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Neuroimaging studies that focus on taste, odor, and their interactions can specify their capability to elicit brain regions responsible for flavor perception and reward. Such information would be useful for formulating healthy food products, such as low salt food. In this study, a sensory experiment was conducted to investigate the capability of cheddar cheese odor, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and their interactions to enhance saltiness perception and preference of NaCl solutions. The activated brain areas in response to odor-taste-taste interactions were then investigated using an fMRI study. The results of the sensory tests showed that saltiness and preference of NaCl solutions were enhanced in the presence of MSG + cheddar cheese odor. According to the fMRI study, the stimulus with a higher salty rate activated the rolandic operculum, and the stimulus with a higher preference activated the rectus, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and substantia nigra. Moreover, the activation of multiple regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), temporal pole, and amygdala was observed in response to (cheddar cheese odor + MSG + NaCl) minus (odorless air + NaCl). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion has caused significant annual costs for building construction and civil architectural designs. In this study, Monosodium glutamate (GLU) was proposed as a potential candidate for long-lasting corrosion inhibition to slow down the rate of corrosion in the concrete pore environment. In this regard, the electrochemical and morphological properties of the various GLU concentrated systems between 1 to 5 wt% in the simulated concrete pore solution media were investigated. According to the EIS results, adding 4 wt% of GLU could reduce the mild steel corrosion process by 86% through a mixed inhibition mechanism. Also, the polarization records represented that the samples' corrosion current density was diminished to 0.169 µA cm−2 after the addition of 4 wt% GLU into the harsh environment. Using the FE-SEM method, the growth of the GLU layer over the metal substrate was demonstrated. The results of spectroscopic methods, i.e., Raman and GIXRD, demonstrated that GLU molecules were successfully adsorbed over the surface of the metal. Contact angle test outcomes showed that by increasing the GLU concentration to its optimum level (4 wt%), the surface hydrophobicity was dramatically raised to 62°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The toxicity of high concentration monosodium glutamate (MSG) has become a controversial issue because of its inconsistent results in human and animal studies. This present study aims to evaluate the effect of subchronic high-doses oral administration of MSG on spatial memory performance and hippocampal pyramidal cells number. Methods: This study involved twenty-eight male Wistar rats, which were divided into a control group of NaCl 0.9% and three intervention groups of MSG 1.0 mg/g bodyweight (M1), 2.0 mg/g bodyweight (M2), and 4.0 mg/g bodyweight (M3) for 30 days. Statistical analysis used a One-way ANOVA test. Results: The result showed significant differences in spatial memory on the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, including path length (p = 0.020) and escape latency (p = 0.011) according to general linear model repeated measurement analysis. The mean difference of estimated hippocampal pyramidal cells total number among the groups showed volume (p = 0.001), numerical density (p = 0.590), and cells number (p = 0.004). Furthermore, Post-Hoc analysis in both spatial memory and hippocampal pyramidal cells showed that the increasing MSG dose from 1.0 to 4.0 mg/g bodyweight led to a decrease in the results of spatial memory performance on the MWM test and a decrease in hippocampal cells. Conclusion: The present study has provided novel quantitative data that subchronic administration of high-dose MSG caused deleterious effects on the spatial memory function and the volume and number of hippocampal pyramidal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern enzyme biotechnology is a promising and rapidly developing field that requires the latest research on the conditions of enzyme biosynthesis. Optimizing the composition of the nutrient medium depending on the needs of microorganisms and physicochemical factors directly affect the increase in the efficiency of the biosynthesis of amylolytic enzymes, namely the biosynthetic capacity of the strain Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15. Modulation of the biosynthetic activity of strains producing amylolytic enzymes will allow to significantly increase their economic yield. Goal. The purpose of this work wasa to optimize the biosynthetic capacity of the strain Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15 in terms of the synthesis of amylolytic enzymes and the study of the dynamics of the influence of physical and chemical factors on optimization. Methods. The object of the study was the strain Streptomyces recifensis var. lyticus 2P-15, obtained by three-stage selection of the producer. The simplex method of selecting the composition of the environment was used for the research. The ratio of amylolytic activity to the level of biomass accumulation was taken as the biosynthetic capacity of the strain. A photocolometric method was used to determine amylolytic activity. The level of biomass accumulation was determined by the weight method. Results. It was established that as a result of optimizing the composition of the simplex nutrient medium by the method of mathematical modeling, the biosynthetic capacity increased by 3.63 compared to the control variant. It was also investigated that the optimal concentration of such a component of the nutrient medium as monosodium glutamate С5Н8NO4Na·H2O was 1.5%, which increased the amylolytic activity by 2.63 and increased the accumulation of biomass. Separately, it should be noted the obtained results of the study of the optimal concentrations of heavy metal ions added to the optimized version of the nutrient medium, which enable further research in this aspect to be continued and the use of Co, Mo, Cd ions in the composition of the nutrient medium. With the obtained results, there was an increase in amylolytic activity in the best response by 3.54. The obtained results have theoretical and practical significance for further research in the biotechnology of enzymes. Conclusions. The prospect of further research into the optimization of the biosynthesis of actinomycetes by the simplex method of other aspects of its regulation will be to increase the biosynthetic capacity of the studied strain, which will have a positive effect on the economic output of the production of amylolytic enzyme preparations by obtaining microbial synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum freeze-drying is one of the common methods to prepare probiotic powder. However, the low temperature and low moisture content could lead to the death of probiotics. The method of adding cryoprotectants is efficient to improve the survival rate of probiotics during vacuum freeze-drying. The synergistic combination of different cryoprotectants could play a better protective effect. However, the principle of the synergistic combination of different cryoprotectants during vacuum freeze-drying is not clear. In this study, literature review and analysis were firstly used to reveal commonly used cryoprotectants for coccus. Taking the price of cryoprotectants into account, the combination is preliminarily determined as sucrose/skim milk/sodium glutamate. Then, taking Streptococcus thermophilus 937 as the research target strain, the effect of this cryoprotectant combination was verified by a single-factor screening experiment and concentration optimization of cryoprotectants. It was found that the preferred cryoprotectant combination for Streptococcus thermophilus 937 is 6% sucrose/8% skim milk/4% sodium glutamate, with the freeze-dried survival rate and viable counts being 90.59% and 1.78 × 1011CFU/g, respectively. Meanwhile, this cryoprotectant combination also had a good protective effect on the other two cocci, Streptococcus thermophilus Grx02 and Enterococcus faecium 218. This result might have guiding and reference significance on the vacuum freeze-drying of coccus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, fast, and ecofriendly spectrofluorometric method was developed and validated for determination of mono sodium glutamate (MSG). The method depended on the reaction between MSG and iron (III) salicylate based on ligand exchange mechanism. Addition of MSG turned-on the fluorescent response of iron (III) salicylate at λem 411 nm. Reaction conditions including reagent concentration, pH, and time were optimized. The method was validated regarding the ICH guidelines. The method determined MSG within the linearity range of 25—250 µM with a coefficient of determination of 0.9967 and a calculated limit of detection of 1.73 µM. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of MSG in food preparation (instant noodles). The results were compared to those obtained by a published HPLC method using t-test and F-test at 95% confidence interval; no statistically significant difference was found. Based on the analytical Eco-scale and the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), the developed method was assessed to be greener than the published HPLC method. The developed method offered advantages over other spectrophotometric reported methods and was convenient for routine determination of MSG in foodstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), commonly used as a food enhancer, has been reported to have teratogenicity during the first 3 days of development. Furthermore, the neural crest cells (NCCs) are crucial for embryonic development during organogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the treatment effect of folic acid (FA) on MSG-induced teratogenicity, focusing on the toxicity and teratogenic effects on somatic and neural crest cells in chick embryos as models. Six hundred and fifty fertilized eggs were divided into control, FA, MSG, and MSG with FA groups. The chemicals were administered, and the results were investigated after 3 days of incubation. The morphology and histology were studied using stereomicroscopy and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. The NCC population was confirmed by the presence of HNK-1 using immunohistochemistry. The finding showed that the MSG at 2 mg/kg of egg weight induced retardation, tissue malformation, craniofacial, and heart defects, whereas the FA alleviated those adverse effects and reduced the MSG-induced NCCs destruction in the eyes, heart, stomach, and nerves. In conclusion, although MSG harms embryos, FA effectively diminished its teratogenicity in the chick embryo model. These experimental protocols are beneficial for teratogenic studies on preventing birth defects that are harmful to the embryo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flavour enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG) has found widespread use in the food industry. There have been worries about the potential negative effects on human health, despite its widespread use. Adverse physiological effects on the brain system, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, immune system and an increased risk of obesity and metabolic diseases have all been linked to excessive use of MSG. Consumption of MSG has also been associated to oxidative stress, inflammation and harm to liver and kidney function. Several strategies exist for reducing potentially harmful effects of MSG. Evidence suggests that high antioxidant of ginger content can mitigate some of the side effects. Vitamins E and D, in particular, have been shown to mitigate the harm done to the liver and kidney. Consumption of MSG may have deleterious consequences on human physiology. Therefore, those who are sensitive to MSG should use it in moderation and be careful of its potential side effects. The long-term effects of MSG consumption on human health require more study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous nonprotein amino acid that has multiple physiological functions and has received significant attention in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although there are many GABA-producing bacteria, the high cost of strain cultivation limits its food additive and pharmaceutical raw material application. In our study, Lactobacillus hilgardii GZ2, a novel GABA-producing strain, was investigated. We attempted to replace nitrogen sources with silkworm pupae, the waste resource of the silk reeling industry, in GYP complex medium. The GABA titer reached 33.2 g/L by using 10 g/L silkworm pupae meal instead of tryptone. Meanwhile, the pH of fermentation was automatically controlled by adjusting the addition of glucose and monosodium glutamate. Finally, the highest GABA yield and productivity were 229.3 g/L and 3.2 g/L/h in L. hilgardii when silkworm pupae meal was replaced with tryptone combined with glucose and monosodium glutamate feeding. By utilizing the waste resource to reduce the cost of the nitrogen source and automatically controlling the pH in L. hilgardii, a hyper titer and productivity of GABA was generated for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trona and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are cooking ingredients commonly used together in some West African countries including Nigeria and Ghana. Discrepancies regarding the safety of these agents are causes for concern. Objective: To investigate the effects of repeated ingestion of combined trona and MSG on selected biochemical and hematological parameters in Wistar rats. Method: Twenty four male rats weighing 160 ± 20 g were assigned into four groups (n = 6 per group). Rats were treated with distilled water (control), MSG (300 mg/kg bw), trona (500 mg/kg bw), and combined MSG (300 mg/kg bw) and trona (500 mg/kg bw) for 21 days. After the treatment, rats were euthanized and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical assays. Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student's t-test, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Repeated ingestion of monosodium glutamate and trona caused significant increase in platelets and white blood cells compared to control. Total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total protein were significantly raised (p < 0.05). Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly reduced. Serum level of creatinine was also significantly raised (p < 0.05) in the treated rats compared to control. Conclusion: Findings from the study indicate that repeated ingestion of combined trona and monosodium glutamate can dangerously alter the levels of endogenous antioxidants, hematological parameters, and biochemical indices of liver and kidney functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Children are more likely to consume monosodium glutamate (MSG) as this is prevalent in fast food such as fried chicken and snack food such as chip products. The aim of this study was to establish the toxic effects of higher MSG consumption in one-month old Wistar rats to estimate the human equivalent dose (HED) specific to children. To understand the impact of higher MSG consumption Wistar rats were fed orally four different doses (group I-IV: 2,000 mg/kg, 4,000 mg/kg, 20,000 mg/kg and 30,000 mg/kg which with respect to HED (9 years in children), were 480mg/kg, 960 mg/Kg, 4800 mg/Kg and 7200 mg/Kg) daily for 5 weeks compared with the control group. Histopathology was studied using Hemotoxylin and Eosin staining. The results showed an increased body weight in all MSG groups; colon with focal aberrant crypt hyperplasia noted in group IV and