–9 of the menstrual cycle, were non-inferior to EE/GS pills in ovulation inhibition. However, they exhibited delayed unfavorable cervical mucus changes compared to the standard two-day backup recommendation. Clinical trial registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20220819001) https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20220819001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many insects and other animals carry microbial endosymbionts that influence their reproduction and fitness. These relationships only persist if endosymbionts are reliably transmitted from one host generation to the next. Wolbachia are maternally transmitted endosymbionts found in most insect species, but transmission rates can vary across environments. Maternal transmission of wMel Wolbachia depends on temperature in natural Drosophila melanogaster hosts and in transinfected Aedes aegypti, where wMel is used to block pathogens that cause human disease. In D. melanogaster, wMel transmission declines in the cold as Wolbachia become less abundant in host ovaries and at the posterior pole plasm (the site of germline formation) in mature oocytes. Here, we assess how temperature affects maternal transmission and underlying patterns of Wolbachia localization across 10 Wolbachia strains diverged up to 50 million years—including strains closely related to wMel—and their natural Drosophila hosts. Many Wolbachia maintain high transmission rates across temperatures, despite highly variable (and sometimes low) levels of Wolbachia in the ovaries and at the developing germline in late-stage oocytes. Identifying strains like closely related wMel-like Wolbachia with stable transmission across variable environmental conditions may improve the efficacy of Wolbachia-based biocontrol efforts as they expand into globally diverse environments. A comparative analysis of Wolbachia endosymbionts in Drosophila host species indicates that maternal transmission rates are generally high across temperatures, despite varying patterns of Wolbachia localization in host ovaries and oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of early follicular phase long-acting protocol combined with whole process recombinant luteinizing hormone (r-LH) on ovulation and pregnancy outcomes of high ovarian response. A total of 150 cases high ovarian response patients who underwent long-term ovulation induction in our hospital from January 2021 to March 2023 were divided into Matched group (r-LH was added, n=75) and observation group (r-LH was added, n=75 according to r-LH). Oovulation-related indicators and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the two groups. Gn days, total Gn days, HCG daily serum LH level, and high-quality embryo rate were higher than that of the observation group, and the number of eggs obtained was less than that of the Matched group (P<0.05). There was no difference between the days of reduction, Gn initiation, E2, P level, and endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate, and abortion rate between the two groups (P>0.05). The addition of r-LH significantly increased LH levels in vivo and improved the rate of high-quality follicles when ovulation was promoted in patients with ovarian hyperresponsiveness undergoing the early follicular phase of the long-acting, long-lasting regimen, which had an improved effect on pregnancy outcome [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In internal fertilisers, the precise timing of ovulation with the arrival of sperm at the site of fertilisation is essential for fertilisation success. In birds, mating is often not synchronised with ovulation, but instead females utilise specialised sperm storage tubules (SSTs) in the reproductive tract, which can ensure sperm are always available for fertilisation at the time of ovulation, whilst simultaneously providing a mechanism of post‐copulatory sexual selection. Despite the clear importance of SSTs for fertilisation success, we know little about the mechanisms involved in sperm acceptance, storage, and release. Furthermore, most research has been conducted on only a small number of species, based on which SSTs are usually assumed to look and function in the same way across all species. Here, we conduct a comparative exploration of SST morphology across 26 species of Galliformes. We show that SSTs, and the surrounding tissue, can vary significantly in morphology across species. We provide observational evidence that Galliformes exhibit at least 5 distinct categories of tubule types, including distinctive coiled and multi‐branched tubules, and describe 2 additional features of the surrounding tissue. We suggest functional explanations for variation in tubule morphology and propose next steps for future research. Our findings indicate that SSTs are likely to be far more variable than has previously been assumed, with potentially important consequences for our understanding of sperm storage in birds and post‐copulatory sexual selection in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiology of reproduction has been of interest to researchers for centuries. The purpose of this work is to review the development of our knowledge on the neuroendocrine background of the regulation of ovulation. We first describe the development of the pituitary gland, the structure of the median eminence (ME), the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the ovarian and pituitary hormones involved in ovulation, and the pituitary cell composition. We recall the pioneer physiological and morphological investigations that drove development forward. The description of the supraoptic–paraventricular magnocellular and tuberoinfundibular parvocellular systems and recognizing the role of the hypophysiotropic area were major milestones in understanding the anatomical and physiological basis of reproduction. The discovery of releasing and inhibiting hormones, the significance of pulse and surge generators, the pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and the subsequent pulsatility of luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) in the human reproductive physiology were truly transformative. The roles of three critical neuropeptides, kisspeptin (KP), neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (Dy), were also identified. This review also touches on the endocrine background of human infertility and assisted fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to identify bovine blastocysts through in vitro fertilization (IVF) of matured oocytes with a large quantity of highquality sperm separated from a biomimetic cervix environment. We obtained high-quality sperm in large quantities using an IVF sperm sorting chip (SSC), which could mimic the viscous environment of the bovine cervix during ovulation and facilitates isolation of progressively motile sperm from semen. The viscous environment-on-a-chip was realized by formulating and implementing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based solutions for the SSC medium. Sperm separated from the IVF-SSC containing PVP 1.5% showed high motility, normal morphology and high DNA integrity. As a result of IVF, a higher rate of hatching blastocysts, which is the pre-implantation stage, were observed, compared to the conventional swim-up method. Our results may significantly contribute to improving livestock with superior male and female genetic traits, thus overcoming the limitation of artificial insemination based on the superior genetic traits of existing males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Obesity exacerbates the reproductive complications of PCOS; however, the management of obesity in women with PCOS remains a large unmet clinical need. Observational studies have indicated that bariatric surgery could improve the rates of ovulatory cycles and prospects of fertility; however, the efficacy of surgery on ovulation rates has not yet been compared with behavioural modifications and medical therapy in a randomised trial. