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This research assessed the impacts of dietary nano-propolis liposomes (NPRL) inclusion on the growth, blood biochemical components, immune function, and oxidative status of broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS). Birds were fed with a basal diet supplemented with various levels of NPRL at 0 (HS), 100 (NPRL100), 250 (NPRL250) and 400 (NPRL400) mg/kg diets. Diets supplemented with NPRL significantly improved the growth indices and feed utilization, hemoglobin and red blood cells (P < 0.01). White blood cells, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly decreased by NPRL inclusion (P < 0.001). Dietary supplementation of 250 or 400 mg of NPRL /kg reduced the pathogenic bacteria counts (Salmonella, E. coli and Enterococci) (P < 0.01). The birds fed diets with NPRL (400 mg/kg diet) significantly downregulated the mRNA IFNγ gene (p < 0.001), while both groups (NPRL100 and NPRL250) had similar results (P > 0.05). The iNOS gene was significantly decreased by the dietary NPRL inclusion in a dose-dependent manner. Birds in NRPL groups had inferior levels of the mRNA of interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor genes. The lysosome activity was significantly reduced by dietary 250 or 400 mg of NPRL inclusion (P < 0.001). Birds in NPRL250 and NPRL100 had greater IgG (P < 0.05) than the other groups. Regarding oxidative-related biomarkers, dietary NPRL inclusion decreased myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels significantly compared to those with the HS group (P < 0.001). Broilers in the NPRL400 group had the lowest levels of total bilirubin and gamma-glutamyl transferase. NPRL250 had the lowest values of urea compared with other groups (P < 0.001). Dietary NPRL inclusion improved the broiler's hepatic and intestinal architecture exposed to cyclic heat stress. These results indicate that employing NPRL in the diets of stressed broilers can enhance heat resistance by enhancing blood metabolites and immunity, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural resources and the enhancing of technologies are outlining the strategies of modern scientific-technological research for sustainable health products manufacturing. In this context, the novel simil-microfluidic technology, a mild production methodology, is exploited to produce liposomal curcumin as potential powerful dosage system for cancer therapies and for nutraceutical purposes. Through simil-microfluidic technology, based on interdiffusion phenomena of a lipid-ethanol phase in an aqueous flow, massive productions of liposomes at nanometric scale can be obtained. In this work, studies on liposomal production with useful curcumin loads were performed. In particular, process issues (curcumin aggregations) were elucidated and formulation optimization for curcumin load was performed. The main achieved result has been the definition of operative conditions for nanoliposomal curcumin production with interesting loads and encapsulation efficiencies.

Background: Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and encephalitis are still the cause of several hundred thousand deaths annually. The excessive use of chemical insecticides for transmission control has led to environmental pollution and widespread resistance in mosquitoes. Botanical insecticides' efficacies improvement has thus received considerable attention recently. Methods: The larvicidal effects of three essential oils from the Citrus family and limonene (their major ingredient) were first investigated against malaria and filariasis mosquito vectors. An attempt was then made to improve their efficacies by preparing nanoliposomes containing each of them. Results: The larvicidal effect of nanoformulated forms was more effective than non-formulated states. Nanoliposomes containing Citrus aurantium essential oil with a particle size of 52 ± 4 nm showed the best larvicidal activity (LC50 and LC90 values) against Anopheles stephensi (6.63 and 12.29 µg/mL) and Culex quinquefasciatus (4.9 and 16.4 µg/mL). Conclusion: Due to the green constituents and high efficacy of nanoliposomes containing C. aurantium essential oil, it could be considered for further investigation against other mosquitoes' populations and field trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious health challenges worldwide. In this study, nanoliposomal encapsulations of doxycycline with enhanced antibacterial effects were prepared using the modified freeze-drying of a monophase solution and two loading techniques (passive and pH-gradient) simultaneously. Different liposomes were prepared and characterized in terms of size, zeta-potential, polydispersity-index, morphology, ATR-FTIR, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and encapsulation-efficiency (EE). MICs and time–kill-experiments were performed according to CLSI guidelines. The liposomes were nano-sized and spherical in shape. The EE of the selected formulation was 37.4 ± 5.8%. The MICs were two-fold lower than those of equivalent free drugs. Nanoliposomes at 4 × MIC revealed a rapid killing of Staphylococcus epidermidis by achieving complete bacterial death at 8 h versus 16 h for the free drug. Taking five