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Okra has been widely cultivated worldwide. Consumers appreciate its nutritional value and delicious taste. However, okra is very perishable after harvest because of rapid senescence and high susceptibility to mechanical injuries, which limits its storage life and reduces consumer acceptance. This study examined the influence of melatonin treatment on senescence process and endogenous plant signalling molecules in postharvest okras. The results indicated that melatonin treatment delayed senescence by increasing the endogenous melatonin content through upregulation of its biosynthetic genes. In addition, the treatment increased the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) due to the positive modulation of their metabolic and signalling genes. Furthermore, treated okras exhibited higher levels of gaminobutyric acid (GABA) but lower abscisic acid (ABA) content, contributing to the delayed senescence process compared to control. Overall, the findings suggested that melatonin postponed senescence in okras fruit by positively regulating endogenous signalling molecules such as melatonin, IAA, GABA, GA, and ABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) poses a significant threat to okra production, resulting in substantial yield losses. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of biological seed protectants on the growth and establishment of okra plants and nematode population reduction in soil. Okra seeds were coated with 40% sesame oil, 50% neem oil, 100% citrus oil, velum at 3.8 ml/7l of water, and a control (sterilized distilled water) at different time intervals of 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min to determine the germination percentages and vigor. The experimental setup was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replications, utilizing a Jacobson table for the germination test. The laboratory results demonstrated significant differences (P < 0.05) in germination percentage and vigor index across the different time intervals. Neem oil, citrus oil, and velum exhibited higher germination percentages and vigor indices at all time intervals. Notably, 30-minute time interval proved to be efficient with 100% citrus oil producing 80.33% germination and 965 vigor index and 50% neem oil producing 75% germination and 994 vigor index. Field evaluations revealed citrus at 100% concentrations as seed coating (T5) and neem at 50% concentrations as seed coating (T3), with the highest nematode reductions (90.1% and 90.4%) and least reproductive factors (RFs) of 0.05 and 0.04, respectively, at the Atomic farms. The study has revealed that treating okra seeds with 100% citrus oil and 50% neem oil has the efficacy of reducing nematode reproduction in soil, while enhancing germination and seedling vigor, together with an improvement in growth and yield. Sesame oil has a negative influence on seed germination and vigor and is therefore not recommended as a preplant protectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating genetic diversity simplifies the identification of superior genotypes, facilitating the development of high-yielding, resilient to climatic conditions and promoting effective crop improvement. The present study aimed to examine the divergence, correlation and path analysis across 55 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) germplasms for 17 traits during the summer season (March-July) of 2022. The experiment utilized randomized complete block design with three replications conducted in Phagwara, Punjab. Analysis of variance suggested a sufficient amount of genetic variation was found among all genotypes. Using Mahalanobis D2 analysis, the samples were classified into seven clusters, the largest being cluster I, composing 34 germplasm. Only one germplasm was found in Clusters II, IV, V, VI, and VII. The inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters II and VII, whereas the intra-cluster distance was greatest in Cluster III. The number of fruits per plant had the highest percent contribution to the divergence, accounting for 49.63%. At both phenotypic and genotypic levels, there was a strong positive correlation (+) observed between fruit yield and various characteristics, including plant height, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, number of marketable fruits per plant, average fruit weight, and the number of pickings. Genotypic path analysis revealed that characteristics such as the first flowering node, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, plant height, inter-nodal length, number of nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, marketable fruits per plant, and average fruit weight exhibited a positive and direct effect on fruit yield. When selecting this trait to improve yield in okra through breeding, it is essential to focus on specific characteristics that directly contribute to higher production. This research will help resilient okra varieties understand yieldinfluencing factors in Punjab environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The okra crop, cultivated all over the globe, is a source of oil and protein. Despite the economic significance of okra in the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers, studies on the nutritional traits of okra are meager. Creating novel hybrid lines with desirable characteristics could be employed to maximize the nutritional quality of the okra plant, precisely the amount of anthocyanin content, phenols, and total antioxidants. We crossed an Egyptian variety, preferably in the market but with low production, with a highly productive Japanese variety with less nutritional value for consumers. The two okra genotypes with their hybrids and 16 segregating populations were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Approximate chemical analyses for primary and secondary metabolites were quantified for each genotype. The analysis of variances indicated a significant variation among okra genotypes in all the physiological and nutritional traits except for ascorbic acid content. Various traits revealed by Principal Component Analysis contributed distinctively to the total variation. Correlation analysis indicated some significant correlations between the nutritional characteristics. Protein contents had a positive and significant correlation with total antioxidant (0.521), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.488), proline (0.498), flavonoids (0.474), and saponin (0.536). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is an important vegetable crop of the Malvaceae family and is infected by varying numbers of viruses of the genus Begomovirus. Regardless of the importance of the crop, very little consideration has been given to its genetic improvement. RNA interference (RNAi), a potent biotechnological tool, is known to control Begomovirus in many crops. For the implementation of successful RNAi, there is a need for an efficient genetic transformation system in okra. In the present study, we developed a procedure for Agrobacterium-mediated tissue culture–dependent regeneration of okra plants for the application of RNAi. Eleven transgenic okra RNAi plants were regenerated by utilising hypocotyls as explants. Transformed plants were screened with hygromycin at the regeneration stage and the presence of transgenes (AC1, AC2 & AC4 codes for replication-associated protein, transcriptional activator protein and suppressor of PTGS) in putative transformed plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Wild and transgenic lines were challenged with a dimeric Begomovirus clone or viruliferous whiteflies and the level of resistance was estimated with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) by utilising viral gene–specific primers. The resistant transgenic lines accumulated very low titres of viral gene products according to the qRT-PCR assays compared to the control plants. This is the first report of tissue culture–mediated RNAi-derived resistance in okra against Begomovirus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive soil salinity is a major stressor inhibiting crops' growth, development, and yield. Seed germination is a critical stage of crop growth and development, as well as one of the most salt-sensitive stages. Salt stress has a significant inhibitory effect on seed germination. Okra