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Kinematics of the molecular clouds in the star forming complex M17 is studied using the high-resolution CO-line mapping data at resolution ($20" \sim 0.2$ pc) with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope. The northern molecular cloud of M17, which we call the molecular "lobe", is shown to have an elongated shell structure around a top-covered cylindrical cavity. The lobe is expanding at $\sim 5$ \kms in the minor axis direction, and at $ \sim 3/\cos \ i$ km s$^{-1}$ in the major axis direction, where $i$ is the inclination of the major axis. The kinetic energy of the expanding motion is on the order of $\sim 3\times 10^{49}$ ergs. We show that the lobe is a backyard structure having the common origin to the denser molecular "horn" flowing out from NGC 6618 toward the south, so that the lobe and horn compose a bipolar outflow. Intensity distributions across the lobe and horn show a double-peak profile typical for a cylinder around a cavity. Position-velocity diagrams (PVD) across the lobe and horn exhibit open ring structure with the higher- and/or lower-velocity side(s) being lacking or faded. This particular PVD behavior can be attributed to outflow in a conical cylinder with the flow velocity increasing toward the lobe and horn axes., Comment: Accepted for MNRAS, 10 pages, 13 figures

As a typhoon approaches the continent, the position where anthropogenic aerosols penetrate, the convection competition between the eyewall and peripheral rainbands, and the separate contributions of direct aerosol-radiation interactions (ARI) and indirect aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI), yield uncertainties in the convection intensification area and hence the typhoon intensity. Typhoon Lupit (2009) was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to investigate and isolate the direct and indirect effects of aerosols on the intensity, convection, and precipitation of the typhoon. Three simulations (CTL, CLEAN, and CTLARIOFF) were designed, representing a polluted case (CTL, considering the ingestion of anthropogenic aerosols with ARI and ACI), a clean maritime case (CLEAN, mainly with sea salt aerosols), and a polluted case without aerosol radiative forcing (CTLARIOFF, as per CTL but without ARI) The results showed that anthropogenic aerosols could penetrate into both the peripheral rainbands and the eyewall when the typhoon was approaching the Asian continent Owing to the representation of the real aerosol scenario, the simulated typhoon intensity weakened and was closer to observed values in the CTL experiment. The ARI dominated over ACI with the opposite effects. Specifically, the ACI mainly enhanced the formation of ice-phase hydrometeors within the upper level of the eyewall with more freezing latent heat releases, leading to an invigoration of eyewall convection. These excess ice-phase particles melted after they descended into the warm layer below the 0°C level, which accelerated the accretion of cloud droplets by raindrops (Pcacr) and hence the mixed phase precipitation process in the eyewall. The dynamic feedback induced by the ACI enhanced the boundary layer inflow and the upper layer outflow, supporting the maintenance of strong eyewall convection and intensification of the typhoon. Inversely, the ARI heated the distant periphery low-level atmosphere at an altitude of 1–2 km by the absorbing polluted aerosols. The heated air, driven by the radial inflow, firstly went through the periphery rainbands of the typhoon and invigorated convection there due to the low-level warming. Then, the enhanced periphery convection inhibited the further transport of warm moist air into the eyewall, resulting in weakening of the eyewall convection and hence typhoon intensity. In sum, for the polluted scenario, as the typhoon approached the continent, ARI played a dominant role over ACI. The WRF-Chem model with full consideration of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions is advantageous in terms of reliably simulating typhoon intensity and precipitation distribution.

Ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) have been detected in the high-quality X-ray spectra of a number of active galactic nuclei (AGN) with fairly high accretion rates and are thought to significantly contribute to the AGN feedback. After a decade of dedicated study, their launching mechanisms and structure are still not well understood, but variability techniques may provide useful constraints. In this work, therefore, we perform a flux-resolved X-ray spectroscopy on a highly accreting and variable NLS1 AGN, 1H 0707-495, using all archival XMM-Newton observations to study the structure of the UFO. We find that the wind spectral lines weaken at higher luminosities, most likely due to an increasing ionization parameter as previously found in a few similar sources. Instead, the velocity is anticorrelated with the luminosity, which is opposite to the trend observed in the NLS1 IRAS 13224-3809. Furthermore, the detection of the emission lines, which are not observed in IRAS 13224-3809, indicates a wind with a larger opening angle in 1H 0707-495, presumably due to a higher accretion rate. The emitting gas is found to remain broadly constant with the luminosity. We describe the variability of the wind with a scenario where the strong radiation extends the launch radius outwards and shields the outer emitting gas, similarly to super-Eddington compact objects, although other possible explanations are discussed. Our work provides several hints for a multi-phase outflow in 1H 0707-495., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Blood cysts are rare cardiac tumors, often involve the atrioventricular valves. Blood cysts are usually small and tend to be clinically silent. Here, we report a case of blood cyst adhered to the junction of the pulmonary valve and the right ventricular outflow, causing severe outflow obstruction. This case was initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary valve stenosis by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and even underwent percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (PBPV). As the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery peak gradient did not decrease after PBPV procedure, the boy underwent TTE again and the diagnosis was corrected as blood cyst. The cystic mass was successfully resected subsequently, and the boy recovered well.

