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Although I completely agree with Horta's observations and arguments, a more in-depth discussion of higher education in China would allow for further consideration of the development of higher education in East Asia as a whole. When considering the breakthrough of higher education in East Asia, the focal point is Chinese higher education. Keywords: A1; I2; O2 EN A1 I2 O2 192 193 2 07/06/23 20230701 NES 230701 Higher education in East Asia has undergone a miraculous transformation in just over two decades since the turn of the century. [Extracted from the article]

Time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering is applied to prepare and interrogate vibrational coherences on the ground electronic surface of molecular iodine isolated in Ar matrices. The coherence decay time shows a linear dependence on vibrational quantum numbers for v=3-15. The temperature dependence of decoherence rates is negligible for v0 limit of dephasing is discussed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

Antecedentes: Para brindar herramientas que permitan a las personas desarrollar todo su potencial, la educación debería no sólo proveer conocimientos y apti- tudes, sino también contribuir a la formación de actitudes, valores y disposicio- nes positivas. Los sistemas educativos deberían ser evaluados en función de este carácter multifacético de la educación, y la información disponible indica que los países difieren en la medida en que sus estudiantes adquieren tanto compe- tencias cognitivas como no cognitivas. Interesa por ello comprender mejor el desarrollo de ambos tipos de logros, proceso complejo que depende de factores personales, familiares, escolares y contextuales. Mientras que la mayoría de las investigaciones empíricas orientadas a explicar la calidad educativa ha conside- rado únicamente los logros cognitivos, el presente trabajo pone el foco en los no cognitivos. Métodos: Se estima un modelo de regresión multinivel multivariado que analiza simultáneamente los determinantes de dos resultados alcanzados por los alum- nos argentinos participantes del Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Alumnos ( PISA ) 2012: uno cognitivo —la nota obtenida en la prueba de mate- máticas— y uno no cognitivo —la apertura hacia la resolución de problemas—. Resultados: Se hallan diferencias en los factores explicativos entre los dos tipos de logros: los colegios parecen cumplir un papel más relevante en la determinación del desempeño escolar cognitivo que en la formación de resultados no cognitivos. No obstante, factores como el género o el nivel socioeconómico del hogar inciden significativamente en ambos casos. Asimismo, si bien los atributos es- colares resultan menos relevantes que los individuales en la explicación de los dos resultados, se aprecia un margen para mejorar su desarrollo desde la escuela. Conclusiones: La inexistencia de homogeneidad respecto a las variables que deter - minan las dos clases de resultados estudiados sugiere que las políticas tendientes a mejorar unos u otros deberían ser diferentes. De todas formas, el desarrollo de ambos tipos de logros requiere principalmente que se mejoren las condiciones socioeducativas de los alumnos en sus hogares.

In any meta-analysis it is important to report not only the mean effect size but also how the effect size varies across studies. A treatment that has a moderate clinical impact in all studies is very different than a treatment where the impact is moderate on average, but in some studies is large and in others is trivial (or even harmful). A treatment that has no impact in any studies is very different than a treatment that has no impact on average because it is helpful in some studies but harmful in others. The majority of meta-analyses use the I-squared index to quantify heterogeneity. While this practice is common it is nevertheless incorrect. I-squared does not tell us how much the effect size varies (except when I-squared is zero percent). The statistic that does convey this information is the prediction interval. It allows us to report, for example, that a treatment has a clinically trivial or moderate effect in roughly 10 % of studies, a large effect in roughly 50 %, and a very large effect in roughly 40 %. This is the information that researchers or clinicians have in mind when they ask about heterogeneity. It is the information that researchers believe (incorrectly) is provided by I-squared., (© 2023 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Our paper studies the effects of daily dialect-speaking on hourly wages of native Dutch workers. The unconditional difference in median hourly wage between Standard Dutch speakers and dialect speakers is about 10% for males and 8% for females. Taking into account differences in personal characteristics, family characteristics and geographical differences, wage differences are reduced with about 6%-points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The new Zn-MOF was prepared. • The prepared MOF is suitable for loading and unloading of I 2. • The loading and delivery of I 2 were performed using the organic solutions. A new metal-organic framework, [Zn 2 (NDC)(BDT)] n.4DMF (TMU-18) (NDC = 1,6 naphtalenedicarboxylate, BDT = 1,4-benzeneditetrazole) was synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR and X-ray crystallography. The thermal stability of compound TMU-18 was studied by thermal gravimetric (TG). TMU-18 was used for loading the I 2 by suspending it