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O presente estudo decorreu numa empresa da indústria químico-farmacêutica que tem como finalidade a produção de ingredientes ativos farmacêuticos (APIs), que podem ser produzidos através de processos de síntese química, processos biológicos de fermentação e purificação. Os processos produtivos são complexos e com riscos elevados, onde se inclui o risco de lesões músculo-esqueléticas. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal a análise do risco de lesões músculo-esqueléticas relacionadas com o trabalho (LMERT) nos setores da produção de uma indústria químico-farmacêutica. O estudo foi dividido em duas partes principais, a caracterização das situações de trabalho, das características dos trabalhadores e da sua perceção face aos fatores de risco, através de um questionário que obteve uma taxa de resposta de 100%; a segunda parte do estudo permitiu a quantificação do nível de risco de lesão músculo-esquelética através dos métodos REBA e QEC, em que 501 posturas foram analisadas no setor da síntese química (SQ) e 405 posturas no setor das transformações não estéreis (TNEs), através do método REBA. Com o método QEC na síntese química foram analisadas 57 observações e nas TNEs 93 observações. Os resultados da aplicação do questionário revelaram que a prevalência da sintomatologia músculo-esquelética auto-referida foi mais elevada na região lombar (35,9%) e dorsal (25,0%). Os resultados da aplicação do método REBA na SQ mostraram que a mistura de componente final e o 7ºpasso de produção apresentaram os níveis de risco mais elevados; nas TNEs, o armazém de matérias primas e a sala da mistura apresentaram os níveis de risco mais elevados. Em ambos os setores as regiões corporais com uma pontuação do REBA mais elevada são a lombar/dorsal e os ombros. Os resultados do método QEC, na SQ estão de acordo com os resultados obtidos através do método REBA, ou seja, a mistura de componente final e o 7º passo apresentaram um nível de risco elevado/muito elevado; nas TNEs as salas com nível de risco elevado/muito elevado foram a sala da secagem, de mistura e o armazém de matérias primas. Segundo o método QEC as regiões corporais com uma pontuação mais elevada foram a lombar/dorsal e os ombros. This study was carried out in a pharmaceutical-chemical industry, that aims to produce active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), can be produced through chemical synthesis processes, biological fermentation and purification processes. The production processes are complex and with high risks, including the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The main objective of this study was to assess the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the pharmaceutical-chemical industry production sectors. The study encompassed two main phases, the characterization of work situations, workers and their perception of risk factors, through a questionnaire that obtained a response rate of 100%; The second part of the study allowed the quantification of the risk level through the REBA and QEC methods, which resulted in 501 postures analyzed in the chemical synthesis sector and 405 postures analyzed in the non-sterile transformations (TNEs) sector, using the REBA method. The QEC method in the chemical synthesis were analyzed 57 observations and in the TNEs 93 observations. The results of the questionnaire revealed that the prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms was higher in the lumbar (35,9%) and dorsal region (25,0%). The results of the application of the REBA method in SQ showed that the final component mixture and the 7th production step presented the highest results; In TNEs the raw material warehouse and mixing room showed the highest results. In both sectors the body regions with the highest REBA results were the lumbar / dorsal and shoulders. The results of the QEC method in SQ were in agreement with the results obtained by the REBA method, ie the final component mixture and the 7th step present high / very high risk; in TNEs the high / very high risk rooms are, the drying, mixing room and the raw materials warehouse. According to the QEC method the body regions with the highest results are the lumbar / dorsal and shoulders.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders, especially low back pain (LBP), cause substantial economic loss to individuals as well as to the community. Salespersons in department stores are at an increased risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms. Among these, LBP is most extensively reported. Their jobs involve prolonged standing and manual handling tasks such as lifting, carrying, pushing, and pulling which have been identified as risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of LBP in salespersons and its association with ergonomic risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey consisting of 150 salespersons from different malls between 20 and 40 years with body mass index between 18 and 24 kg/m 2 , having at least 1-year working experience and standing for 5 h/day, was conducted in Ahmedabad. Those with a history of trauma, preexisting medical conditions, or musculoskeletal deformities were excluded. One-year prevalence of self-reported LBP was assessed using Standardized Nordic Pain Questionnaire. Individual factors and ergonomic risk factors were also assessed. The level of significance was set at 5%. Statistical software GraphPad Prism version 5 was used for analysis. Results: One-year prevalence of self-reported LBP was 58%. Frequency of prolonged forward bending and twisting the body was significantly associated with LBP (P < 0.001). Working in static posture for longer periods during work was also associated with LBP (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Prevalence of self-reported LBP in salespersons of Ahmedabad was 58%, and it has a significant association with ergonomic risk factors.

