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This study evaluated a therapeutic diet high in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of marine source (EPA:DHA ratio 0.69:1), turmeric extract, and hydrolysed collagen in cats (N = 30) with naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) over a 13-week (W) period, followed by a 4-W washout, using four previously validated pain/functional outcomes. Compared to the placebo diet, the therapeutic diet significantly improved peak vertical force (p = 0.017; W16, 64% responders), correlating to enhanced weight bearing; stair assay compliance (p < 0.001; W16, 87% responders), reflecting reduced fatigue related to OA pain; night-time actimetry (cohort effect; p = 0.05, 67% responders), suggesting greater spontaneous mobility and comfort; and MI-CAT(V) score (cohort effect; p < 0.001, 80% responders), indicating reduced functional impairments. The earliest therapeutic response was observed at W06, marked by an inflection point between actimetric linear regressions of both cohorts, confirmed by significant MI-CAT(V) differences (p < 0.007; W08; W12; W16). The MI-CAT(V) clinical metrology instrument was validated for inter-rater reliability, minimal placebo effect (p < 0.05), both moderate and severe OA clusters responded equally positively to the therapeutic diet. Based on all outcomes, the therapeutic diet showed promise for the long-term management of feline OA, with no observed side effects.

Mitochondrial homeostasis is controlled by biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in cardiovascular and renal disease and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are beneficial for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy in the kidney and heart of adenine-induced uremic rats. Eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal control, adenine control, and adenine with omega-3 FA groups. Using Western blot analysis, the kidney and heart expression of mitochondrial homeostasis-related molecules, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) were investigated. Compared to normal, serum creatinine and heart weight/body weight in adenine control were increased and slightly improved in the omega-3 FA group. Compared to the normal controls, the expression of PGC-1α and PINK1 in the kidney and heart of the adenine group was downregulated, which was reversed after omega-3 FA supplementation. Drp1 was upregulated in the kidney but downregulated in the heart in the adenine group. Drp1 expression in the heart recovered in the omega-3 FA group. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was decreased in the kidney and heart of the adenine control group but the mtDNA of the heart was recovered in the omega-3 FA group. Drp1, which is related to mitochondrial fission, may function oppositely in the uremic kidney and heart. Omega-3 FAs may be beneficial for mitochondrial homeostasis by activating mitochondrial biogenesis and PINK1-dependent mitophagy in the kidney and heart of uremic rats.

Hemodialysis patients (HDPs) have higher blood pressure, higher levels of inflammation, a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and unusually low plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels compared to healthy subjects. The objective of our investigation was to examine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and oxylipins (OxLs) in female HDPs compared to healthy matched female controls, with the underlying hypothesis that differences in specific PUFA levels in hemodialysis patients would result in changes in eCBs and OxLs. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Plasma was extracted and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization and tandem MS for eCBs and OxLs. The global untargeted metabolite profiling of plasma was performed by GCTOF MS. Compared to the controls, HDPs showed lower levels of plasma EPA and the associated OxL metabolites 5- and 12-HEPE, 14,15-DiHETE, as well as DHA derived 19(20)-EpDPE. Meanwhile, no changes in arachidonylethanolamide or 2-arachidonylglycerol in the open circulation were detected. Higher levels of multiple N-acylethanolamides, monoacylglycerols, biomarkers of progressive kidney disease, the nitric oxide metabolism-linked citrulline, and the uremic toxins kynurenine and creatine were observed in HDP. These metabolic differences in cCBs and OxLs help explain the severe inflammatory and cardiovascular disease manifested by HDPs, and they should be explored in future studies.

BackgroundVitamin D supplements are widely recommended for bone health in the general population, but data on whether they prevent fractures have been inconsistent.MethodsIn an ancillary study of the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), we tested whether supplemental vitamin D3 would result in a lower risk of fractures than placebo. VITAL was a two-by-two factorial, randomized, controlled trial that investigated whether supplemental vitamin D3 (2000 IU per day), n-3 fatty acids (1 g per day), or both would prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease in men 50 years of age or older and women 55 years of age or older in the United States. Participants were not recruited on the basis of vitamin D deficiency, low bone mass, or osteoporosis. Incident fractures were reported by participants on annual questionnaires and adjudicated by centralized medical-record review. The primary end points were incident total, nonvertebral, and hip fractures. Proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the treatment effect in intention-to-treat analyses.ResultsAmong 25,871 participants (50.6% women [13,085 of 25,871] and 20.2% Black [5106 of 25,304]), we confirmed 1991 incident fractures in 1551 participants over a median follow-up of 5.3 years. Supplemental vitamin D3, as compared with placebo, did not have a significant effect on total fractures (which occurred in 769 of 12,927 participants in the vitamin D group and in 782 of 12,944 participants in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 1.08; P = 0.70), nonvertebral fractures (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.07; P = 0.50), or hip fractures (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.47; P = 0.96). There was no modification of the treatment effect according to baseline characteristics, including age, sex, race or ethnic group, body-mass index, or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. There were no substantial between-group differences in adverse events as assessed in the parent trial.ConclusionsVitamin D3 supplementation did not result in a significantly lower risk of fractures than placebo among generally healthy midlife and older adults who were not selected for vitamin D deficiency, low bone mass, or osteoporosis. (Funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; VITAL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01704859.).

Background and aimsHigh-dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) therapy was beneficial in high-risk patients without clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether higher plasma levels of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have similar benefits in those without subclinical CVD is unclear. We aim to evaluate the interplay between plasma omega-3 fatty acids and coronary artery calcium (CAC) in relation to CVD events.MethodsWe examined 6568 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with plasma EPA and DHA levels and CAC measured at baseline. The primary outcome was incident CVD events (myocardial infarction, angina, cardiac arrest, stroke, CVD death). Hazard ratios for the primary outcome were adjusted for potential confounder using Cox regression.ResultsMean ± SD age was 62.1 ± 10.2 years and 52.9% were females. The median follow-up time was 15.6 years. Higher loge(EPA) (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.94) and loge(DHA) (aHR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96) were independently associated with fewer CVD events. The difference in absolute CVD event rates between lowest vs. highest EPA tertile increased at higher CAC levels. The adjusted HR for highest vs. lowest EPA tertile within CAC = 0 was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.72-1.46), CAC = 1-99 was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.51-0.99), and CAC≥100 was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.52-0.84). A similar association was seen in tertiles of DHA by CAC category.ConclusionsIn an ethnically diverse population free of clinical CVD, higher plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels were associated with fewer long-term CVD events. The absolute decrease in CVD events with higher omega-3 fatty acid levels was more apparent at higher CAC scores.

The fetus is strongly dependent on nutrients from the mother, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In adult animals, n-3 PUFA ameliorates stroke-mediated brain injury, but the modulatory effects of different PUFA content in maternal diet on focal arterial stroke in neonates are unknown. This study explored effects of maternal n-3 or n-6 enriched PUFA diets on neonatal stroke outcomes. Pregnant mice were assigned three isocaloric diets until offspring reached postnatal day (P) 10-13: standard, long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3) or n-6 PUFA (n-6) enriched. Fatty acid profiles in plasma and brain of mothers and pups were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and cytokines/chemokines by multiplex protein analysis. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced in P9-10 pups and cytokine and chemokine accumulation, caspase-3 and calpain-dependent spectrin cleavage and brain infarct volume were analyzed. The n-3 diet uniquely altered brain lipid profile in naïve pups. In contrast, cytokine and chemokine levels did not differ between n-3 and n-6 diet in naïve pups. tMCAO triggered accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and caspase-3-dependent and -independent cell death in ischemic-reperfused regions in pups regardless of diet, but magnitude of neuroinflammation and caspase-3 activation were attenuated in pups on n-3 diet, leading to protection against neonatal stroke. In conclusion, maternal/postnatal n-3 enriched diet markedly rearranges neonatal brain lipid composition and modulates the response to ischemia. While standard diet is sufficient to maintain low levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines under physiological conditions, n-3 PUFA enriched diet, but not standard diet, attenuates increases of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in ischemic-reperfused regions and protects from neonatal stroke.