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery versus medical care on ovulation rates in women with PCOS, obesity, and oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea. In this multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, 80 women older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of PCOS based on the 2018 international evidence-based guidelines for assessing and managing PCOS, and a BMI of 35 kg/m2 or higher, were recruited from two specialist obesity management centres and via social media. Participants were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to either vertical sleeve gastrectomy or behavioural interventions and medical therapy using a computer-generated random sequence (PLAN procedure in SAS) by an independent researcher not involved with any other aspect of the clinical trial. The median age of the entire cohort was 31 years and 79% of participants were White. The primary outcome was the number of biochemically confirmed ovulatory events over 52 weeks, and was assessed using weekly serum progesterone measurements. The primary endpoint included the intention-to-treat population and safety analyses were per-protocol population. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN16668711). Participants were recruited from Feb 20, 2020 to Feb 1, 2021. 40 participants were assigned to each group and there were seven dropouts in the medical group and ten dropouts in the surgical group. The median number of ovulations was 6 (IQR 3·5–10·0) in the surgical group and 2 (0·0–4·0) in the medical group. Women in the surgical group had 2.5 times more spontaneous ovulations compared with the medical group (incidence rate ratio 2·5 [95% CI 1·5–4·2], p<0·0007). There were more complications in the surgical group than the medical group, although without long-term sequelae. There were 24 (66·7%) adverse events in the surgical group and 12 (30·0%) in the medical group. There were no treatment-related deaths. Bariatric surgery was more effective than medical care for the induction of spontaneous ovulation in women with PCOS, obesity, and oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea. Bariatric surgery could, therefore, enhance the prospects of spontaneous fertility in this group of women. The Jon Moulton Charity Trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) might increase substantially after ovarian stimulation and hence could be associated with IVF/ICSI outcomes because it determines the fraction of free bioavailable 25(OH) vitamin D. In this study, we aim to determine whether DBP is associated with E2 level after ovarian stimulation and IVF/ICSI outcomes. Design: Post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational cohort. Setting: Single-center study. Participants: 2569 women receiving embryo transfer. Intervention: None. Main outcome measures: The main outcomes were oocyte and embryo quality as well as pregnancy outcomes. Results: DBP concentration correlates with E2 on hCG day (=day of inducing ovulation with hCG; correlation coefficient r = 0.118, P<0.001) and E2 x-fold change to baseline level (r = 0.108, P<0.001). DBP is also positively correlated with total 25(OH)D (r = 0.689, R2 = 0.475, P<0.001) and inversely with free 25 (OH)D (r=-0.424, R2=0.179, P<0.001), meaning that E2-stimulated DBP synthesis results in a decrease of free 25(OH)D during ovarian stimulation. However, such alteration does not affect IVF/ICSI outcomes when considering confounding factors, such as the number and quality of oocytes nor embryo quality as well as pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: DBP concentration correlates with the degree of E2 increase after ovarian stimulation. DBP is also positively correlated with total 25(OH)D and inversely with free 25(OH)D, suggesting that the proportion of free 25(OH)D decreases during ovarian stimulation caused by E2-stimulated DBP synthesis. However, such alteration does not affect clinical IVF/ICSI outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Folliculogenesis and oligo/anovulation are common pathophysiological characteristics in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, and it is also accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis. It is known that physical activity has beneficial effects on improving metabolism and promoting ovulation and menstrual cycle disorder in PCOS patients, and it can also modulate the gastrointestinal microbiota in human beings. However, the mechanism remains vague. Irisin, a novel myokine, plays a positive role in the mediating effects of physical activity. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into the control group, PCOS group and PCOS+irisin group. PCOS model was induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and high-fat diet (HFD). The PCOS+irisin group was given irisin 400μg/kg intraperitoneal injection every other day for 21 days. The serum sex hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted on ovarian tissue. The feces microbiota and metabolomic characteristics were collected by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC--MS). Results: In this study, we demonstrated that irisin supplementation alleviated reproductive endocrine disorders of PCOS mice, including estrous cycle disturbance, ovarian polycystic degeneration, and hyperandrogenemia. Irisin also improved the PCOS follicles dysplasia and ovulation disorders, while it had no significant effect on the quality of oocytes. Moreover, irisin could mitigate the decreased bacteria of Odoribacter and the increased bacteria of Eisenbergiella and Dubosiella in PCOS mice model. Moreover, irisin could alleviate the increased fecal metabolites: Methallenestril and PS (22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/LTE4). Conclusion: These results suggest that irisin may alleviate the status of PCOS mice model by modulating androgen-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and fecal metabolites. Hence, our study provided evidence that irisin may be considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to improve the spawning success rate in hypophysed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) females, we investigated the effects of the time of administration and the concentration of Ciosin® (i.e., an analogue of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)) on ovulation. To that end, in Experiment 1, hypophysed females received 2 mL/fish of ciosin either at the time of the resolving dose (0H) or at five (5H) or seven hours (7H) postresolving