Background: Dentists are at a higher risk of suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) than the general population. However, the latest study investigating MSD in the dental profession in Germany was published about 20 years ago. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the current prevalence of MSD in dentists and dental students in Germany. Methods: The final study size contained 450 (287 f/163 m) subjects of different areas of specialization. The age of the participants ranged from 23 to 75 years. The questionnaire consisted of a modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire, work-related questions from the latest questionnaire of German dentists, typical medical conditions and self-developed questions. Results: The overall prevalence showed that dentists suffered frequently from MSD (seven days: 65.6%, twelve months: 92%, lifetime: 95.8%). The most affected body regions included the neck (42.7%&ndash, 70.9%&ndash, 78.4%), shoulders (29.8%&ndash, 55.6%&ndash, 66.2%) and lower back (22.9%&ndash, 45.8%&ndash, 58.7%). Overall, female participants stated that they suffered from pain significantly more frequently, especially in the neck, shoulders and upper back. Conclusion: The prevalence of MSD among dentists, especially in the neck, shoulder and back area, was significantly higher than in the general population. In addition, women suffered more frequently from MSD than men in almost all body regions.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram compreender as relações entre a capacidade de trabalho, os fatores psicossociais e a sintomatologia músculo-esquelética auto-referida em trabalhadores do setor do retalho e distribuição, e caracterizar o risco de lesão músculo-esquelética relacionada ao trabalho. Na primeira parte do estudo, a amostra integrou 293 trabalhadores e, na segunda parte, 6 operadores do setor da Peixaria. Para caracterizar a capacidade para o trabalho utilizou-se o Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho (Silva, et al., 2011), na caracterização dos fatores de risco psicossociais foi utilizado o COPSOQII (Silva et al., 2012) e para caracterizar a sintomatologia músculo-esquelética foi utilizado o Questionário Nórdico (Lopes, Uva, & Serranheira, 2008). A sintomatologia músculo-esquelética auto-referida apresentou taxas de resposta de 42,3% na cervical, 41,3% na dorsal e 46,8% na lombar. A média do ICT foi de 40,50 (±5,50), o que correspondeu a “boa” capacidade de trabalho. O sexo masculino apresentou melhores valores (42,10±4,58), bem como os operadores que praticam regularmente exercício físico (41,73±5,30). Os resultados do COPSOQ mostraram que nas escalas em que o valor mais baixo corresponde ao pior resultado, a “influência no trabalho” apresentou um valor crítico, globalmente. Na comparação do ICT com as escalas do COPSOQ II, verifica-se que o ICT melhora quanto menores forem as Exigências Quantitativas e Emocionais, os Conflitos Laborais, os Conflitos Trabalho/Família, os Comportamentos Ofensivos, os Problemas em Dormir, o Burnout, o Stress e os Sintomas Depressivos. O ICT melhora também quanto melhor a Confiança Horizontal e os níveis de Saúde. O ICT será também melhor quanto melhor for a perceção de Possibilidades de Desenvolvimento, a Previsibilidade, a Transparência do Papel Laboral Desempenhado, as Recompensas/Reconhecimento, o Apoio Social de Colegas, o Apoio Social de Superiores, a Comunidade Social no Trabalho, a Qualidade da Liderança, a Confiança Vertical, a Justiça e Respeito, a Autoeficácia, o Significado do Trabalho, o Compromisso face ao Local de Trabalho e a Satisfação no Trabalho. Na análise das situações mais penosas e após o cálculo do valor do REBA, verificou-se a necessidade urgente de implementar mudanças nas tarefas analisadas. The objectives of this study were to understand the relationships between work ability, psychosocial factors, and self-reported musculoskeletal symptomatology in workers in the retail and distribution sectors, and to characterize the risk of work-related musculoskeletal injury. In the first part of the study, the sample consisted of 293 employees and, in the second part, 6 operators in the fishery sector. To characterize the ability for work, the Work Ability Index (WAI) was used (Silva, et al., 2011), and for the characterization of the psychosocial risk factors was used the COPSOQII (Silva et al., 2012) and to characterize the Musculoskeletal symptoms was used the Nordic Questionnaire (Lopes, Uva, & Serranheira, 2008). Self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms show a 42.3% response rate in the cervical, 41.3% in the dorsal and 46.8% in the lumbar. The mean of the WAI was 40.50 (± 5.50), which corresponded to "good" working ability. The males presented better values (42.10 ± 4.58), as well as the operators who regularly practice physical exercise (41.73 ± 5.30). The COPSOQ results showed that at scales where the lowest value corresponds to the worst result, "influence at work" presents a critical value globally. In the comparison of the WAI with the COPSOQ II scales, it is verified that the WAI improves the smaller the Quantitative and Emotional Requirements, Labor Conflicts, Work / Family Conflicts, Offensive Behaviors, Sleeping Problems, Burnout, Stress and the Depressive Symptoms. The WAI also improves the better the Horizontal Trust and the Health levels. The WAI will also be better the better the perception of Development Possibilities, the Predictability, the Transparency of the Role Played Job, the Rewards / Recognition, the Social Support of Colleagues , the Social Support of Superiors, the Social Community at Work, the Quality of Leadership, Vertical Confidence, Justice and Respect, Self-efficacy, Meaning of Work, Commitment to Workplace and Work Satisfaction. In the analysis of the most distressing situations and after the calculation of the REBA value, there was an urgent need to implement changes in the tasks analyzed.

Introduction: Work conditions in kerbside ticket booths intensify the risk of health threats. In this research, it is aimed to introduce solutions for improving ergonomics conditions of these booths, by ranking and analysis the risk factors. . Material and Method: Demographic information as well as physical, mental, and safety conditions of 47 booths are collected through questionnaires, interview and video recording. Following, critical index was identified using a hybrid method including QEC checklist, ANOVA statistical test and innovative methods for determining ergonomic indices. Improvement strategiesfor the critical index were analysed,using CATIA V5 R20 software and RULA technique, and solutions were presented. .Result: Based on F-test at the 0.05 significance level, anthropometric characteristics and personal informationshowed no difference betweenmale and female vendors, except for weight. Comparison of ergonomic indices manifested the maximum occupational exposurefor physical-motor factors (45.39) and environmental factors (41.28). Additionally, the highest risks determined by Nordic questionnaire and QEC checklists belonged to arms and shoulders (38) and wrist (26). Three dimensional model of vender with current and suggested postures were analysed using RULA and accordingly it was found that risk levels were improved for right and left side of the vendor body from 7 and 5 to 3 and 1, and for customers from 6 to 1. .Conclusion: Vendors of electronic ticket booths are exposed to musculoskeletal and environmental health threats, in Mashhad. Relocating the booths, adjustingcounterand desk height can significantly reduce the risk of mentioned hazards

Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are important health problems in working populations. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of MSD among school teachers from urban and rural areas in Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 60 randomly selected schools. In total, 1062 teachers were invited to participate (response 58%). The Spanish version of the Standardized Nordic questionnaire was used assessing the 12-months and 7-days prevalence of MSD as well as the 12-months prevalence of work limiting pain. Prevalence were calculated for the different parts of the body; as summary measures, MSD in any part of the body and in ≥3 parts of the body were assessed. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, teaching level and school type. Results Prevalence of MSD in any part of the body was 86% during the last 12 months, 63% during the last 7 days and 15% for work limiting pain. MSD was most common in the neck (12-months prevalence 47%) and least common in the wrist/hands (26%). In the adjusted model, teachers working in rural areas presented significantly higher odds than teachers from urban schools for work-limiting pain during the last 12-months considering any part of the body (aOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1–4.1), and for ≥3 parts of the body (aOR 3.7; 95% CI 1.3–10.6). Conclusion The prevalence of MSD is high in School teachers, even more in teachers working in rural areas. It is needed to identify risk factors for MSD in teachers in order to propose appropriate strategies to control and reduce it. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-017-1785-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Physiotherapists were at high risk of getting work-related musculoskeletal disorders. However, studies prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among clinical and teaching physiotherapists in India was limited. The objective of the study is to find the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among clinical and teaching physiotherapists. Methods: Non-experimental design. 210 samples were taken applying both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Nordic questionnaire was used to find the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among clinical and teaching physiotherapists. Result: Neck region was affected more among both clinical and teaching physiotherapists at a rate of clinical- 62.4% and in teaching- 63.8%. Teaching physiotherapists were affected more than clinical physiotherapists. Followed by back region was affected.i.e. lower back was affected more than upper back at the prevalence of lower back- 61% and upper back - 51.8%.the prevalence of knee was next to back region at the percentage of 29.1% and in the sidewise left knee was affected more than right knee (left knee-12.1, right knee - 10.6% and both knees -6.4%). Conclusion: Therefore, the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among both clinical and teaching physiotherapists were at a high rate.

Background and purpose: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders are the most prevalent work- related disorders and the main cause of disability among workers. Also these disorders are the main cause of absence from work and losing work hours and lead to reduction of productivity. Materials & Methods This cross–sectional analytical study was done on 100 workers of Sorak tobacco factory selected randomly. Posture analysis was evaluated by OWAS method and the prevalence of MSDs by Nordic questionnaire. The data was analyzed using EXCEL and SPSS software version 18. Results The workers age mean was (43+-3.97) years OLD and work experience was 12 years. The prevalence of MSDs was 75% in the last year .The limb part (55%), knee (45%) and shoulders (37%) were the most parts of workers’ complaints. WAS posture analysis showed that most postures are critical or need the modification intervention. Conclusion The prevalence of MSDs in Sorak tobacco factory workers is high and the postures are inappropriate. Ergonomic interventional programs as well as educating workers are recommended.

Context: Musculoskeletal pain is common among tea leaf pluckers and is attributed to the load they carry, long working hours, the terrain, and insufficient job rotations. As a result of this, their health and work capacity are affected. Aims: To assess the prevalence, patterns, and factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) among pluckers in a tea plantation in Annamalai, Tamil Nadu, India. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study surveyed 195 pluckers selected by simple random sampling aged between 18 years and 60 years. Materials and Methods: The interview schedule had four parts––sociodemographic detail, Standard Nordic Scale, numeric and facial pain rating tool, and a tool to assess factors associated with WRMDs. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. Results: Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the last 12 months and the last 7 days was 83.6% and 78.5%, respectively. The most common site for last 1 year was shoulder (59%) and for last 7 days was the lower back (52.8%). Independent t-test revealed that the mean age of those with pain was 6.59 year more and mean years of employment was 1.38 years more among the workers with pain compared to workers without pain. Increasing morbidities among workers was also significantly associated with an increase in WRMDs on Chi-square test. Conclusions: The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was high among tea pluckers and the most common site during the last 12 months and the last 7 days was the shoulder and lower back respectively was mild in character. Increase in age and duration of employment was associated with WRMDs.