Reservoir routing is a technique to predict an outflow hydrograph expected from a dam outlet due to a specific inflow hydrograph. This study develops a series of analytical solutions for determining outflow hydrographs with detailed calculation procedures when a triangular, abrupt wave, flood pulse, broad peak, and double-peak inflow hydrographs occur upstream of a typical reservoir with an orifice outlet. The proposed analytical solutions are used as benchmarks to evaluate 16 schemes of a conventional numerical method so-called Runge–Kutta method, and the main equations for sensitivity analyses. The results indicate that the best scheme among those 16 Runge–Kutta schemes is the Kutta–Merson scheme for all types of inflow hydrographs except the double-peak inflow hydrograph in which the Cash–Karp method outperforms others, and the peak of the inflow hydrograph and the water area supplied by the reservoir are the two most sensitive parameters influencing outflow hydrographs results.

Relevance. One of the conditions for the functional outflow pathways' formation after filtering glaucoma surgeries is the uniform moisture absorption from the filtering blebs, which is provided by the blood and, possibly, lymphatic vessels of the conjunctiva. Purpose. To conduct a structural and molecular assessment of filtering blebs in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) according to OCT data, as well as ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies. Material and methods. A clinical study of 12 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) after NPDS was conducted. In the long-term postoperative period (12–18 months), the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) was determined, the structure of the filtering blebs using biomicroscopy and OCT of the anterior segment of the eye was evaluated, the immunohistochemical study of the filtering blebs' tissue for the expression of podoplanin and ultrastructural analysis of the samples obtained using a laser confocal microscope LSM 710 (Zeiss) was performed. In 8 cases (group 1), these were non-functional scarred filtering blebs, IOP 24.12± 2.24 mm Hg, in 4 cases (group 2) – functional filtering blebs, IOP 15.31± 4.08 mm Hg. Results. During the immunohistochemical examination of the first group patients' conjunctival samples, no vessels with characteristics of the lymphatic system were detected in any case. In each sample of the second group patients' filtering blebs, from 5 to 7 vessels with different variants of podoplanin expression were determined. Conclusion. The aqueous outflow entering the subconjunctival space through the newly created outflow pathway during glaucoma surgery is carried out at the expense of conjunctival lymphatic structures, the condition of which to a certain extent determines the success or failure of the surgery. Key words: non-penetrating deep sclerectomy; open-angle glaucoma; lymphatic outflow; filtering blebs

An electric virtual impactor with a capability of sampling fine and ultrafine particles was developed and its performance was evaluated both numerically and experimentally. The electric virtual impactor was provided with metallic electrodes, to which electric voltage in the range of 75–9000 V was applied for creating an electric field within the virtual impactor. Particle electric mobility was utilized to sample ultrafine particles at the major outflow section, while particle inertia was employed to collect fine particles at the minor outflow section. Silver nanoparticles with known charge level and Arizona test dust were used to experimentally validate the performance of the electric virtual impactor. Numerical and experimental outcomes agreed well with each other. The upper cutoff size of the electric virtual impactor was fixed at about 2.6 μm, while the lower cutoff size varied from 7 nm to 110 nm depending on the applied electric voltage. As a result, the proposed electric virtual impactor was able to sample both fine and ultrafine particles of a desired particle size range.

The paper deals with the long-term and seasonal variability of low flows using the example of a mountain river. The study covers the Laborec River in the eastern part of Slovakia, and the main aim of the research is to identify and establish long-term fluctuations of low flows on this river. The analysis aims to indicate trends of low flows and seasonal variability of outflows based on various measures and research methods as well as the links between them. Basic data on daily flow and precipitation series were collected from 1980 to 2019. Low flow periods were identified in relation to the fitting of the threshold level method to the 70th and 95th percentile on the flow duration curve as a constant, multi-annual cut-off (Q70%, Q95%). The longest lasting flows were those below q70%, which were determined in the shallow cut-offs that occurred for most of the year, i.e. from June to December and in January. The greatest culmination of flows below q95% was in August and September. The range of minimal unit outflow is the smallest in the summer-autumn period and results from long periods without precipitation and with increased evapotranspiration. The highest range of unit outflow was recorded from December to April. Knowledge of low river flows should be one of the important elements of advanced planning, which in the future may help to reduce conflicts between water users during the peak demand period.

Knowledge of the variability of the hydrograph of outflow from urban catchments is highly important for measurements and evaluation of the operation of sewer networks. Currently, hydrodynamic models are most frequently used for hydrograph modeling. Since a large number of their parameters have to be identified, there may be problems at the calibration stage. Hence, sensitivity analysis is used to limit the number of parameters. However, the current sensitivity analytical methods ignore the effect of the temporal distribution and intensity of precipitation in a rainfall event on the catchment outflow hydrograph. This article presents a methodology of constructing a simulator of catchment outflow hydrograph parameters (volume and maximum flow). For this purpose, uncertainty analytical results obtained with the use of the GLUE (generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation) method were used. A novel analysis of the sensitivity of the hydrodynamic catchment models was also developed, which can be used in the analysis of the operation of stormwater networks and underground infrastructure facilities. Using the logistic regression method, an innovative sensitivity coefficient was proposed to study the impact of the variability of the parameters of the hydrodynamic model depending on the distribution of rainfall, the origin of rainfall (on the Chomicz scale), and the uncertainty of the estimated simulator coefficients on the parameters of the outflow hydrograph. The developed model enables the analysis of the impact of the identified SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) parameters on the runoff hydrograph, taking into account local rainfall conditions, which have not been analyzed thus far. Compared with the currently developed methods, the analyses included the impact of the uncertainty of the identified coefficients in the logistic regression model on the results of the sensitivity coefficient calculation. This aspect has not been taken into account in the sensitivity analytical methods thus far, although this approach evaluates the reliability of the simulation results. The results indicated a considerable influence of rainfall distribution and intensity on the sensitivity factors. The greater the intensity and rainfall were, the lower the impact of the identified hydrodynamic model parameters on the hydrograph parameters. Additionally, the calculations confirmed the significant impact of the uncertainty of the estimated coefficient in the simulator on the sensitivity coefficients. In the context of the sensitivity analysis, the obtained results have a significant effect on the interpretation of the relationships obtained. The approach presented in this study can be widely applied at the model calibration stage and for appropriate selection of hydrographs for identification and validation of model parameters. The results of the calculations obtained in this study indicate the suitability of including the origin of rainfall in the sensitivity analysis and calibration of hydrodynamic models, which results from the different sensitivities of models for normal, heavy, and torrential rain types. In this context, it is necessary to first divide the rainfall data by origin, for which analyses will be performed, including sensitivity analysis and calibration. Considering the obtained results of the calculations, at the stage of identifying the parameters of hydrodynamic models and their validation, precipitation conditions should be included because, for the precipitation caused by heavy rainfall, the values of the sensitivity coefficients were much lower than for torrential ones. Taking into account the values of the sensitivity coefficients obtained, the calibration of the models should not only cover episodes with high rainfall intensity, since this may lead to calculation errors at the stage of applying the model in practice (assessment of the stormwater system operating conditions, design of reservoirs and flow control devices, green infrastructure, etc.).