in a solution of I 2 in cyclohexane. The delivery of I 2 from TMU-18 performed in ethanol at room temperature. The loading and unloading of I 2 were investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test whether Asian parents place more importance on helping their children with college costs than parents in other racial/ethnic groups. Some previous research has shown that Asian parents are more likely than comparable White parents to list saving for college as an important goal, but does that indicate that they place more importance on helping their children with college costs? Descriptive analyses of the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances indicate that Asian parents are more likely than White parents to (1) expect to contribute to their children's college costs and (2) list college as an important saving goal. Our logistic regression controlling for household characteristics shows that among households with at least one child age 13 to 17, Asian parents are not different from parents with other racial/ethnic identification in expecting to contribute to their children's college costs. Controlling for household characteristics and expecting to contribute to their children's college costs, White parents have less than half of the odds of listing college as an important saving goal as Asian parents. However, listing college as a saving goal may not be a good indicator of the importance placed by parents of college for their children, as there are other ways to help with college costs, including borrowing, contributing out of current income, and some parents may consider the goal as having been met by their own previous savings or the savings of relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan expanded its college access significantly over the past two decades by converting 2-year junior colleges to 4-year colleges and relaxing entrance standards. The share of college graduates in the 22–24 years old population rose from 12 to 71% between 1990 and 2014. This should have suppressed returns to schooling and lowered household income inequality. Instead, Taiwan's Gini coefficient rose. We show that rising use of performance pay and positive assortative mating in the marriage market jointly increase the household income inequality by 46.5% between 1980 and 2014. Our results suggest that uneven quality of the most recent cohorts of college graduates led to two sources of rising household income inequality: the increased use of bonus pay which increases residual inequality among college graduates; and matching on unobserved skills in the marriage market which increases inequality among married couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspects of institutional quality vary substantially across countries, but are quite persistent over time. Further, institutional quality is correlated with income inequality, even among democracies. To account for these regularities, we offer a model where individual attitudes, toward inequality or trust in government, feature in voters' preferences. The model displays path dependence, whereby inequality and institutional quality feed each other. It is suggested that this may explain the long shadow of historical legacies of postcolonial experiences. Simple correlations of reported attitudes using data from the World Values Surveys are consistent with the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method of calculating sharp bounds on the average treatment effect using linear programming under identifying assumptions commonly used in the literature. This new method provides a sensitivity analysis of the identifying assumptions and missing data in two applications. The first application looks at the effect of parents' schooling on children's schooling, and the second application studies the effect of mandatory arrest policy on domestic violence recidivism. This paper shows that even a mild departure from identifying assumptions may substantially widen the bounds on average treatment effects. Allowing for a small fraction of the data to be missing also has a large impact on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most economic research on university athletics programs examines National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I universities with some consideration of universities in Division II. Division III universities are very different than Division I, consequently that which holds for athletics might be different. In this paper the relationship between athletics and the number of applications received per existing student is examined using a balanced panel of private Division-III universities from 2003 to 2014. Controlling for numerous common recruiting variables, the results indicate that a larger share of athletes on campus is positively associated with more applications per existing full time equivalent undergraduate students. The presence of football, a large, almost exclusively male set of athletes, is neutral in its relationship with total applications, though positive for male and negative for female applicants. Among Division-III universities with football programs, winning football programs have a neutral effecton applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socioeconomic inequalities in college completion have widened over time. A critical question is how to support low-income and first-generation students to achieve college success. We investigate one effort, the Dell Scholars Program, which provides a combination of financial