Context Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in 25–30% of British and European populations, representing a potential global public health crisis. Marine omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids offer well-evidenced benefits to NAFLD biomarkers; however, the effect of plant-based n-3 has not been evaluated with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective The review aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of plant-based n-3 supplementation on NAFLD surrogate biomarkers and parameters. Data Sources Medline (EBSCO), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published between January 1970 and March 2022 evaluating the impact of plant-based n-3 interventions on diagnosed NAFLD. The review followed the PRISMA checklist and is PROSPERO registered (CRD42021251980). Data Extraction A random-effects model and generic inverse variance methods synthesized quantitative data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. We identified 986 articles; after the application of selection criteria, six studies remained with 362 patients with NAFLD. Results The meta-analysis showed that plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mean difference: 8.04 IU/L; 95% confidence interval: 14.70, 1.38; I2 = 48.61%) and plasma/serum triglycerides (44.51 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: –76.93, –12.08; I2 = 69.93%), alongside body-composition markers in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.05). Conclusion Plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves ALT enzyme biomarkers, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight loss when combined with lifestyle interventions to increase physical activity and a calorie-controlled diet. Further research is needed to identify the most effective plant-based n-3 sources in larger numbers of patients with NAFLD over longer study durations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021251980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The most important hypothesis of this research was based on the fact that the mechanism of the effect of omega-3 on depression and obesity is formed through its accumulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), especially in women. Accordingly, we investigated the omega-3 intake and the concurrent stimulation of the DLPFC by tDCS and hypothesized that the synergy of these two treatments can increase the obtained effect size in patients with depression and overweight. Method: This research was a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a factorial design consisting of four treatment and control groups. The participants were females with depression and overweight on an outpatient basis. They received 5 ml/day omega-3 syrup (545 mg DHA, 620 mg EPA) or placebo adjunct with 12 sessions sham/tDCS stimulation administered for 3 weeks with anode-left/cathode-right protocol in the prefrontal cortex (1.5 mA, 15 minutes' stimulation/15-20 minutes' rest intervals/one visit per week, 4 stimulations per visit). Results: tDCS or omega-3 alone did not significantly improve the executive functions, depression, food cravings, and weight in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05). However, tDCS adjunct with the omega-3 had a significant and positive effect on improving weight change (P = 0.011; df = 1; F = 1.27; Eta = 0.108) with a power of 0.73 compared to the control group. Furthermore, their interaction led to an improving trend in executive functions and a decreasing trend in food cravings which are clinically important. Conclusion: tDCS could strengthen the omega-3 mechanisms of effect through stimulating its accumulation site in the brain (i.e., the DLPFC) and the synergistic effects of these two treatments result in weight control as well as an improvement trend in the executive functions and food craving in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre -pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress represents a ruthless complication of ß-thalassemia that worsens the severity of that medical condition. There is no conclusive evidence on the best antioxidant used for that issue. Our earlier clinical study concluded that Omega-3 and Manuka honey add-on to the conventional therapy had a potential therapeutic impact on reducing oxidative stress. However, there is no research evaluating their cost-effectiveness. This paper compares the cost-effectiveness of Omega-3 and Manuka honey supplementation to conventional therapy in treating oxidative stress among children with ß-thalassemia major. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cost-effectiveness evaluation of daily supplementation of Omega-3-Manuka honey and Manuka honey alone to the conventional therapy was performed. The economic evaluation was performed on data from a prospective 10-month randomized clinical trial. Fifty patients were recruited into the Omega-3-Manuka honey plus conventional therapy group, 50 patients were included in the Manuka honey alone plus conventional therapy group, and 50 patients receiving the conventional therapy alone served as a control group. Effectiveness measures from the randomized clinical trial were used to determine incremental effectiveness. Cost estimates were calculated from the healthcare payer's perspective. The analysis considered the improvement in oxidative stress biomarkers presented here as a percent change from baseline to determine the incremental effectiveness and cost for the treatment by both interventions. RESULTS: Adding Omega-3 or Manuka honey to conventional therapy was a more cost-effective add-on than conventional treatment alone. Omega-3-Manuka honey was more cost-effective than Manuka honey alone in treating oxidative stress in that condition. Oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly reduced with both experimental medications compared to the conventional therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that using Manuka honey and Omega-3 as addon treatments for oxidative stress in pediatric ß-thalassemia disease could have significant cost-saving and clinical improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction Dry eye syndrome, as defined by TFOS, is a multifactorial ocular surface disease with tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and neuro-sensory abnormalities. With a prevalence between 6.5% and 52.4%, it poses a substantial public health challenge, significantly affecting patients' quality of life. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is often suggested by clinicians as an adjunctive treatment, offering potential benefits across various levels. Aim of the study The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of oral supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids on the treatment of dry eye syndrome. Materials and methods Literature selections of PubMed and Google Scholar databases from the last seven years (2016-2023) were performed. Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: dry eye disease; omega-3; fatty acid. Results Omega-3 fatty acids may have benefits in the treatment of dry eye syndrome, as argued by a number of potential mechanisms of action. However, the literature does not agree on the efficacy of their use in the treatment of dry eye syndrome, and thus there is insufficient evidence to bring omega-3 acids into the standard of treatment for dry eye syndrome. Conclusion Studies on the effect of oral supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids on the treatment of dry eye syndrome are at an early stage and need to be continued to improve knowledge. There is a need for further long-term studies to standardize conclusions about the efficacy of these acids in reducing dry eye symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, the green seaweed species belonging to the family Codiaceae, is one of the mass macrophyte species in the Pacific Region of the Russian Federation. The C. fragile total lipid content amounts 13.92 ± 0.22 mg per g of dry tissue, of which 44% are glycolipids, 40% come from neutral lipids, while phospholipids account for 16%. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in C. fragile lipid extract is over 50% of the total fatty acids, of which ω-3 (36.2%) and ω-6 (17.8%) are predominant. Here, we studied the effects of the C. fragile lipid extract and Omega-3 reference drug on biochemical and physiological parameters of erythrocytes in mice exposed to stress (vertical fixation by the scruff skinfold). Under the impact of stress, erythrocytes underwent alterations in both their dimensional characteristics and membrane phospholipid profiles, leading to changes in their permeability and lability, as well as impeding their circulation through the capillary bed. The endogenous antioxidant defense system in stress-exposed mice experienced a considerable strain, as evidenced by an increase in the malonic dialdehyde level, with a simultaneous decrease in plasma superoxide dismutase and antiradical activities. The administration of the C. fragile lipid extract to stress-exposed mice entailed the restoration of the erythrocyte membrane lipid content, a decrease in the amount of lysophospholipids, and the normalization of the sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine ratio, which contributed to the recovery of erythrocyte dimensional characteristics and osmotic resistance, as well as blood antioxidant system parameters. The pronounced stress- and membrane-protective effect of the C. fragile lipid extract was due to the presence in its composition of a wide range of neutral and polar lipids containing ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, which ensured a higher anti-stress efficacy of the algal extract compared to the Omega-3 reference preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and aortic morphometric effects of fish oil rich in omega-3 in hypercholesterolemic BALB/c mice. This is an experimental model that included 16 male BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) divided into three groups (G1 (standard