The article discusses issues related to the trend of population loss in the Far East, how it affects the economy and living standards of the population, assess measures to contain outflows, formulate tasks that can make the region attractive to investors, the population, and those who want to come here. Causal links between the region's economic specialization and social living conditions are assessed. Efforts to improve life without changing the structure of production do not produce the desired result. It is argued that a change in the economic model, the transition from export-raw materials to industrial development, can change the nature of demographic processes and migration sentiments. Changing the economic paradigm opens the possibility to form a need for absolute population growth, to move from the task of "savings" to the multiplication of the people. The most important components of the new model: integration ties with the Asia-Pacific region, involvement in these processes economic and scientific, and technological potential of Russia, setting priorities. These are activities aimed at the development of the oceans and Cosmos, and Culture, where the country retains credibility in the world community, can be most effectively implemented leadership positions. A critical assessment of the existing spatial organization of life and activities in the Far East is needed. It is proposed to discuss adjustments to the administrative-territorial division, reducing the number of subjects of the federation, uniting or re-reporting some of them. The role-playing functions of the largest cities in the Far East, their specialization, and cooperation are discussed. The national task is proposed to assess the possibilities of forming a World City in eastern Russia in the future. This approach changes the perception of the Far East as a colonial-raw suburb, positioning it at the forefront of interaction with dynamic economies, where the potential for professional growth is superior to other regions of the country and is the main condition for achieving a high standard of living.

We present a detailed analysis of the velocity structure of the Virgo cluster using {\it XMM-Newton} observations. Using a novel technique which uses uses the Cu K$\alpha$ instrumental line to calibrate the EPIC-pn energy scale, we are able to obtain velocity measurements with uncertainties down to $\Delta v \sim 100$ km/s. We created 2D projected maps for the velocity, temperature, metallicity, density, pressure and entropy with an spatial resolution of 0.25$'$. We have found that in the innermost gas there is a high velocity structure, most likely indicating the presence of an outflow from the AGN while our analysis of the cluster cool core using RGS data indicates that the velocity of the gas agrees with the M87 optical redshift. An overall gradient in the velocity is seen, with larger values as we move away from the cluster core. The hot gas located within the western radio flow is redshifted, moving with a velocity $\sim 331$ km/s while the hot gas located within the eastern radio flow is blueshifted, with a velocity $\sim 258$ km/s, suggesting the presence of backflows. Our results reveal the effects of both AGN outflows and gas sloshing, in the complex velocity field of the Virgo cluster., Comment: 19 pages, 21 figures; This paper is part of a series on the ICM velocity structure using XMM-Newton observations. Related series papers: arXiv:2203.12635, arXiv:2303.17556

Pedestrian flow through narrow exits is one the most important features of crowd dynamics and evacuation. This is a particularly important aspect of pedestrian simulation models in that the accuracy is highly dependent on their ability to produce realistic exit flow rates. We firstly identified the four parameters that are most critical for physical interactions of the social force model and then calibrated them against two well-controlled pedestrian experiments. With these calibrated parameters, we discussed the reasonable settings of sensitive parameters for different levels of pedestrian competitiveness. Then, we revisited the basic questions about the effect of the exit location, the bottleneck length, and the effect of obstacles on pedestrian egress. Our simulation results indicated that: (1) The effect of the exit location on the pedestrian egress efficiency is uncertain, and the evacuation efficiency is also related to the exit width and the level of urgency. (2) The “pass-way” after the exit also named as the bottleneck length has a negative impact on the evacuation performance only in the scenarios that the bottleneck length is not more than 2.0 meters. When the bottleneck length exceeds 2.0 meters, pedestrian outflow efficiency reaches an asymptotic. (3) Setting an obstacle near an exit is not leading to a longer pedestrian evacuation time, instead, it is effectively improving pedestrian evacuation.

Outflow itself and the turnover of personnel are natural phenomena and occur in any organisation. The motivational factors influencing outflow can be classified as financial, medical and psychological factors. Compared with the two other factors, the psychological factor is the most complex one. In the research, the author examined these psychological factors among the soldiers of the HDF 93rd CBRN Battalion in 2008 and in 2018 and compared the differences. The author also analysed the relationship between salary-motivated outflow and age, defining a key amount that should be taken into consideration in order to prevent the mass outflow.