Objetivo: Establecer la relación entre la percepción de seguridad con los factores ocupacionales y socio demográficos de los trabajadores pertenecientes a 11 clínicas odontológicos particulares en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en población de trabajadores pertenecientes a clínicas odontológicas particulares de Bogotá (Colombia). La muestra incluyó 105 odontólogos y 107 auxiliares pertenecientes a 11 clínicas odontológicas privadas en Bogotá que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se incluyeron variables ocupacionales y socio demográficas y las relacionadas con el sistema de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Se aplicó el “Cuestionario Nórdico Sobre Seguridad en el Trabajo. Para los factores socio-demográficos de la población estudiada, se utilizó estadística descriptiva, medidas de frecuencia absoluta y porcentual, las variables cuantitativas se describieron con medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión; para la asociación de las variables cualitativas con el tipo de percepción se usó la prueba Ji Cuadrado de Pearson o el test exacto de Fisher para valores esperados menores de 5. Resultados: Las dimensiones con mejor percepción fueron las relacionadas con la confianza en la eficacia de los sistemas de seguridad (D7 3.35±0.43) y la Administración de justicia de seguridad (D3 3.1±0.55). Las dimensiones que evalúan la Gestión de empoderamiento de seguridad (D2 2.74±0.99) y la prioridad de los trabajadores con la seguridad (D5 2.64±0.54) tuvieron la menor percepción. La percepción de seguridad fue buena en general teniendo en cuenta que el promedio de todas las dimensiones fue superior a 2.5; percepción mayor significativamente en los hombres (3.78±0.38), odontólogos (3.89±0.38) y personal que tienen o han tenido pareja (3.83±0.4). Las personas con más trabajos adicionales (4.07±0.17), mayor nivel educativo (3.89±0.31), mayor antigüedad laboral (3.92±0.51) y trabajadores mayores de 30 años (3.89±0.35), mostraron mejor percepción de seguridad. En el análisis multivariado los factores cargo y antigüedad laboral encontraron asociación en las dimensiones 2, 4 y 6 (p

ANTECEDENTES: Los desórdenes musculo esqueléticos DME son una de las alteraciones más frecuentes y una de las principales causas de ausentismo laboral en el continente americano, y Unión Europea, generando graves repercusiones económicas a nivel empresarial, de la salud pública, y del empleado. Esto es debido a una sobrecarga laboral causada por los trabajos repetitivos, posturas mantenidas, y requerimientos de fuerza muscular, por lo que se hace importante identificarlos a través de distintos métodos ergonómicos con el objeto de generar programas de prevención que permitan la mitigación de los mismos. OBJETIVO: Determinar los síntomas músculo-esqueléticos y su relación con las condiciones de trabajo de los docentes de instituciones educativas distritales de la localidad de Usme, Bogotá, D. C. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Estudio de corte transversal, efectuado en 192 docentes que se evaluaran con el cuestionario Nórdico estandarizado de síntomas musculo esqueléticos y preguntas sociodemográficas de la encuesta de condiciones de trabajo y salud (ECTS) para caracterizar la población estudio. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó distribución de frecuencias y medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. La evaluación de las posibles asociaciones se realizó mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, con intervalos de confianza del 95%, la prevalencia fue ajustada por género con los intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: El 57,8% de los participantes era de sexo femenino, el 41,7% tenían edades entre los 30 y 39 años de edad, el 82,8% de los encuestados manejaban grupos de estudiantes que oscilan entre los 20 a 60 estudiantes, del total de los encuestados el 42,7% (IC95%: 35.9-49.5) presentan un DME ya diagnosticado por un médico o servicio de salud. El 77,1% respondieron afirmativamente a la presencia de esta variable con un IC95%: de 70,3-82,8. En cuanto a la localización del dolor, se observó que la región del cuello con el 51.6% (IC 44.3-58.9) y región lumbar con el 49% (IC95%: 42.2-56.3) fueron las dos regiones anatómicas valoradas con mayor presencia de dolor. Se encontró asociación entre la edad y el dolor (chi-cuadrado: 6,858), el sexo y dolor (chi-cuadrado: 0.250) y el número de estudiantes con el dolor (chi-cuadrado: 2,179) CONCLUSIONES: los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio confirman la relación existente entre la presencia de desórdenes músculo-esqueléticos (DME) y la actividad docente, pero se hace pertinente la realización de más estudios que permitan valorar los DME con el riesgo psicosocial, jornada laboral y tipo de asignatura que imparten los docentes en sus cátedras para este tipo de población. ABSTTRACINTRODUCTION: DME musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most frequent alterations and one of the main causes of work absenteeism in the American continent, and the European Union, generating serious economic repercussions at the corporate, public health and employee levels. This is due to a work overload caused by repetitive work, maintained postures, and muscular strength requirements, so it is important to identify them through different ergonomic methods in order to generate prevention programs that allow the mitigation of them. OBJECTIVE: To determine the musculoskeletal symptoms and their relation to the working conditions of the teachers of the district educational institutions of Usme, Bogotá, D. C MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 192 teachers who were evaluated with the Standardized Nordic questionnaire on musculoskeletal symptoms and sociodemographic questions from the Health and Working Conditions Survey (ECTS) to characterize the population study. For the statistical analysis frequency distribution and measures of central tendency and dispersion were performed. The assessment of possible associations was performed using the Pearson chi-square test, with 95% confidence intervals, prevalence was adjusted by gender and confidence intervals. RESULTS: 57. 