lymphoid cell aggregates noted in group III. The liver showed feathery degeneration and focal portal congestion were noted in all the MSG groups compared to the control groups. The kidneys showed focal congestion of blood vessels in all MSG groups. Stomach tissues exhibited no significant changes. Brain tissue sections showed congested blood vessels, and focal gliosis in group I and IV, ballooning degeneration was noted in group I, neuronal aggregates were found in group II, but group III showed no evidences of aggregates, gliosis or necrosis. This study suggests that regular and higher consumption of MSG had a deleterious impact on the organs as evident in the histology analysis and hence it is better to avoid consuming MSG containing foods especially for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand its mechanism of activity towards higher alcohols, we overexpressed and purified new Geotrichum candidum GDH (GcGDH). The purified GcGDH (50.27 kDa) was then crystallized, and the crystal diffracted to a resolution of 2.3 Å using X-ray diffraction. We found that the GcGDH crystal structure belonged to space group P212121 and was comprised of two hexamers organized into an asymmetric unit, with each subunit consisting of 452 amino acid residues. The binding sites between higher alcohols or L-glutamic acid and GcGDH were consistent. The optimal reaction conditions for GcGDH and hexanol were a pH of 4.0 and temperature of 30 °C, and those for GcGDH and monosodium glutamate (MSG) were a pH of 8.0 and temperature of 20 °C. The Km values for hexanol and MSG were found to be 74.78 mM and 0.018 mM, respectively. Mutating GcGDH Lys 113 to either Ala or Gly caused a dramatic reduction in its catalytic efficiency towards both MSG and hexanol, suggesting that Lys 113 is essential to the active site of GcGDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the effect of four different additives on the bait consumption by Indian crested porcupine under the field conditions of district Minawali, Punjab, Pakistan, where groundnut is grown as a major cash crop during the kharif season. Four additives (monosodium glutamate, sugar, milk powder and whole egg) at two different concentrations (2.5 and 5% each) were tested for their relative consumption. Groundnut and maize (1:1 ratio) were used as basic bait; for control group, additives were not included in the basic bait. Each experiment was performed under a single choice test pattern. Whole egg at a concentration of 5%, enhanced the intake of the bait significantly over the basic / plain bait, while a non-significant difference of consumption was recorded in case of 2.5% egg supplemented bait over the control bait. While none of the other additive could enhance the consumption of the bait material at both the concentrations. Milk powder added bait was the less preferred bait combination, followed by sugar and monosodium glutamate added baits. Results of the present study suggested that groundnut-maize (1:1 ratio) supplemented with 5% egg components (albumen and yolk) was the most preferred bait combination; and it is suggested that this combination may be further tested with different rodenticides (acute and anticoagulants) for controlling Indian crested porcupine populations in agroforestry ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the hypothesis that reduced-salt versions of four "better-for-you" dishes enhanced with monosodium glutamate (MSG) through a "Salt Flip" in an amount that still substantially reduced total sodium matched the consumer acceptance of normal-salt versions. Three versions each-standard recipe with normal salt, reduced salt, and reduced salt with MSG, of four dishes-roasted vegetables (RV), quinoa bowl (QB), savory yogurt dip (SD), and pork cauliflower fried rice (CR) were evaluated by 163 consumers for overall liking and liking of appearance, flavor, and texture/mouthfeel on the nine-point hedonic scale, preference, adequacy of flavor, saltiness, and aftertaste on just-about-right (JAR) scales, likeliness to order, and sensory characteristics by check-all-that-apply. For each dish, the MSG recipe was liked the same (or significantly more for SD, P

Monosodium glutamate is a non-essential amino acid in the human body that has been widely used as a food additive since 1909 due to its unique umami taste. Typical food containing monosodium glutamate include tomatoes, yeast extracts, fermented soy products, and cheese. After entering the human body, it is mainly absorbed in the small intestine by passive diffusion. Subsequent binding to TAS1R1-TAS1R3 promotes the release of intracellular calcium that ultimately activates the brain’s taste center, recognized as an umami taste of monosodium glutamate. However, more and more preclinical and clinical data indicates that monosodium glutamate exerts adverse effects on humans, including metabolic syndrome, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity, cardiovascular disease, infertility and fetal underdevelopment, cancer, immune malfunction and so on. In addition, it has been found that medicinal plants and nutraceuticals could mitigate or treat the adverse effects of monosodium glutamate adverse. Taken together, we hope to raise the correct awareness of monosodium glutamate and improve the understanding of monosodium glutamate quality approaches to maximize their use.

We hypothesized whether 10% praying-mantis-egg-cake (10% PMEC) can be applied against inflammatory-erectile-dysfunction and whether it could be linked to NO-cGMP-dependent PKG signaling cascade. Ninety male albino-rats were randomly distributed into nine (n = 10) groups. Group I was given distilled water. Group II and III were pre-treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl and 75 mg/kg MSG, respectively. Group IV was pre-treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl + 75 mg/kg MSG. Group V was administered with 80 mg/kg NaCl+ 3 mg/kg Amylopidin. Group VI was given 80 mg/kg NaCl + 10% PMEC. Group VII was treated with 75 mg/kg MSG + 10% PMEC. Group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NaCl+ 75 mg/kg MSG + 10% PMEC. Group IX was post-treated with 10% PMEC for 14 days. Penile PDE-51, arginase, ATP hydrolytic, cholinergic, dopaminergic (MAO-A) and adenosinergic (ADA) enzymes were hyperactive on intoxication with NaCl and MSG. The erectile dysfunction caused by inflammation was linked to alteration of NO-cGMP-dependent PKG signaling cascade via up-regulation of key cytokines and chemokine (MCP-1). These lesions were prohibited by protein-rich-cake (10% PMEC). Thus, protein-rich-cake (10% PMEC) by a factor of 4 (25%) inhibited penile cytokines/MCP-1 on exposure to mixture of salt-intake through NO-cGMP-PKG dependent-NF-KB signaling cascade in rats

Abstract Background Monosodium glutamate is a widely used flavor enhancer/food additive in meat, fish, milk and cheese or vegetable origins. Our present study aimed to assess the effect of utilization monosodium glutamate on the cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal organs in mice. Thirty animals were divided into three groups: control group; glutamate 10 treated groups and glutamate 15 treated group. The experimental period was two successive weeks. Results Oral administrations of monosodium glutamate for 10 days induced moderate histopathological changes in cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal tissues and also resulted in significant increase of the nuclear factor-kB expression depend on time of administration as compared to the control group, while treatment with monosodium glutamate for 14 days resulted in severe histopathological changes as well as highly significant increase of the nuclear factor-kB expression as compared to the control group. Conclusions It could be concluded that oral administration of monosodium glutamate induced histopathological alterations, and cytotoxicity in cardiac, splenic, hepatic and renal tissues dependent on time.