is a nutritious vegetable, but its seed germination percentage (GP) is low, whether under salt stress conditions or suitable conditions. In this study, we used 180 okra accessions and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the germination percentage using 20,133,859 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers under 0 (CK, diluted water), 70 (treatment 1, T1), and 140 mmol/L (treatment 2, T2) NaCl conditions. Using the mixed linear model (MLM) in Efficient Mixed-model Association eXpedated (EMMAX) and Genome-wide Efficient Mixed Model Association (GEMMA) software, 511 SNP loci were significantly associated during germination, of which 167 SNP loci were detected simultaneously by both programs. Among the 167 SNPs, SNP2619493 on chromosome 59 and SNP2692266 on chromosome 44 were detected simultaneously under the CK, T1, and T2 conditions, and were key SNP loci regulating the GP of okra seeds. Linkage disequilibrium block analysis revealed that nsSNP2626294 (C/T) in Ae59G004900 was near SNP2619493, and the amino acid changes caused by nsSNP2626294 led to an increase in the phenotypic values in some okra accessions. There was an nsSNP2688406 (A/G) in Ae44G005470 near SNP2692266, and the amino acid change caused by nsSNP2688406 led to a decrease in phenotypic values in some okra accessions. These results indicate that Ae59G004900 and Ae44G005470 regulate the GP of okra seeds under salt and no-salt stresses. The gene expression analysis further demonstrated these results. The SNP markers and genes that were identified in this study will provide reference for further research on the GP of okra, as well as new genetic markers and candidate genes for cultivating new okra varieties with high GPs under salt and no-salt stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal Plants, which focuses on the responses of plants to visible and ultraviolet radiation. The twelve manuscripts included in the special issue cover various aspects of how different wavelengths of light, particularly UV wavelengths, can affect plant organisms. The studies explore topics such as the impact of UV-B radiation on fruit metabolism, the effects of UV-B on pollen viability, the hormonal regulation in different varieties of quinoa exposed to UV-B, and the modulation of bioactive compounds in plants using different light conditions. The findings of these studies have implications for agriculture, the food industry, and human health. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyanobacteria, an important addition to biofertilizers, are gaining popularity for their multifaceted benefits in sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration. However, harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater, predominantly caused by cyanobacteria, prevent sunlight penetration into the water and develop hypoxic and anoxic conditions. We collected cyanobacteria slurry from Lake Jesup (Central Florida, USA), repurposed it as a biofertilizer, and incorporated it in a typical South Florida calcite soil for high-value okra (Abelmoschus esculentus; var: Clemson spineless) production. Experiments were conducted at the Organic Garden Shade House and Greenhouse located inside the main campus of the Florida International University (FIU), FL, USA. A two-year experiment with four different treatments was conducted, namely, (a) control (C; no fertilizer applied), (b) total synthetic (TS), (c) total biofertilizer (TB; only cyanobacteria biofertilizer was applied), and (d) half and half (HH; 50% biofertilizer + 50% synthetic fertilizer), which were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six replications for each treatment. Our results indicate that TB and TS produced about 29 to 33% higher SPAD (soil plant analytical development) readings than the control. The absence of interveinal chlorosis (yellowing of leaves) in the TB and HH treatments suggests that the cyanobacteria-based biofertilizer had a role in supplying one of the critical micronutrients, iron (Fe). Analysis of the biofertilizer indicated 2000 ppm Fe content, which directly supports our observation. Similarly, average plant height (61 cm), yield (130 gm per pot), and crop biomass (67 gm) productions were significantly higher in TB than in the control. Overall, this study documents the potential of cyanobacteria biofertilizers as a viable option compared to synthetic fertilizers for sustainable crop production and soil health improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing engineered wetlands for the cultivation of vegetables can help to overcome the problems of water and food scarcity. These wetlands are primarily designed for wastewater treatment, and their efficiency and effectiveness can be improved by selecting an appropriate substrate. To investigate the potential for nutrient and microbial removal, the Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum L. plants were selected to grow in a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) under natural conditions. The removal efficiency of the A. esculentus, S. melongena, and C. annuum L. in the CW system varied between 59.8 to 68.5% for total phosphorous (TP), 40.3 to 53.1% for ammonium (NH4+), and 33.6 to 45.1% for total nitrogen (TN). The influent sample contained multiple pathogenic bacteria, including Alcaligenes faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, with Capsicum annuum exhibiting a positive association with 7 of the 11 detected species, whereas microbial removal efficiency was notably higher in the S. melongena bed, potentially attributed to temperature variations and plant-facilitated oxygen release rates. While utilizing constructed wetlands for vegetable cultivation holds promising potential to address the disparity between water and food supply and yield various environmental, economic, and social benefits, it is crucial to note that the wastewater source may contain heavy metals, posing a risk of their transmission to humans through the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The biopolymer has become essential component in the recent years to overcome the environmental issues raised from the synthetic polymer. In this aspect we attempt to make such valuable and economical important biopolymer from the natural sources such as Abelmoscus esculentus and Gracilaria corticata in an eco-friendly approach with thermally stable biopolymer. Thermal analysis of Okra and Gracilaria corticata mucilage polysaccharide has been carried out to ascertain their thermal degradation behavior and thermal stability. Thermal analysis of Okra and Gracilaria corticata mucilage polysaccharide weighed in the range of 5-10 mg was carried out with TGA (thermal gravimetric analyzer) and DSC (differential scanning calorimeter). Activation energy of the biopolymers for degradation studies was predicted and compared with Flynn-Wall- Ozawa (FWO) model. The activation energy obtained showed high R2 value of 0.9999, 0.9951, 0.9997 for Okra and 0.9992, 0.9998, 0.9999 for Gracilaria corticata, respectively. The obtained results of this study established the thermal characteristics of Okra and Gracilaria corticata mucilage polysaccharide and suggest their potential application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional farming has led to the implementation of synthetic fertilizers to compensate for the food demand globally. Macronutrients like N, P, and K are supplemented to the crop both naturally and chemically. Micronutrient such as selenium (Se) is needed for the physiological growth of the crop and the human system. Micronutrient Se is produced biologically and can be incorporated along with PGPR which serves as a macronutrient provider and is used as an eco-friendly nanobiofertiliser (Se + PGPR). A nanoparticle is feasible to use which has controlled release to the target (plant) to enrich and boost the crop quality and crop production thereby decreasing anthropogenic pollution. In the current study, we identified a multipotent selenium nanoparticle-producing bacterial strain–Pseudomonas libanesis which could also act as a micronutrient provider altogether works as an efficient nanobiofertiliser. Comparative analysis of biofertilizer with nanobiofertiliser was studied to assess the effectiveness of Okra. SEM analysis showed the average of selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) to be 93.31 