aspects (homogeneous and nano-sized liposomes, sterilization not necessary, suitable EE, and antibacterial effects) into consideration, our modified preparation method seems promising and may be used to overcome bacterial resistance. Nanoliposomal doxycycline was made via modified freeze-drying of a monophase solution. Passive and pH-gradient drug-loading resulted in suitable encapsulation efficiencies. Sterile and homogeneous nanoliposomes with good antibacterial effects were obtained. The minimum inhibitory concentrations decreased two-fold. This technique may be used to overcome bacterial resistance to doxycycline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drugs used for cancer treatment have many drawbacks, as they damage both tumor and healthy cells and, in addition, they tend to be poorly soluble drugs. Their transport in nanoparticles can solve these problems as these can release the drug into tumor tissues, as well as improve their solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy, reducing their adverse effects. This article focuses on the advantages that nanotechnology can bring to medicine, with special emphasis on nanoliposomes. For this, a review has been made of the nanoliposomal systems marketed for the treatment of cancer, as well as those that are in the research phase, highlighting the clinical trials being carried out. All marketed liposomes studied are intravenously administered, showing a reduced intensity of side-effects compared with the nonliposomal form. Doxorubicin is the active ingredient most frequently employed. Ongoing clinical trials expand the availability of liposomal medicines with new clinical indications. In conclusion, the introduction of drugs in nanoliposomes means an improvement in their efficacy and the quality of life of patients. The future focus of research could be directed to develop multifunctional targeted nanoliposomes using new anticancer drugs, different types of existing drugs, or new standardized methodologies easily translated into industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation technique in lipid nanocarriers can be an effective way to resolve the limitations in the utilization of phycocyanin pigment extracted from Spirulina platensis due to special taste and odor, high sensitivity of these compounds, and undesirable color in products. Therefore, in the present study, phycocyanin was extracted from Spirulina platensis and its concentration was investigated. Nanoliposomes with chitosan coating (0 and 1% w/v) containing pigment were prepared and its physicochemical properties, morphology, and stability to different environmental conditions (relative humidity, temperature, and light) were evaluated. The mean size of nanoliposomes and polydispersity index ranged from 322.21 to 426.31 nm and from 0.27 to 0.28 in nanocarriers, respectively. The highest values of encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposome containing phycocyanin (81.4%) were obtained under optimal conditions in nanoliposomes with chitosan coating. Evaluation of the stability of liposomes against light, relative humidity, and different temperatures over storage showed an increase in the stability of phycocyanin encapsulated in lipid carriers and chitosan as a liposome coating increased the stability and controlled release of phycocyanin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils with antimicrobial or antioxidant activities have received extensive attention among customers, manufacturers, and food scientists, especially with rising worries about the safety of synthetic food preservatives. However, like other functional lipid compounds their incorporation into aqueous systems is challenging, due to their less water solubility. Furthermore, their susceptibility to light, moisture, heat, and oxygen origins their less chemical and structural stabilities. Consequently, the present research was aimed to encapsulate the thyme essential oil into nanoliposomes, using a thin layer hydration-sonication technique, which can be a proficient solution for revealed problems. The effects of phospholipid and stabilizing agents' concentrations, namely, lecithin, cholesterol, and glycerol, as main formulation parameters were investigated on characteristics of gained nanoliposomes, using a response surface method. Various empirical models were also developed to predict product characteristics by changing the formulation parameters. According to the numerical multiple optimizations, the best thyme oil nanoliposomes can be gained using equal concentrations of all three components as 1% with a mean particle size of 189.6 nm, PDI of 0.3487, the net zeta-potential of 42.48 mV, and DPPH radical scavenging of 12.72%. The prepared nanoliposomes had acceptable physical but limited chemical stabilities. The antibacterial action of manufactured essential oil nanoliposomes against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus has made them efficient candidates as natural food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the request for biodegradable and antioxidant packaging as one of the desirable preservation technologies to prevent food oxidation is increasing. This research aimed to characterize and compare the