commercial chow and 0.9% saline solution), G2 (hypercholesterolemic diet and 0.9% saline solution) and G3 (hypercholesterolemic diet and fish oil)) for 8 weeks. There was no significant difference in the treatment with omega-3-rich fish oil in the lipid profile (p > 0.05). In the histological analysis, group G2 detected the presence of hepatitis and liver tissue necrosis, but this was not observed in group G3. As for the morphometry in the light area of the vessel, the G1 group had a higher score (2.62 ± 0.36 mm2) when compared to G2 (2.10 ± 0.16 mm2) and G3 (2.26 ± 0.25 mm2) (p < 0.05). The vessel wall thickness did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation with fish oil rich in omega-3 carried out in this study may have a protective effect on liver tissue, but it has not yet improved the lipid and morphometric profile. Despite this research being preliminary, it is a relevant study with future prospects for improving the doses of EPA and DHA in order to better elucidate the benefits of fish oil in models of dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Active neuroinflammation may contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. • Anti-inflammatory treatments in the at-risk mental state could reduce risk of onset. • Minocycline and omega-3, neither alone nor together, reduced transition to psychosis. • Omega-3 supplementation improved nonpsychotic general and transdiagnostic symptoms. Inflammatory mechanisms are thought to contribute to the onset of psychosis in persons with an at-risk mental state (ARMS). We investigated whether the anti-inflammatory properties of minocycline and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3), alone or synergistically, would prevent transition to psychosis in ARMS in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Pakistan. 10,173 help-seeking individuals aged 16–35 years were screened using the Prodromal Questionaire-16. Individuals scoring 6 and over were interviewed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) to confirm ARMS. Participants (n = 326) were randomised to minocycline, omega-3, combined minocycline and omega-3 or to double placebo for 6 months. The primary outcome was transition to psychosis at 12 months. Forty-five (13.8 %) participants transitioned to psychosis. The risk of transition was greater in those randomised to omega-3 alone or in combination with minocycline (17.3.%), compared to 10.4 % in those not exposed to omega-3; a risk-ratio (RR) of 1.67, 95 % CI [0.95, 2.92] p = 0.07. The RR for transitions on minocycline vs. no minocycline was 0.86, 95 % CI [0.50, 1.49] p > 0.10. In participants who did not become psychotic, CAARMS and depression symptom scores were reduced at six and twelve months (mean CAARMS difference = 1.43; 95 % CI [0.33, 1.76] p < 0.01 in those exposed to omega-3. Minocycline did not affect CAARMS or depression scores. In keeping with other studies, omega-3 appears to have beneficial effects on ARMS and mood symptom severity but it increased transition to psychosis, which may reflect metabolic or developmental consequences of chronic poor nutrition in the population. Transition to psychosis was too rare to reveal a preventative effect of minocycline but minocycline did not improve symptom severity. ARMS symptom severity and transition to psychosis appear to have distinct pathogeneses which are differentially modulated by omega-3 supplementation. The study was funded by the Stanley Research Medical Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antioxidants prevent the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BD). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation helps prevent lipid peroxidation and improve antioxidant status. This study aims to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on serum levels of antioxidant status in patients with BD. Methods: In this study, 28 patients with BD received an omega-3 fatty acid supplement (2 g/daily) while the other 28 patients received edible paraffin oil (2 g/daily) for 60 days. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated in pre-intervention and post-intervention. Results: The results showed that omega-3 supplementation increased the activities of SOD (12.94±3.84 U/mL vs 17.72±3.59 U/mL) and CAT (5.08±1.61 nmol/min/mL vs 6.43±1.33 nmol/min/mL) in post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (P=0.001). The results also showed that omega-3 supplementation increased the activities of SOD (17.72±3.59 U/mL vs 13.79±3.12 U/mL) and CAT (6.43±1.33 nmol/min/mL vs 4.89±1.45 nmol/min/mL) compared to the control group in post-intervention (P=0.001). Omega-3 supplementation did not have significant effects on the serum concentration of TAC compared to pre-intervention (P=0.373) and control group (P=0.604). Conclusion: Omega-3 supplementation increased the activities of SOD and CAT and may decrease the progression of disease via increasing antioxidant status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer that is added to many ready-to-eat foods and is known to be excitotoxic to neurons in the brain. The aim of the study is to investigate immunohistochemically the neural damage that occurs in the neurons in the hippocampus regions of childhood rats, despite the protective effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against the possible toxic effects of MSG and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is effective in brain development. Material and Method A total of 24 Wistar albino rats will be used as 6 females in childhood in each group. Group 1: Control group (0.9 % saline solution 1.3.5.7.9. days subcutaneous (sc), Group 2: MSG administered (4 mg/g 1.3.5.7.9. days sc), Group 3: MSG + EPA administered (4 mg/g 1.3.5.7.9. days sc + 300 mg/kg 9 days orally), Group 4: MSG + DHA applied (4 mg/g 1.3.5.7.9. days sc + 300 mg/kg 9 days orally), at the end of the 9th day, the brain tissues will be placed in 10% neutral formalin for immunohistochemistry and TUNEL technique application in the hippocampus CA1 region. Results When the hippocampus CA1 region of the brains of childhood rats was examined, S100β immunoreactivity showed a strong and significant reaction in the MSG group compared to the other groups (p=0.000). It was observed that the difference between MSG+EPA and MSG+DHA groups was insignificant (p<0.05). GFAP immunoreactivity also showed a strong and significant reaction in the MSG group compared to the other groups (p=0.000). It was observed that the difference between MSG+EPA and MSG+DHA groups was insignificant both in comparison with each other and with the control group (p<0.05). In the MSG group, TUNEL showed a strong positive reaction in neuroglial cells. Expression was weak in the control group. TUNEL staining reaction was weak in the control group. A decrease in TUNEL staining reaction was detected in hippocampal neurons in all areas in the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups. No significant difference was observed in the TUNEL staining reaction between MSG+EPA and both the control group and the MSG+DHA groups (p>0.05). Conclusion While MSG caused an increase in the positive expression of S100β, GFAP and TUNEL in the hippocampus CA1 region of the brain, MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA caused a decrease in neuronal expression and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of MSG together with Omega-3 fatty acids in childhood may have a protective effect against neuroglial damage and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gingiva is a delicate tissue that protects alveolar bone against external stimuli. Gingival breaks expose alveolar bone, and the fast wounds heal the betterment of the teeth frame. We aimed to compare the influence of omega-3 on the gingival healing period after trauma and the potential involvement of cytokeratin-19 protein expression. Methods: A total of 18 rabbits were used, after trauma-induced, these rabbits were subdivided into three groups of 6 each. Group 1 is the control group that received normal saline only, the second group received omega 3 for 10 days before the trauma, while the third group received omega 3 supplements for 10 days before the gingival injury and continued receiving them for an additional 10 days afterwards. For each time point (third and seventh day of healing), 3 rabbits were sacrificed, and tissue was collected for total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde measurement. Tissue fixed for histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results: Omega 3 has shown improvement in the healing process regarding the period of healing, antioxidant parameters, and intensity of cytokeratin-19 expression compared to the control group. Moreover, rabbit groups exposed to omega 3 before trauma has shown better healing response compared to those initiated therapy with trauma. Conclusion: Omega 3 is notably beneficial when used for both prevention and treatment since it reduces oxidative stress and improves healing processes measured by increased expression of cytokeratin-19 in epithelial tissue. Omega 3 can therefore be thought of as a possible choice for the treatment of gingival wounds and gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Fats contained in food are the most concentrated source of energy, fat-soluble vitamins and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EFA). Of the four types of unsaturated acids, three main families have specific biological effects: omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9. Objective of the work The aim of the study was to review the current knowledge about the action and consumption of products rich in EFAs and to present the topic of conscious supplementation with "fashionable" omega acids. Materials and methodology A literature selection was performed from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Articles were searched in English and Polish. Results Most research indicates the beneficial effect of omega acids on the human body. The recommended daily intake of omega fatty acids is a maximum of 3 grams. EFAs