The largest part of the water control project belongs to the low-head riverbed floodgate project, and its discharge capacity can be accurately determined in design, which can avoid the inundation of the upstream fertile land and at the same time achieve the purpose of reducing the scale of flood discharge structures and saving project investment. In this paper, the influence of different height difference between the dam floor and the upstream and downstream riverbeds on the discharge capacity is studied through the model test of the discharge capacity and its related parameters of the spillway gate of the orifice outflow dam, and the three-dimensional flow field of the discharge flow of the spillway gate is numerically simulated by FLUENT commercial software. The Reynolds equation is closed by using the standard K-e turbulence numerical model, and the free liquid level is tracked by using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The tetrahedral unstructured grid is used to divide the grid, and the calculation results of the discharge capacity, flow pattern, water level elevation, velocity field, and pressure field of the floodgate are obtained. Compared with the observation results of the model test, they are in good agreement, which shows that the model used in the numerical simulation is reasonable and the method is correct.

The lymphatics maintain fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to veins via contraction/compression of vessel segments with check valves. Disruption of lymphatic pumping can result in a condition called lymphedema with interstitial fluid accumulation. Lymphedema treatments are often ineffective, which is partially attributable to insufficient understanding of specialized lymphatic muscle lining the vessels. This muscle exhibits cardiac-like phasic contractions and smooth muscle-like tonic contractions to generate and regulate flow. To understand the relationship between this sub-cellular contractile machinery and organ-level pumping, we have developed a multiscale computational model of phasic and tonic contractions in lymphatic muscle and coupled it to a lymphangion pumping model. Our model uses the sliding filament model (Huxley in Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7:255–318, 1957) and its adaptation for smooth muscle (Mijailovich in Biophys J 79(5):2667–2681, 2000). Multiple structural arrangements of contractile components and viscoelastic elements were trialed but only one provided physiologic results. We then coupled this model with our previous lumped parameter model of the lymphangion to relate results to experiments. We show that the model produces similar pressure, diameter, and flow tracings to experiments on rat mesenteric lymphatics. This model provides the first estimates of lymphatic muscle contraction energetics and the ability to assess the potential effects of sub-cellular level phenomena such as calcium oscillations on lymphangion outflow. The maximum efficiency value predicted (40%) is at the upper end of estimates for other muscle types. Spontaneous calcium oscillations during diastole were found to increase outflow up to approximately 50% in the range of frequencies and amplitudes tested. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10237-021-01501-0.

Rossby waves on the jet stream are associated with meridional motions, displacing air and the strong potential vorticity (PV) gradient on isentropic surfaces. Poleward motion along sloping isentropic surfaces typically results in ascent and a ridge of air with low PV values. Latent heating in the ascending warm conveyor belt (WCB) enables air to cross isentropic surfaces so that the WCB outflow into a ridge occurs in a higher isentropic layer than the inflow. However, the PV impermeability theorem states that there can be no PV flux across isentropic surfaces, so how can heating alter the PV pattern of a Rossby wave? Here, the ways in which heating in WCBs can influence Rossby wave evolution at tropopause level are explained in the context of the PV impermeability theorem. First, a WCB outflow volume is defined by the upper tropospheric air in a ridge that has experienced net heating over the last few days, using a tracer within short global model forecasts. Second, the boundary of this outflow volume is tracked backwards using isentropic trajectories allowing quantification of the degree to which circulation is conserved, as predicted by theory, even though the WCB transports mass into the volume from lower isentropic layers. This diabatic flux of mass into the outflow volume results in an increase in density and expansion in outflow area, the partition being determined approximately by PV inversion. The area expansion, combined with conservation of circulation, implies more negative vorticity. The relative vorticity change from divergent outflow can be as large as the decrease relative to the background planetary vorticity associated with poleward displacement of the circuit. The additional anticyclonic relative motion results in enhanced anticyclonic over-turning of PV contours on the eastern flank of the ridge, altering qualitatively the nonlinear evolution of the Rossby wave.

Geothermal is commonly considered to be a clean, green energy source but it does produce some greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2. The amount of CO2 is usually measured as an emission intensity of kg of CO2 emitted per MWh of electricity produced. However, the quantity that is measured for the calculation of emission intensity is the waste CO2 in the separated steam that feeds the power plant. In terms of total CO2 emissions this is only part of the picture as there is a natural outflow of CO2 into the atmosphere at most geothermal systems and this natural outflow is affected by the operation of a power plant. The correct measure of CO2 emissions is the extra CO2 output resulting from the operation of the power plant. Here we discuss a computer modelling study of the Ohaaki (New Zealand) geothermal project and show that during the lifetime of the project extra CO2 is emitted but after the project is shut down the emission of CO2 is reduced below its natural level and viewed over a long time period (300 years) there is no extra CO2 emitted as a result of the operation of the Ohaaki power plant.

Continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) outflow graft stenosis constitutes a severe complication. Treatment options include surgical pump exchange, transcatheter procedures, or systemic thrombolysis. We present a case of a spontaneous mechanical twisting of the outflow graft at two distinct points, which was treated by a two‐step percutaneous stent implantation. Self‐expanding stents were used during the first procedure. We also ensured distal bilateral percutaneous neuroprotection against cerebrovascular embolism. During the second, previously unpredicted procedure, we used balloon‐expandable bare‐metal stents to overcome the torque of the graft, because of their higher radial force. It was assumed that the external, self‐expanding layer of the stent might protect the graft from the bare‐metal stents. The effects of the treatment were monitored both clinically and through computed tomography angiography. The check‐up 12 months later revealed nothing of note. Interventional transcatheter procedures are a safe treatment option for outflow graft stenosis, with good long‐term effects. Both self‐expanding and balloon‐expandable stents can be used for transcatheter intervention. Both the incidence of the graft twisting and the radial force of the implanted stent seem to be critical and robust predictors of the long‐term result of percutaneous therapy.

Emerging unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations propose to introduce flights orders of magnitude higher than what the airspace handles today. What type of onboard control for enroute separation assurance increases productivity without compromising safety in the low-altitude airspace? This article quantifies the impact of two conflict detection and resolution approaches - pure speed control and pure direction control - on airspace productivity. We focus on small UAS traffic for goods movement in low altitude (under 400 feet) airspace. We compute three types of metrics, namely throughput, travel time extension and energy consumption, from simulations of unmanned traffic over a representative square area. As the inflow rates are increased, the corresponding outflow rates (throughput), travel time extensions and energy consumption for each type of control are measured. A representative power consumption model is developed for aircraft with both kinds of control. Without compromising safety, both direction control and speed control are equally good, unless the UAS are designed to be highly efficient while hovering. If the UAS have a hover power consumption that is equal to or less than one and a half times the minimum power consumption, speed control increases airspace productivity more than direction control.

Multiple ECG algorithms exist to localize outflow tract PVCs. They can be invaluable in pre-procedure planning and patient counseling. We describe a case where the published algorithm for PVC localization did not predict the site of origin and successful ablation site. This case highlights the strengths and limitations of established ECG PVC localization algorithms.

Yuan, Fangzhengyuan, Zhexue Qin, Chuan Liu, Shiyong Yu, Jie Yang, Jun Jin, Shizhu Bian, Xubin Gao, Jihang Zhang, Chen Zhang, Mingdong Hu, Jingbin Ke, Yuanqi Yang, Jingdu Tian, Chunyan He, Wenzhu Gu, Chun Li, Rongsheng Rao, and Lan Huang. Echocardiographic right ventricular outflow track notch formation and the incidence of acute mountain sickness.

Gunung Rajabasa merupakan salah satu lapangan panas bumi di Sumatra yang belum dapat dieksploitasi hingga saat ini. Keberadaan manifestasi di daerah ini menjadi petunjuk keberadaan zona reservoar panas bumi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi zona permeabilitas tinggi berdasarkan analisis Fault Fracture Density (FFD) dan menganalisis keterkaitan antara karakteristik struktur jalur fluida panas bumi ke permukaan dengan lokasi zona reservoar panas bumi. Metode FFD dilakukan dengan menggunakan Citra Digital Elevation Model (DEM) ALOS PALSAR untuk memetakan kelurusan/lineament yang berasosiasi dengan zona patahan maupun rekahan khususnya di area manifestasi. Observasi struktur di lapangan dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil FFD. Arah dominan dari struktur yang teridentifikasi sebagian selaras dan searah dengan sistem sesar Sumatra yaitu arah Barat Laut – Tenggara dan sebagian menunjukkan respons yang memotong sistem sesar utama. Selanjutnya, hasil analisis FFD menunjukkan keterkaitan yang cukup signifikan antara zona lemah (fracturing) dengan zona reservoar panas bumi yang ditunjukkan oleh pola densitas struktur tinggi pada zona upflow di manifestasi Way Belerang, sedangkan pada zona outflow di manifestasi mata air panas Gunung Botak berada pada densitas struktur yang rendah.

Challenged by rapidly changing climate in combination with an increase in anthropogenic pressures, karst groundwater resources in the Old Town of Lijiang (OTLJ), SW China, are diminishing. Higher frequency and longer duration of dried-up periods have been observed at the Heilongtan Park (HP) Springs in recent years. Thus, there is an urgent need for an artificial recharge scheme, aimed at replenishing groundwater in the aquifer and increasing the outflow of the springs to ensure effective water resources management. Evaluation of the scheme feasibility, prior to its implementation, is important. In this study, tracer tests were conducted between the recharge area and receiving springs in order to gain insight into the transport mechanisms of karst groundwater and the structural characteristics of the aquifer. Multiple underground flow paths, exhibiting high conductivity between the recharge area and HP Springs, were revealed by the interpretation of tracer breakthrough curves. Three springs considered as the leakages of the scheme were identified. Moreover, the outflow of springs at HP and OTLJ were predicted to be increased by the artificially recharged water after 9.2 and 12.5 days, respectively. Quantitative analysis of tracer recoveries demonstrates that the springs to be recharged and the springs considered as leakages, respectively, share 45 and 55% of the increased outflow. The feasibility of the scheme has been confirmed by the tracer tests. This report provides references for the evaluation of artificial groundwater recharge and protection strategies, particularly in large and poorly investigated karst spring fields.