mechanical, physical and antioxidant activities of the chitosan/zein films having free or nanoencapsulated aqueous extract [the Pulicaria gnaphalodes L. extract (PGE)]. Different lecithin/cholesterol ratios (60:0, 50:10, 40:20, and 30:30) were used to prepare nanoliposomes according to the thin-film hydration–sonication technique to create mean sizes of 142–166 nm and an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 49.88–73.05%. The nanoliposomes with the lowest size of droplet and the highest EE were elected for incorporating into the samples of films. The outcome on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited novel interactions between the chitosan/zein and nanoliposomes. Despite the increase in yellowness and the reduction in whiteness, the incorporation of nanoliposomes enhanced the mechanical stiffness and decreased the water vapor permeability. The films containing PGE-loaded nanoliposomes at a concentration of 3% exhibited a higher antioxidant potential when compared with that exhibited by the free PGE-incorporated films. This study suggests that the chitosan/zein film containing encapsulated PGE can be a candidate for food active packaging and due to these features, this film can be used in food storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review highlights the safety issues of drug delivery systems based on liposomes. Due to their small sizes (about 80–120 nm, sometimes even smaller), phospholipid nanoparticles interact intensively with living systems during parenteral administration. This interaction significantly affects both their transport role and safety; therefore, special attention is paid to these issues. The review summarises the data on the basic factors affecting the safety of nanoliposomes: composition, size, surface charge, stability, the release of an incorporated drug, penetration into tissues, interaction with the complement system. Attention is paid to the authors' own research of unique phospholipid nanoparticles with a diameter of 20–30 nm. The influence of technological processes of nanoliposome production on their properties is considered. The article also discusses the modern safety assessment criteria contained in the preliminary regulatory documents of the manufacturing countries for new nanoliposome-based drugs being developed or used in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, nanoliposomes with tuneable structure elasticity were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation. Both Fluorescence Polarization and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer was employed to characterize the structural elasticity of resultant nanoliposomes. Temozolomide, a kind of hydrophilic drug as the first-line treatment choice for glioblastoma, was encapsulated into nanoliposomes. The results showed that the flexibility of nanoliposomes gradually increased with sodium cholate, while decreasing with cholesterol, Labrafac CC and Labrafac PG adding. Furthermore, the structural flexibility of nanoliposomes was positively correlated with the encapsulation efficiency and release rate and cellular uptake. Our research reveals the structural flexibility of nanoliposomes could affect in vitro characteristics and thereafter in vivo behaviors of nanoliposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to develop and optimize nanoliposomes of gefitinib for effective tumor targeting. Central composite design was used to study the effect of formulation variables: sonication time, Tween 80/soya lecithin ratio, and cholesterol/soya lecithin ratio on particle size and entrapment efficiency. Gefitinib-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared using modified emulsification and ultrasonic method. The nanoliposomes of optimized batch (GF16) were found ellipsoidal or quasi-spherical in shape, with an average size of 99.88 nm and highest entrapment efficiency (88.91 ± 0.6758%). In comparison to the marketed formulation, the optimized batch released gefitinib in a sustained manner (80.16 ± 0.4849%) in 24 h following the Korsemeyer-Peppas' model, in a mechanism combining Fickian diffusion and liposome relaxation. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay revealed gefitinib-loaded nanoliposomes had reduced cytotoxicity as compared to free drug in A549 and H1299 cells with an IC50 value 9.32 ± 1.25 and 8.54 ± 1.08 µM, respectively. The significant cytotoxic response of the developed nanoliposomes may be attributed due to its low particle size, high entrapment efficiency, and prolonged drug release profile. Nanoliposomes had favorable physical stability when stored at a temperature of 4 °C. Overall, the developed nanoliposomes may be considered as a promising anticancer formulation, which needs further clinical investigations and may provide a new direction to the cancer clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing demand for active packaging as an emerging phenomenon in improving food quality and shelf life. Encapsulation of natural compounds in nanoliposomes can be used as a protective system during processing and storage.The present study aimed to prepare a biodegradable coating of chitosan with essential oil of cumin nanocapsule. It examine the effects of chitosan coating and the free or nanocapsule Cuminum cyminum essential oil (CCEO) on the chemical and microbial properties of veal samples via modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (20% CO2 and 80% O2) over a period of 21 days at 4 °C. The antimicrobial activity of CCEO was investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Additionally, GC–MS analysis revealed that main components of CCEO were Cumin aldehyde (37.34%), γ-Terpinene (21.14%) and o-Cymene (16.21%) respectively. Nanoliposomes were prepared with an average size of 134 nm via ethanol injection method. Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposomes were calculated to be 4.60 and 99.97 ± 0.01%, respectively. Coating had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on reducing the increasing trend of the total microbial count, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, and pseudomonas. The encapsulated CCEO caused significant reductions in pH, thiobarbituric acid and total volatile nitrogen by 5.67 ± 0.03, 0.59 ± 0.008 MDA mg/Kg and 15.26 ± 0.05 mg/100 g respectively until day 21. This study showed that chitosan coating with CCEO maintains the quality and increases the shelf life of samples during storage in cold conditions. Encapsulation slows down the release of CCEO and leads to long-lasting antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Present study suggests that chitosan coatings containing encapsulated CCEO in combination with MAP may be a good option to increase the shelf life of veal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The annual economic loss caused by plant viruses exceeds 10 billion dollars due to the lack of ideal control measures. Quercetin is a flavonol compound that exerts a control effect on plant virus diseases, but its poor solubility and stability limit the control efficiency. Fortunately, the development of nanopesticides has led to new ideas. Results: In this study, 117 nm quercetin nanoliposomes with excellent stability were prepared from biomaterials, and few surfactants and stabilizers were added to optimize the formula. Nbhsp70er-1 and Nbhsp70c-A were found to be the target genes of quercetin, through abiotic and biotic stress, and the nanoliposomes improved the inhibitory effect at the gene and protein levels by 33.6 and 42%, respectively. Finally, the results of field experiment showed that the control efficiency was 38% higher than that of the conventional quercetin formulation and higher than those of other antiviral agents. Conclusion: This research innovatively reports the combination of biological antiviral agents and nanotechnology to control plant virus diseases, and it significantly improved the control efficiency and reduced the use of traditional chemical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In recent years, with increasing interest in the use of natural substances such as essential oils, extensive studies have been conducted to use them more efficiently in the form of nanoliposomes. The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effects of nanoliposomes containing Rosemary and Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oils on HepG2 cell line under in vitro conditions. Methods: In this basic-applied research, nanoliposomes containing Rosemary and Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oils were used. The mortality rate of HepG2 cell line was calculated using MTT method and IC50 was obtained. The study groups calculated according to IC50 were: control group, the group receiving 79.72 µg/ml Zataria multiflora Boiss nanoliposome for 48 hours and the group receiving 53.50 µg/ml Rosemary nanoliposome for 72 hours. The rate of apoptosis and necrosis of cancer cells and the type of cancer cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry. Findings: The results showed that nanoliposomes containing Rosemary essential oil after 72 hours (53.50 µg/ml) and Zataria multiflora Boiss after 48 hours (79.72 µg/ml) showed the highest capability to inhibit the growth of HepG2 cell line (p<0.05). The type of cell mortality was significantly apoptotic compared to the control group, as nanoliposomes containing Zataria multiflora Boiss caused apoptosis in 37.3% and Rosemary nanoliposomes in 32.1% of cells (p<0.05). Inhibition of cancer cells was in the G2 phase, which indicates that nanoliposomes inhibit cancer cells in the cell division phase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that nanoliposomes containing essential oils have anti-cancer properties, cause cell apoptosis and stop cell growth in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Nowadays, the application of procedures to minimize oxidative and microbial spoilage in marine products is economically and hygienically important. This study was performed to determine the effect of free and nanoliposome forms of poneh (Mentha pulegium L.) essential oil to increase the shelf life and improve the sensory characteristics of silver carp minced fish (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during storage time. Materials and Methods: In this study, the antibacterial properties of 1 and 2% essential oil and nanoliposomes form on the microbial population of minced silver carp fish inoculated with Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were measured. Also, chemical tests (DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, measurement of iodine peroxide (PV), pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARs)) and sensory properties of minced silver carp were evaluated during 12 days of refrigerated storage. Results: The results showed that the addition of poneh essential oil (free and nanoliposomes) according to the microbial results and the results of chemical experiments can effectively prevent microbial growth and chemical spoilage (p<0.05). Treatment containing 2% nano essential oil of poneh showed the greatest effect on the chemical, microbial and sensory properties of minced fish during the experimental period in comparison with control treatments, 1% poneh nanoliposomes essential oil and 2 and 1% free essential oils. Conclusion: Therefore, the nanoliposomes form of 2% poneh essential oil can be used as a suitable additive to increase the shelf life of Silver carp fish in the fish industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, the tendency to use biodegradable biopolymers as one of the appropriate technologies to prevent food oxidation has received much attention. Objective: The aim of the present study was to produce a new biodegradable films containing free ethanolic extracts and nanocapsules of kak kosh biabani (Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss.), in order to investigate the antioxidant properties in laboratory conditions. Methods: In this study, the effects of different films on mechanical properties, antioxidant activities, encapsulation efficiency, water vapor permeability, microstructure and morphology and color characteristics were evaluated. Results: The average particle size was 153-166 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 49.87-73.07%. Nanoliposomes with the lowest size and highest encapsulation efficiency were merged with the film samples. The results obtained from FT-IR spectra revealed new interactions between chitosan and nanoliposomes. Despite the increase in yellow color and decrease in whiteness indices, the nanoliposome composition improves the mechanical stiffness and results in reduced water vapor permeability (WVP). Conclusion: The properties of chitosan-zein films were affected by the amount of extract used, which generally improved the properties of the films and their antioxidant properties. Due to these features, this film can be used in food storage.

Although the appearance of Doxil alleviated the cardiotoxicity of DOX, the progression-free survival of patients was not prolonged compared with traditional medication regimens, and side effects such as hand-foot syndrome has occurred. In order to solve this dilemma, we have designed a novel co-delivery strategy to construct a co-loaded liposome of berberine (BER) and doxorubicin (DOX), which was called LipoBeDo. The optimal synergistic ratio of the two drugs was screened by cell cytotoxicity experiments in vitro, and the optimal attenuation ratio was further determined by in vivo cardiac H&E staining pathological sections. The optimal combination treatment caused a robust increase in apoptotic cells of 4T1, as compared to drug alone treatment. The prepared co-loaded liposome, LipoBeDo, had high encapsulation efficiency and good stability. The nanoliposome carrier controlled the biological fate of the drugs and maintained a pre-defined optimal ratio in vivo. The LipoBeDo significantly inhibited tumor growth in 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model compared with Doxil (P < 0.05), and completely overcame the myocardial rupture toxicity caused by Doxil in mice. Our co-loaded liposome delivery platform technology provided a new direction for the clinical treatment of triple-negative breast cancer and the safe application of DOX.

Objective(s): Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of medical device-associated infections due to biofilm formation, and its elimination is extremely challenging. Although rifampin efficacy against S. epidermidis biofilms has been confirmed, its use as a single agent may lead to resistance. As such, it is assumed that the combination of rifampin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could exert additive effects as a mucolytic agent. The present study aimed to use a liposomal system for the delivery of these compounds to bacterial biofilm.Materials and Methods: Liposomal formulations were prepared using the dehydration-rehydration method and characterized in terms of the size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficacy. In addition, the ability of various formulations in the eradication of bacterial biofilm and inhibition of biofilm formation was assessed based on the optical density ratio. Results: The zeta potential of the liposomes was positive, and the mean size of these liposomal formulations was less than 200 nanometers. Liposomal rifampin was the most effective formulation against S. epidermidis, and the anti-biofilm activity of most of the formulations was concentration-dependent and time-dependent.Conclusion: According to the results, the rifampin-loaded liposomes were effective against S. epidermidis biofilm formation.