8% of the participants were female, 41. 7% of the participants were between 30 and 39 years of age, 82. 8% of the respondents handled groups of students ranging from 20 to 60 students, 42. 7% (95% CI: 35. 9-49. 5) of the total of the respondents present an SMD already diagnosed by a doctor or health service. 77. 1% of the participants answered affirmatively to the presence of this variable with a 95% CI: 70. 3-82. 8. Regarding the localization of pain, the region of the neck with 51. 6% (IC 44. 3-58. 9) and lumbar region with 49% (IC95%: 42. 2-56. 3) were the two anatomical regions valued with greater presence of pain. We found association between age and pain (chi-square: 6, 858), sex and pain (chi-square: 0. 250) and number of students with pain (chi-square: 2. 179). CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the relationship between the presence of musculoskeletal disorders (DME) and teaching activity, but it is pertinent to carry out more studies that allow the assessment of MSD with psychosocial risk, working day and type of subject taught by the Professors in their chairs for this type of population. Fajardo Rodríguez, Albert Nayid

Musculoskeletal disorders commonly experienced by dental professionals can affect their health and well-being. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Iran. A cross sectional study was carried out in Rasht, northern Iran. Participants were dental workers who completed structured questionnaire on the topic of musculoskeletal disorders related to their job. The first part of the questionnaire was self-administered regarding their demographic information and job satisfaction. The second part was the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) for determining the site of pain, if any. The severity of pain was assessed by using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The third section was RULA questionnaire (Rapid Upper Limb disorder Assessment) to determine the awkward posture during their work and eventually the need to improve the condition. A total of 92 dentists responded to the questionnaire. Seventy three percent of participant dentists had musculoskeletal pain. The common painful sites of the body were as follows: neck (43.4%), back (35.8%), and shoulder and wrist (each 25%). Direct inspection was a risk factor for neck pain (OR: 35.34, p

RESUMEN INTRODUCCION Los desórdenes musculoesqueléticos constituyen uno de los más comunes y costosos problemas de salud en el trabajo en todo el mundo. La detección a tiempo de síntomas iniciales debe ser una prioridad de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de los desórdenes musculoesqueléticos (DME) en la población de funcionarios del cuerpo de policía judicial de Bogotá en el año 2014. MATERIALES Y METODOS Estudio de corte transversal con una muestra de 300 trabajadores a los que se les aplico el cuestionario Nórdico de Síntomas musculoesqueléticos. RESULTADOS Se encuesto al 33,9% de los trabajadores pertenecientes al cuerpo técnico de Policía Judicial de la Fiscalía General de la Nación en la ciudad de Bogotá. Los trabajadores evaluados tienen una edad promedio de 41,9 años, con un predominio del género femenino (54%), encontrándose que la mayoría de los que respondieron al cuestionario 87,66% (n=263) habían presentado algún síntoma musculoesqueléticos en los últimos 12 meses. Un hallazgo significativo fue la afectación cervical en el 53% (n=159) de los que reportaron sintomatología musculo esquelética. CONCLUSIONES La población perteneciente a la Policía Técnica Judicial en la ciudad de Bogotá presenta una alta prevalencia (87,66%) de síntomas que afectan al sistema musculoesquelético, principalmente comprometiendo las regiones de columna cervical, parte baja de la espalda y parte alta de la espalda, con una mayor afectación a las personas de género femenino. SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common and costly health problems in the workplace worldwide. Early detection of initial symptoms should be a priority for epidemiological surveillance systems. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (DME) in the population of officials of the judicial police in Bogota in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study with a sample of 300 workers who were administered the questionnaire Nordic musculoskeletal symptoms. RESULTS He polled 33.9% of workers belonging to the Technical Judicial Police of the Attorney General's Office in Bogotá. Workers assessed with an average age of 41.9 years, with a predominance of females (54%), finding that most respondents 87.66% (n = 263) had presented some musculoskeletal symptom in last 12 months. A significant finding was the cervical involvement in 53% (n = 159) of those who reported musculoskeletal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The population belonging to the Technical Judicial Police in the city of Bogota has a high prevalence (87.66%) of symptoms affecting the musculoskeletal system, mainly engaging regions of cervical spine, low back and high back with greater involvement of the person of the female gender.

