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The paper presents a critical review of recent developments regarding the pi and si factors, adopted in Chapter II-1 on subdivision and stability of ships in the harmonized Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention. The two factors adopted from an European Union (EU)-funded research project HARDER are questioned. The paper strongly suggests that International Maritime Organization restores in SOLAS the previous sound and simple formulations for the factor pi from SOLAS 2006, and adopts the factor si, embedded in the accumulation of water on deck. 1. Introduction Many factors affecting the final consequences of ship hull damage are random in nature and their influence is different for different ships. For this reason, the probability of collision survival is taken as a genuine measure of ship safety in the damaged condition (i.e., a measure of merit of ship's subdivision). A relatively rigorous procedure for dealing with this concept was first introduced by Wendel in 1960 (Wendel 1960) who initiated this novel approach to the evaluation of subdivision. The idea appeared to catch on and was later developed by Comstock and Robertson (1961), Volkov (1963), Wendel (1968), Aleksandrov (1970), and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) (1974), which resulted in establishing and adopting the equivalent regulations for passenger ships. IMO (2009) continued this work resulting in harmonized regulations for all types of ships, contained in the 1974 sOLAs convention, in Chapter II- in parts B to B–4. In the convention, the probability of collision survival is referred to as the attained subdivision index A. Generally, three measures of merit can be postulated for judging the effectiveness of ship's subdivision:overall (global) index of subdivision, reflecting the average degree of subdivision for the whole ship that denotes a mean probability of survival for the whole ship in case of accidental flooding, andlocal indices of subdivision of two kinds (not in use in the regulations as yet), reflecting the degree of subdivision for individual parts of the ship. They denote mean probabilities of survival either for the cases of flooding in which a given (wing, if any) compartment is involved (alone or together with adjacent compartments), or in which a given transverse bulkhead is involved. For this reason, we talk about one-compartment indices of subdivision and minor damage indices. The formers express the so-called one-compartment standard on the ground of the probabilistic concept, while the latter, a two-compartment standard, so regarded by the practitioners.

There is a number of international instruments that contribute to the improvement and advancement of safety at sea. The primary task of all international instruments is to make sea navigation less dangerous and to reduce, to the maximum extent possible, the risks associated with maritime navigation, and hence the occurrence of maritime accidents and marine pollution. In addition to international conventions as basic international instruments, codes adopted by various international organizations are of particular importance for improving the safety of navigation. The IMO, as the main organization responsible for improving maritime safety, certainly occupies a special place. Since its inception, the IMO has convened many international conferences and developed many regulations, recommendations and codes of practice concerning the carriage of dangerous cargoes by sea. Thirty conventions and protocols, as well as a number of codes and recommendations concerning maritime safety, the prevention of marine pollution and other related matters have been adopted by the IMO. In this paper we have tried to point out the most important international codes the observance of which is imperative for improving safety at sea. Attention is paid to the role of a number of international organizations in the safety of navigation, with special emphasis on the IMO.

In this study, numerical simulations are conducted in order to analyze the capsizing of roll-on/roll-off passenger ship, Sewol, which occurred on 16 April 2014. Since little is known about the reason of ship capsize, numerical simulation aims to the finding of possible scenarios which can cause this tragic accident. To this end, 4-degree-of-freedom (surge, sway, yaw, and roll motions) maneuvering equations are solved. The hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from a similar ship are applied and the WISH-Maneuver program of Seoul National University is used to perform the numerical simulation. The present analysis utilizes the probabilistic approach, which considers various physical variables and involves the simulation of a large number of cases using different combinations of the variables. The total number of simulation cases is over 70 millions, and the simulation results that are close to the conditions of the actual accident situation are selected. Through this process, the effects of the simulation variables are investigated and the potential causes of the accident are identified. The results show the hydrostatic instability of the ship in the operational condition owing to cargo overload and insufficient ballast water, which raised the vertical center of gravity. The reduced stability combined with large starboard steering angle and cargo movement during large heel may have been the decisive reason of capsizing.

Over the past few decades, an increasing number of marine activities have been conducted in the East China Sea, including the construction of various marine structures and the passage of large ships. Marine safety issues are paramount and are becoming more important with respect to the likely increase in size of ocean waves in relation to global climate change and associated typhoons. In addition, swells also can be very dangerous because they induce the resonance of floating structures, including ships. This study focuses on an investigation of swells in the East China Sea and uses hindcast data for waves over the past 5 years in a numerical model, WAVEWATCH III (WW3), together with historical climate data. The numerical calculation domain covers the entire North West Pacific. Next, swells are separated and analyzed using simulated wave fields, and both the characteristics and generation mechanisms of swells are investigated.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a clean, efficient and economic energy, which is mainly transported by LNG carriers in the marine industry. Possible spilling of cryogenic LNG puts safety of crew in danger due to fire and explosion hazards. Taking into account various uncertainties, a modified fault tree model for LNG spill accident during LNG carriers’ handling operations is constructed in this study. Human factor analysis is introduced with a goal to predict human errors in LNG carriers’ handling operation. Finally, the results of the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) are combined, so that risks can be assessed using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Comparing the results of risk assessment with the traditional FTA and corresponding criterion set, an important reference for LNG carrier management is provided for administration.