Abstract Multidrug resistance (MDR) based on ATP-dependent efflux transporters (p-glycoprotein (p-gp)) remains a major obstacle in successful chemotherapy treatment. Herein, we have investigated the potential of PD-L1 mAb-conjugated nanoliposome to serve as a targeted delivery platform for the co-delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) and p-gp specific transport inhibitor (TQD, tariquidar) in drug-resistant gastric cancers. Two drugs, PTX and TQD, were co-loaded in a single vehicle in a precise ratio to enhance the prospect of combination chemotherapeutic effect. Cellular uptake study indicated that PD-PTLP had higher internalization efficiency in PD-L1 receptor overexpressing SGC7901/ADR cells than non-targeted PTLP. Highest synergy was observed at a weight fraction of 1/0.5 (PTX/TQD) and the combination of PTX and TQD resulted in obvious synergistic effect compared to that of individual drugs alone. Our in vitro results showed that TQD was effective in reversing the multidrug resistance in SGC7901/ADR cells. The IC50 value of PD-PTLP was 0.76 μg/ml compared to 6.58 μg/ml and 7.64 μg/ml for PTX and TQD, respectively. PD-TPLP triggered significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis compared to that of free PTX or TQD. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor study showed that the combination chemotherapy of PD-PTLP displayed a significant inhibition of tumor burden of drug-resistant xenograft tumors with significantly higher terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Furthermore, free PTX resulted in significant increase in the levels of AST and ALT while PD-PTLP insignificantly different compared to that of control indicating the safety index. Overall, we believe that combination of anticancer drug with a p-gp inhibitor could provide a potential direction toward the treatment of drug-resistant gastric tumors.

Background and Objectives: Candida parapsilosis is the second most common species causing infectious diseases and can lead to biofilm resistance. This study aims to adjust and synthesize a liposomal compound of Nigella sativa and evaluate its antifungal properties against C. parapsilosis isolates., Materials and Methods: The liposomal formulation of N. sativa was optimized through the utilization of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. Furthermore, an MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The antifungal efficacy was evaluated in accordance with the M27-A3 guideline., Results: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of N. sativa oil and the liposomal formulation on C. parapsilosis isolates ranged from 128 to 8 µg/mL and from 250 to 31.25 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 values of N. sativa oil and the liposomal formulation were 125, 187, and 32, 96 µg/mL, respectively. The viability percentage of cells treated with the liposomal formulation and free N. sativa oil was 91% and 85%, respectively., Conclusion: The cytotoxicity of free N. sativa was significantly reduced when using nanoliposomes. The liposomal form of N. sativa showed greater antifungal properties compared to the free N. sativa extract against C. parapsilosis isolates., (Copyright© 2024 The Authors. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Lipid and protein oxidation is a main problem related to the preservation of dried aquatic products. Rosemary oleoresin is widely used as an antioxidant, but its application is limited due to its instability and easy degradation. Nanoliposome encapsulation is a promising and rapidly emerging technology in which antioxidants are incorporated into the liposomes to provide the food high quality, safety and long shelf life. The objectives of this study were to prepare nanoliposome coatings of rosemary oleoresin to enhance the antioxidant stability, and to evaluate their potential application in inhibiting protein and lipid oxidation in dried oysters during storage. The nanoliposomes encapsulating rosemary oleoresin were applied with a thin-film evaporation method, and the optimal amount of encapsulated rosemary oleoresin was chosen based on changes in the dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of the nanoliposomes. The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy of rosemary oleoresin nanoliposomes showed no new characteristic peaks formed after rosemary oleoresin encapsulation, and the particle size of rosemary oleoresin nanoliposomes was 100–200 nm in transmission electron microscopy. The differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the nanoliposomes coated with rosemary oleoresin had better thermal stability. Rosemary oleoresin nanoliposomes presented good antioxidant stability, and still maintained 48% DPPH radical-scavenging activity and 45% ABTS radical-scavenging activity after 28 d of storage, which was 3.7 times and 2.8 times higher than that of empty nanoliposomes, respectively. Compared with the control, the dried oysters coated with rosemary oleoresin nanoliposomes showed significantly lower values of carbonyl, sulfhydryl content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, Peroxide value, and 4-Hydroxynonenal contents during 28 d of storage. The results provide a theoretical basis for developing an efficient and long-term antioxidant approach.