have a versatile effect - they have anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects, and support our cardiovascular and autoimmune systems. They have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora and our skin. Conclusions Consumption of products rich in omega acids and their appropriate supplementation bring many health benefits. Nevertheless, the assessment of the effectiveness and safety of the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of various diseases requires further detailed research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The addition of whey proteins to alginate beads can enhance the functionality of encapsulation systems and improve the stability of the encapsulated bioactive compounds. In this work, chia oil (rich in omega‐3 fatty acids) and astaxanthin were encapsulated in alginate (100SA) and whey protein aggregates‐alginate (25WPA75SA) beads. The behavior of both types of beads during gastrointestinal digestion was assessed using the standardized INFOGEST in vitro methodology. Different mathematical models were used to analyze the release profile of the encapsulated bioactive compounds. Both types of beads protected the bioactive compounds during the gastric phase with release percentages lower than 10% and allowed their release during the intestinal phase with release percentages of up to 90%. The addition of whey protein aggregates did not affect the amount of bioactive compounds released. Furthermore, Korsmeyer‐Peppas model showed a highly accurate fit and the release coefficient (k) values indicated a higher release rate of the bioactive compounds from 25WPA75SA beads (25WPA75SA beads: k = 9.18 × 10−4 s−n and k = 1.07 × 10−3 s−n, 100SA beads: k = 3.80 × 10−5 s−n and k = 2.20 × 10−5 s−n, for astaxanthin and omega‐3 release, respectively). On the other hand, encapsulation slightly increased the chia oil lipolysis, but no differences were found between both types of beads. Finally, the bioaccessibility of both bioactive compounds were not influenced by the addition of whey protein aggregates. Practical applications: Chia oil (source of omega‐3 fatty acids) and the pigment astaxanthin are valuable bioactive compounds for the formulation of healthy foods. The encapsulation system developed combining sodium alginate and whey protein aggregates allowed the protection of the bioactive compounds during gastric digestion and their controlled release during intestinal phase. Our findings show a promising strategy that can be satisfactorily used to deliver lipophilic active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping offers greater scope to introduce new crops. Cultivation of crops with diverse root architecture and different durations enhances the productivity of scarce resources like land and water. This study aimed to determine the effect of intercrop competition and irrigation regimes on yield, competition, land usage, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and fatty acids of chia. The field experiment was conducted in semi-arid India during 2020–2022 with full (I100) and deficit irrigation (I50) and six intercrops. Results demonstrated that chia + fenugreek intercropping in I50 improved the crops' competitiveness, land equivalent ratio (LER) (1.77), land use efficiency (142.5%), and the IWUE of chia (23.2%). Notably, a chia + radish/spinach system in I50 reduced the seed yield (42.6–45.0%) of chia over I100 monocropping. A chia + fenugreek system in I50 resulted in a higher seed yield (196.2 kg ha−1) than chia monocropping in I100. Further, chia + fenugreek intercropping resulted in higher omega-3 content (56.68%) under I100. Therefore, a chia + fenugreek system under I100 may be suggested over monocropping for better yield and oil quality. However, during water scarcity situations, growers can adopt a chia + fenugreek system under I50 which can give a similar chia equivalent yield and a higher LER and IWUE compared to chia monocropping under I100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Helichrysum genus of the Asteraceae family comprises 500 species. Fifteen Helichrysum species are found in Turkey. This genus is used in traditional medicine for several beneficial effects. Objectives: This study explored Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum (HPsP) effects on fructose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Thirty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 5 groups: Control, HPsP, fructose (F), HPsP+fructose, and double-dose HPsP+fructose. Fructose (40%) was then added to the water. HPsP extract was administered at doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg. All treatments were performed for 8 weeks. Results: The F, F+HPsP, and double-dose groups exhibited higher palmitic acid (16:0) levels than the control group (P<0.001). F+HPsP treatment enhanced palmitoleic acid levels (P<0.001). The F and F+HPsP groups showed reduced levels of linolenic (18:3 n-3), eicosadienoic (20:2, n-6), and arachidonic (20:4 n-6) acids (P<0.001, P<0.01, and P<0.05, respectively). The F, F+HPsP, and double-dose groups showed lower docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) levels (P<0.05). Retinol and in HPsP treated group and (P<0.05) K1 vitamin levels increased in all groups compared to control group (P<0.001). The F, F+HPsP, and HPsP groups had lower vitamin K-2 and D-3 levels (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). The F, HPsP, F+HPsP, and double-dose groups had higher cholesterol levels (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: HPsP extract altered fructose-induced fatty liver composition and levels of reduced glutathione and vitamins A, D, E, and K. Unexpectedly, high liver cholesterol levels require treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used medication known for its pain-relieving and fever-reducing effects, can cause kidney failure if taken in excess. To investigate the potential protective effects of allicin (ALC) and/or omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA) against acetaminophen-induced kidney damage, a study was conducted using 49 rats divided into seven groups. The control group was given saline, while the other groups received ALC, O3FA, APAP, ALC + APAP, O3FA + APAP, or ALC + O3FA + APAP. After administering APAP, the rats showed decreased levels of total protein and albumin in their blood, along with increased levels of creatinine and urea. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the renal tissues increased. The activation of caspase-3 and HSP70 also suggested an impact on kidney histopathology. Overall, the study found that ALC and/or O3FA may have a protective impact against acetaminophen-induced kidney damage through their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant defense systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The development of severe COVID-19 is related to the preexistence of comorbidities and an inadequate nutritional status. The latter is a critical factor for the development of infection and the progression of the disease. Notably, optimal nutrition impacts immune system function, as malnutrition is related to high cytokine levels in the late phase of the disease, correlating with a poor prognosis. In this sense, omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) have anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 infection. O3FAs are linked to a better prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, we evaluate the administration of O3FAs to unvaccinated Mexican patients for two weeks starting after the first two hours of hospitalization. Results: The findings support the notion that O3FAs (in a dose high enough to satisfy human physiological requirements in a short time, one capsule of 1.4 g O3FAs daily) exert a comprehensive multi-systemic modulatory influence, affecting inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Significant perturbations in biomarkers, including absolute neutrophil count, hematocrit, and platelet indices, underscore the compound's anti-inflammatory effect. Concurrently, the intervention modulates pivotal metabolic and hepatic parameters, attenuating cardiovascular risk profiles and expediting patient convalescence. These multifarious effects are likely orchestrated through intricate biochemical mechanisms and are subject to individual variations predicated on metabolic factors. Conclusions: The results of this trial support the notion that O3FA supplementation has beneficial effects on COVID-19 patients with moderate presentation by regulating metabolism and limiting inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) have been widely recognized for their therapeutic advantages, including anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. They have shown promise in enhancing regulatory function, promotingdevelopment and mitigating the progression of diabetes and cancer. The scientific communities, along with industries, are actively endorsing initiatives aimed at increasing the daily intake of lipids rich in omega-3 FAs. Nevertheless, incorporating polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) into food products poses several challenges due to their susceptibility to oxidation when exposed to oxygen, high temperatures, and moisture. This oxidative deterioration results in undesirable flavours and a loss of nutritional value. Various methods, including physical blending, interesterification, and encapsulation, have been utilized as ways to enhance the stability of edible oils rich in PUFA against oxidation. Encapsulation has emerged as a proven strategy for enhancing the oxidative stability and functional properties of omega-3 FA-rich oils. Multiple encapsulation methods have been developed to stabilize and improve the delivery of omega-3 FAs in food products. The selection of an appropriate encapsulation method depends on the desired application of the encapsulated oil. In addition, encapsulation enhances the bioavailability of omega-3 FAs by promoting increased absorption of the encapsulated form in the intestinal epithelium. This