support and individualized advising to selected students who attend institutions throughout the United States. Using two quasi-experimental analytic strategies, regression discontinuity and difference-in-differences with a matched comparison sample, we find consistent evidence that being selected as a Dell Scholar leads to substantially higher rates of bachelor'sdegree completion within six years, as well improvements on multiple other measures of college success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pension system brings challenges in many high-income countries. While the system was set up at the time of economic growth, policymakers are facing both economic slowdown and aging population. Moreover, there is an incentive mis-match between short to medium term popularity and re-election versus taking necessary decisions to affect long-term sustainability of the system. In a small open economy, the situation is further accentuated by high volatility driven by migrations and cross-borders workers. This paper aims to address the policymakers' challenges and develops an innovative model, whose main contribution is the way it reflects the cross-border workers' contribution and impact. Therefore, it allows to not only assess the state liabilities, but also the evolution of the age pyramid with a significant portion of new migrants and cross-border workers, considering the high volatility of workers. It also provides an approach to analyze issues at stake and remove decision biases faced by politicians through policy options and their impact under various economic scenarios. With the model in hand, we analyze three different scenarios for the future evolution of Luxembourg's pension system. In all three scenarios, the results reflect a significant imbalance of the pension system over time (to 2060), going from 1.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) surplus in the best scenario to 14.2% of GDP deficit in the worst scenario. The probability of this worst scenario is related with a worsening of the economic situation, with job destruction and a drop in economic growth impacting cross-border commuters and net migrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We draw on population-level administrative data from the U.S. Department of Education and the Internal Revenue Service to quantify the impact of for-profit college attendance on the employment and earnings of more than one million students. Using a matched comparison group difference-in-differences design, we find that certificate-seeking students in for-profit institutions are 1.5 percentage points less likely to be employed and, conditional on employment, have 11 percent lower earnings after attendance than students in public institutions. These results hold for both men and women and for seven of the top ten fields of study. We find that earnings and employment outcomes are particularly poor for students attending for-profit colleges that offer the majority of their courses online and for multicampus chains. We find that for-profit students experience small, statistically insignificant gains in annual earnings after attendance compared to a matched [End Page 342] control group of young individuals who do not attend college. A back-of-the-envelope comparison of these earnings gains to average debt burdens suggests that for-profit certificate programs do not pay off for the average student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide evidence on the importance of specific inputs for child cognitive skills by estimating alternative specifications of the early childhood production function, between birth and kindergarten. We identify a new input measure, parent-child interaction, which is both important for development and amenable to policy intervention because parenting skills can be taught. We find that the application of reading books and singing songs and sensitive and engaging parent-child interactions as early as 9 months of age have an important effect on reading among kindergarten children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The imdazoline I2 receptor (I2R) has been found in the feeding centers of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, and certain I2R ligands have been reported to stimulate food intake. Thus, it has been proposed that I2R may play a role in feeding control. [11C]BU99008 was developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging of I2R. [11C]BU99008 displayed relatively high brain penetration and specific binding by brain PET studies in preclinical studies. Here, we evaluated a pathological condition caused by obesity related to I2R function by quantitative PET study using [11C]BU99008.Procedures: PET scans were acquired in the Zucker (ZUC) lean and fatty rats, radioactivity and metabolites of plasma were measured, and the kinetic parameters were estimated.Results: Radioactivity levels after the injection of [11C]BU99008 in the hypothalamus of both ZUC lean and fatty rats were highly accumulated, and then gradually decreased until 60 min after the injection. The accumulated radioactivity from 30 to 60 min after the injection in the hypothalamus of the ZUC fatty rats was 1.3 times greater than that of lean rats. The volume of distribution (VT) estimated by Logan graphical analysis in the hypothalamus of the ZUC fatty rats was 1.8 times greater than that in the ZUC lean rats. In metabolite analysis, the percentages of the unchanged form in the plasma of the ZUC fatty rats at 60 min after the injection (5.0 %) was significantly lower than that of lean rats (9.1 %).Conclusions: By PET imaging using [11C]BU99008, we demonstrated that the accumulated radioactivity and estimated VT value in the feeding center of ZUC lean rats was lower than that in fatty rats. PET studies using [11C]BU99008 may contribute to elucidate a pathological condition caused by obesity related to I2R function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents that the electoral cost of major pension reforms is lower in countries where the level of financial literacy is higher. The evidence from data on legislative elections held between 1990 and 2010 in 21 advanced countries is robust when we control for macroeconomic, demographic, and political conditions. Interestingly, these findings are not robust when we use less specific indicators of human capital as general schooling, supporting the view that knowledge of basic economic and financial concepts has distinctive features that may help reduce the electoral cost of reforms having a relevant impact on the life cycle of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I exploit the random assignment of class rosters in the MET Project to estimate teacher effects on students' performance on complex open-ended tasks in math and reading, as well as their growth mindset, grit, and effort in class. I find large teacher effects across this expanded set of outcomes, but weak relationships between these effects and performance measures used in current teacher evaluation systems including value-added to state standardized tests. These findings suggest teacher effectiveness is multidimensional, and high-stakes evaluation decisions are only weakly informed by the degree to which teachers are developing students' complex cognitive skills and social-emotional competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the empirical relationship between the quality of educational attainment and economic growth. It uses country scores from the recent international student assessment tests as a proxy for education quality and cognitive skills of the labor force along with data on education quantity (schooling) and several control variables. The student assessment data set includes two widely used international tests, PISA and TIMSS, spanning the periods 2000-2015, and 1995-2015, respectively. Empirical results from OLS and IV estimations indicate that cognitive skills component of human capital has a robust positive effect on growth performance whereas the impact of average years of schooling, after conditioning on test scores, is statistically insignificant. Results suggest that to improve the quality of human capital stock and spur economic growth, countries should focus more on developing national education policies designed to enhance students’ cognitive skills rather than merely increasing the number of schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) are emerging non-metallic charge carriers for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices, due to their low cost, elemental abundance, and environmental benignity. However, finding suitable electrode materials to achieve rapid diffusion kinetics for NH 4 + storage remains a great challenge. Herein, a 2D conjugated metal-organic framework (2D c-MOF) for immobilizing iodine, as a high-performance cathode material for NH 4 + hybrid supercapacitors, is reported. Cu-HHB (HHB = hexahydroxybenzene) MOF embedded with iodine (Cu-HHB/I 2 ) features excellent electrical conductivity, highly porous structure, and rich accessible active sites of copper-bis(dihydroxy) (Cu─O 4 ) and iodide species, resulting in a remarkable areal capacitance of 111.7 mF cm -2 at 0.4 mA cm -2 . Experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that the Cu─O 4 species in Cu-HHB play a critical role in binding polyiodide and suppressing its dissolution, as well as contributing to a large pseudocapacitance with adsorbed iodide. In combination with a porous MXene anode, the full NH 4 + hybrid supercapacitors deliver an excellent energy density of 31.5 mWh cm -2 and long-term cycling stability with 89.5% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles, superior to those of the state-of-the-art NH 4 + hybrid supercapacitors. This study sheds light on the material design for NH 4 + storage, enabling the development of novel high-performance energy storage devices., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In the presence of I2, an acyloxyselenenylation of alkenes with diselenides and carboxylic acids is developed. This metal-free iodine-mediated acyloxyselenenylation proceeds efficiently under mild reaction conditions, affording a series of 2-acyloxy-1-selenides with high regioselectivity and in moderate to good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the South African job market for Ph.Ds. Ph.D. to first job mobility involves the preferences of both the hiring institution and the candidate. Both want to make the best choice and here institutional prestige plays a crucial role. A university’s prestige is an emergent property of hiring interactions, so we use a network perspective to measure it. Using this emergent ordering, we compare the subsequent scientific performance of scholars with different changes in the prestige hierarchy. We ask how movements between universities of different prestige from Ph.D. to first job correlates with academic performance. We use data of South African scholars from 1970 to 2012 and we find that those who make large movements in terms of