dose. Then, in Experiment 2, hypophysed females were induced at the time of resolving the dose with five ciosin doses ranging from 1.0 to 7.0 mL/kg. Reproductive parameters and plasma levels of 17α-20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and PGF2α were evaluated at the time of spawning for both experiments. Neither the timing of ciosin application closer to spawning nor its higher concentrations resulted in increased reproductive parameters or elevated PGF2α and DHP levels. The absence of the PGF2α peak at the time of ovulation in both experiments can be attributed to the rapid increase and subsequent decrease in exogenous PGF2α levels shortly after application. In Experiment 2 two main clusters were observed: one characterized by spawning failure, poor-quality spawn and low DHP levels and the other characterized by successful spawning, high fecundity and elevated DHP levels. Although positive correlations were observed between DHP and good reproductive performance, the reasons behind the substantial variation in DHP among females subjected to the same treatments remain unknown. An emerging focus is to elucidate the pattern of expression of PGF2α receptors and their relationship with DHP in pacu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinological disorders in female. Reproductive organ is a metabolically active organ; hence reactive oxygen species (ROS) are inevitably generated during the physiological process. Studies have suggested that OS may affect female fertility by reproductive impairment, leading to alter ovulation patterns, oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis in women with PCOS. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the oxidative status of diagnosed PCOS women. Based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 100 Subjects (Group - 1 PCOS N=50, Group-2 Controls N=50) were enrolled with their written informed consent. Blood samples were collected in aseptic conditions for the estimation of hormonal parameters (Testosterone) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, Catalase, GSH, GSSG). The statistical analysis of data indicated significant elevated level of MDA, SOD, GSSG (5.21 vs 1.52; 248.15 vs166.15; 11.38 vs 4.37), while decreased level of catalase and GSH (37.57 vs 78.2; 84.09 vs 121.7) was observed in PCOS cases when compared to controls. The linear regression model showed significant R2 values for MDA, SOD and GSSG. Further ROC curve was plotted for MDA, SOD and GSSG to estimate the sensitivity of these predictive markers. OS damages oocyte and follicle growth in females, damaging the endometrium and affecting endocrine function. Significantly higher levels of MDA, SOD & GSSG were reported in cases, and catalase, GSH levels were decreased. Linear regression and ROC curve analysis indicated that these MDA, SOD, GSSG may act as significant predictive markers of OS playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology underlying PCOS and as prognostic tools to reduce the severity of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menstrual cycle tracking apps are increasingly used by those trying to conceive as well as those diagnosed and treated for infertility. However, the small amount of existing research about the use of these apps does not include the perspectives of healthcare providers. Aims: This study explores how healthcare providers describe the role of menstrual apps in fertility and infertility health care, and how this compares with patients' views. Materials and Methods: Responses were collected from an online survey (n = 37 providers and n = 89 patients) and online focus groups (n = 4 providers and n = 6 patients) and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Healthcare providers, as well as some patients, expressed doubts about the accuracy of app estimates of the timing of ovulation. By contrast, many patients, but no healthcare providers, were enthusiastic about ovulation estimates provided by their apps. Apps were described by both groups as having a role in diagnosing and treating infertility, with healthcare providers emphasising the calendar history function of the apps supporting treatment, and patients focused on recognising and diagnosing infertility. Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that apps are viewed by both healthcare providers and patients as having a potential role in fertility and infertility healthcare. Although patients and app users are attentive to app estimates of ovulation timing, healthcare providers are sceptical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• gEFS is extremely rare phenomenon among IVF patients. • The pathogenesis of gEFS remain largely elusive. • Pathogenic variants in genes related to HA, folliculogenesis and ovarian function may be considered as a genetic etiology of gEFS. Empty follicle syndrome (EFS) is a condition in which no oocytes are retrieved in an IVF cycle despite apparently normal follicular development and meticulous follicular aspiration following ovulation induction. The EFS is called genuine (gEFS) when the trigger administration is correct. The existence of gEFS is a subject of controversy, and it is quite rare with an undetermined etiology. Genetic defects in specific genes have been demonstrated to be responsible for this condition in some patients. Our objective was to identify novel genetic variants associated with gEFS. We conducted a prospective observational study including 1,689 egg donors from July 2017 to February 2023. WES were performed in patients suffering gEFS. Only 7 patients (0.41 %) exhibited gEFS after two ovarian stimulation cycles and we subsequently performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on these patients. Following stringent filtering, we identified 6 variants in 5 affected patients as pathogenic in new candidate genes which have not been previously associated with gEFS before, but which are involved in important biological processes related to folliculogenesis. These genetic variants included c.603_618del in HMMR , c.1025_1028del in LMNB1 , c.1091-1G > A in TDG , c.607C > T in HABP2 , c.100 + 2 T > C in HAPLN1 and c.3592_3593del in JAG2. As a conclusion, we identified new candidate genes related to gEFS that expand the mutational spectrum of genes related to gEFS.This study show that WES might be an efficient tool to identify the genetic etiology of gEFS and provide further understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of gEFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ideal time frame between gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (GnRHa) trigger administration and oocyte retrieval in GnRH antagonist cycles has not been well studied. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of this time interval on oocyte yield and oocyte maturation rate in GnRH antagonist cycles designated for non-medical ("planned") oocyte cryopreservation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent elective fertility preservation, using the GnRH antagonist protocol and exclusively triggered by GnRH-agonist. We focused on the effect of the trigger-to-retrieval time interval on oocyte yield and maturation rate, while also incorporating age, body mass index (BMI), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, basal Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels, as well as the type and dosage of gonadotropin FSH medication. Results: 438 cycles were included. Trigger-to-retrieval time interval ranged from 32.03 to 39.92 h. The mean oocyte yield showed no statistically significant difference when comparing retrievals < 36 h (n = 240, 11.86 ± 8.6) to those triggered at ≥ 36 h (n = 198, 12.24 ± 7.73) (P = 0.6). Upon dividing the cohort into four-time quartiles, no significant differences in the number of retrieved oocytes were observed (P = 0.54). Multivariate regression analysis failed to reveal any significant associations between the interval and the aforementioned variables. Conclusions: The GnRHa trigger to oocyte retrieval interval range in our cohort did not significantly affect oocyte yield and maturation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to prepare immunoradiometric (IRMA) system using solid-phase magnetizable cellulose particles coupled with luteinizing hormone (LH) to determine LH in human serum. The LH-IRMA system was designed through preparation of LH polyclonal antibody (anti-LH), 125I-LH tracer, and LH standards. Production of anti-LH was carried out through immunization of three Balb/C mice with LH-BSA immunogen. Magnetizable cellulose particles were activated using 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and coupled with purified anti-LH. Optimization and validation of LH-IRMA were undertaken. The results obtained show that the local solid-phase magnetic particle LH-IRMA is a sensitive, specific, precise, and accurate method for measuring the LH concentration in human serum and can be used as a diagnostic tool for some disorders such as infertility in females and impotence in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of increasing ovulation rate in Awassi ewes during their non-breeding season by a combination of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and inhibin antiserum. In a 52-day experiment, sixteen ewes were divided into two groups and the estrus synchronized by treated with an internal sponge saturated with 60 mg of progesterone for 12 days . Group A was treated with inhibin antiserum (4µg/kg) and eCG (400 IU), while Group B served as the control, receiving only eCG (400 IU). Hormonal levels were monitored through blood samples by ELISA technique, and pregnancy was confirmed via ultrasonography. The results were significant: Group A showed increased estrogen and FSH levels and a higher fetus count than Group B. This study suggests that using eCG and inhibin antiserum can effectively increase fecundity in Awassi ewes, offering a promising strategy for enhancing reproductive outcomes during their off-season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphone-based fertility awareness methods with home-based urinary hormonal testing are gaining popularity for fertility tracking. In our university-affiliated family practice, we integrated a previously developed ovulation tracking application into a protocol for monitoring urinary sex hormones and cervical secretions. Serum progesterone was used to confirm the luteal phase, with levels ≥ 15.9 nmol/L ensuring confirmation. Data from 110 women seen for infertility treatment (n = 95) or family planning advice (n = 15) and using our ovulation prediction protocol showed that most opted for a combination of cervical mucus and luteinizing hormone testing (n = 86). Among those using it for family planning, the median usage among women spanned 56 cycles, and 13 cycles per woman required progesterone testing for confirmation. Thirteen patients are still using the method without unintended pregnancies. No unintended pregnancies occurred. Confidence in tests based on serum progesterone was high (93%). For infertility, the method helped in the identification of anovulation, evaluating treatment response, and in diagnosing subfertility causes. This proof-of-concept retrospective descriptive case series suggests the potential for smartphone-based monitoring in fertility management, urging further studies for application enhancements and prospective validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovulation is critical for both conception and overall health, but many people who may ovulate are not tracking ovulation or any other part of their menstrual cycle. Failure to track ovulation, especially in those trying to conceive, can lead to fertility challenges due to absent ovulation, mistiming intercourse, or an undetected luteal phase defect. Ovulatory disorders and mistiming intercourse are both primary causes of infertility, and tracking ovulation is shown to decrease the average time to conception. While there are many tracking methods and apps available, the majority are predictive apps or ovulation predictor kits and do not test or track both successful ovulation and the health of the luteal phase, leading to missing information that could contribute to diagnosis or successful conception. Here, we review why ovulation tracking and a healthy luteal phase are important for those trying to conceive. We present currently available ovulation tracking methods that detect both ovulation and the luteal phase, including cervical mucus, urinary hormone testing, and basal body temperature, and discuss the use, advantages, and disadvantages of each. Finally, we consider the role of digital applications and tracking technologies in ovulation tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Embryo reinsertion into the same donor mare after embryo flushing would be useful for some reproductive techniques. However, this procedure has been unsuccessful in the past. This study envisages to gain insights into the mechanisms by which embryos fail after embryo flushing and reinsertion in the same mare. The results of this study showed that embryo mortality after embryo reinsertion is not due to luteal deficiency. In contrast, it seems that changes in the endometrial environment due to bacterial contamination and/or inflammation during the uterine lavage are more likely to be responsible for the destruction of most reinserted embryos. The effect of embryo reinsertion immediately after embryo flushing was studied. In Experiment 1, eight mares were used during 32 cycles (8 cycles in each group). For the first two groups, inseminated mares were flushed 8 days after ovulation and prostaglandin F2α was not administered: in group EF-ET (embryo flushing and embryo transfer) the embryo was reinserted in the same donor mare, while in the EF group, no further procedure was performed. In the third group (ET), non-inseminated mares (recipients) received a Day 8 embryo. Progesterone concentration was measured before EF/ET and 72 h after in the three groups. In Experiment 2, twelve mares were used during 17 cycles in two groups, EF-ET (n = 11) and ET (n = 6), as in Experiment 1, except that every mare was flushed 24 h after embryo transfer to retrieve the embryo. Fewer pregnancies resulted after transfer in EF-ET cycles (0/8, 0%) than in the ET group (6/8, 75%). Progesterone concentration decreased significantly (p = 0.05) 72 h after EF-ET but not in EF or ET cycles (p > 0.1). Three mares from the EF-ET showed full luteolysis and signs of endometritis. In Experiment 2, more (5/6; p = 0.08) grade 1 embryos were recovered in the ET compared to the EF-ET group (3/7); 4 embryos were graded 3–4 (were broken or had signs of degeneration) in the EF-ET group but none in the ET group. In both groups, capsule fragments were obtained as indicative of the presence of a recently destroyed embryo in the EF-ET (n = 3) and ET (n = 1) groups. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in 2/11 and 1/6 embryo flushes from the EF-ET and ET groups, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is ongoing research regarding the application and efficiency of short-term oestrus synchronisation (ES) treatments using controlled internal drug release (CIDR) in goats raised under subtropical environments, but information regarding the extent of application of these protocols in the tropical region is limited. Although short-term CIDR-based protocols have been more widely studied and applied in the subtropical region, they are still challenged by ethical, technical, and economic issues. Tropical and subtropical regions have moderately seasonal to aseasonal goat breeds, and so, efficient protocols involving a reduced hormonal supply can be developed for the management of reproduction. Therefore, this review provides a scope of the application of short-term CIDR-based protocols and co-treatments and suggests areas of improvement. This review aims to provide an insight into the application and efficiency of CIDR-based protocols for ES in goats raised under tropical and subtropical environments. In temperate regions, short-term CIDR treatments are replacing long-term treatments and sponges used in earlier decades. In addition, the use of co-treatments for the induction of ovulation is gradually changing from hormonal to non-hormonal methods, given the drive towards clean, green, and ethical techniques for reproductive management. Whereas the subtropical region registers ongoing research in the development of new ES protocols, there are few reports from the tropics, particularly Africa, one of the regions with the highest population of goats. Therefore, this calls for research to develop the most appropriate protocols for these regions, since the protocols currently used are largely hormonal based, as they were developed for goats at higher latitudes. Management and environmental factors determine the breeding pattern of goats at tropical latitudes rather than photoperiods, and they are the main causes of reproductive seasonality. The use of ES methods, particularly short-term CIDR-based protocols, along with artificial insemination, may have a significant impact on the productivity of goats in these regions when these factors are controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: From the viewpoint of production, reproduction is very important in the life of a dairy farm cattle since there is no production without reproduction. This manuscript describes whether the presence of a cavity in the corpus luteum 31–42 days after breeding may have an influence on pregnancy outcomes in dairy cattle. Several observations have been made speculating about whether cavitary corpora lutea limit pregnancy success, but only a few quantitative assessments and no large-scale evaluations have been made to prove the risk of a possible reduced pregnancy rate. After evaluating a large number of cases/observations, our study concludes that cavitary corpora lutea is considered an 'enemy' for open cows. Cavitary corpora lutea are commonly observed during the estrous cycle in bovines. Since the quality of the corpus luteum (CL) is extremely important during embryo transfer when embryos are implanted into the recipient, the ultrasonographic examination of the CL is becoming more and more important in terms of the outcome of the procedure. In the present study, a total of 2477 ultrasonographic transrectal diagnoses were performed, and data were collected between the years of 2018 and 2020 in a large-scale Holstein Friesian dairy farm in Hungary. In 91.1% (n = 2257) and in 8.9% (n = 220) of the cases, compact CLs and cavitary CLs, respectively, were diagnosed at pregnancy diagnosis. The presence of a cavitary CL on the ovary at pregnancy diagnosis increased the odds of remaining open after pregnancy by 21 times compared to the presence of a compact CL (OR = 21.0, p < 0.001) in the cows. The presence of cavitary CL was not influenced either by month or season. Ovarian cysts were detected in 196 cases (8.0%) in the examined animals. The presence of a cavitary CL decreased by 9 times when an ovarian cyst was also diagnosed (OR = 9.0, 1.6% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001). The presence of an ovarian cyst decreased the odds of established pregnancy by 81 times (OR = 81.1, p < 0.001). Based on our results, the presence of a cavitary CL between days 31 and 42 after artificial insemination is associated with a smaller chance of conception in Holstein Friesian cows. The presence of an ovarian cyst decreases the occurrence of cavitary CL and the chance of conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The intra-ovarian presence of ootids, i.e. female gametes that have completed meiosis, is considered exceptional in the animal kingdom. The present study explores the first such case to be reported in a sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). In the overwhelming majority of animals, including holothuroids, oocytes (i.e. immature female gametes) that are developing in the ovary undergo a primary arrest at the prophase stage of meiosis, which may last from days to decades. In free-spawning taxa, this arrest is normally lifted only during or shortly before transit in the gonoduct, when gamete release (spawning) is imminent. However, oocytes of the holothuroid Chiridota laevis were discovered to have resumed the second meiotic division including the completion of germinal vesicle breakdown and polar-body expulsion inside the ovary, effectively reaching the ootid stage concomitantly with ovulation (i.e. escape from follicle cells) prior to spawning. The potential drivers and significance of this exceptionally rare case of full intra-ovarian oogenic maturation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin is a peptide hormone which is produced by β-cells of the pancreas. It is difficult to underestimate the effect of insulin, it has a significant impact on organs and systems. Insulin is a carbohydrate “conductor”, disorders of the regulation process of which lead to metabolic disorders and irreversible changes in the human body. Insulin resistance (IR) is a state of reduced response of tissues to the action of insulin, which leads to disorders, including the reproductive function of a woman. Long-term IR leads to the development of hyperandrogenism, as a result of which anovulatory cycles, hirsutism, skin problems, vaginal dysbiosis, and an increased rate of anxiety and depression. The objective: to determine the influence of anthropometric, anamnestic and laboratory indicators on insulin secretion before and after a load of 75 g of glucose. Materials and methods. The study included 82 women of early reproductive age. 52 women are involved in the main group, 30 women – in the control group. The patients signed an informed voluntary consent, and the