review discusses the techniques and principles of omega-3 FA-rich oil encapsulation and its role in improving stability and bioavailability. Furthermore, it also investigates the potential health benefits of these encapsulated oils. This review explores the variations in bioavailability based on encapsulation techniques and processing, offering vital insights for nutrition and product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementation of micronutrients is considered to be crucial in the reinforcement of the skin's barrier. In this paper, 14 nutritional compounds commonly used in food or pharmaceutic industries were analyzed in terms of influencing skin conditions. The major objective of this paper was to provide a narrative review of the available literature regarding several chosen compounds that are currently widely recommended as supplements that aim to maintain proper and healthy skin conditions. We conducted a review of the literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until September 2023 without any other restrictions regarding the year of the publication. Ultimately, we reviewed 238 articles, including them in this review. Each of the reviewed compounds, including vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, curcumin, chlorella, Omega-3, biotin,Ppolypodium leucotomos, Simmondsia chinesis, gamma oryzanol, olive leaf extract, spirulina, and astaxanthin, was observed to present some possible effects with promising benefits for a skin condition, i.e., photoprotective radiation. Adding them to the diet or daily routine might have a positive influence on some skin inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Further, UV radiation protection facilitated by some supplements and their impact on human cells might be helpful during chemotherapy or in preventing melanoma development. Further research is needed because of the lack of clear consensus regarding the doses of the described compounds that could provide desirable effects on the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to children and adolescents' widespread use of electronic devices, researchers have focused on pre-and early postnatal electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. However, little is known about the effects of EMF exposure on the optic nerve. The aim of study was to investigate the changes occurring in the optic nerve and the protective effects of melatonin (mel) and omega 3 (ω-3) in rats. Thirty-five pregnant rats were divided into seven groups, Cont, Sham, EMF, EMF + melatonin (EMF + Mel), EMF + ω3, Mel, and ω3. The EMF groups were exposed to 900 megahertz (MHz) EMF daily for two hours during pregnancy. After the experiment, the right optic nerve of each offspring rat was removed and fixed in glutaraldehyde. Thin and semi-thin sections were taken for electron microscopic and stereological analyses. Myelinated axon numbers, myelin sheath thicknesses, and axonal areas were estimated using stereological methods. The groups had no significant differences regarding mean numbers of axons, mean axonal areas, or mean myelin sheath thicknesses (p > 0.05). Histological observations revealed impaired lamellae in the myelin sheath of most axons, and vacuolization was frequently observed between the myelin sheath and axon in the EMF-exposed group. The Mel and ω-3-treated EMF groups exhibited well-preserved myelinated nerve fibers and intact astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. At the ultrastructural level, Mel and ω3 exhibits a neuroprotective effect on the optic nerve exposed to prenatal EMF. The protective effects of these antioxidants on oligodendrocytes, which play an essential role in myelin formation in the central nervous system, now require detailed investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adjuvant therapy is often used to optimize the antihyperlipidemic effect of simvastatin. Omega-3 and vitamin D supplementation are recommended as adjuvant therapies to low-intensity statins. This study aimed to compare the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 as adjuvant therapy to simvastatin to improve the lipid profiles and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in type-I dyslipidemic rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male rats were randomized and divided into six groups: healthy control, dyslipidemic rats with no treatment, and dyslipidemic rats treated with either low-dose simvastatin only or omega-3 or vitamin D at low and high doses. Dyslipidemia was induced with high-fat diets for four weeks, followed by treatment for the next two weeks. Blood samples were withdrawn before and after simvastatin treatment. In addition, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were analyzed to assess liver function. Results: Administration of a high-fat diet-induced type 1 dyslipidemia and increased ALT levels (p < 0.05). Treatment with low-dose simvastatin did not significantly improve triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) or non-HDLc levels. When combined with a high-dose vitamin D, simvastatin significantly reduced TG and increased HDLc levels (p < 0.05), thereby improving AIP levels. This improvement was not observed in rats treated with omega-3 or vitamin D at a lower dose. Conclusion: We concluded that high-dose vitamin D as an adjuvant to simvastatin therapy was superior to omega-3 in improving TG, HDL, and AIP levels. High-dose vitamin D also improved ALT levels in type-I dyslipidemic rats. This result may be translated in clinics to reduce the risk of coronary syndrome in patients with type-I dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic actions of storage fungi and other microorganisms can cause spoilage and post-harvest losses in agricultural commodities, including flaxseed. These microbial contaminants are oxidized with hydroxyl radicals that are efficiently generated when ozone, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet (UV) light react in an advanced oxidative process (AOP). The present work explores what we believe is the first application of an AOP technology to reduce mould on whole brown and yellow flaxseed. The impact of AOP on storage and quality parameters was assessed by measuring the fatty acid value (FAV), germination rate, moisture content (MC) and visible mould growth after 12 weeks of storage at 30°C and 75% relative humidity (RH). Under these conditions, the yellow decontaminated flaxseed showed a 31% decrease in the number of seeds with visible mould without any adverse effect on germination rate, FAV and MC. In contrast, the same AOP treatment created an insignificant decrease in mould in stored brown flaxseed, at the cost of decreasing the germination rate and increasing FAV. The adverse effects of AOP on brown flaxseed were not readily apparent but became measurable after storage. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to explore the rationale behind the different reactions of flaxseed varieties to AOP. The corresponding results indicated that the tolerance of yellow flaxseed to AOP might be related to its richness in olefins. The authors believe that technologies that harness advanced oxidative processes open new horizons in decontamination beyond ozone alone and towards increasing the shelf life of various agri-food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiovascular benefits of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3FA) remain a point of confusion in clinical medicine. Recently two large, randomised trials were published with discordant findings regarding the overall benefits of omega‐3 supplementation, resulting in unnecessary confusion and therapeutic nihilism. Epidemiological studies clearly show high intake of fish and measured O3FA (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in tissues are inversely associated with cardiovascular events and total mortality. These fatty acids are 'essential' and depend almost entirely on intake with very little production from within the body. The efficacy of supplementation depends on background tissue levels, in contradistinction to drug therapy. Insufficient dosing of omega‐3 supplementation using less than 1 g/day and lack of titration to target by failing to measure O3FA levels in the blood may explain these conflicting trial outcomes. We review the current evidence regarding O3FA supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes, describe possible reasons for the discrepant results in the literature including recent controversial data around the mineral oil comparator used in REDUCE‐IT and discuss the potential use of the omega‐3 index to guide management and optimise supplementation in those at greatest risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microneedling is a cosmetic procedure that leverages the skin's natural ability to heal in order to promote collagen formation and skin rejuvenation. To provide improved results, the technique can be combined with topical formulations. A new formulation of multiple actives, including omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), was designed to accelerate the resolution of inflammation and wound healing following micro-injury treatments, while enhancing the visible appearance of procedure results, including erythema, luminosity and skin texture. Methods: In this randomised, controlled, split-face study, we examined 32 healthy female participants aged 30–70 years for 4 weeks following microneedling treatment with a novel multiple-active-ingredient formulation or conventional microneedling protocol with a hyaluronic acid control serum. Changes in skin condition were assessed by blinded clinical photography and expert evaluation. Measurements were collected at baseline, 1 h, 1 day, 7 days and 28 days post treatment. Results: Significantly greater improvements in expert-assessed erythema, luminosity and skin texture were reported following application of the novel multiple-active-ingredient formulation than the hyaluronic acid control serum. This was confirmed by representative VISIA®-CR imaging. Conclusion: These