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the potential mitigating effect of fisetin on monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced testicular toxicity and investigate the possible involvement of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) in this effect.Methods Forty male rats were divided into normal control, fisetin-treated, MSG-treated, and fisetin + MSG-treated groups. Testosterone, GnRH, FSH, and LH were measured in plasma, as well as SIRT1 and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) levels in testicular tissues using ELISA. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured colorimetrically, while Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression was relatively quantified using RT–PCR in testicular tissues.Results After 30 days, fisetin could ameliorate MSG-induced testicular toxicity by acting centrally on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, increasing plasma levels of GnRH, FSH, LH, and testosterone. Peripheral actions of fisetin on the testis were indicated as it increased testicular SIRT1 and pAMPK. Furthermore, it antagonized glutamate-induced oxidative stress by significantly lowering H2O2, NO, and relative NOX4 expression while significantly increasing reduced GSH levels. It also improved the architecture of the seminiferous tubules, reduced sperm abnormality, and increased sperm count.Discussion Fisetin ameliorates MSG-induced testicular toxicity via central and peripheral mechanisms making it a promising therapeutic target for male infertility.

Over the last century the people’s mode of life and eating habits has dramatically changed: the people of developed countries began to consume fast food, and also started disorderly and frequent snacking. The production of dietary meals and the increase of food assortment, including food produced from low-quality ingredients, led to the manufacturer’s necessity to use a large number of functional ingredients, i. e. those that improve taste of the food. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the widely used additives. Monosodium L-Glutamate (E621) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid found in all protein foods; it is used throughout the world as a food flavor enhancer. The legislation of the Russian Federation limits the content of monosodium glutamate, or additive E621, in a food product. Due to the fact that the glutamic acid takes the major weight in the monosodium glutamate molecule, which molecule is naturally present in almost all food products, the weight of the molecule of the E621 additive was determined by content of this amino acid expressed in terms of monosodium glutamate. In connection with the foregoing, it became necessary to develop a method for the quantitative determination of the mass fraction of monosodium glutamate introduced into food during the production of food products. Within the framework of this research a new method for determining the share of added monosodium glutamate is proposed, which is not associated with the natural content of glutamic acid. The authors have developed a method for determining the mass fraction of monosodium glutamate in food products with the help of high performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. This research presents metrological assessment of the developed methodology, determines accuracy rates and reproducibility factors in two concentrations ranges. For a range of 0.1 to 1%, the reproducibility is set at 17% and the accuracy rate is set at 30%. For the range of 1–10%, the reproducibility is 6%, the accuracy rate is 10% respectively. Also, during the development of the method, the lower limits for the quantitative determination (Limit of Detection — LOD) and qualitative determination (Limit of Quantification — LOQ) of the method were calculated. LOQ was equal to 0.01% and LOD accounted for 0.1%. The method has successfully passed the metrological certification and is included in the Register of Measurement Methods of the Russian Federation. It can be used by accredited laboratories for assessment and control of food quality.

As the relevance between left and right brain neurons when transmitting electrical signals of umami taste is unknown, the aim of this work was to investigate responsive regions of the brain to the umami tastant monosodium glutamate (MSG) by using scalp-electroencephalogram (EEG) to identify the most responsive brain regions to MSG. Three concentrations of MSG (0.05, 0.12, 0.26 g/100 mL) were provided to participants for tasting while recoding their responsive reaction times and brain activities. The results indicated that the most responsive frequency to MSG was at 2 Hz, while the most responsive brain regions were T4CzA2, F8CzA2, and Fp2CzA2. Moreover, the sensitivity of the brain to MSG was significantly higher in the right brain region. This study shows the potential of using EEG to investigate the relevance between different brains response to umami taste, which contributes to better understanding the mechanism of umami perception.

Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder, which needs deeper mechanism research studies and effective therapy. Zi-Shui-Qing-Gan-Yin (ZSQGY) is a traditional Chinese medicine decoction that has been widely used in China in the treatment of depressive symptoms. The aim of the study was to examine the anti-depressive effects of ZSQGY and the possible mechanism of action in the monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced depressive model and the corticosterone (CORT)-induced PC12 cell model. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed to determine the major compounds in the water extract of ZSQGY. The depressive behaviors were evaluated by the field swimming test (FST), the sucrose preference test (SPT), and the open field test (OFT). Golgi staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to display the alterations of synaptic ultrastructure. The mitochondrion function and inflammatory factors were also quantified. The changes in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) expression were evaluated. The results of this study demonstrated that ZSQGY significantly improved depressive behaviors. ZSQGY also reversed the changes in synaptic plasticity, improved mitochondrion function, and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors. The neuroprotective effects were accompanied by the increased expression of PGC-1α. However, the beneficial changes were reversed after the inhibition of PGC-1α. These results indicated that ZSQGY effectively could improve depressive behaviors via the mechanisms that regulate synaptic structural plasticity, improve mitochondrion function, and alleviate neuroinflammation, which could, or partly, attribute to the regulation of PGC-1α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the removal of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from the soil through phytoremediation using ryegrass combined with chelating agents. Soil leaching experiments were employed to determine the extraction efficiencies of chelating agents, including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), sodium glutamate tetra acetate (GLDA), oxalic acid (OA), and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) on Cd and Pb. Soil pot experiments were conducted to determine the effects of five different chelating agents—GLDA, EDTA, DTPA, CA, and OA—on the growth of ryegrass and the enrichment of Cd and Pb. The main findings were as follows: (1) the extraction efficiencies for Cd and Pb in soil were found to be GLDA > EDTA > DTPA > CA > OA and EDTA > DTPA > GLDA > CA > OA, respectively. (2) The aminopolycarboxylic acid class of chelating agents significantly reduced Cd and Pb contents in the weak acid extractable and reducible states in the studied soil, yet were less effective in the extraction of their residue state. Using chelating agents increased the proportion of residual heavy metals while reducing those in the weak acid extractable and reducible states in the soil, thereby mitigating the harmful effects of these heavy metals on the soil ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium intake is linked to multiple negative health outcomes, particularly hypertension, the leading cause of premature death globally. Sodium intake levels in human populations are high, due in part to our desire for palatable salty-tasting foods. Two leading salt replacement strategies are the use of potassium chloride (KCl) and monosodium glutamate (MSG), the latter of which still contains some sodium, but both of which can replace some salty taste in foods while reducing net sodium levels. In this report, we employed a trained descriptive sensory panel to optimize saltiness in sodium-reduced aqueous samples using various concentrations of KCl and MSG. Following this, we assessed consumer attitudes to sodium-reduction strategies in a model food, canned soup, known to typically be high in sodium. Finally, in a large consumer test, we verified that these optimized levels of KCl and MSG did not lead to a drop in liking for the reduced-sodium soups with saltiness subsidized in this manner. Our results showed that sodium can be readily reduced in soups by 18% while actually scoring higher in liking, and in some cases being perceived as even more salty tasting, but that consumers are more open to sodium reduction in this manner when sodium replacements are not specifically highlighted, and when percentage sodium reduction is stated over absolute levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radionuclide therapy [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 was recently FDA-approved for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Salivary gland toxicity is currently considered as the main dose-limiting side effect. However, its uptake and retention mechanisms in the salivary glands remain elusive. Therefore, our aim was to elucidate the uptake patterns of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in salivary gland tissue and cells by conducting cellular binding and autoradiography experiments. Briefly, A-253 and PC3-PIP cells, and mouse kidney and pig salivary gland tissue, were incubated with 5 nM [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 to characterize its binding. Additionally, [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 was co-incubated with monosodium glutamate, ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Low, non-specific binding was observed in salivary gland cells and tissues. Monosodium glutamate was able to decrease [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in PC3-PIP cells, mouse kidney and pig salivary gland tissue. Kynurenic acid (ionotropic antagonist) decreased the binding of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 to 29.2 ± 20.6% and 63.4 ± 15.4%, respectively, with similar effects observed on tissues. (RS)-MCPG (metabotropic antagonist) was able to decrease the [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 binding on A-253 cells to 68.2 ± 16.8% and pig salivary gland tissue to 53.1 ± 36.8%. To conclude, we showed that the non-specific binding on [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 could be reduced by monosodium glutamate, kynurenic acid and (RS)-MCPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wastewater generated from monosodium glutamate production displays distinctive features of elevated salinity, organic content, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and its indiscriminate disposal poses a significant threat to water quality and can cause detrimental impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The application of microalgae for monosodium glutamate wastewater (MSGW) treatment can result in simultaneous wastewater purification and biomass recovery. In this study, the algae species capable of thriving in diluted MSGW were screened, and the wastewater composition and growth conditions were optimized to obtain high algal biomass and nutrient removal rate. Among the tested species, Chlorella sp. FACHB-30 demonstrated superior potential for MSGW treatment and achieved a maximum specific growth rate of 0.28 d−1 and the highest COD removal rate of 61.50% over a 20-day cultivation period with trace metals supplementation in the wastewater. Moreover, the cultivation of Chlorella sp. FACHB-30 yielded considerable reductions in total phosphate (69.09%), total nitrogen (26.93%), and NH 4 + -N (51.91%) levels in the wastewater. The optimum conditions for achieving maximum algal density and highest nutrient removal were determined as light intensity of 150 μmol m−2s−1, inoculation concentration of 1 × 105 cells mL−1, and an iron concentration of 10−5 mol L−1. Finally, under the optimized conditions, the removal rates of total phosphate, total nitrogen, NH 4 + -N, and COD were determined to be 87.60%, 68.05%, 75.89%, and 77.96%, respectively. The findings of this study highlight the potential for enhancing the nutrient removal efficiency of microalgae-based MSGW treatment through the implementation of a combined approach that involves the selection of tolerant strains, optimization of cultivation conditions, and refinement of wastewater composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical additives were found to be the most widely used and least expensive flavouring and preservatives for meat products, but they must be used within safe-permissible levels to protect customers from any negative effects. With reference to the most recent updates of the Egyptian standards, this