Acharya, T.D.; Yoo, K.W., and Lee, D.H., 2017. GIS-based spatio-temporal analysis of marine accidents database in the coastal zone of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K.-S., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 2nd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 79, pp. 114–118. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Maritime transportation, including the use of boats, ferries and ships for the transportation, fishing and recreational activities, currently plays an important factor in global economy and is increasing annually. With increase of maritime transportation, the occurrences of marine accident are also increased. Based on worldwide statistical database of marine accidents, Marine Casualties and Incidents (MCI) module published by Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS), the second highest number of accidents have occurred in the coastal zone around East Asian countries, China, Japan and Korea. Especially in Korea, there are many...

The purpose of NDT is to ensure the safe operation of shipboard steel wire rope and reduce the waste caused by premature abandonment on the premise of safe operation. This paper analyzes the damage characteristics of shipboard steel wire rope, introduces the principle of non-destructive testing of steel wire rope based on electromagnetic testing, and finally discusses the problems of non-destructive testing of steel wire rope.

This study aimed to identify the fulfillment of safety equipment and its effect towards ship safety. This study was conducted at some harbors in Indonesia such as Soekarno Hatta Harbor at Makassar, Tanjung Perak Harbor at Surabaya and Tanjung Priok harbor at Jakarta. The sampling technique was Purposive sampling. Data were collected by questioners with Likert model scale. The obtained data then was being analysed using descriptive statistic and inferential statistic consisted of regression analysis and correlation. The result showed that there were positive and significant effects between safety equipment fulfilment and sailor ship safety. The regression equation was. Moreover, safety equipment fulfilment had strong effects toward sailor ship safety with 0.753 coefficient correlation 55.3% contribution. Further, the other 44.7% was influenced by other variables. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el cumplimiento de los equipos de seguridad y su efecto hacia la seguridad del barco. Este estudio se realizó en algunos puertos de Indonesia, como el puerto de Soekarno Hatta en Makassar, el puerto de Tanjung Perak en Surabaya y el puerto de Tanjung Priok en Yakarta. La técnica de muestreo fue el muestreo intencional. Los datos fueron recolectados por los interrogadores con la escala del modelo de Likert. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y la estadística inferencial consistió en análisis de regresión y correlación. El resultado mostró que hubo efectos positivos y significativos entre el cumplimiento del equipo de seguridad y la seguridad del buque marinero. La ecuación de regresión fue Y ^ '= 2,421 + 0,753X. Además, el cumplimiento del equipo de seguridad tuvo fuertes efectos en la seguridad de los buques marinos con una correlación de 0.753 coeficientes con una contribución del 55.3%. Además, el otro 44.7% fue influenciado por otras variables. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o cumprimento de equipamentos de segurança e seus efeitos para a segurança do navio. O estudo foi realizado em alguns portos da Indonésia, como Soekarno Hatta Harbour em Makassar, Tanjung Perak Harbour em Surabaya e Tanjung Priok porto em Jacarta. A técnica de amostragem foi amostragem intencional. Os dados foram coletados e tabulados utilizando-se a escala do modelo Likert. Os dados obtidos foram então analisados por estatística descritiva e estatística inferencial composta por análise de regressão e correlação. O resultado mostrou que houve efeitos positivos e significativos entre o cumprimento dos equipamentos de segurança e a segurança dos navios de marinheiro. A equação de regressão foi Y'= 2.421 + 0.753X. Além disso, o cumprimento dos equipamentos de segurança teve fortes efeitos em relação à segurança dos navios de marinheiro, com 0.753 correlação de coeficiente de 55.3% de contribuição. Além disso, os outros 44.7% foram influenciados por outras variáveis.

UV radiation is one of the critical environmental stress factors for human skin, which can trigger various problems such as pruritus, burning, erythema, premature skin aging and skin cancer. Hence, UV protection has become an indispensable daily routine and the use of topical sunscreen products is rapidly increasing. However, there are emerging concerns over the efficiency and safety of existing chemical and physical UV filters used in consumer products. Furthermore, there is no universally approved method for assessing sun protection efficiency regardless of the immediate end user need to develop safer sunscreen products that afford broad-spectrum photoprotection. It is evident that the current organic and inorganic UV filters have significant unfavorable impacts on human, environmental, and marine safety. Therefore, effective alternative UV filters should be established. This article comprehensively reviews the properties, safety, health and ecological concerns of various UV filters including TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as well as the limitations of the testing protocols and guidelines provided by major regulatory bodies. The photoreactivity of UV filters used in sunscreen remains a major challenge, and it is crucial to develop new sunscreen ingredients, which not only protect the consumer, but also the environment.

In this paper, transportation problem of hazardous materials (hazmat) by various transportation modes is considered. Accident probabilities related to human and ecologic risks are assumed for each transportation mode including road, rail, and marine modes. Thus, a two-stage approach following the fault tree analysis (FTA) first, a mathematical modeling approach second is provided. In the first stage, FTA is employed to analyze the risks for each transportation mode. In the second stage, a mixed integer nonlinear programing model is formulated by using the results of the FTA to minimize the transportation cost and risk cost for each mode. Computational results for the instances in the literature and generated instances are provided. Results show that the two-stage approach is able to produce high-quality solutions. Most effective parameter is human-based possibility with 82% for the road accident, vehicle-based possibility with 64% for the rail accident, material-based possibility with 76% for the marine accident during the hazmat transportation. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC and The University of Tennessee.