data provide new evidence for the role of a novel multiple-active-ingredient formulation for improving skin outcomes up to 28 days following microneedling in adults with healthy skin when compared with a hyaluronic acid serum. The n-3 PUFA content of this formulation may drive accelerated inflammation resolution and wound healing alongside the complementary action of the other active ingredients, leading to the observed improvements in erythema, luminosity and skin texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a type of fatty fat that causes an increase in alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol consumption causes inflammation, and liver damage. The certain fatty acids (FAs) may be involved in this liver damage. Anti-inflammatory and blood lipid lowering effects are the effects of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome because obesity and insulin resistance are the main pathogenic factors of both diseases. NAFLD is a disease associated with metabolic syndrome. Most patients with NAFLD are obese, although the disease can also affect non-obese people. Metabolic and genetic factors play an important role in the occurrence of this disease. Oxidative stress, lipotoxicity and inflammation play a key role in the development of NAFLD. There is a lot of evidence for the therapeutic potential of omega-3 PUFAs fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid in the treatment of metabolic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this review article, we examined the effects of omega-3 and omega-6 on alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nandrolone (ND) is one of the Anabolic-androgenic steroid widely used among athletes in doses that result in severe adverse effects on many organs specially heart. Nigella sativa oil and Omega-3 have antioxidant effect. Aim of the Work: To evaluate the potential defensive effect of Nigella sativa oil and Omega-3 on Nandrolone-induced cardiac muscle histological changes in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male rats, were divided into four groups, Group I (control group). Group II; treated with ND only (10 mg/kg b.w.) 3 times per week injection for 6 weeks. Group III; treated with ND as group II and N. sativa oil orally (400 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 6 weeks. Group IV; treated with ND as group II and omega- 3 orally (400 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 6 weeks. Then cardiac muscle specimens prepared for histological and immunohistochemical studies by light and electron microscopes. Results: Group II showed marked distortion, fragmentation, loss of cardiac muscle striation, inflammatory cellular infiltrations, significantly increased deposition of collagen fibers, interruption in intercalated disc. Significantly increased immuno- expressions of Caspase-3 and alpha –Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) when compared to control group. Group III & IV that treated with either Nigella sativa oil or Omega-3 respectively showed improvement of the histological architecture of cardiac muscle and significantly decreased immune- expressions of Caspase-3 and alpha –Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) when compared to group II. Conclusion: Nigella sativa oil and Omega-3 could protect the heart from the injurious effect of ND. The results of Nigella sativa oil were better than Omega-3 at histological and immunohistochemical levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in sperm has been linked with lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in sperm, indicating a possible correlation to fertility potential. This cross-sectional study involved 56 infertile men (aged 25–45), and assessed the relationship between the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio in sperm and seminal plasma with sperm DNA fragmentation. Individuals were categorized based on high or low levels of sperm DNA fragmentation according to two tests (TUNEL and SCSA assay less or greater than 10 and 30%, respectively), and their fatty acid composition, as well as sperm functional tests, were analyzed. Results showed that men with high DNA fragmentation exhibited higher percentages of total saturated, monounsaturated, and omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios in both sperm (P < 0.001) and seminal plasma (P < 0.001) compared to men with low DNA fragmentation. The percentage of sperm lipid peroxidation, and residual histone (P < 0.05) were higher, while the percentage of sperm motility (P < 0.001) was lower in the former compared to the latter group. Moreover, Pearson's correlation revealed positive associations between the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio with sperm lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and residual histones in both sperm and seminal plasma. Overall, these observations suggest that consumption of omega-3 fatty acids may be related to male fertility potential, as it appears that individuals with a high percentage of omega-3 fatty acids have better sperm quality compared to men with a lower omega-3 fatty acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are an important part of the Mediterranean diet, which recommends consuming more fish (at least twice a week) than meat (on a monthly basis). Over the past decade there has been a significant promotion of fish intake because of its high-quality protein content, low fat content, and because it is a good source of vitamins and minerals, but overall because it contains large amounts of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The aim of this study is to determine the fatty acid contents of ten edible wild fish species sold at the Bahrain market along with twelve previously studied edible wild fish species in Bahrain to find out the best of them in terms of EPA, DHA, and n-3/n-6 ratio. Ten edible wild fish species in which their fatty acid contents were not previously studied were selected from the Bahrain market. Lipid extraction and fatty acid methylation were performed. Gas chromatography analysis was conducted to determine the fatty acid compositions of the selected fish species. The result showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the fatty acid compositions among all ten fish species studied. Edible wild fish species from the present study were given numbers (number 1 is the one with the best fatty acid contents, whereas number 17 is the one with poorest fatty acid contents) based on the sum of EPA and DHA and the n-3/n-6 ratio. The number one fish based on EPA + DHA was Doubleber Bream (Faskir) 26.63 ± 0.30%, while the lowest sum of EPA + DHA was observed in White Sardinella (Oom) 5.45 ± 0.35%. On the other hand, fish with the highest n-3/n-6 ratio is Doubleber Bream (Faskir) with a ratio of 2.62 ± 0.29%, whereas Haffara Bream (Gorgofan) has the lowest ratio 0.60 ± 1.45%. The sum of EPA and DHA and the n-3/n-6 ratio of the 17 fish species from Bahrain were compared with fish species that have high amounts of omega-3 around the world and fish species from the Arabian Gulf Sea and the Mediterranean Sea based on the sum of EPA + DHA and n-3/n-6 ratio. The result has shown that EPA + DHA and the n-3/n-6 ratio were similar to those from the Arabian Gulf Sea but lower in the fish species in Bahrain compared to the Mediterranean Sea and those with high amounts of omega-3 around the world. In conclusion, consuming only wild fish species from Bahrain will not be adequate to gain the recommended daily consumption of 500-1000 mg EPA + DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is characterized by abnormal lipid concentrations in the bloodstream, heightening the risk of atherosclerosis. While statins are primarily prescribed to treat dyslipidemia, not all patients benefit from them for various reasons, such as intolerance, myopathy, and hepatotoxicity. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, traditionally grown in East Asia, has been used for various therapeutic purposes. The seed oil of this plant is prosperous in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Previous research found the efficacy of perilla (P. frutescens) seed oil in reducing cholesterol in patients with dementia. Our study aimed to determine if the lipid-lowering effects of P. frutescens seed oil occur on their own or alongside statin treatments by conducting a retrospective analysis of existing data to assess its efficacy in improving lipid profiles among the elderly. Objective: This study aimed to understand if P. frutescens seed oil inherently possesses lipid-lowering properties or if these effects are amplified when combined with statins. Methods: A retrospective post hoc analysis was performed on 182 geriatric patients previously involved in a dementia study. These patients were categorized into four groups: those administered both P. frutescens seed oil and a statin (G1), only P. frutescens seed oil (G2), only a statin (G3), and neither (G4). The outcomes evaluated post-intervention included lipid profiles, liver and renal functions, complete blood count, and neutrophils to lymphocytes and platelets (N/LP) ratio. Results: Patients in G1 exhibited the most pronounced reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, suggesting a potential synergistic effect when P. frutescens seed oil is combined with statins. Liver enzyme levels remained stable across all groups, suggesting the hepatic safety of P. frutescens seed oil even when co-administered with statins. Conclusion: P. frutescens seed oil, particularly when used alongside statins, exhibits the potential to improve lipid profiles and may also offer liver protection. However, extended studies are necessary to understand its therapeutic significance in cardiovascular disease management fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radicals can cause damage to the structure of the dermis layer, which makes skin lose its elasticity and leads to the formation of wrinkles. A strategy to prevent this problem is by using antioxidants. A plant that has been reported to contain good