prestige have lower research ratings than those who do not. Further, looking only those with large prestige movements, those with higher prestige Ph.Ds or first jobs have higher research ratings throughout their careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the interrelationship between educational mismatch and earnings, taking three new approaches. First, we examine decompositions of the mismatch wage gap, finding that characteristics explain less than half of the mismatch penalty. Second, we use unconditional quantile regression to examine the mismatch penalty across the earnings distribution, showing that the penalty shrinks as the position in the earnings distribution increases. Third, we decompose the differentials using quantile decompositions. Different reasons for mismatch show heterogeneity in our results, with larger penalties for being mismatched due to working conditions, location, family, and no available job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper estimates the effect of tertiary education eligibility on crime in Sweden. The hypothesis tested is that continuing to higher education decreases crime rates since it allows young people to escape inactivity and idleness, which are known to trigger crime. However, to qualify for tertiary education, individuals have to meet the eligibility requirements in upper-secondary school. Tertiary education eligibility may therefore affect crime rates.Methods: This paper uses a panel data set of 287 Swedish municipalities over the period 1998-2010 to estimate the tertiary education eligibility effect on crime. However, estimating educational effects on crime is challenging, because investment in education is an endogenous decision. In Sweden, substantial grade inflation, increased tertiary education eligibility by more than 6% points between 1998 and 2003. Thus, since the eligibility increase is exogenous to the educational achievements of a student cohort, i.e. not accompanied by a corresponding knowledge increase, we can use the increase to identify the effect of tertiary education eligibility on crime.Results: It is found that increasing the tertiary education eligibility rate decreases both property and violent crime substantially.Conclusions: The results show that when young people have the opportunity to attend tertiary education, and thus escape unemployment or inactivity, their propensity to commit crime decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do signals of high aptitude shape the course of collegiate study? We apply a regression discontinuity design to understand how college major choice is impacted by receiving a higher Advanced Placement (AP) integer score, despite similar exam performance, compared to students who received a lower integer score. Attaining higher scores increases the probability that a student majors in that exam subject by approximately 5 percent (0.64 percentage points), with some individual exams demonstrating increases as high as 30 percent. A substantial portion of the overall effect is driven by behavioral responses to the positive signal of receiving a higher score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of studies suggest that teaching children how to play chess may have an impact on their educational attainment. Yet the strength of this evidence is undermined by limitations with research design. This paper attempts to overcome these limitations by presenting evidence from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving more than 4,000 children in England. In contrast to much of the existing literature, we find no evidence of an effect of chess instruction on children's mathematics, reading, or science test scores. Our results provide a timely reminder of the need for social scientists to employ robust research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of school closure in the Chilean market-oriented educational system. Between 2002 and 2011 the system exhibited a large turnover: 1282 schools closed -roughly one-tenth of the current stock- and 2350 new schools entered, mostly private-voucher schools. We use a large panel of administrative data, which contains individual students’ academic achievement and socio-demographic characteristics, to estimate some of the potential educational costs of this dynamics. We identify a causal effect of school closures on school dropouts and grade retention. School closure increases the probability of high-school dropout between 49 and 68% (1.8 and 2.5 percentage points). Also, school exit implies between 3.9 and 4.4 percentage points increase in the probability of grade retention in fifth grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a randomized controlled experiment in Mauritius by the Joint Child Health Project. This longitudinal study followed a cohort of children from different socio-economic backgrounds to examine educational outcomes among children in high and low-quality preschools. The findings show that quality of preschool education had no significant effect on children's overall educational attainment. However, academic performance of children in the experimental group was higher for children with poorly educated fathers, but lower for children with poorly educated mothers. Hence, the effects of high-quality preschool education worked in opposing directions—equalizing by compensating for the effect of father's level of education, and disequalizing by reinforcing the effect of mother's level of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]