Objective To compare the differences in the anti-tumor growth effects of organisms with different injections of CT26 tumor cell RNA loaded into nanoliposomes. Methods The extracted tumor RNA was loaded into nanoliposomes to prepare tumor RNA nanoliposome vaccines, and the related properties of nanoliposome vaccines were investigated. The particle size of nanoliposome vaccines was (120.0±12.1)nm and zeta potential was (3.39±0.56)mV. Tumor RNA nanoliposome vaccines were injected into different parts of the mice to test and analyze the influence of different injections on the growth of colon cancer transplanted tumors in mice. Results Tumor RNA nanoliposome vaccines were used to inject tumor-transplanted mice in different ways. Compared with underarm injection, intraperitoneal injection enhanced the organism's anti-tumor immune response and inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors more effectively. The H&E staining of important organs in mice was compared and no obvious organic lesions were found in the organs. Conclusion Intraperitoneal injections of nanoliposome loaded with tumor RNA can enhance the body's anti-tumor immune response more effectively than underarm injections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants that used for the infertility treatment cannot have their complete effectiveness, because of their instability in the culture medium. One of the most advances, in the drug delivery systems, is nanoliposomes-loaded, as biodegradable and bioavailable carriers. Hormonal and antioxidant agents encapsulating inside the nanoliposomes were used, to increase the effectiveness of antioxidants in the sperm culture medium. Semen sample from 15 asthenospermia were divided into 10 equal parts. After preparation, the sperms were incubated with free form of drugs and nanocarriers contained resveratrol, catalase, resveratrol-catalase and testosterone for 45 min. All sperm parameters, sperm DNA and gene expressions were evaluated before and after freezing. Before freezing, all nanocarriers and free testosterone showed higher sperm motility compared to free drugs (p=.000). Free Testosterone and free resveratrol-catalase had higher DNA damage compared to nanocarriers (p=.000). Before freezing, the blank nanoliposome and testosterone nanoliposomes had the lowest HSP70 gene expression respectively (p = 0.005) (p = 0.001). After freezing, a significant reduction in sperm motility was observed in the free resveratrol-catalase group (p=.003). Also, a significant increase in sperm viability was observed in the free testosterone and nanoliposomes of blank and testosterone (p > 0.05). The least DNA fragmentation was related to catalase nanoliposomes (p=.000). All nanoliposomes, especially catalase, had the highest percentage of class I morphology compared to the control group (p=.000). Nanoliposomes could improve the sperm parameters and DNA integrity before and after freezing, by increasing the effectiveness of antioxidants. So, it can be recommended in the ART lab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of nanoliposome‐coated astaxanthin (NA) on growth performance, body proximate composition, liver enzyme activities and pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Groups of fish weighing 31 ± 2 g each in three replicates (30 fish per replicate) were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg nanoliposome‐coated astaxanthin for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR), daily growth rate and condition factor (CF), body crude protein, fat, ash and moisture, liver enzymes (ALT and ALP) and pigmentation (skin and muscle carotenoids and muscle astaxanthin) were measured. The results showed that the addition of NA had a significant effect on growth indices (p < 0.05). The highest final body weight (FBW) (101.46 ± 4.46 g) was related 75 mg/kg NA, and the lowest FBW (93.10 ± 0.96 and 91.98 ± 4.08 g) was seen in control and 100 mg/kg NA respectively (p < 0.05). Also, the highest amounts of protein and ash were measured in 50 and 75 mg/kg NA treatments, while the lowest levels of these occurred in control and 100 mg/kg NA. The highest amount of serum ALT and ALP enzymes was in 100 mg/kg nanoliposome‐coated astaxanthin treatment, and the lowest amount of ALT enzyme was in 50 mg/kg treatment. Also, the lowest amount of ALP enzyme was obtained in control treatment. The concentration of carotenoids in skin and fillet and fillet astaxanthin increased significantly by adding nanoliposome‐coated astaxanthin to the diet (p < 0.05). The highest carotenoid quantity of skin and fillet and astaxanthin fillet was observed in fish fed 75 mg/kg nanoliposome‐coated astaxanthin and the lowest amount in the control group. These results suggest that the incorporation of nanoliposome‐coated astaxanthin into rainbow trout diet at the level of 75 mg/kg can have a positive effect on growth indices, reduced liver enzyme activity and improved skin and fillet pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidization can produce highly stable and homogenous aqueous media, even when the sample consists of hydrophobic and nonpolar components, due to its combined forces like ultra-high-pressure, high-velocity impact, cavitation, and intense shear rate. The forces during microfluidization lead to transformation in material structure and conformation which result in modifications in the material characteristics and can be a base for new application areas. Although microfluidization is commonly known with its effects on particle size reduction, this innovative technique is also highly successful for formation of emulsion-based