study examines the levels of nitrite, phosphate, ascorbic acid, and monosodium glutamate as examples of chemical additives in one hundred and sixty random samples of raw minced meat, beef burgers, sausages, and frankfurters (40 of each), which were collected from different supermarkets located in Shibin Elkom city, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. While nitrite was not found in the minced meat samples, out of the analyzed samples, 92.5%, 97.5, and 100% of the tested sausage, burger, and frankfurter samples, respectively, were within the permitted limits (PL) (≤ 100 ppm) regarding their nitrite level. Furthermore, when it came to ascorbic acid PL (≤ 500 ppm), 72.5%, 100%, 87.5%, and 100% of the minced beef, sausage, burger, and frankfurter samples were within PL, respectively. Additionally, 100%, 90%, 95.0%, and 97.5% of the analyzed minced beef, sausage, burger, and frankfurter samples fell below the acceptable range for monosodium glutamate level (≤ 5000 ppm), respectively. Furthermore, the tested minced beef and sausage samples had no phosphate, whereas 72.5% of the investigated frankfurter samples were within the PL, and all of the studied burger samples were outside the PL (≤ 0.3%). So, it is advised to continuously monitor the meat production market and carefully enforce the safety requirement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gray abalone mushroom is a rich source of amino acids and carbohydrate compounds, with some biological activities and antioxidants. Nowadays, the variety of food additives on the market such as sodium glutamate (E621), sodium guanylate (E627), or sodium insonate (E631), could probably cause negative effects for people's health. This study used gray abalone mushrooms to create naturally derived seasoning products without using flavor enhancers and synthetic compounds. The gray abalone mushroom was pretreated and dried at 60°C until attaining the moisture content of <5%, while the biological activity and antioxidant values were kept optimal. The mixture ingredients, including 5% abalone mushroom powder, 2% baby cornstarch, and other seasoning ingredients, were uniformly ground. The based-gray abalone mushroom powder that was packed in PE with the moisture content below 3% displayed stability in terms of quality throughout 90 days. Gray abalone mushroom seasoning powder contributed to creating safe, natural products as well as improving consumers' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desired goals of crystal synthesis include high crystal quality (e.g., pure solid forms and uniform size distribution) and high process efficiency and reproducibility. A simple reactor/crystallizer has been designed based on slug flow, for continuous generation of high-quality L -glutamic acid crystals (model compound), from solution reaction of monosodium glutamate and sulfuric acid. Multiple average crystal sizes can be consistently achieved (e.g., from 19 μm to 37 μm), while maintaining the uniformity in both α-crystalline form and the crystal size distribution, by adjusting the supersaturation (stoichiometric reactant concentrations) with proper residence time. The whole reaction/crystallization process takes less than 15 minutes at room temperature, without requiring external seeding nor mechanical stirring blades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widespread flavor enhancer and stabilizer in manufactured or packaged foods that possess myriad adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on placental progesterone receptors and fetal development. Thirty pregnant Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups (ten/each). The control group (G1) gavaged distilled water only, low-dose treated group (G2) gavaged 3 g/kg MSG, and high-dose treated group (G3) gavaged 6 g/kg MSG from 1st to 18th days of gestation, and all pregnant rats were sacrificed on the 19th day of gestation. The effect of MSG on fetal weights, crown vertebral length (CVL), placental weight, placental ghrelin expression, and fetal skeleton examination were estimated. MSG induced a significant decrease in fetal weights, CVL lengths, placental weight, and ghrelin expression in both treatment groups compared to the control group. Several parts of the fetal skeleton showed incomplete ossification and delayed chondrification in which high-dose maternally treated fetuses were more affected. Many degenerative changes were detected in both maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues in MSG-treated groups. Moreover, MSG caused a significant increase in serum ALT, ALP, and creatinine levels in pregnant rats' blood. Serum progesterone was only elevated in G3 on the 19th day of gestation. This study showed that the administration of MSG during pregnancy adversely influences fetal growth and skeletal development and caused several biochemical and histological changes in the maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues which assure the toxic and teratogenic effects of MSG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is one of the most commonly used flavors that may lend to motor incoordination. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects with neuro-protective effects. Objectives: Present work aimed to elucidate possible protective potential of ALA on the motor incoordination induced by MSG and the possible underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Seventy male Wister albino rats were randomized into five groups: 1-Control group (10 rats). 2-MSG group (20 rats): MSG 3 wks and MSG 6 wks ten rats each. 3-ALA pretreated group (10 rats). 4-ALA cotreated group (20 rats): ALA cotreated 3 wks and ALA cotreated 6 wks ten rats each. 5-Alpha-Lipoic acid-post-group. Thereafter, motor coordination assessed using Rotarod and Footprint analysis were assessed in addition to serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), cerebellar brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Oxidative DNA damage were measured. Also, histo-pathological examination of cerebellar tissue was performed and number of purkinjie cells was assessed. Results: ALA resulted in better improvement for MSG-induced motor incoordination, oxidative impairment and microscopic alterations of cerebellar architecture in cotreated group than that of post-treated group, with insignificant change in pretreated group. Conclusion: ALA exhibit protective effect against motor incoordination, oxidative stress and cerebellar damage induced by MSG toxicity best as cotreatment, less when used as post-treatment but this effect useless as pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To review the literature regarding non-invasive objective measurements of pain. Measuring pain is of uttermost importance, but it can be an inconvenient task, especially in terms of the interpretation of patient's information. Reiterating, there is no "standard" that provides the physician with a method to objectively quantify this problem of patient's pain. For assessing the pain, physician relies solely on unidimensional assessment tools or questionnaire-based pain assessment. Although pain is a subjective experience of the patient, but there is a need to measure pain sometimes in the individuals who cannot communicate their quality and severity of pain. Material and Methods: The articles from PubMed and Google Scholar without any year and age limit were searched in the current narrative review. A total of 16 markers were searched and their relation to pain was studied. Results: Studies have shown that these markers change in relation to pain and it can be considered a valuable tool for pain measurement but there are multiple factors like psychological and emotional factors which affect these markers. Conclusion: There is lack of evidence to show which marker can be used for measuring pain accurately. This narrative review is an attempt to look into the various pain-related markers that can be used and it calls for further studies including clinical trials with different diseases and taking into accounts different factors affecting pain to give an accurate measurement of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, dendrimer-modified montmorillonite (Mt)-decorated poly-Ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) and chitosan (CHIT)-based nanofibers were prepared. Mt was modified with a poly(amidoamine) generation 1 (PAMAMG1) dendrimer, and the obtained PAMAMG1–Mt was incorporated into the PCL–CHIT nanofiber's structure. The PCL–CHIT/PAMAMG1–Mt