nm. Further SeNP is characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and AFM. There was a 30–40% increase in germination percentage in Pot S3 when compared to the control. The present study also deals with the increased phytochemicals of 25–35% of okra, rise in shoot and root length by 25–35%, and increased production of the fruiting body with the implementation of 75 ppm of SeNP to avoid the bioaccumulation of SeNP in the soil environment. The Uptake of Se in the plant was estimated to be 80%. This study gives insight into biological SeNP along with PGPR which could act efficiently in improving soil quality and crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bio-synthesized Se nanocomposite has been studied for the impact on the metabolic pathway in Okra leaf and soil in comparison with bio-fertilizer. Se nanocomposite was synthesized by Pseudomonas libanesis and characterized using FT-IR, XRD, AFM, and SEM + EDS. The average diameter of Se nanocomposite was 220–330 nm. Metagenomic sequencing was used to reveal the dynamic variations in the microbial community and metabolic functions in Okra. The final results revealed changes in microbiota, which led to major changes in metabolic functions. Metabolism increased significantly in the case of Se treated Okra root (SeLFR) compared to biofertilizer treated Okra root (BLFR). There are exclusive effects found in SeLFR when compared to biofertilizer-treated Okra leaves (BLFL) and BLFR. In the case of SeLFR, we found that ammonia oxidizer (58.9%), atrazine metabolism (5%), chitin degradation (35.5%), chlorophenol degradation (5.2%), aromatic hydrocarbons degradation (10.6%), dehalogenation (58%), nitrite reducer (44.9%), nitrogen fixation (8.8%), streptomycin producer (20.4%), sulfate reducer (60.4%), sulphide oxidizer (44.5%), and xylan (37.2%) were abundant. Overall, the findings lead to a better understanding of Se nanocomposite and 'biofertilizer's impact on Okra. Article Highlights: Biogenic Selenium nanocomposite enhances the bacterial community of Okra Biogenic Selenium nanocomposite formation is confirmed in XRD, FTIR, AFM and SEM-EDS Metabolism increased in abundance in case of SeLFR compared to BLFR. The Metagenomic analysis represents the various bacterial population present in Okra's rhizosphere and phyllosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document explores the effects of pre- and postharvest treatments on the quality and storage ability of fresh artichoke heads. It discusses various treatments such as mineral fertilization, oxalic acid, gibberellins, and methyl jasmonate, and their impact on factors like inulin content, sensory levels, respiration rate, weight loss, and phenolic compounds. The article provides valuable insights for producers and consumers interested in preserving the quality of artichokes. Additionally, the document includes a list of references to scientific articles covering topics such as fertilization regimes, chemical treatments, and pre-harvest factors that affect the quality and nutritional value of artichokes. Another section of the document discusses the effects of postharvest treatments on the ripening process and quality of fruits and vegetables, specifically focusing on salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, oxalic acid, and gibberellic acid. The research suggests that these treatments can delay ripening, enhance bioactive compounds, and increase antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry, okra, and kiwifruit. These findings provide valuable insights for improving postharvest storage and maintaining the quality of these crops. [Extracted from the article]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of okra extract supplementation on kidney function, glycaemic control, inflammation and gene expression in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). A total of sixty-four DN patients based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited in this triple-blind placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated to receive a 125-mg capsule of dried okra extract (DOE) (n 32) or placebo (n 32) for 10 weeks. At the baseline and endpoint of the trial, kidney function, glycaemic indices, inflammation and gene expression were evaluated. Statistical analysis showed that fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and insulin resistance significantly reduced in the DOE group although between-group analysis did not show any significant difference. Also, no significant difference was observed in urine protein, urine creatinine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein between the two groups. Furthermore, gene expression of PPAR- α , PPAR- γ , transforming growth factor-beta and Nrf-2 did not affect the end of the trial in comparison with the baseline. According to the present study, DOE did not have impressive effects on kidney function, inflammation, glycaemic management and gene expression in patients with DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, malachite green (MG) removal was performed with activated carbon synthesized from okra stalks by microwave assisted chemical activation method. In the synthesis of activated carbon, the effects of gas in the microwave, activation, and impregnation rate were investigated. The synthesized activated carbon characterization was investigated using BET, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. The activated carbon surface area achieved was 759.453 m2 g−1. In addition, the surface area of activated carbon synthesized using the conventional method was17.766 m2 g−1. The effect of the initial solution concentration on MG adsorption was investigated. According to the kinetic and equilibrium data, it was found that the adsorption process best fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. According to the equilibrium data, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of the monolayer was 119.05 mg g−1. In addition, MG adsorption was investigated by the experimental design method. The adsorption capacity at the determined optimum conditions was 99.63 mg g−1. All results show that activated carbon synthesized from waste biomass by combining the conventional method with microwave-assisted impregnation is a cheap and environmentally friendly adsorbent. The synthesis of activated carbon from waste biomass using the conventional activation method is quite common. Activated carbon synthesis studies have increased in recent years with microwave-assisted impregnation, which has been integrated into the conventional activation method. Using this new method, the synthesis of activated carbon from okra stalk waste was carried out for the first time in this study. In addition, with this novel adsorbent, malachite green was removed from the aqueous solutions for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global decline in pollinators is driven by several factors including pesticide usage. This work investigated the effects of routine pesticide usage on the diversity of insect visitors and pollination-related attributes (yield and seed viability) of four crops: cucumber (Cucumis sativus: Cucurbitaceae), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus: Malvaceae), soybeans (Glycine max: Fabaceae) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata: Fabaceae) in Buea, Southwest Cameroon. Using a randomized complete block design with two blocks of 16 experimental units each, pesticides were applied to half of the experimental units following routine famers practices. At flowering, insect visitors of flowers were collected using a net and preserved in 70% ethanol for identification under a stereomicroscope. The length, circumference and weigh of fruits were measured for cucumber and okra. The number of pods per plants of cowpea, the weight of cowpea and soybeans grains, the length of cowpea pods, and the number of beans per pods of cow pea were equally determined. Seed germination was determined by germination in Petri dishes under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Agrochemicals usage significantly reduced insect visitors' abundance in the experimental plots of the four crops with a total abundance of 4316 and 1459, respectively for control and experimental plots independent of the crop type. Cucumber and okra yields were increased by pesticide application. The number of pods per plant of cowpea and the