main aspects of the study were explained to them. In the course of the research we developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey. Anthropometric parameters (height, body weight, waist circumference) were measured, and BMI was calculated. Laboratory indicators were studied: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), total testosterone, free testosterone index, HOMA-IR index, glucose tolerance test (GTT) + determination of insulin level, Matsuda index. Results. The conducted correlation analysis proved the relationship between the level of fasting insulin and the following indicators: WC – r = 0.321900051, BMI – r = 0.333470666, establishment of the menstrual cycle – r = -0.283517408, duration of bleeding during menstruation, TSH level – r = 0.249578215, DHEA-S – r = -0.209053013, total testosterone level – r = 0.278921593. A relationship was found between the level of insulin after a load of 75 g of glucose and the following indicators: body weight at the birth of female respondents – r = -0.238495649, gestational term of birth – r = -0.243025226, FSH level – r = 0.291379519. Conclusions. A small positive (direct) relationship was determined between the fasting insulin level and the following indicators: WC, BMI, TSH level, and total testosterone level. An increase of these indicators is associated with an increase in fasting insulin level. A slight inverse linear relationship was found between the level of fasting insulin and the duration of menstrual function, the duration of bleeding during menstruation and the DHEA-S level. A slight inverse relationship is observed between the level of insulin after load and body weight at birth, the term of birth. Lower birth weight and early gestational age are associated with increased insulin levels after load. There is a direct relationship between post-load insulin levels and FSH levels. An increased FSH concentration will lead to a rise of insulin level after load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endocrine condition known as Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is becoming more common in the local areas of Pakistan. Concerningly, the prevalence of PCOS among women who are fertile has been increasing. It plays a significant role in the worldwide population's infertility and subfertility. PCOS patients frequently exhibit a variety of symptoms, including ovarian cysts, hyperandrogenism, irregular menstruation, and ovulatory abnormalities. The symptoms are frequently misdiagnosed or disregarded, and they take longer to manifest. Due to PCOS's complex nature, its cause is yet unknown. Several scientific associations have developed diagnostic standards for PCOS and have identified three distinct phenotypes. The primary symptom of PCOS in all phenotypes is hyperandrogenism, or an excess of androgen production. This review focuses on hyperandrogenism and the several variables that cause hyperandrogenic states in Pakistani women with PCOS. Additionally, this review addresses and summarises new and prior research on the connection between hyperandrogenism and PC This review's objective is to evaluate the evidence-based relationship between hyperandrogenism and PCOS critically in Pakistan. The PRISMA flowchart approach was used to document the study selection process. The research from the last six years that exclusively addressed hyperandrogenism and PCOS met the inclusion criteria. Studies that do not concentrate on PCOS or hyperandrogenism are among the exclusion criteria. 34 of the first 50 studies that were found were included in the final evaluation following screening. Information was taken from Pakistani locals. Using qualitative methodologies, data was synthesised so that similar themes and patterns from several studies could be...........

IntroductionPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 20 % of reproductive-age individuals and is strongly linked to obesity. The impacts of ketogenic diet on fertility in people with PCOS are unknown. This study aims to determine the effect of a ketogenic diet on restoration of regular menstrual cycles and fertility.MethodsAfter approval from the Institutional Review Boards of Cleveland Clinic, a retrospective analysis was conducted using the electronic health record system. We analyzed data from thirty patients (n = 30) with polycystic ovary syndrome who followed a ketogenic diet for at least 3 months at the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Main outcomes were percentage of women with restoration of regular menstrual cycles and pregnancy rate.ResultsAll women (n = 30) had restoration of regular menstrual cycles. The overall pregnancy rate of women desiring pregnancy (n = 18) was 55.6% (n = 10). Pregnancy rate was 38.5% for women on metformin and 100% for those who were not (P = 0.036). Pregnancy rate was 62.5% for women using ovulation induction agents and 50.0% for those who did not (P = 0.66). Percent weight change between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups did not significantly differ [−8.1 ± 6.2, vs −6.4 ± 8.4, P = 0.64, respectively].ConclusionThis study reports a higher rate of pregnancy with the ketogenic diet in women with PCOS compared to existing literature.

ObjectivesTo estimate the effects on cervical mucus, ovarian activity and theoretical contraceptive protection of a 6-hour delay and of missing one norgestrel 0.075 mg progestogen-only pill.Study designIn a prospective, two-site, randomized, crossover study, healthy women aged 18 to 35 with BMI

Abstract Background In poultry, the smooth transition of follicles from the preovulatory-to-postovulatory phase impacts egg production in hens and can benefit the poultry industry. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying follicular ovulation in avians is a complex biological process that remains unclear. Results Critical biochemical events involved in ovulation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) were evaluated by transcriptomics, proteomics, and in vitro assays. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the largest preovulatory follicle (F1) and postovulatory follicle (POF1) in continuous laying (CL) and intermittent laying (IL) chickens indicated the greatest difference between CL_F1 and IL_F1, with 950 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the smallest difference between CL_POF1 and IL_POF1, with 14 DEGs. Additionally, data-independent acquisition proteomics revealed 252 differentially abundant proteins between CL_F1 and IL_F1. Perivitelline membrane synthesis, steroid biosynthesis, lysosomes, and oxidative phosphorylation were identified as pivotal pathways contributing to ovulation regulation. In particular, the regulation of zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 3, plasminogen activator, cathepsin A, and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was shown to be essential for ovulation. Furthermore, the inhibition of LDHA decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis of ovarian follicles in vitro. Conclusions This study reveals several important biochemical events involved in the process of ovulation, as well as crucial role of LDHA. These findings improve our understanding of ovulation and its regulatory mechanisms in avian species.

The establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy requires proper interaction between the endocrine and immune systems in the uterus. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how changes in endometrial cytokine levels facilitate reproduction. This study aimed to investigate how representative cytokines sequentially changed in the endometrium and whether conception could be attributed to these changes. In this study, artificial insemination was performed twice in 160 sows and ovulation was examined every 3 h using transrectal ultrasonography. Uterine endometrial tissues were obtained via repeated biopsies at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 h after ovulation and interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 expression was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The conception rate was 91.9%. The IL-2 levels showed no differences in conception or time. The expression peaks of IL-4 and IL-6 were delayed in sows that failed to conceive within 4–6 h and 2 h, respectively, compared to those that did conceive. In sows that conceived, IL-8 was highest after 2 h, and no difference was observed at other time point, regardless of conception. In sows that failed to conceive, the increase in IL-8 levels might have been cancelled or terminated before the first sampling time. These results highlight the importance of timely increases and subsequent declines in the levels of some cytokines for the establishment of pregnancy. Differences in uterine capacity start just after ovulation; detection and correction of these deviations can improve the reproductive efficiency of sows.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder affecting many women during their reproductive years. It is characterized by oligo/amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles, polycystic ovaries, and insulin resistance. This review explores the hormonal and metabolic alterations associated with PCOS, comparing them to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA). Key aspects include the abnormally high LH pulse frequency in PCOS, indicating hyperactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and the role of hyperandrogenemia in exacerbating the condition by increasing LH pulse secretion from the pituitary gland. Additionally, the review examines the neuroendocrine basis for PCOS. Methods: The methodology involved analyzing neuroendocrine pathways and physical manifestations through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. Findings indicate that PCOS is primarily characterized by androgen excess, ovulatory dysfunction, and disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Hormonal dysregulation includes disturbances in GnRH, insulin, LH/FSH ratio, and androgens. GnRH stimulates LH and FSH release from the pituitary, regulating ovarian function, while Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) inhibits follicular development in PCOS. Conclusion: The review concludes by highlighting the hormonal alterations, including decreased frequency and amplitude of LH pulses, disruptions in GnRH, LH, and FSH. Genetic predispositions and disturbances in the LH/FSH ratio can lead to impaired follicle growth and polycystic ovaries. This comprehensive exploration underscores the importance of understanding the hormonal and neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying PCOS, contributing to better diagnosis and treatment strategies

The fecundity of women decreases significantly beginning approximately at age 35 and decreases more rapidly after age 40. Age affects not only the size of the oocyte pool but also the quality of germ cells. Despite the continuous advancement of assisted reproductive technology, infertility remains a challenge for women of advanced maternal age. Here, we present a case of a woman in her forties who had two successful live births after treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine. At her initial visit (at age 43), the patient presented with a short menstrual cycle and signs of a diminished ovarian reserve (FSH: 26.2 mIU/mL; AMH: 0.23 ng/mL). Three years after her first delivery (at age 47), the patient showed signs of further diminished ovarian reserve (FSH: 27.1 mIU/mL; AMH: 0.07 ng/mL). Notably, after five months of Chinese herbal medicine treatment, she achieved another successful pregnancy, and resulted in a live birth. This case demonstrates that Chinese herbal medicine can have a positive clinical impact on improving hormonal balance and fecundity. Further research is needed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal medicine in improving fecundity for women of advanced maternal age.

Hormonal stimulation of folliculogenesis is a general method of increasing reproductive capacity in rabbits; however, studying the safety of the developed protocols remains an urgent scientific task. The use of hormonal agents is due to the physiological characteristics of rabbits, primarily coitus-dependent mechanisms of ovulation. Applying gonadotropin-releasing analogs depends on mature follicles ready for ovulation in the ovary. It, therefore, has limited effectiveness for rabbits of the “zero” cycle that have not yet given birth. Therefore, such females are recommended to use medications based on gonadotropins obtained from the serum of foal mares (eCG) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). There is limited data on the combined use of gonadotropins, especially the long-term administration in different doses. Thus, the research aimed to conduct a morphological evaluation of rabbit's ovaries with combined serum and chorionic gonadotropins to stimulate folliculogenesis before artificial insemination to assess the safety of the proposed dosages and long-term administration. Stimulation of ovulation in rabbits of experimental groups was caused by the combined use of serum and chorionic gonadotropins (eCG – 400 IU; hCG – 200 IU) for experimental groups 1 and 2 at a dose of 40 IU and 24 IU, respectively. Females of the control group were induced to ovulate by subcutaneous injection of 0.2 ml of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. Ovaries were collected on the seventh day of gestation after the euthanasia of the rabbit with prior premedication. After dissection and macroscopic examination, the ovaries were fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin. Histological slides were made according to the general method by pouring in paraffin and subsequent staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The research has established that repeated (during five reproductive cycles) combined use of serum and chorionic gonadotropins has dose-dependent effectiveness and can cause dysfunction of ovaries and blood circulation. Pathological changes may acquire a systemic character with the manifestation of critical conditions for the health and life of rabbits. The stimulating effect of the combined use of eCG and hCG was detected at a dose of 40 IU, and the inhibition of folliculogenesis was observed at 24 IU. Since the premises for the hyperandrogenism were found microscopically, it was essential to investigate the level of androgens in the blood of rabbits after using a dose of 24 IU. At the same time, both doses of gonadotropins affect the reactivity of the endothelium, which is manifested by the presence of intravascular vesicles and changes in the rheological properties of blood.