antioxidant activity is sacha inchi seed (Plukenetia volubilis L.); apart from that, its oil has quite a high omega-3 content and potentially can act as an anti-aging agent stimulating the skin-cell-regeneration process, maintaining skin moisture and elasticity and stimulating collagen production. This research aims to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and determine the fatty acid profile, the levels of vitamins A, D, and E, and the antioxidant activity of sacha inchi seed oil. This research was conducted through eight main stages: sacha inchi seed extraction, quality parameters checking, phytochemical screening, determining fatty acid profiles, vitamin analysis, antioxidant activity tests, microbiological contamination tests, and heavy-metal contamination tests. In this study, quality inspection results were obtained: organoleptic form (liquid), color (yellow), odor (typical), relative density value (0.91 g/cm3), acid number (0.38 ± 0.02 mg/g), peroxide value (11.01 mEq/Kg), iodine value (179.32 g/100 g), and refractive index (1.479). The phytochemical screening results of sacha inchi seed oil were positive for containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The results of the fatty acid profile were omega-3 (48.5%), omega-6 (34.8%), and omega-9 (7.7%). The results of the vitamin contents analysis were vitamin A (123.42 mg/100 g), vitamin D (899.46 mg/100 g), and vitamin E (145.06 mg/100 g). The antioxidant activity test showed an IC50 value of 8.859 ppm (very strong), and the microbial and heavy-metal contamination tests were negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae, as some of the oldest life forms on Earth, are of significant interest to industry and in terms of environmental policies, due to their ability to perform photosynthesis and consume atmospheric carbon dioxide. Moreover, they contain a wide variety of value-added compounds such as amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids, which can be exploited in multiple fields like medicine, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, and for the production of biodiesel. In this article, Nannochloropsis gaditana, a type of microalgae that inhabits both fresh and salt water, is studied for fatty acid recovery using deep eutectic solvents (DES). This microalgae species is a natural source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 compound that is commonly used in the nutritional industry. There are numerous extraction techniques and pretreatments to obtain these compounds. In this work, DES are studied as extractive agents due to their advantages as neoteric solvents. Specifically, this work focuses on an assessment of the effect of the composition of DES on the extraction yield of fatty acids from microalgae. Several DES compositions based on choline chloride, ethylene glycol, and fructose are studied to analyze the influence of water content in these phases. The results show that water content significantly influences recovery yields. The DES with higher extractive capacity were those based on choline chloride, ethylene glycol, and water at a molar ratio of 1:2:2. This composition offered 48.7% of the yield obtained with a conventional solvent like methanol for the recovery of EPA (11.2 mg/g microalgae). Furthermore, the choline chloride-fructose-based DES shows the capability of selective extractions of fatty acids with low carbon content—choline chloride:fructose:water (molar ratio 2:1:2) can extract 0.14 mg of decanoic acid/g of microalgae, indicating that this DES composition can recover 35.7% more decanoic acid in comparison to methanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10–20% of women. Traditional treatments have raised concerns, but omega-3 fatty acids show potential as an alternative. This thematic review, sourced from databases like PubMed and Scopus between 1 February 2023 and 15 March 2023, seeks to delve into the various perspectives on omega-3 supplementation for PPD. The criteria included studies detailing depressive symptoms, social functioning, and neurobiological variables. The review includes research with women showing PPD symptoms, randomized clinical trials, and articles in Spanish, English, and French. Exclusions were studies lacking proper control comparisons and other interventions besides omega-3. Data extraction was performed independently. Two key studies provide contrasting findings on omega-3's impact on PPD symptoms. In the study comparing DHA supplementation to a placebo, significant differences were not found in the EPDS scale, but differences were observed in the BDI scale. In contrast, another study recorded a significant decrease in depression scores in all dose groups, with reductions of 51.5% in the EPDS scale and 48.8% in the HRSD scale. Other studies, encompassing both prenatal and postpartum periods, underscore the differentiation between prenatal depression and PPD. Despite shared diagnostic criteria, PPD presents unique symptoms like restlessness, emotional lability, and baby-related concerns. It is crucial to address biases and obtain specific results, recommending exclusive PPD-focused studies. This review emphasizes the need for continuous exploration of omega-3's relationship with PPD to enhance the life quality of pregnant women and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are critically important for newborn nutrition and in the trajectory of growth and developmental processes throughout early life. This systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023400059) critically analyzes literature pertaining to how omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in human milk are related to health outcomes in early life. Literature selected for the review were published between 2005 and 2020 and included assessments in healthy term children between 0 and 5 years of age. The studies reported the relation between human milk fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n -3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n -3, EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n -3, ALA), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n -6, AA), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n -6, LA) with three domains of health outcomes: neurodevelopment, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema. Results from the 21 studies consistently suggested better health outcomes across the three domains for infants consuming milk with higher concentrations of total n -3, DHA, EPA, and ALA. Negative health outcomes across the three domains were associated with higher levels of total n -6, AA, and LA in milk. N -3 and n -6 content of milk were related to neurodevelopmental, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema outcomes with moderate certainty. Maternal diet impacting milk fatty acid content and fatty acid desaturase genotype modifying physiologic responses to fatty acid intake were prominent gaps identified in the review using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies and GRADE approach. This research study can inform baby nutrition product development, and fatty acid intake recommendations or dietary interventions for mothers and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac remodeling is defined as molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that manifest clinically as alterations in the size, shape, and function of the heart. Despite the pharmacological approaches, cardiac remodeling-related mortality rates remain high. Therefore, other therapeutic options are being increasingly studied. This review highlights the role of omega-3 as an adjunctive therapy to attenuate cardiac remodeling, with an emphasis on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundCurrently, the association between the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the susceptibility to autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) remains conflict and lacks substantial evidence in various clinical studies. To address this issue, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to establish causal links between six types of PUFAs and their connection to the risk of ARDs.MethodsWe retrieved summary-level data on six types of PUFAs, and five different types of ARDs from publicly accessible GWAS statistics. Causal relationships were determined using a two-sample MR analysis, with the IVW approach serving as the primary analysis method. To ensure the reliability of our research findings, we used four complementary approaches and conducted multivariable MR analysis (MVMR). Additionally, we investigated reverse causality through a reverse MR analysis.ResultsOur results indicate that a heightened genetic predisposition for elevated levels of EPA (ORIVW: 0.924, 95% CI: 0.666–1.283, PIVW = 0.025) was linked to a decreased susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Importantly, the genetically predicted higher levels of EPA remain significantly associated with an reduced risk of PsA, even after adjusting for multiple testing using the FDR method (PIVW–FDR–corrected = 0.033) and multivariable MR analysis (PMV-IVW 0.05) and multiple testing using the FDR method (PIVW–FDR–corrected = 0.062). Moreover, effects of total omega-3 PUFAs, DHA, EPA, and LA on PsA, were massively driven by SNP effects in the FADS gene region. Furthermore, no causal association was identified between the concentrations of other circulating PUFAs and the risk of other ARDs. Further analysis revealed no significant horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity or reverse causality.ConclusionOur comprehensive MR analysis indicated that EPA is a key omega-3 PUFA that may protect against PsA but not other ARDs. The FADS2 gene appears to play a central role in mediating the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on PsA risk. These findings suggest that EPA supplementation may be a promising strategy for preventing PsA onset. Further well-powered epidemiological studies and clinical trials are warranted to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of EPA in PsA.