nanofibers were conjugated with glutamate oxidase (GluOx) to design a bio-based detection system for monosodium glutamate (MSG). PAMAMG1–Mt was added to the PCL–CHIT backbone to provide a multipoint binding side to immobilize GluOx via covalent bonds. After the characterization of PCL–CHIT/PAMAMG1–Mt/GluOx, it was calibrated for MSG. The linear ranges were determined from 0.025 to 0.25 mM MSG using PCL–CHIT/Mt/GluOx and from 0.0025 to 0.175 mM MSG using PCL–CHIT/PAMAMG1–Mt/GluOx (with a detection limit of 7.019 µM for PCL–CHIT/Mt/GluOx and 1.045 µM for PCL–CHIT/PAMAMG1–Mt/GluOx). Finally, PCL–CHIT/PAMAMG1–Mt/GluOx was applied to analyze MSG content in tomato soup without interfering with the sample matrix, giving a recovery percentage of 103.125%. Hence, the nanofiber modification with dendrimer-intercalated Mt and GluOx conjugation onto the formed nanocomposite structures was performed, and the PCL–CHIT/PAMAMG1–Mt/GluOx system was successfully developed for MSG detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline-alkali stress adversely affects crop growth and nutrient absorption, thereby reducing crop yield and quality. Exogenous amino acids have multiple synergistic effects; however, whether a preparation containing amino acids increases the resistance of pakchoi to saline-alkali soil remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of a patented "preparation" containing amino acids on crop growth, nutrient absorption, and tolerance to saline-alkali stress in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), using a pot culture experiment with three successive plantings. The preparation was made using tail liquor generated during the production of monosodium glutamate. Topdressing with the preparation had little effect on pakchoi growth, yield, quality, or nutrient accumulation, compared with no topdressing treatment. However, the addition of the preparation to water-soluble fertiliser increased crop yield by 11.9–17.6%, with a 15.4% cumulative increase over the three crops. The concentrations of vitamin C, soluble sugar, and soluble protein increased by 10.2–12.4%, 11.9–22.3%, and 3.0–14.3%, respectively. The fertiliser utilisation ratio for the three crops increased by 30.5%, while the nitrate content decreased by 8.5–20.4%. The fresh weight significantly decreased when the dosage of water-soluble fertiliser was reduced to 20%. However, the addition of the preparation to the reduced-dosage water-soluble fertiliser compensated for this reduction, especially in the third crop. Our results show that the preparation improves pakchoi resistance to saline-alkali stress and restores agricultural productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence has demonstrated that excess sodium intake is associated with development of several non-communicable diseases. The main source of sodium is salt. Therefore, reducing salt intake in foods is an important global public health effort to achieve sodium reduction and improve health. This study aimed to model salt intake reduction with 'umami' substances among Japanese adults. The umami substances considered in this study include glutamate or monosodium glutamates (MSG), calcium diglutamate (CDG), inosinate, and guanylate. Methods: A total of 21,805 participants aged 57.8 years on average from the National Health and Nutrition Survey was used in the analysis. First, we employed a multivariable linear regression approach with overall salt intake (g/day) as a dependent variable, adjusting for food items and other covariates to estimate the contribution of salt intake from each food item that was selected through an extensive literature review. Assuming the participants already consume low-sodium products, we considered three scenarios in which salt intake could be reduced with the additional umami substances up to 30%, 60% and 100%. We estimated the total amount of population-level salt reduction for each scenario by age and gender. Under the 100% scenario, the Japan's achievement rates against the national and global salt intake reduction goals were also calculated. Results: Without compromising the taste, the 100% or universal incorporation of umami substances into food items reduced the salt intake of Japanese adults by 12.8–22.3% at the population-level average, which is equivalent to 1.27–2.22 g of salt reduction. The universal incorporation of umami substances into food items changed daily mean salt intake of the total population from 9.95 g to 7.73 g: 10.83 g to 8.40 g for men and 9.21 g to 7.17 g for women, respectively. This study suggested that approximately 60% of Japanese adults could achieve the national dietary goal of 8 g/day, while only 7.6% would meet the global recommendation of 5.0 g/day. Conclusions: Our study provides essential information on the potential salt reduction with umami substances. The universal incorporation of umami substances into food items would enable the Japanese to achieve the national dietary goal. However, the reduced salt intake level still falls short of the global dietary recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Several acute and preventive medications were developed for the treatment of migraine. Yet, a significant proportion of patients reports an inadequate response and a lack of tolerability, emphasizing the need for new options. Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and glutamate receptors including N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) are expressed at several levels of the trigeminovascular system, which is the anatomical and physiological substrate of migraine pain. Objective: To review preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of the NMDAR in migraine pathophysiology. Methods: No protocol was registered for this study. References for the present review were identified from a narrative search of the PubMed database. Search terms such as glutamate, migraine, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor, and NMDAR were used. No restrictions were made in terms of the language and date of publication. Results: In animal models, administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) activated and sensitized trigeminovascular neurons. In healthy human participants, consumption of MSG caused headaches, craniofacial sensitivity, and nausea. In in vivo models and through immunolabeling, NMDAR subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B were expressed in trigeminal ganglion neurons. In humans, NMDAR antagonists such as ketamine and memantine caused a significant reduction in pain intensity and monthly headache frequency. Conclusions: Accumulative evidence indicates that NMDAR is a promising new target for the treatment of migraine. Selective NMDAR antagonists without central effects are needed to investigate their therapeutic benefit in the treatment of migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EK148 strain originating from sucuk was evaluated in terms of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) production level. The effect of temperature, pH and fermentation time factors on GABA production was evaluated by adding meat protein isolate as a source of glutamic acid to a medium without monosodium glutamate (MSG). With the responses obtained in the experimental design, optimum conditions for L. plantarum EK148 strain were determined as 10% protein extract concentration, 33.93 ºC temperature, pH 5.05 and 96 hours of fermentation time. It was determined that the lack of fit value between the model and the data obtained using the L. plantarum EK148 strain was insignificant, and that protein extract concentration and temperature had a significant effect on GABA production. With this study, meat proteins were used as a source of glutamic acid, and GABA production was carried out using L. plantarum EK148 strain in MSG-free medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of apocynin (APO) on hormone levels, the blood-testis barrier, and oxidative biomarkers in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced testicular degeneration. Methods: Sprague Dawley male rats (150–200 g; n = 32) were randomly distributed into four groups: control, APO, MSG, and MSG + APO. MSG and MSG + APO groups were administered MSG (120 mg/kg) for 28 days. Moreover, the APO and MSG + APO groups received APO (25 mg/kg) during the last five days of the experiment. All administrations were via oral gavage. Finally, biochemical analyses were performed based on the determination of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as