weight of cowpea and soybeans were significantly lower in the control plot. Using pesticides had a negative impact (F = 21.9; p < 0.001) on the length of pods in cowpea. The number of beans per pod of cowpea was significantly lowered (F = 43.6; p < 0.001) by pesticide application. Pesticide utilisation had a negative impact on seed viability of all the crops. These results underscore the need for proper pesticide regulation by decision makers and highlight the urgency to implement alternative methods to improve crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is an important vegetable crop with high nutritional and economic value. Various approaches have been attempted to increase its production, including foliar fertilisers. This study aims to determine the optimal time to apply foliar fertiliser in a day to improve the final yield in Abelmoschus esculentus L. var. Torpedo and evaluate okra's growth and yield responses by integrating foliar fertiliser as supplementary fertiliser with granule fertiliser in a controlled environment. The study was conducted in a rain shelter under a randomised complete block design with 3 blocks comprising 3 replications within each block. The treatments involved a combination of foliar and granule application at different timings: sunrise, midday, and dusk, and solely granule fertiliser at labelled recommended rates. The control group was treated with only granule fertiliser at the same rate as the combined foliar and granule application. The study found that the application of foliar fertiliser during dusk (6-7 p.m.) showed a higher trend of potential yield, which revealed the potential of dusk foliar fertiliser application timing as the optimal timing for foliar fertilisation. The study also demonstrated that incorporating liquid foliar fertiliser with granular fertiliser can enhance nutrient uptake and promote plant growth, leading to a more sustainable farming practice by reducing inorganic soil granule fertilisers. The potential yield under the combined fertiliser treatments was 5% to 20% higher when compared to experiment control while comparable to the conventional fertiliser application treatment, despite using 45% less nitrogen. Therefore, the study suggests that farmers integrate foliar and soil fertilisation methods to achieve optimal crop yield production and promote sustainable farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted during the late kharif season (July to November, 2023) at the Genetics and Plant Breeding Research Farm, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India. This study assessed heterosis in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) for 12 traits, including earliness and fruit yield using Randomized Block Design. Thirty-five F1s were obtained from crossing 7 lines with 5 testers in line×tester method and compared with one commercial check (Punjab-8) to estimate standard heterosis and heterobeltiosis among better parents. Significance of mean square due to genotypes revealed the presence of considerable genetic variability among the material studies for almost all the traits. The best positive heterotic cross over better parent (Heterobeltiosis) and standard check (Punjab 8) for fruit yield plant-1 was Go-6×Arka Abhay (72.32%) and Phule Prajatiti×Arka Abhay (41.63%) respectively. While Punjab Suhanani×GAO-5 (-12.05%) was found as negatively heterotic cross for days to 50% flowering over better parent and GAO-8×Arka Abhay (-13.26%) over standard check respectively. For days to first picking Pusa Savani×VRO-106 (-14.44%) exhibited negatively significant heterosis over better parent and Phule Prajatiti×Arka Abhay (-14.49%) over standard check respectively, that are important to exploit the earliness traits in okra. The hybrid Phule Prajatiti×Arka Abhay, which has a high potential for yield and fruits can be picked earlier which may evaluated further for early kharif season in Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, nano-selenium (NSe) with different shapes (wires, rods, and spherical particles) was synthesized by a wet chemical method. These synthesized products were characterized by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with an energy dispersive x-ray analyzer, and Raman spectroscopy. FE-SEM images revealed that nanowires with an average diameter of 30–50 nm and length of 3–5 µm, nanorods with lengths of 400–800 nm and diameters of about 20–50 nm, and spherical-shaped nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters ranging from 40 to 60 nm were successfully synthesized. The XRD and Raman analysis confirmed that all the produced NSe samples exhibited hexagonal single-phase crystalline structure with no impurity phase. All three NSe products (SeNWs, SeNRs, and SeNPs) with a concentration range of 25–150 mg/l were used to investigate the impact of shape and concentration on seed germination and seedling vigor of four different crop species, namely, green bean, okra, wheat, and radish. The results revealed that NSe at low concentrations (≤50 mg/l for SeNWs and ≤100 mg/l for SeNRs and SeNPs) can promote seed germination, plant growth, and development of all the studied crop species. However, NSe can adversely affect the growth of plants at higher concentrations (≥75 mg/l for SeNWs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a significant abiotic stressor whose rising concentration negatively influences plant growth. Studies related to the differential response of Abelmoschus cytotypes to elevatedO3 treatment are scarce and need further exploration to recognise the role of polyploidisation in stress tolerance. In this study, we analysed the changes in growth pattern, ultrastructure, physiology and foliar protein profile occurring under O3 stress in Abelmoschus moschatus (monoploid), Abelmoschus esculentus (diploid) and Abelmoschus caillei (triploid). Our findings showed that higher stomatal conductance in A. moschatus triggered higher O3 intake, causing damage to stomatal cells and photosynthetic pigments. Additionally, it caused a reduction in photosynthetic rates, leading to reduced plant growth, total biomass and economic yield. ThisO3-induced toxicity was less in diploid and triploid cytotypes of Abelmoschus. Protein profiling by sodium dodecyl sulpate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a significant decrease in the commonly found RuBisCO larger and smaller subunits. The decrease was more prominent in monoploid compared to diploid and triploid. This study provides crucial data for research that aim to enhance plant ability to withstand O3 induced oxidative stress. Our findings may help in developing a tolerant variety through plant breeding techniques, which will be economically more advantageous in reaching the objective of sustainable production at the high O3 levels projected under a climate change scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) essential oil microcapsules, oregano (Origanum sp.) essential oil microcapsules, and oregano–thyme (Thymus sp.) essential oil microcapsules are rarely used in the postharvest preservation treatment of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). The mechanism of these three essential oil microcapsules on the postharvest preservation of okra is also not yet well understood. In this study, fresh okra was preserved by three kinds of essential oil microcapsules (cinnamon essential oil microcapsules, oregano essential oil microcapsules, and oregano–thyme essential oil microcapsules). The effect of essential oil microcapsules on the postharvest storage quality of okra was discussed. We also used RNA-Seq to preliminarily explore the mechanism of oregano–thyme essential oil microcapsules on the pre-harvest storage quality of okra. The results showed that the three kinds of essential oil microcapsules could maintain the high sensory evaluation quality and firmness of okra, slow down the increase in respiratory intensity, slow down the total number of colonies on the fruit surface, and slow down weight loss. Through analysis, it was found that the effect of oregano–thyme essential oil microcapsules was remarkably better than that of cinnamon essential oil microcapsules and oregano essential oil microcapsules. The preservation mechanism of oregano–thyme essential oil microcapsules on postharvest okra was preliminarily elucidated by RNA-Seq. This study provides a certain basis for a follow-up study of essential oil microcapsules in the preservation of okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is an indigenous vegetable consumed for its sliminess and nutritional benefits. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the in vitro antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the seed, bark and whole pod of okra. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the different parts were evaluated according to standard methods. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), and 2,2-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphoric acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and ferrous ion-induced lipid peroxidation assay using standard procedures. The in vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated using the α-amylase, and αglucosidase inhibitory assays. The whole okra pod exhibited a significantly higher total phenolic content (5.0 mg GAE/g) and enhanced radical scavenging activity compared to both the seed and bark of the pod (p < 0.05). Although, the seed had a higher content of total flavonoid (2.23 mg QE/g) than the bark and whole pod, the bark and whole pod of okra showed a higher ferric reducing antioxidant power than the seed. Similarly, the whole pod showed a higher lipid peroxidation inhibition, and higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than the bark and seed of the pod. In order to enjoy all the nutritional and pharmacological benefits associated with okra consumption, it is recommended that no part of the pod should be considered a waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Satellite repeats are one of the most rapidly evolving components in eukaryotic genomes and play vital roles in genome regulation, genome evolution, and speciation. As a consequence, the composition, abundance and chromosome distribution of satellite repeats often exhibit variability across various species, genome, and even individual chromosomes. However, we know little about the satellite repeat evolution in allopolyploid genomes. Results: In this study, we investigated the satellite repeat signature in five okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) accessions using genomic and cytogenetic methods. In each of the five accessions, we identified eight satellite repeats, which exhibited a significant level of intraspecific conservation. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments, we observed that the satellite repeats generated multiple signals and exhibited variations in copy number across chromosomes. Intriguingly, we found that five satellite repeats were interspersed with centromeric retrotransposons, signifying their involvement in centromeric satellite repeat identity. We confirmed subgenome-biased amplification patterns of these satellite repeats through existing genome assemblies or dual-color FISH, indicating their distinct dynamic evolution in the allotetraploid okra subgenome. Moreover, we observed the presence of multiple chromosomes harboring the 35 S rDNA loci, alongside another chromosomal pair carrying the 5 S rDNA loci in okra using FISH assay. Remarkably, the intensity of 35 S rDNA hybridization signals varied among chromosomes, with the signals predominantly localized within regions of relatively weak DAPI staining, associated with GC-rich heterochromatin regions. Finally, we observed a similar localization pattern between 35 S rDNA and three satellite repeats with high GC content and confirmed their origin in the intergenic spacer region of the 35 S rDNA. Conclusions: Our findings uncover a unique satellite repeat signature in the allotetraploid okra, contributing to our understanding of the composition, abundance, and chromosomal distribution of satellite repeats in allopolyploid genomes, further enriching our understanding of their evolutionary dynamics in complex allopolyploid genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four parental genotypes of okra were crossed in complete diallel design to study the direction and extent of relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis for yield and its associated traits for utilization of existing genetic diversity to develop heterotic F 1 hybrids in okra. The additive genetic component (D) was significant in all studied traits except average pod weight. Nonadditive ( H 1 and H 2 ) components were found to be significant in all studied traits. However, the values of the dominant effect ( H 1 ) were smaller than the D components for no. of nodes/plant, no. of pods/plant, weight of medium pods, weight of large pods, and total fresh pod yield. The maximum significant MP heterosis in the desirable direction (149.9%) was recorded for the weight of large pods/plot. The maximum significant heterobeltiosis in the desirable direction (120.1%) was recorded for the weight of small pods/plot followed by total fresh pod yield (107.4%), the weight of large pods/plot (104.9%), weight of medium pods/plot (92.1%), average pod weight (51.8%), number of pods/plant (38.4%), and plant height (34.3%). It could be concluded that plant height, average pod weight, and the number of branches could be considered for the development of elite hybrids (heterosis breeding) or inbred lines (pure line selection) in succeeding generations. Therefore, these parameters can be considered for selecting genotypes to improve the pod yield of okra. The superior crosses identified through heterosis analysis were Egyptian Balady × Line 4.1.18 (30.8 ton/ha), Line 4.1.18 × Egyptian Balady (29.8 ton/ha), Dwarf Green Long Pod × Line 4.1.18 (28.3 ton/ha), and Egyptian Balady × Dwarf Green Long Pod (27.6 ton/ha) as these crosses had high performance as well as significant and higher estimates of heterobeltiosis for fruit yield per plant and yield attributing other characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study conducted in India that examined the correlation and genetic variability of different traits in three crosses of okra plants. The researchers found that certain traits, such as the number of fruits per plant and fruit weight, were highly correlated with fruit yield. They also observed high heritability and genetic advance in two of the crosses, indicating the influence of additive gene action. The study suggests that selecting plants based on these traits could lead to improved yield in okra breeding programs. [Extracted from the article]

The yield of okra is consistently hampered by several problems, including outdated cultivars. This usually results in lower quality and yielding pods. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of consumers, it is essential to develop genotypes of okra that are both high-yielding and adaptable. The randomized complete block design experiment was carried out in 2022 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda. The results showed highly significant differences observed for nearly all of these variables under investigation except primary branches plant-1 and seeds pods-1. The best genotypes were found to be P5xP2 for internode length (3.59 cm), P4xP1 for individual fruit weight (9.65 g), P3xP1 for maximum plant height (102 cm), and P2xP3 for the largest number of internodes plant-1 that were recorded (22.5). The highest reported pods plant-1 (33.5) and seeds pod-1 (48.5) for P4xP5 and P1xP2 were found, respectively. All features were controlled by non-additive gene action, according to combing ability analysis. In a similar vein, parental lines P2 and P3 demonstrated strong general combiners for several characteristics. Due to their strong SCA effects and good performance per se, P2xP3 and P3xP4 were also exceptional crosses. Heritability studies cautioned against relying solely on phenotypic performance for trait selection. Most crossings surpassed the checks in heterosis, suggesting their suitability for future okra breeding programs. Additionally, inbreeding depression estimates indicated negative effects due to selfing, yet self-pollinated crops like okra demonstrated resilience to inbreeding depression Based on our findings, the top crosses for yield and associated traits were identified as P2xP3, P3xP4, and P5xP3. We recommend further breeding programs utilizing these genotypes to enhance the quantitative traits of A. esculentus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh during the spring summer and rainy seasons of 2020 