International audience; Aims: The aims of present study is to determine the level of exposure to physical risk factors of work related repetitive movements in the upper limbs among the artisans in Isfahan, using occupational repetitive actions index and the Nordic Questionnaire.Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the study population consisted of 94 males employed in Artisan production. The tools that be used for assessing physical ergonomic risk factors among artisans was Nordic Questionnaire and OCRA index. The different handicraft tasks and work activities included: Simple etching, embossing, reticular embossing, enameling, tiling, illumination, inlay, copper smithing and, miniature painting have been chosen for the study. The Study was carried out on the both left and right hands. The results were analyzed by statistical tests included Chi square, Kruskal Wallis and one-way variance analysis.Results: The highest OCRA index score was related to simple etching job, and the other tasks such as embossing, copper smithing, reticular embossing, tiling, miniature painting, and illumination were in lower risk category. Our finding showed that there are a significant difference between OCRA scores of the various jobs (P value < 0.001), and also the relationship between OCRA index and the type of jobs was statistically significant (P value < 0.001). Risk level in the right hand was significantly higher than the left hand (P value < 0.001). Moreover, in both right and left hands, OCRA index was different among several types of jobs (P value < 0.001).Conclusion: Our assessment showed that in overall there are different physical risk factors among artisans which make them susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de los síntomas osteomusculares y la asociación con las variables socio-demográficas y laborales, en el personal de salud de dos instituciones prestadoras de salud de la ciudad de Bogotá, en el año 2012. METODOLOGIA: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, en dos instituciones prestadoras de salud de la cuidad de Bogotá en el 2012, con una muestra de 202 trabajadores del área de la salud incluyendo médicos, enfermeras, auxiliares de enfermería, odontólogos, auxiliares de odontología, bacteriólogos, auxiliares de laboratorio, fisioterapeutas, pediatras, ginecólogos, nutricionistas, optómetras, psicólogos y radiólogos. Para la evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo y salud se utilizo la “Encuesta nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo” del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo de España (INSHT), en su versión validada para el idioma español, Para la evaluación de los problemas musculo esqueléticos se uso el “Cuestionario Nórdico Musculo esquelético”, en su versión validada al español. Se evaluó además información personal incluyendo sexo, edad, profesión, tiempo de ejercicio profesional, tiempo de ejercicio en la empresa, actividades extralaborales, entre otros. RESULTADOS: La población estudiada se dividió en 63 hombres y 139 mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 33 años, mediana de ejercicio de la profesión de 10 años, y de años laborados en la empresa fue de 2. El 64.8% de los trabajadores refirieron síntomas osteomusculares. Los más frecuentes se localizaron en manos y muñecas (29,7%), cuello (28,2%), parte baja de la espalda (25,7%), brazo/antebrazo (21.2%), hombro (20,2%), parte alta de la espalda (18.8%) miembros inferiores (13.8%) y dedos (11.3%). Se encontró relación significativa entre edad (p=0.001), realizar quehaceres del hogar (p=0.002), profesión (p=0.004) con los síntomas osteomusculares. CONCLUSION: La población mostró una elevada prevalencia de síntomas osteomusculares en manos, muñecas, cuello y parte baja de la espalda y de esta población los médicos ocuparon el 1 lugar en sintomatología osteomuscular seguido de los auxiliares enfermería, odontólogos y bacteriólogos. Es importante proponer programas de educación e implementar acciones para disminuir la aparición y severidad de lesiones osteomusculares.