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The fermentation of food materials with suitable probiotic strains is an effective way to improve biological activities. In this study, seaweed extracts were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and the hypolipidemic effects of the fermentation products were investigated. In vitro experiments suggested that fermented seaweed extracts have a high capacity for bile acid-binding. Additionally, a significant inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase was observed. Furthermore, effects in hyperlipidemic mice were determined. Fermented seaweed extracts can alleviate lipid metabolism disorder. The administration of fermented seaweed extracts to mice showed decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Combined, these results suggest that fermented seaweed extracts perform a potent hypolipidemic action, thus providing an effective method for the preparation of functional foods to combat cardiovascular diseases.

The plant, Malva neglecta wallr., is widely consumed for medicinal and nutritional purposes. The current study was carried out to assess the hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potential of aqueous methanolic extract of M. neglecta. Chemical evaluation of the extract was performed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done in diabetic rats pre-exposed to 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg plant extract via the oral route. For hypoglycemic and biochemical study, the same therapy was administered to alloxan induced diabetic rats for 14 days. The standard control group received Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and other phenolic acids were detected and estimated in the extract. Administration of the plant extract significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats subjected to OGTT. The plant extract lowered the fasting blood glucose and alpha amylase, and prevented the damage to pancreas. It also corrected dyslipidemia in diabetic animals following 14 days therapy. Hence, this experimental study establishes the fact that M. neglecta exhibited significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Blueberries are rich in bioactive anthocyanins, with a high level of malvidin, which is associated with antioxidant benefits that contribute to reducing the risk of diabetes. The objective of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of blueberry anthocyanin extract (BAE), malvidin (Mv), malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv-3-glc), and malvidin-3-galactoside (Mv-3-gal) in both human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 and in a high-fat diet combining streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. High glucose treatment significantly increased hepatic oxidative stress up to 6-fold and decreased HepG2 cell viability. Pretreatment with BAE, Mv, Mv-3-glc and Mlv-3-gal significantly mitigated these damages by lowering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 87, 80, 76, and 91%, and increasing cell viability by 88, 79, 73, and 98%, respectively. These pretreatments also effectively inhibited hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, respectively by reducing the expression levels of enzymes participating in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis and enhancing those involved in glycogenolysis and lipolysis, via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. To determinate the role of AMPK in BAE-induced reaction of glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo, doses of 100 mg/kg (blueberry anthocyanin extracts – low concentration, BAE-L) and 400 mg/kg (blueberry anthocyanin extracts – high concentration, BAE-H) were administrated per day to diabetic mice for 5 weeks. BAE treatments had a significant (P

Although citrus peel is a waste material, it contains a variety of bioactive components. As our preliminary findings showed that citrus peels fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae T1 contained increased levels of anti-obesity flavonoids, the objective of this study was to prepare fermented citrus peel and to investigate its effect on ameliorating obesity in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). After fermentation, the amounts of limonene, nobiletin and 3-methoxynobiletin in citrus peel were markedly increased. SD rats were fed with an HFD for 10 weeks, followed by fermented citrus peel-containing HFD (0.3% or 0.9% w/w) for 6 weeks. Compared with those fed with an HFD alone, lower levels of body weight, visceral fat, body fat percentage, blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, malondialdehyde and hepatic adipose accumulation were observed in rats fed with fermented citrus peel. In parallel, hepatic levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase were diminished, and the level of hormone sensitivity lipase in visceral fat was elevated. These results reveal fermented citrus peel is a promising natural product with beneficial effects of alleviating HFD-induced obesity.

Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT), a type of black tea, is a traditional beverage in China, especially popular among frontier ethnic groups. FBT is well-known for its health benefits, such as hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and detoxification effects. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms on the molecular level are still elusive and the key compounds responsible for the health benefits are unidentified. Previous studies have mainly focused on functional studies of the water extract. However, FBT is typically cooked with butter or milk. Therefore, we hypothesized that some lipophilic components in FBT, which can be absorbed through the co-consumption of butter or milk, may play an important role in the health benefits. The present study aimed to investigate whether the liposoluble extract of FBT alleviates symptoms related to metabolic diseases and to identify the active compounds involved. By comparing the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of water, milk and hexane extract, some low polarity peaks were observed in the milk and hexane extracts. Furthermore, the hexane extract treatment alleviated body weight gain, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and inhibited the accumulation of hepatic fat granules in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced C57BL/6N mouse model. In order to identify the key functional lipophilic compounds in FBT, the hexane extract of FBT was subjected to chemical characterization. Four phenol analogs were characterized, namely, isodihydroauroglaucin (1), dihydroauroglaucin (2), tetrahydroauroglaucin (3), and flavoglaucin (4). Compounds 1 and 4 reduced the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in vivo. Both compounds also inhibited the high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and accumulation of fat granules in the liver of C57BL/6N mice. Isodihydroauroglaucin and flavoglaucin have therefore been identified as bioactive ingredients that contribute to the health benefits of FBT.

Two doses (300 mg/kg bw and 600 mg/kg bw) of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JLAU103 exopolysaccharide (EPS103) were orally administered to a type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mouse model induced by streptozotocin and a high-fat diet. The hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and neuroprotective effects of EPS103 on T2DM mice were evaluated. The results indicated that administration of EPS103 could alleviate insulin resistance, reduce the levels of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, leptin and fasting serum insulin, improve glucose tolerance, protect pancreas and liver, and modulate blood lipid disorders. EPS103 promoted hepatic glycogen synthesis by upregulating the phosphorylation of GSK3β. Meanwhile, it upregulated the phosphorylation of IRS-1, PI3K and Akt, as well as the expression of IRS-2 and GLUT4, and downregulated the expression of PEPCK, G6Pase and PGC-1α, indicating that EPS103 promotes the uptake and transport of glucose and inhibits gluconeogenesis, which might be related to the activation of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, EPS103 can protect against brain nerve damage through improving oxidative stress injury, restoring the expression of IRS-2, alleviating neuronal apoptosis and inhibiting inflammation in the hippocampus of T2DM mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that EPS103 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of T2DM.