using 10 diverse parental lines viz., Arka Anamika (P1), Kashi Pragati (P2), Hisar Naveen (P3), Hisar Unnat (P4), Punjab-8 (P5), Pusa A-4 (P6), Varsha Uphar (P7), Akola Bahar (P8), Phule Vimukta (P9) and Punjab Suhavani (P10) and its 45 F1 (Hybrids) developed through half-diallel mating design with an objective to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for the yield and its component traits in okra. The extent of heterosis was found best for three crosses over better parent i.e., P2 x P10 (21.42%), P2 x P8 (18.47%) and P6 x P7 (15.91%) percent, respectively. for fruit yield per plant and yield per hectare suggested the great scope of realizing higher yield in okra through heterosis breeding. Other economic traits were also recorded as moderate to high level of heterosis over the better parents. The highest magnitude of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for almost all of the desired growth characteristics as well as yield-attributing features that may be applied to further breeding programs, were eventually achieved by this particular cross combination, especially in Bundelkhand parts of Uttar Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-six okra genotypes were studied for morphological characterization, genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance at the Vegetable Research Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur, during 2022-23. Significant differences were found among genotypes, indicating substantial morphological variation. The PCV was higher than the GCV for all traits. The highest PCV and GCV were recorded for internodal length (35.86, 33.39), fruit diameter (35.72, 33.59), fruit weight (35.67, 35.19) and number of primary branches per plant (35.61, 32.95), suggesting potential for yield improvement through genetic modification. High heritability and genetic advance for traits like fruit weight (97.31, 71.50), fruit yield per plant (91.97, 58.19), number of primary branches per plant (85.62, 62.81), fruit diameter (88.43, 65.08) and internodal length (86.68, 64.04) indicated that additive genes controlled these traits and might be improved through simple selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of folic acid to prevent neural tube defects in women of childbearing age. It discusses the implementation of programs in countries like Australia, the United States, and Canada to fortify food with folic acid. However, it also highlights the potential adverse effects of unmetabolized folic acid and suggests that policy-makers should consider the bioavailability and metabolism of folic acid to prevent harmful effects. The article recommends further research and consideration by policymakers to ensure appropriate folate intake and avoid potential health risks. [Extracted from the article]

Growth and agricultural production of crops including, Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), a staple and nutritious vegetable cultivated and consumed in sub-Saharan Africa, is threatened and constrained by abiotic and biotic stresses caused by global climate change. While individual stressors cause devastating impacts to agricultural production, the possible combination of different multiple stresses (either jointly or sequentially), could pose a greater threat to global food production and food security. This study aimed at exploring morphological responses of okra plants cv. 'Meya' subjected to individual, sequential and concurrent stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita a causative agent of root-knot disease. Results showed both stresses significantly reduced growth and yield components of plants. Individual drought stressed plants significantly reduced growth compared to plants stressed with only nematode infection. Varied morphological differences were observed between plants stressed in sequence and those that received both stresses concomitantly. Plants subjected to dehydration stress prior to nematode infection coped better with the stress combination in comparison to plants that were challenged with nematode infection before dehydration stress and concurrent drought-nematode stress. This okra cultivar was either highly or moderately resistant to nematode infection by moderate formation and establishment of galls and egg masses. Survival mechanisms of this cultivar under both stresses could be primarily linked to its water-use efficiency as well as several cascades of changes in signal transduction pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is an economically important vegetable crop grown on a wide range of soil types in tropical Africa as well as in other parts of the world. Okra cultivation has been widely practiced in Nigeria owing to its importance as a food crop. Okra yield is mostly limited by soil fertility, cultural management, pests, and diseases. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the incidence and severity of okra mosaic virus (okmv) on three fieldgrown cultivars of okra which are NHe-4, LDu-88, and V35. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The disease was investigated among the three cultivars under natural field conditions in two planting seasons. The incidence of infection was taken by visual observation of symptoms and the severity of the virus using a scale of 1-5. The result showed that the cultivars were susceptible to okra mosaic virus (Okmv). The highest viral incidence and higher disease severity were on cultivar V35, which resulted in the lowest yield among other cultivars observed. The prevailing vector of okmv in the study area was Podagrica spp., which indicated that okmv had significant effects on okra growth and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using chemical and physicochemical techniques, we extracted the mucilaginous component of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) by the ultrasound-assisted extraction method, then evaluated the resulting polysaccharide extract's rheological properties. Our investigation encompassed examining the flow behavior of polysaccharides extracted under different okra to distilled water ratios (1:10 and 1:30) and various polysaccharide concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4%, w/v) over a temperature range of 10°C to 80°C. Employing the power law model, we derived parameters and found that okra polysaccharides displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow characteristics. The flow behavior index ranged from 0.234 to 0.947, with the consistency coefficient ranging from 4.37 to 244.50 mPa.s. Increasing temperature resulted in a decrease in both the consistency coefficient (K) and flow behavior index (n), while concentration elevation led to higher consistency coefficient values. However, the flow behavior index did not exhibit consistent trends with concentration variations. Three statistical parameters; correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and chi-square (χ2) were used to evaluate the fit of the power law model to the experimental data. Our study further explored temperature's impact on the apparent viscosities of okra polysaccharide samples and modeled the influence of temperature on the consistency index using the Arrhenius equation. Samples with solid-tosolvent ratios of 1:10 and 1:30 showed increasing activation energy with concentration rise, with the highest value recorded at 275.84 kJ/mol for the 1:10 ratio sample with a 4% concentration. In SEM images, okra polymers exhibit irregular, wavy, rough textured surface, and amorphous appearance. These findings hold promise for optimizing ultrasound extraction protocols and enhancing the industrial utilization of mucilages through their rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decolorization is a necessary step before the extraction of okra pectin, and the reapplication of removed pigment will benefit hierarchical utilization of resources. Based on sweeping-frequency ultrasonic preprocessing (SFUP), effects of drying methods (hot air drying (HD), freeze-drying (FD)), sieves (of 60, 80, and 120 mesh) on removal rate and stability of okra pigment (OPI) were investigated. Color deepening caused by the formation of enzymatic products within 1 h of OPI degradation was explained. The extracted OPI was finally applied to noodles to check its stability further. Results showed that compared with non-ultrasonic treatment, SFUP increased