This study deals with numerical modelling of hydraulic and transport phenomena in granite of the Bohemian massif in Bedrichov, Czechia (Czech Republic). Natural tracers represented by stable isotopes δ18O and δ2H were collected at the tunnel outflow points and nearby catchment and their concentrations were monitored for seven years. The study compared transport simulations by a two-dimensional (2D) physically based model (advection-dispersion) developed in Flow123d software and a simpler lumped-parameter model, calculated with FLOWPC. Both variants were calibrated with UCODE software, either fitting the concentration data alone, or including the tunnel inflow rates in the case of the 2D model calibration (either in separate steps or within a single optimization problem). Since each of the models describes the tracer transport with different parameters, the models were compared based on the mean transit time as a postprocessed quantity. Besides this, two different options for processing the recharge data (input for both models) were evaluated. Calibration and data interpretation were possible for three of the four observed places in the tunnel, thus determining the depth limit of applicability of the stable isotopes. The estimates for discharge sampling at 25–35 m depth based on inverse modelling provide reasonable values of mean transit time (20–40 months) for the lumped parameter models, little revising the results of previous studies at the site. The resulting transport parameters of the advection-dispersion model (porosity and dispersivity) are in accordance with the hydrogeological structures present at the sampling sites.

Long-term (2000–2020) trend in aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the associated radiative effect over Indian Ocean region (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) during winter time south Asian outflow is inv...

Detailed ocean currents in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean adjacent to southern Sumatran and Javan coasts have not been fully explained because of limited observations. In this study, zonal current characteristics in the region have been studied using simulation results of a 1/8∘ global hybrid coordinate ocean model from 1950 to 2013. The simulated zonal currents across three meridional sections were then investigated using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF), where the first three modes account for 75 %–98 % of the total variance. The first temporal mode of EOF is then investigated using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to distinguish the signals. This study has revealed distinctive features of currents in the South Java Current (SJC) region, the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF)–South Equatorial Current (SEC) region, and the transition zone between these regions. The vertical structures of zonal currents in southern Java and offshore Sumatra are characterized by a one-layer flow. Conversely, a two-layer flow is observed in the nearshore and transition regions of Sumatra. Current variation in the SJC region has peak energies that are sequentially dominated by semiannual, intraseasonal, and annual timescales. Meanwhile, the transition zone is characterized by semiannual and intraseasonal periods with pronounced interannual variations. In contrast, interannual variability associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modulates the prominent intraseasonal variability of current in the ITF–SEC region. ENSO has the strongest influence at the outflow ITF, while the IOD's strongest influence is in southwestern Sumatra, with the ENSO (IOD) leading the current by 4 months (1 month). Moreover, the contributions (largest to smallest) of each EEMD mode at the nearshore of Java and offshore Sumatra are intraseasonal, semiannual, annual, interannual, and long-term fluctuations. The contribution of long-term variation (19.2 %) in the far offshore eastern Indian Ocean is larger than the interannual (16.3 %) and annual (14.7 %) variations. Future studies should be conducted to investigate this long-term variation.

The impact of vertical resolution on the simulation of Typhoon Lekima (2019) is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.8.1. Results show that decreasing vertical grid spacing from approximately 1000 m to 100 m above 1 km height barely influences the simulated track. However, significant differences are found in the simulated tropical cyclone (TC) structure. The simulation with the coarsest vertical resolution shows a clear double warm-core structure. The upper warm core weakens and even disappears with the increase of vertical resolution. A broader eye and a more slantwise eyewall are observed with the increase of vertical resolution due to the vertically extended lower-level and upper-level outflow, which likely results in a weaker subsidence. Vertical grid convergence is evaluated with the simulated kinetic energy (KE) spectra. As the vertical grid spacing becomes finer than 200 m, convergent KE spectra are found in both the free atmosphere and the outer core of the TC. However, sensitivity tests reveal that the grid convergence is sensitive to the choice of the planetary boundary layer scheme.

Society is concerned about maritime accidents since pollution, such as oil spills from ship accidents, adversely affects the marine environment. Operational and strategic pollution preparedness and response risk management are essential activities to mitigate such adverse impacts. Quantitative risk models and decision support systems (DSS) have been proposed to support these risk management activities. However, there currently is a lack of computationally fast and accurate models to estimate oil spill consequences. While resource-intensive simulation models are available to make accurate predictions, these are slow and cannot easily be integrated into quantitative risk models or DSS. Hence, there is a need to develop solutions to accelerate the computational process. A fast and accurate metamodel is developed in this work to predict damage and oil outflow in tanker collision accidents. To achieve this, multiobjective optimization is applied to three metamodeling approaches: Deep Neural Network, Polynomial Regression, and Gradient Boosting Regression Tree. The data used in these learning algorithms are generated using state-of-the-art engineering models for accidental damage and oil outflow dynamics. The multiobjective optimization approach leads to a computationally efficient and accurate model chosen from a set of optimized models. The results demonstrate the metamodel’s robust capacity to provide accurate and computationally efficient estimates of damage extents and volume of oil outflow. This model can be used in maritime risk analysis contexts, particularly in strategic pollution preparedness and response management. The models can also be linked to operational response DSS when fast, and reasonably accurate estimates of spill sizes are critical.

The advent of modern geostationary satellite infrared radiance observations has noticeably improved numerical weather forecasts and analyses. However, compared to midlatitude weather systems and tropical cyclones, research into using infrared radiance observations for numerically predicting and analyzing tropical mesoscale convective systems remain mostly fallow. Since tropical mesoscale convective systems play a crucial role in regional and global weather, this deficit should be addressed. This study is the first of its kind to examine the potential impacts of assimilating all-sky upper tropospheric infrared radiance observations on the prediction of a tropical squall line. Even though these all-sky infrared radiance observations are not directly affected by lower-tropospheric winds, the high-frequency assimilation of these all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses of the tropical squall line’s outflow position. Aside from that, the assimilation of all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses and prediction of the squall line’s cloud field. Finally, reducing the frequency of assimilating these all-sky infrared radiance observations weakened these improvements to the analyzed outflow position, as well as the analyses and predictions of cloud fields.