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate ergonomic assessment MSDs risk in computer users with Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) method and Nordic questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 computer users in computer sites, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The data were analyzed using test SPSS 20 and descriptive statistics and ANOVA test. Data collection tool was Nordic questionnaire and checklist RULA. Results: By Nordic questionnaire, the results showed that MSDs prevalence in computer users were, in the neck (54.9%), back (53.1%), and elbow (43.2%) more than in other parts of the body. Based on the level of risk, RULA was 24 individuals in an area of low risk, 41 individuals area of caution, and 31 individuals in the area hazard. MSDs prevalence was in women more than men. Furthermore, ANOVA test showed that there is direct and significant correlation between age and work experience with a final score RULA (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study result showed that frequency of musculoskeletal problems in the neck, back, elbow, and wrist was generally high among our subjects, and ergonomic interventions such as computer workstation redesign, users educate about ergonomic principles computer with work, reduced working hours in computers with work must be carried out.

Background Musculoskeletal disorders in developing countries are considered as main cause of occupational disorders and disability and highly associated with socioeconomic burden to individual, organization and society in general view. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and associated risk factors among Iranian steel workers. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 1439 questionnaires were provided from 1984 randomly selected workers of four Iranian steel industries. Data of musculoskeletal disorders was gathered by means of standardized Nordic self-reporting questionnaire. Demographic and work related data were collected into the check list. Results Out of 1984 individuals, 1439 questionnaires returned and mean age of study workers was 37.23±8.74 years old. Among workers, 46.3% in the past week and 61% in the last year claimed one of musculoskeletal disorders in their bodies. Lumbar, knee(s) and neck areas had the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders had significant association with the job time of work and BMI. Conclusion Musculoskeletal disorders in Iranian steel industries happened in high rate. Ergonomic interventions strategies into the workplaces must be focused to eliminate environmental hazards such as apposition on the time of work and manual handling of heavy loads.

Background and aims:Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common causes of occupational injuries that appear in back , neck and upper limb mainly . This study was conducted with the objectives of determination of prevalence rate of MSDs and ergonomics assessment of the risk of MSDs in workers of a petrochemical company . Methods: In this study, 327 randomly selected workers in a petrochemical compan y with at least one year work experience in office and operational units participated . O ffice and operational staff were studied separately d ue to different nature of their works. In office jobs, data were gathered using demographic questionnaire, Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire (NMQ) and ergonomics checklist for assessment of working conditions. In operation jobs, demographic questionnaire, NMQ and QEC method were applied to collect the required data. Data were analyzed using statistical tests including t-test, Chi-square and test of proportion by SPSS software (Version 16.0). Results:Means of age and job tenure of study subjects were found to be 32.2±6.63 and 5.53±4.01 years , respectively . Prevalence rates of MSDs in office and operation staff were 68.1 % and 46.6%, respectively . The r esults showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in neck , back , low back and knees in the office staff were significantly higher than those of operational workers. Working condition assessment by the checklist in office staff revealed that the lowest index wa s related to posture and workstation . This means that in the corrective program improving working posture should be considered as a priority . The results of assessment of physical exposure to musculoskeletal risks by QEC technique among operational workers showed that in 38.4% of workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was in Action L evel (AC) 1, 19.2 % in AC 2, 31.5 % in AC 3 and 11% in AC 4. Totally, in 42.5% of workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was high or very high. This indicated that the jobs and working conditions in the operational units were conducive for developing MSDs and needed corrections. Based on the results, some interventional measures were implemented. Conclusions:The prevalence of musculoskeletal in the office staff wa s significantly higher than that of operational subjects. In working conditions improvement, taking risk factors of lower back , neck , upper back , knee , shoulder and wrist into consideration seemed essential.