removal rate of OPI with the maximum value of 49.32%, and further enhanced the stability of OPI when applied to noodles. OPI through sieves of 80 mesh owned brighter color and more excellent stability, and colored noodles with OPI through SFUP and FD had a small total color difference and strong stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis is the synthesis of nanoparticles using biological systems and is greatly beneficial because of its non-toxicity and eco-friendly behaviour. This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera gel extract and Abelmoschus esculentus extract and its characterization and antibacterial activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV- Vis Spectroscopy. The bio-reduction of aqueous Ag+ ions by these extracts were identified by their colour change. The change in colour indicates the formation of AgNPs (Silver Nanoparticles). Silver nanoparticles showed maximum absorbance at 250nm in both Aloe vera gel extract and Abelmoschus esculentus. A peak obtained at this point confirmed the presence of AgNPs. Moreover, the synthesized silver nanoparticle showed potential antibacterial activity against the selective strains of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes which were studied using the well-diffusion method. This study gives a scope for its potential applications in biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locally produced soil amendments can play a vital role in sustainable agriculture, enhancing soil quality and crop plant growth. This study investigated the impact of locally sourced biochar (BC) and ash, obtained from Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (wood), and Saccharum kajkaiense, Melderis (grass) on soil properties and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) biomass. We assessed different application rates (10% and 20%), either separately or combined with the potting soil/peat (Biomix). Biomix application reduced soil pH (7.9),and increased soil organic mater (OM) (51.9%), NO3-1 (17.5%) levels, water holding capacity (WHC) (22.9%), and dry biomass (37.7%) of okra compared no Biomix application. Among BC and ash amendments, grass ash excelled, increasing okra biomass by 132.7%, followed by wood BC and grass BC. However, wood ash had a slight negative effect on okra dry weight and also increased the soil EC (6.12 dS m-1). Wood ash had higher K levels (758 mg kg-1) but lower Na (159 mg kg-1) compared to control (51 mg kg-1 K and 235 mg kg-1 Na). Both BC amendments raised soil organic matter (OM) by 7.63-8.69%, while wood and grass ash slightly increased soil P (57.7-64.6 mg kg-1). However, wood and grass BC reduced soil P to 44 mg kg-1. Grass ash raised NO3 levels (25.5%) compared to the control. The interaction of Biomix with wood and grass amendments decreased soil EC, increased soil OM, NO3 level and plant dry weight of okra. Wood and grass BC (20%) with Biomix enhanced the soil OM by 11%. The combination of 10% grass ash and Biomix resulted in the highest NO3 levels at 170 mg kg-1. Furthermore, the combination of Biomix and 10% grass ash produced the most significant increase (204.3%) in plant dry weight compared to the control. In conclusion, locally sourced biochar and ash amendments, particularly grass ash in combination with potting soil/peat (Biomix), demonstrated significant potential to enhance soil quality and crop biomass, offering valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is regarded as a good source of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It also presents significant antioxidant capabilities, mostly due to its substantial amounts of vitamin C, chlorophyll, β-carotene, and phenolic. However, a high variation in the characteristics and composition of okra fruit has been reported among different harvest stages. Material and methods. Data on physical parameters, nutritional values, content of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of the "Mai Vang" okra variety cultivated in Vietnam were recorded from 5 to 17 days after flowering at an interval of 2 days. Results. The results demonstrated that quick fruit development occurred between 11 and 17 days, and fruits at this stage were of highest fresh weight, length, diameter, and firmness. However, the okra at the stage of 15 days old had the optimum value of nutritional components (protein and lipid) and bioactive substances (β-carotene and phenolic), as well as antioxidant activity, which is very suitable for processing food products. Conclusion. The findings are useful for understanding the change in physicochemical properties and the accumulation of nutrients and bioactive compounds in okra fruits during maturation. They can also help in identifying the best stage of maturation for the production of healthy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercetin is a bioactive natural compound with an antioxidative property that can potentially modify plant physiology. The current investigation aimed to gauge the effect of different concentrations of foliar spray of quercetin (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 mM) on several morphological and physio-biochemical performances of Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench.) plants under normal environmental conditions. The foliar spray on the plant leaves was applied 25 days after sowing (DAS) and continued up to 30 DAS once each day. The plants were sampled at 30 and 45 DAS to monitor several parameters. The foliar treatments of quercetin significantly upgraded all the studied parameters. The results direct that most of the traits such as growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic, and enzyme activities were promoted in a dose-dependent way. Quercetin application lowered the reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities. Microscopic investigations further revealed a significant enhancement in the stomatal aperture under quercetin application. Out of several doses tested, 1 mM of quercetin proved best and can be used for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is one of the important vegetable crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Different parts of the crop, including fresh leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems, and seeds, are usable. Okra contains various benefits for humans, including fibre and vitamins. One of the critical pests for okra is root-knot nematode which causes crop yield loss. Therefore, an investigation was conducted in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit laboratory at the University of Limpopo to evaluate the effectiveness of moringa (Moringa oleifera) application in controlling root-knot nematode in okra. During a survey of an okra field, Meloidogyne incognita was identified from the root samples. Leaf and fruit powder of moringa, along with positive control (fenamiphos) and a negative control (tap water), were used to study their efficacy against M. incognita. In pot trials, seedlings of okra were inoculated with 3000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita; with treatments comprising leaf and fruit powder of moringa; 56 days after inoculation, the moringa leaf and fruit powder treatments compared to the negative control had, respectively, 69.2 and 56.4% fewer eggs and J2 in soil; 84.2 and 74.5% lower gall number; and 69.6 and 36.6% lower gall index. by 56.4 - 69.2%. The percentage improvements for the positive control were not significantly different from those for moringa leaf powder (P > 0.05). These results showed that moringa leaf powder is promising for controlling root-knot nematode in okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh has tremendous opportunities to harness the potential of the agriculture sector like in vegetable sector which is contributing to our export sector too. Thus, the main focus of this study is to assess the financial profitability of selected eight major vegetables. The cost and return scenario of eight major vegetables that most of the farmers cultivate in the char land area such as brinjal, tomato, chili, bitter gourd, pumpkin, okra, bottle gourd, and amaranth were done for the study. Study areas were chosen in the districts of Mymensingh, Jamalpur, and Sherpur in Bangladesh following a simple random sampling procedure where 240 farmers were surveyed. The results show that the highest and lowest net return found for bottle gourd and okra, were Tk. 195,118 ha-1 and Tk. 32,894 ha-1, respectively. Further, in terms of gross return, bottle gourd production is the most profitable but in terms of net return both the brinjal and tomato are in the same position. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was the highest (1.98) for bottle gourd followed by tomato (1.96). Among the cost items, labor cost occupies more than half of the total cost which proves that vegetable production is labor-intensive cultivation. The ranking by variable and total cost revealed that farmers frequently choose the lowest-cost production method and the okra is the most preferred product in that method. However, a ranking of the probability of all vegetables was also done. This ranking will help farmers to take their decision according to their resource availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SALINITY and alkaline stress pose major constraints for crop production. The use of soil amendments can help alleviate salinity and alkaline stress and improve productivity in salt-affected soils. A field experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 in Damietta, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of different organic and inorganic amendments on the growth, yield, quality, and nutrient uptake of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. Balady) grown in alkaline soil. Treatments included gypsum (GP), organic matter (poultry manure; OM), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and their combinations. The application of humic acid + organic matter + gypsum resulted in the tallest plants, the highest number of leaves, the greatest leaf area, the maximum pod yield, and increased nutrient uptake over control. It also gave the highest marketable yield, which was over 100% greater than control. The organic and inorganic amendments caused an appreciable improvement in soil properties like pH, EC, CEC and ESP. The results demonstrated that the integrated application of humic acid, organic matter, and gypsum could effectively reclaim the alkaline soil and improve the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of okra. The synergistic effects of the amendments in enhancing soil physical, chemical, and biological properties led to better plant growth and productivity under salinity stress conditions. The use of organic residues also helped sustain soil health. Despite greater amendment costs, HA+OM+GP had higher incremental yields (108-112%) over the farmer's practice of applying only organic matter and attractive returns on investment. The study showed that a holistic approach combining organic and inorganic amendments was most effective for okra cultivation in problematic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how two okra cultivars (Khenissari and Petra) responded to salinity and Brassinosteroid hormone treatments during a greenhouse season. Plants were exposed to varying levels of salinity in irrigation water (0 to 7.5 dS m-1) and sprayed with different Brassinosteroid concentrations (0 to 1 mg l-1). Higher salinity significantly reduced key nutrients in leaves (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and the potassium/sodium ratio while increasing sodium and chlorine levels. Khenissari generally performed better than Petra, retaining more nutrients and showing lower sodium/chlorine levels. Spraying with Brassinosteroid, particularly at 1 mg l-1, significantly increased nutrient levels (especially potassium) and the potassium/sodium ratio while decreasing sodium and chlorine. Most interactions between salinity and Brassinosteroid treatments significantly affected the studied traits. This research suggests that Brassinosteroid could potentially mitigate the negative effects of salinity on okra plants, particularly the Khenissari cultivar, by improving nutrient uptake and reducing sodium/chlorine accumulation. Further research is needed to optimize the timing and dosage of Brassinosteroid application for optimal salinity tolerance in okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this research, the thin‐layer drying characteristics and quality parameters of okra pods were investigated by subjecting it to drying using an infrared drier. The drying process was achieved at three different radiation intensities of 0.167, 0.235, and 0.520 W/cm2 and included three air velocities of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m/s. A detailed analysis of their drying kinetics (drying curve, drying rate curve, effective moisture diffusivity, and mathematical modeling), shrinkage and rehydration, and total color change were performed. Results showed the drying process occurred in the falling‐rate period. The drying time was reduced with rising infrared intensity and declining air velocity. The Midilli et al. model provided the best fitting for each drying curve (coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.99, reduced chi‐square (χ2), and root mean square error [RMSE] closer to zero). The effective moisture diffusivity values among various drying conditions ranged from 2.89 to 12.23 × 10−10 m2/s, which were within the normally predictable range for food materials. The rehydration ratio increased as air velocity increased and decreased as infrared radiation intensity increased. The phenomenon of shrinkage ratio had a positive relationship with higher levels of infrared radiation and a negative association with faster airflow. As the air velocity and radiation intensity rose, there was an observed increase in the overall color difference between fresh and dried okra. The current study's results will provide additional insights into the optimal drying conditions for preparing okra as a snack, breakfast item, or other culinary applications. Practical applications: Okra is important commodity in terms of global agricultural production. As okra is a perishable product with a short shelf life, the food industry has been forced to find methods, such as drying, that extend its storage life by months. The conventional system of hot air dying displays many disadvantages. Infrared drying intended a substitute way to improve the quality of dehydrated products. However, infrared is rarely expended alone as a drying method and is frequently combined with other drying systems. The main goal of this work is to study an innovative process to extend the storage life of okra reducing energy and time consumption and ensuring sample quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra is one of the important vegetable crops suffering from yield losses due to various biotic stresses. Crop wild relatives are reservoir of genetic resistance to biotic stresses but their utilization in crop breeding is restricted by various pre- and post-zygotic crossing barriers. In our study, multiple stress tolerant lines 'IC90476-1' of Abelmoschus manihot var. tetraphyllus and (IC141055) of Abelmoschus moschatus were crossed reciprocally with commercially grown variety Pusa A-4 of A. esculentus. Subsequently, only direct cross (Abelmoschus esculentus as female parent) F1s, amphidiploidized (C1), selfed and backcrossed with A. esculentus variety Pusa A-4 were raised to investigate the crossability barriers. Abelmoschus manihot var. tetraphyllus was found to be bi-directionally crossable with A. esculentus and not hampered by any serious pre- and post-zygotic barriers. But differences in ploidy leads to failing in production of F1 seeds upon selfing and backcrossing. Therefore, amphidiploidization of F1 hybrid followed by selfing and backcrossing (amphidiploid as seed parent) is recommended as an effective strategy to transfer desirable traits from A. manihot var. tetraphyllus to A. esculentus. However, A. moschatus × A. esculentus crosses suffered from severe pre-zygotic barriers that resulted in formation of aborted embryo with partially filled seeds. Therefore, use of A. esculentus only as female parent, in crossing with A. moschatus may increase the production of viable F1 seeds. In conclusion, colchicine (0.1%) induced amphidiploidization was found effective for restoration of fertility. However greater success was obtained in reciprocal backcrossing (A. esculentus × F1/C1) compared to amphidiploidization followed by selfing of C1 was recommended for gene introgression from A. moschatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]