systems. Recently, a few new application areas have emerged, such as nanoparticle formation and treatment of beverages. Despite increasing interest of using microfluidization in new areas, there is not a comprehensive review of these studies in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, these studies have been reviewed and discussed in three main categories: 1) emulsion-based systems, including dairy products and lab-created emulsions, 2) nanoparticles, and 3) beverages. Also, the processing factors that need to be taken into consideration are outlined in this review. Homogenizing milk with microfluidization significantly improved the physical properties of milk-derived products, especially textural properties. Microfluidization also provided better stability compared to conventional techniques and enabled production of new functional emulsions. Its liposome applications showed great potential to extend specific activities of substances. Microfluidization also improved bioavailability of food grade nanoparticles and helped eliminating cloudiness in beverages by significantly reducing particle size. • The success in dairy industry opened new sectors for microfluidization. • Microfluidization provides highly stable and functional emulsions. • Liposome applications have a potential to extend specific activities of substances. • It leads to the formation of food grade nanoparticles with improved bioavailability. • It eliminates cloudiness problem in beverages with decreased particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages play a key role in inflammation, infection, cancer, and repairing damaged tissues. Thus, modulating macrophages with engineered nanomaterials is an important therapeutic strategy for healing chronic inflammatory injuries. However, designing and manufacturing therapeutic nanomaterials remains challenging. Therefore, in this study, apoptotic-cell-inspired deformable phosphatidylserine (PS)- containing nanoliposomes (D-PSLs) with a Young's modulus (E) of approximately 0.5 kPa were constructed via a facile and scalable method. Compared with similar-sized conventional PSLs with an E of approximately 80 kPa, the d -PSLs had a lower uptake efficacy, a much longer binding time to the cell surface, and induced enhanced anti-inflammatory and pro-healing effects via the synergistic effects of their mechanical stimulus and PS-receptor mediation after recognition by macrophages. In particular, chronic wound healing in diabetic rats showed that d -PSLs can efficiently promote M2-like macrophage polarization, increase the expression of the vascular endothelial marker CD31 and accelerate wound closure. Our findings suggest that soft d -PSLs represent a promising biomimetic nano-therapeutic approach for macrophage immunotherapy for chronic inflammatory injury, and that the mechanical stimulus of nanomaterials significantly affects the receptor-mediated biological responses, which will inspire the design of engineered nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Macrophages play a significant role in restoring tissue homeostasis by modulating inflammation and wound healing. Specifically, an M1/M2 macrophage imbalance contributes to various inflammatory disorders. However, modulating macrophages with engineered nanomaterials remains a challenge. In this study, apoptotic-cell-inspired deformable phosphatidylserine (PS)- containing nanoliposomes (D-PSLs) were constructed to explore their interactions with macrophages, and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and pro-healing effects on chronic wounds in diabetic rats. We found that soft d -PSLs can persistently bind to macrophage membranes and enhance the anti-inflammatory and pro-healing responses of macrophages, which not only sheds new light on the design of therapeutic biomaterials based on regulating macrophages but also provide a promising biomimetic nano-therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory injury. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work was to develop PTH (1-34)-loaded stealth nanoliposomes (PTH-LPs) by employing the use of the Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Risk identification was carried out using the Ishikawa fishbone diagram. PTH-LPs were optimized using Box Behnken Design, a type of response surface methodology to examine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables such as particle size and percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE). Design space was generated for PTH-LPs to reduce interbatch variability during the formulation development process. Furthermore, a cytotoxicity assay, cell proliferation assay, calcium calorimetric assay, mineralized nodule formation, and cellular uptake assay were carried out on MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. The results obtained from these procedures demonstrated that lipid concentration had a significant positive impact on particle size and %EE, whereas cholesterol concentration showed a reduction in %EE. The particle size and %EE of optimized formulation were found to be 147.76 ± 2.14 nm and 69.18 ± 3.62%, respectively. Optimized PTH-LPs showed the sustained release profile of the drug. In vitro cell evaluation studies showed PTH-LPs have good biocompatibility with MG-63 cells. The cell proliferation study revealed that PTH-LPs induced osteoblast differentiation which improved the formation of mineralized nodules in MG-63 cells. The outcome of the present study conclusively demonstrated the potential of the QbD concept to build quality in PTH-LPs with improved osteoanabolic therapy in osteoporosis.