Background Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, inhibits the final stage of conversion of androgens into estrogens, affecting organs and tissues such as the ovaries, breasts, adipose tissue, and bone. This mechanism greatly reduces the effects of estrogen. Estrogens are important for controlling the metabolism of fats and lipoproteins, influencing total protein, total antioxidants, and total cholesterol. FSH stimulation can benefit patients with pituitary dysfunction and is used to promote ovulation in women who have not become pregnant. It also provides controlled stimulation of ovarian hyperstimulation, which increases the number of follicles in in vitro fertilization.The Aim To assess the difference in the level (total cholesterol, Triglyc- erides, High density lipoprotein and total antioxidants) of infertility treat- ment among the three study groups, the group that injected by FSH, the group that took Letrozole, and the control group.Material and Method A study was conducted between October 2022 and May 2023. It involved one hundred and twenty patients, divided into three groups: those who took Letrozole continuously for more than one month, those who were injected by FSH continuously for more than one month, and the control group who did not take any drugs to induce ovu- lation.Results The results of this study showed an increase in the total an- tioxidant levels and total protein capacity levels in FSH compared to the other LET groups and the control group. Our study showed a significant difference (p value < 0.0001) in cholesterol concentrations, and total an- tioxidant capacity, compared to all studied groups, and an increase in total cholesterol levels was observed, as there was a significant difference (p value = 0.0012) in comparison to all studied groups.

Objective: To investigate the effects of letrozole combined with yishen ovulation-promoting decoction on ovarian function, endocrine level, serum growth hormone releasing peptide (Ghrelin), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and nuclear transcription factor-KB (NF-κB) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) infertility. Methods: Patients with PCOS infertility (132 cases) in our hospital were randomly divided into control group (66 cases, letrozole treatment) and experimental group (66 cases, letrozole, yishen ovulation-promoting decoction combined treatment). Endocrine indexes, ovarian function indexes, serum Ghrelin, AMH, NF-κB levels, ovulation and pregnancy were compared between two groups. Results: Compared with control group after treatment, basic luteinizing hormone (LH), pulsatility index, resistance index, NF-κB, AMH in experimental group were lower, and mid-luteal estradiol (E2), mid-luteal progesterone (P), endometrial thickness, Ghrelin were higher (P<0.05). Six months after follow-up, the ovulation rate and pregnancy rate in experimental group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Letrozole combined with yishen ovulation-promoting decoction in the treatment of PCOS infertility patients, which can effectively improve the endocrine level, ovarian function, serum Ghrelin, AMH and NF-κB levels, and improve the pregnancy rate and ovulation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the journal "Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology" explores the impact of fertility indicators on the likelihood of conception among women attempting pregnancy. Researchers found that using fertility indicators, such as cervical fluid monitoring and urinary ovulation tests, was associated with increased fecundability and higher pregnancy rates. The study highlights the effectiveness of different methods and the need for further research to optimize the use of fertility indicators in diverse populations. The authors emphasize the importance of integrating fertility indicators into routine reproductive health assessments to empower individuals seeking to conceive. [Extracted from the article]

Egg formation in well-studied poultry includes rapid yolk deposition (RYD), which completes the formation of the ovum, then ovulation and uptake of the ovum by the oviduct to complete egg formation. Roughly a day passes between the end of RYD and oviposition in these species. In other species, notably seabirds, egg formation is paused at the end of RYD for days or even more than a week. The phylogenetic coverage of data on this "oviposition lag" is patchy. We present the first estimate of oviposition lag for the Sulidae (4 d) and only the second estimate for the Suliformes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) associated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) for ovulation induction in precocious indicus heifers submitted to a fixed‐time superovulation (SOV) programme. Precocious Nellore heifers (n = 35), aged 13 months, were subjected to the SOV protocol. On day 0 (D0), all animals received intravaginal insertion of a progesterone (P4) device along with intramuscular administration of 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate, plus 200 IU of follicle‐stimulating hormone in decreasing doses, with 12‐h intervals between D4 and D7, in addition to 150 μg of D‐cloprostenol on D6 and device removal on D7. On D8, the donors received 10.5 μg of buserelin acetate and the treatment group received 300 μg of D‐cloprostenol/PGF2α. Artificial insemination was performed 12 h and 24 h after GnRH administration using frozen semen. On D15 of the protocol (i.e., D7 after insemination), the embryos were collected and evaluated. All animals passed through the control and treatment groups. Results were evaluated by analysis of variance using an adjusted mixed‐effects model (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the total number of embryos between the control and treatment groups (10.40 ± 1.52 vs. 9.60 ± 1.36; p = 0.63) or viable embryos (6.30 ± 1.22 vs. 4.30 ± 0.71). For precocious indicus heifers, treatment with PGF2α in association with GnRH did not affect embryo production in the fixed‐time SOV protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PCOS presents commonly in women of reproductive age group. Its pathogenesis has been studied over decades, and the knowledge is still evolving. Insulin resistance and androgen excess, and the resulting hormonal imbalance presenting as ovulation, menstrual irregularities and infertility, influenced by obesity, diet, lifestyle, metabolic factors, stress, and environmental factors suggest a multifactorial process. Understanding the same can enable effective management with lifestyle and diet solutions, and appropriate medicines and supplements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]