During the construction of debris flow and snow avalanche protecting installation in the mountain regions the problem of fixation and stability of these constructions under the conditions of seasonally or permanently frozen ground arise. For this reason ground freezing depth estimation for winter periods 2015/16-2019/20 was performed on the basis of developed calculating scheme for Elbrus region. The calculating scheme for ground freezing is constructed on the basis of three layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, frozen and thawed ground) with phase transition on the boundary of frozen and unfrozen ground. Heat balance equation includes phase transition energy, inflow of heat from unfrozen ground and outflow to frozen ground, snow cover and atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed, that temperature changes in each media linearly.

Post-thrombophlebitis of lower extremities occurs in 14–29 % of cases and develops within the fi rst two years after the episode of deep vein thrombosis of lower extremities in 20–50 % of patients. Objective: to apply intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILBI) for optimizing outcomes in patients with post-thrombophlebitic disease of their lower extremities. Materials and methods. 52 patients were treated with ILBI. They were randomized into two groups by the following clinical criteria: stage of occlusion – 18 patients (Group 1) and stage of recanalization – 34 patients (Group 2). ILBI course included 7 sessions: irradiation power – 3–15 mW, pulse frequency – 80–3000 Hz, exposure time – 5–15 minutes. Parameters of venous outfl ow and inguinal lymph nodes were monitored by ultrasound examination. Radial immunodiffusion was used to determine levels of IgG, IgM and IgA in blood plasma and serum; turbidimetry – to determine immune complexes; T-lymphocytes – by the receptors to erythrocytes. B-lymphocyte level was monitored with luminescence-serological and complementary rosette formation techniques. Results and discussion. A statistically signifi cant increase in linear and volumetric blood fl ow in great vessels was revealed in both groups. In Group 1, linear blood fl ow in the great saphenous vein increased by 5.2 %; volumetric blood fl ow increased up to 113.0 ± 2.14 mL/min (p < 0.01). In Group 2, volumetric blood fl ow slowed down by 4.1 %. Lymph nodes contracted statistically signifi cantly; the medullary layer narrowed up to 0.32 ± 0.05 cm (p < 0.05), level of IgG, IgM and CIC decreased; number of T-lymphocytes increased up to 60.2 ± 1.7 % (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The revealed effects of intravenous laser blood irradiation at the venous outfl ow, lymph nodes and humoral and cellular immunity in patients with post-thrombophlebitic disease of lower extremities give a reason to recommend the implementation of the discussed technique into a wide clinical practice.

The authors examine small-scale spatiotemporal variability of the layer nearly 2000-m depth, which is the “bottom” of the present Argo observation system, using all of available Argo float data. The 10-day change, ΔT10, is defined as the difference of temperature between two successive observations with an interval of nearly 10 days for each individual float at an isobaric surface. |ΔT10| is large along the western boundary currents at 1000 dbar, and becomes less remarkable with depth. At 1950 dbar, mean |ΔT10| is noticeable in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (NEAO), the Argentine basin, and the northwestern Indian Ocean. In the Southern Ocean, large |ΔT10| is localized in some areas located over the ridges or leeward of the plateau. Basically, ΔT10 at isobaric surfaces is accounted for by the heave component, but the spiciness component is dominant or comparable to the other in the NEAO and the Argentine basin. ΔT10 decreases with depth monotonically most of the world, suggesting that wind energy input is attenuated with depth. In some areas in the Southern Ocean, however, the vertical profile of |ΔT10| implies enhanced bottom-induced turbulence. |ΔT10| peaks at 1300 dbar in the NEAO, corresponding to the spread of the Mediterranean Outflow Water. |ΔT10| is smaller in the Pacific Ocean compared with the other oceans, but is enhanced along the equator, the Kuroshio and its Extension, the Kuril, Aleutian, Hawaii, and Mariana Islands, and the Emperor Seamount Chain.

Background Several electrocardiographic (ECG) indices have been proposed to predict the origin of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) with precordial transition in lead V3. However, the accuracy of these algorithms is limited. Objectives We sought to evaluate a new ECG criterion differentiating the origin of outflow tract with precordial transition in lead V3. Methods We included in our study patients exhibiting outflow tract PVCs with precordial transition in lead V3 referred for ablation. We analyzed a novel new ECG criterion, RV1-V3 transition ratio, for distinguishing right from left idiopathic outflow tract PVCs with precordial transition in lead V3. The RV1-V3 transition ratio was defined as (RV1+RV2+RV3) PVC / (RV1+RV2+RV3) SR (sinus rhythm). Results We included 58 patients in our study. The ratio was lower for right ventricular outflow tract origins than left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) origins (median [interquartile range], 0.6953 [0.4818–1.0724] vs 1.5219 [1.1582–2.4313], P < .001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.856 for the ratio, and a cut-off value of ≥0.9 predicting LVOT origin with 94% sensitivity and 73% specificity. This ratio was superior to any previously proposed ECG criterion for differentiating right from left outflow tract PVCs. Conclusion The RV1-V3 transition ratio is a simple and accurate novel ECG criterion for distinguishing right from left idiopathic outflow tract PVCs with precordial transition in lead V3.