The shift from fish oil to vegetable oil (VO) sources has lowered eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in salmon aquafeeds. VOs are high in omega-6 and low in omega-3 essential fatty acids like EPA and DHA, crucial for fish metabolism and immunity. Algal oil (AO), with high EPA + DHA and lower omega-6 levels supports fish health and growth, but transferring lab-controlled conditions to real-world commercial farming remains a challenge. This study explored the benefits of high dietary EPA + DHA levels through a commercial farm (CF) study in Chile and a Big Data (BD) study in Norway. The CF study, involving 625,000 Atlantic salmon, compared standard feed with AO-supplemented feed. The latter resulted in improved health responses and better fillet quality. The BD study analyzed real data from 232.6 million fish, revealing that EPA + DHA levels > 8% reduce mortality variability by 21%, improve economic feed conversion ratio by 11%, and increase the likelihood of superior harvests by 27%, demonstrating productivity benefits. Both studies emphasize the advantages of feeds with EPA + DHA levels above typical industry practices, enhancing growth, health, and nutritional quality. Importantly, the BD study complements the CF study, bridging the gap between science and aquafarms, and providing evidence that diets with EPA + DHA > 8% offer biological performance benefits for farmers, regardless of farming environments.

Objectives: Montelukast is a well-known leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly used in treating allergic rhinitis and asthma. Omega-3 fatty acid is also known as an antiallergic and immunomodulator molecule. This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of systemic montelukast and omega-3 fatty acid treatment in allergic rhinitis models in Wistar Hannover rats. Methods: This research was conducted on 28 healthy Wistar Hannover rats weighing 250–350 g. After establishing the allergic rhinitis model, nasal symptoms were observed and scored, and the nasal mucosa of all rats was investigated histologically. Light microscopy was utilized to evaluate the degree of ciliary loss, goblet cell hyperplasia, vascular congestion, vascular proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, eosinophil infiltration, and hypertrophy in chondrocytes. Results: As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the study, it was determined that typical allergic rhinitis symptoms such as nasal scratching and sneezing were significantly reduced in the rats in the montelukast and omega-3 treated group, and these symptoms did not increase after repeated intranasal OVA-protease applications. Histological examinations after fish oil treatment did not reveal typical inflammatory changes in allergic rhinitis. None of the rats in the montelukast and omega-3 groups had any increase in goblet cells, whereas 14.3% of the rats in the control group and 28.6% of the rats in the allergic rhinitis group had mild increase. Last but not least, 71.4% of rats in the allergic rhinitis group had a moderate increase. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p

Pregnancy complicated by obesity represents an increased risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, preterm birth, and impaired fetal growth, among others. Obesity is associated with deficiencies of micronutrients, and pregnant women with obesity may have higher needs. The intrauterine environment in pregnancies complicated with obesity is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, where maternal nutrition and metabolic status have significant influence and are critical in maternal health and in fetal programming of health in the offspring later in life. Comprehensive lifestyle interventions, including intensive nutrition care, are associated with a lower risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Routine supplementation during pregnancy includes folic acid and iron; other nutrient supplementation is recommended for high-risk women or women in low-middle income countries. This study is an open label randomized clinical trial of parallel groups (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000052753, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000060194) to evaluate the effect of an intensive nutrition therapy and nutrient supplementation intervention (folic acid, iron, vitamin D, omega 3 fatty acids, myo-inositol and micronutrients) in pregnant women with obesity on the prevention of GDM, other perinatal outcomes, maternal and newborn nutritional status, and infant growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment compared to usual care. Given the absence of established nutritional guidelines for managing obesity during pregnancy, there is a pressing need to develop and implement new nutritional programs to enhance perinatal outcomes.

In recent years, lipophilic bioactive compounds have gained much attention due to their wide range of health-benefiting effects. However, their low solubility and susceptibility to harsh conditions such as high temperatures and oxidation stress have limited their potential application for the development of functional foods and nutraceutical products in the food industry. Nanoencapsulation can help to improve the stability of hydrophobic bioactive compounds and protect these sensitive compounds during food processing conditions, thus overcoming the limitation of their pure use in food products. The objective of this work was to co-entrap vitamin D3 (VD3) and omega 3 (ω3) as hydrophobic bioactive compounds providing significant health benefits in beeswax solid lipid nanoparticles (BW. SLNs) for the first time and to investigate the effect of different concentrations of VD3 (5 and 10 mg/mL) and ω3 (8 and 10 mg) on encapsulation efficiency (EE). Our findings revealed that the highest EE was obtained for VD3 and ω3 at concentrations of 5 mg/mL and 10 mg, respectively. VD3/ω3 loaded BW. SLNs (VD3/ω3-BW. SLNs) were prepared with zeta potential and size of-32 mV and 63.5 nm, respectively. Results obtained by in-vitro release study indicated that VD3 release was lower compared to ω3 in the buffer solution. VD3 and ω3 incorporated in BW. SLNs demonstrated excellent stability under alkaline and acidic conditions. At highly oxidizing conditions, 96.2 and 90.4% of entrapped VD3 and ω3 remained stable in nanoparticles. Moreover, nanoparticles were stable during 1 month of storage, and no aggregation was observed. In conclusion, co-loaded VD3 and ω3 in BW. SLNs have the great potential to be used as bioactive compounds in food fortification and production of functional foods.

The potential use of Omega-3 fatty acid for its anti-inflammatory properties has been proposed to alleviate the side effects of cancer therapeutics. Fifty female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to five treatment groups. Mice were injected with Murine 4 T1 breast cancer cells, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to induce mucositis. The mice were provided control or chow supplemented with Omega-3 fatty acid (fish oil with 15 % EPA and 7 % DHA, respectively). Our results showed that, the use of Omega-3 prevented intestinal mucositis by reducing intestinal permeability and restoring histological parameters. Additionally, Omega-3 supplementation enhanced the antineoplastic effect of 5-FU, as evidenced by a greater reduction in tumor growth compared to the other groups. Furthermore, the combined administration of 5-FU and Omega-3 significantly reduced the formation of lung metastasis. Collectively, these findings suggest that Omega-3 supplementation, particularly in conjunction with 5-FU, may contribute to the treatment of cancer by decreasing induced intestinal mucositis.