light and transmission electron microscopic examinations, assessment of sperm parameters, ZO-1, occludin, NOX-2, and TUNEL immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Results: MSG increased both the oxidative stress level and apoptosis, decreased cell proliferation, and caused degeneration in testis morphology including in the blood-testis barrier. Administration of apocynin reversed all the deteriorated morphological and biochemical parameters in the MSG + APO group. Conclusions: apocynin is considered to prevent testicular degeneration by maintaining the integrity of the blood-testis barrier with balanced hormone and oxidant/antioxidant levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to recover copper and gold from a waste printed circuit board (WPCB) using monosodium glutamate (MSG) supplemented with a clean oxidizer(s) under 30 °C, 150 rpm, and an initial pH of 7.00. The solder mask of WPCBs needed to be removed before leaching. At the first leaching, 93% of copper was selectively leached from solder–mask–free WPCBs within 3 h using 0.75 M MSG with 0.50% (w/v) H 2 O 2 . Then, gold (86%) was extracted from the first residue for 3 h by 1 M MSG with 0.25% (w/v) H 2 O 2 . In the downstream process, 98–100% copper could be directly recovered within 5–6 h from the first leachate by electrowinning (EW). However, gold in the second leachate required separation and purification processes before EW. At 4 h, 98% gold was adsorbed onto the activated carbon. Most impurities were removed from gold-loaded activated carbon by pre-elution using 0.05 M EDTA for 0.5 h without gold release. Afterward, 99% gold was eluted by diluted aqua-regia within an hour. Finally, the gold could be harvested perfectly using EW for 2 h. This complete copper and gold recycling process delivers an innovative concept for hydrometallurgical study and has the potential to develop into a practical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychobiotics are defined as the organisms that can provide the mental health benefit. The possible mechanism of psychobiotics is manipulation of neurotransmitter production and neurotransmitter production by the microbes. The lactobacillus group has been reported for the potential of neurotransmitter production, especially γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter. Therefore, GABA can be used for relaxation and applied in various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was determination of lactic acid bacterial isolates from Pak Sian Dong in Thailand for GABA producing ability. The results found that there were 3 isolates, SF66, SF80 and SF82, which revealed the ability to produce glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme. The GABA were detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the bacterial culture containing 3% monosodium glutamate. The survival in gastrointestinal synthetic condition found that only SF66 isolate showed the authentic percentage of survival then this isolate was selected. From the identification, the isolate was identified as Lactiplantibacillus pentosus and was designated as L. pentosus SF66 which exhibited with the potential for further investigation and development to be psychobiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of obesity induced by monosodium glutamate cytotoxicity on the hypothalamic nuclei is widely used in the literature. However, MSG promotes persistent muscle changes and there is a significant lack of studies that seek to elucidate the mechanisms by which damage refractory to reversal is established. This study aimed to investigate the early and chronic effects of MSG induction of obesity upon systemic and muscular parameters of Wistar rats. The animals were exposed to MSG subcutaneously (4 mg·g−1 b.w.) or saline (1.25 mg·g−1 b.w.) daily from PND01 to PND05 (n = 24). Afterwards, in PND15, 12 animals were euthanized to determine the plasma and inflammatory profile and to assess muscle damage. In PND142, the remaining animals were euthanized, and samples for histological and biochemical analyses were obtained. Our results suggest that early exposure to MSG reduced growth, increased adiposity, and inducted hyperinsulinemia and a pro-inflammatory scenario. In adulthood, the following were observed: peripheral insulin resistance, increased fibrosis, oxidative distress, and a reduction in muscle mass, oxidative capacity, and neuromuscular junctions, increased fibrosis, and oxidative distress. Thus, we can conclude that the condition found in adult life and the difficulty restoring in the muscle profile is related to the metabolic damage established early on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and cell composition of a newly isolated strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa SHOU-1002 were compared in three mixotrophic groups (treated with glucose, sodium glutamate and yeast extract, respectively), and a photoautotrophic group. The results showed that, generally, the cell density of mixotrophic groups were significantly higher than that of the photoautotrophic group after inoculation. Moreover, the cell density of the glucose group was significantly higher than that of the sodium glutamate group and the yeast extract group within 6 days after inoculation. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the cell density of the three mixotrophic groups from the 10th day. On the 12th day, the contents of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, protein and total lipid in the sodium glutamate group and yeast extract group were significantly higher as compared to those in the glucose group; however, the carbohydrate content was significantly lower compared to the glucose group. Further, in the glucose group, SFAs increased while the PUFAs decreased with the prolongation of culture time. The PUFAs in the sodium glutamate group and the yeast extract group tended to decrease in the beginning, then they increased. The PUFAs of the sodium glutamate group and the yeast extract group were significantly higher than that of the glucose group on the 12th day. In conclusion, the results suggested that Chlorella pyrenoidosa SHOU-1002 had the ability of mixotrophy and its growth efficiency was significantly improved in mixotrophic mode. Besides, the algal cells cultured by yeast extract or sodium glutamate had higher nutritional value than those cultured by glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium overconsumption has become a serious health concern resulting in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) publishing voluntary sodium reduction guidelines for a wide spectrum of packaged and processed foods. Reducing sodium through the removal of salt may decrease the palatability of foods, thus increasing the need for new approaches to prevent such palatability loss. The objective of this research was to characterize white and multigrain breads with either 43% or 60% reduction in sodium and with and without monosodium glutamate (MSG) using descriptive analysis methodology as well as to identify the drivers of liking for white and multigrain breads of varying sodium contents with and without MSG. Significant differences were identified in the attributes of salty taste and aftertaste, savory aftertaste, and chewy and firm textures in white bread and of salty taste and aftertaste, sweet taste, and density in multigrain bread. By regressing consumer test data of these breads onto their principal component analysis biplots, textural attributes and salty taste and aftertaste were identified as primary drivers of liking in white and multigrain breads. Flavor enhancers such as MSG show promise in mitigating palatability loss that occurs when the sodium content of bread is greatly reduced and thus provide a promising solution to produce breads with an improved nutritional profile. Future research on flavor enhancement in other food matrices would be valuable as well as in other bread and carbohydrate‐based food categories. Practical Application: The findings of our study suggest that texture and a salty taste and aftertaste drive consumer liking of reduced‐sodium white and multigrain breads and liking of breads could be improved with the addition of monosodium glutamate. Increasing the acceptance of reduced‐sodium food products could help to improve the health of the American population by resulting in a reduced risk of hypertension and subsequently heart attacks and stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]