Respiratory modulation of sympathetic vasomotor outflow to skeletal muscles (muscle sympathetic nerve activity; MSNA) occurs in resting humans. Specifically, MSNA is highest at end-expiration and lowest at end-inspiration during quiet, resting breathing. We tested the hypothesis that within-breath modulation of MSNA would be amplified during graded leg cycling. Thirteen (n = 3 females) healthy young (age: 25.2 ± 4.7 yr) individuals completed all testing. MSNA (right median nerve) was measured at rest (baseline) and during semirecumbent cycle exercise at 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal workload (Wmax). MSNA burst frequency (BF) was 20.0 ± 4.0 bursts/min at baseline and was not different during exercise at 40%Wmax (21.3 ± 3.7 bursts/min; P = 0.292). Thereafter, MSNA BF increased significantly compared with baseline (60%Wmax: 31.6 ± 5.8 bursts/min; P < 0.001, 80%Wmax: 44.7 ± 5.3 bursts/min; P < 0.001). At baseline and all exercise intensities, MSNA BF was lowest at end-inspiration and greatest at mid-to-end expiration. The within-breath change in MSNA BF (ΔMSNA BF; end-expiration minus end-inspiration) gradually increased from baseline to 60%Wmax leg cycling, but no further increase appeared at 80%Wmax exercise. Our results indicate that within-breath modulation of MSNA is amplified from baseline to moderate intensity during dynamic exercise in young healthy individuals, and that no further potentiation occurs at higher exercise intensities. Our findings provide an important extension of our understanding of respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor control., Published online 13 August 2021

The throughflow in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) had a significant impact on the North Atlantic Ocean with the Arctic climate change. The findings of physical mechanisms driving the throughflow in the CAA differed and few studies about the impact of sea level pressure (SLP) on the CAA throughflow were made. A high-resolution ice-ocean coupled Arctic Ocean Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (AO-FVCOM) was used over the period 1978–2016 to examine the interannual and seasonal variability of the outflows in the CAA and the mechanism of SLP in driving the variation of the CAA throughflow quantitively. The simulated volume transport through Davis Strait, Nares Strait, Lancaster Sound and Jones Sound showed consistent increasing trends over 1978–2016 and the larger flux in winter and spring than in summer and fall. The variation of volume transport through Nares Strait contributed more than Lancaster and Jones Sound to the variation through Davis Strait. Five process-oriented experiments were made to further explore the role of SLP in setting up and controlling the sea surface height (SSH) difference and thus the throughflow transport in the CAA. The SLP was a primary forcing to control the SSH difference and the outflow transport compared with the wind forcing. The memory of the SSH to the SLP was short and an equilibrium state could be reached if the SLP varied with time. The upstream and downstream SLP difference, however, made a slight direct contribution to driving the volume transport of the CAA throughflow. In addition to the external forcing of SLP and wind, the variability of the CAA outflow was also influenced by the variability of the inflow/outflow and SSH on boundaries connected to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The choice of SLP datasets from CORE-v2, ECMWF and NCEP was sensitive to the simulated uncertainty of volume transport.

The water body inside the constructed wetland is affected by various factors, and the flow state is relatively complicated. There will always be a certain degree of low velocity area and rapid outflow phenomenon, which makes part of the space in the wetland unable to be effectively used. Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology, this paper uses Fluent's porous media model and discrete phase model to establish a hydrodynamic model of up and down baffled subsurface flow constructed wetland system. The internal flow field of the wetland is simulated, and the hydraulic performance of different baffle settings and substrate laying methods in the wetland is systematically evaluated. The results show that when the number of baffles is the same, the hydraulic efficiency is higher when the first baffle is located on the lower part of the substrate. Compared with the position of the baffle, the increase in the number of baffles does not significantly improve the hydraulic efficiency of the constructed wetland. The substrate layer thickness ratio has a significant effect on the two parameters of the variance of the hydraulic residence time distribution (σ2) and the flow divergence (σ02). By increasing the thickness of the middle substrate, the low flow rate phenomenon caused by the small porosity substrate area of the upper layer and the rapid outflow phenomenon of the lower substrate can be improved to a certain extent, the utilization efficiency of the middle substrate layer is improved, and the hydraulic performance is increased. The research results are of great significance for improving the utilization of wetland space and ensuring its efficient decontamination and purification function. HIGHLIGHTS The hydraulic performance of constructed wetland is affected by baffle setting and substrate laying.; The first baffle is located at the lower part of the substrate with higher hydraulic efficiency.; The layer thickness ratio of the substrate mainly affects the hydraulic residence time distribution and the flow divergence.

Diyala Governorate was recently exposed to high flood waves discharged from Hemrin Dam. Since the dam was at its full capacity during the flood period, these waves were discharged to the Diyala River. Because of the reduction in Diyala River capacity to 750m3/s, the cities and villages on both sides of the river banks were inundated. Thus, the study's objective is to design a flood escape out of the Diyala River, to discharge the flood wave through it. The flood escape simulation was done by using HEC- RAS software. Two hundred twenty-three cross sections for the escape and 30 cross-sections of the Diyala River were used as geometric data. Depending on the geological formation that the escape passed through, two roughness coefficients of 0.035 and 0.028 were applied. An outflow downstream Hemrin Dam varies from 1100m3/s to 1800m3/s was applied as boundary condition upstream Diyala River. One dimensional hydraulic model was developed for the escape and the river, the results showed that aside weir could be constructed at the escape entrance with crest level 67m.a.m.s.l. and 800m width, followed by drop structure of four rectangular steps, this case provides safe discharge to Diyala River if flood wave of 1500m3/s released from Hemrin Dam.