In this current study, a selected group of physicochemical descriptors extracted from the formalism of the density functional theory were used for modeling a series of phthalimide congeners with tested hypolipidemic activity once. Based on unsupervised pattern recognition of HCA and PCA followed by the PLS regressions, the final content may be considered trustful for predicting the biological activity due to the results of r2cal = 0.937, r2CV = 0.591 and r2test = 0.85. Moreover, the molecular modeling was performed through the docking protocol for predicting the ligand pose on the HMG-CoA reductase. The protocols of the AutoDock Tools and AutoDock Vina were used for determining the interaction scores (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki). Among all congeners studied, the docking results pointed out a potential compound. By taking into account the widely known top selling drugs, and just as is well-known that atorvastatin is one of them due its capability to lower the cholesterol levels, the structure of this drug was subjected to a docking study in order to guide us to a better understanding of the results available here. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v13i3.1493

Thiazolidinedione (TZD), being a privileged scaffold, has been known as a significant structural moiety of antidiabetic drugs. TZD has been known to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by increasing insulin sensitivity in the body. A novel series of 5-benzylidene 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were designed, synthesized (V1-V28), and structurally confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass spectrometry. Upon the safety assessment of the synthesized molecules in non-transformed hepatocytes by MTT reduction assay, these were found non-toxic. These derivatives were then further evaluated for their antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties in a high-fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Altogether, seven biochemical parameters were analyzed, namely blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, HDL-cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin in serum by standard methods. Four synthetic molecules (V2, V4, V5, and V20) possessed significant hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity as compared to the positive control pioglitazone. Moreover, the histopathological studies of the heart and liver revealed no significant toxicity. Two representative compounds V2 and V4, were evaluated for their PPARγ activation potential, demonstrating that they were partial PPARγ agonists, thus confirming our designing hypothesis. Based on the results obtained, we assume that these compounds have the potential to be developed as future antidiabetic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidemia an immense group of acquired or genetic metabolic disorders that is characterized by an excess of lipids in the bloodstream. Altogether, they have a high prevalence worldwide and constitute a major threat to human health. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are natural biomolecules that have hypolipidemic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential hypolipidemic effect of glycosaminoglycans extracted from Ostrea rivularis (OGAG) on hyperlipidemic zebrafish, as well as the possible underlying mechanism of such effect. Dietary supplementation with OGAG during 4 weeks significantly reduced the serum and hepatic lipid levels and the hepatosomatic index in hyperlipidemic zebrafish. In addition, histopathological showed that OGAG supplementation decreases the volume and number of lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Transcriptome and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of PPARγ, SCD, HMGRA, ACAT2, HMGCS, and HMGCR were significantly downregulated by OGAG treatment in hepatocytes, whereas those of CD36, FABP2, FABP6, ABCG5, and CYP7A1 were significantly upregulated. This suggests that the hypolipidemic effect of OGAG relies on increasing the ketogenic metabolism of fatty acids, inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, and enhancing the transformation of cholesterol to bile acid. Furthermore, OGAG treatment improved gut microbiota imbalance by reducing the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, and Sphingomonas), and reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria, Cohaesibacter, Vibrio, and Terrisporobacter). These findings highlight the potential benefit of implementing OGAG as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects of methanol and aqueous extracts of Ganoderma applanatum (MEGA, AEGA) in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic study was implemented by the induction of alloxan to the rats. The analysis of the hypolipidemic and liver‐protective effects of fungus extracts was studied by estimating the lipid profile and the liver marker enzymes. Besides, in silico screening of the compounds of Ganoderma applanatum has been incorporated thus to check the binding affinity of compounds and enzymes affinity. The Discovery Studio 2020, UCSF Chimera, and PyRx AutoDock Vina have been used to implement the docking analysis. Nine days of oral feeding of MEGA and AEGA of Ganoderma applanatum resulted in a significant (p <.001) reduction in blood glucose, lipid profile, and liver marker enzymes. Besides, Myrocin C scored the highest score in the docking study. The biological and computational approaches suggested the MEGA and AEGA could be a potential source for antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Four new polysaccharides, SGP‐1‐4, are isolated and purified from Sphallerocarpus gracilis (S. gracilis). The monosaccharide analysis revealed that the isolated polysaccharides are composed of different molar ratios of glucose (Glu), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), mannose (Man), and arabinose (Ara). Congo red test showed that no triple helical structure is detected in SGP‐1‐4. The Zeta potentials of SGP‐1‐4 are negative. The antioxidant activities are evaluated using DPPH and Superoxide radical assays. In vitro antitumor activities are investigated by MTT assay and Calcein‐AM/PI staining confocal imaging. The hypolipidemic activities are measured by the bile‐salt binding capacity in vitro. The results indicated that SGP‐1‐4 possessed significant antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities. At the concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, the purified polysaccharides possess no significant effects against MGC‐803 (Human gastric cancer cells), A2780 (Human ovarian cancer cells), T24 (Human bladder cancer cells), CNE‐2 (Human nasopharyngeal cancer cells), and 4T1 (Mouse breast cancer cells) tumor cells in vitro. However, the SGP‐2 shows potential as a DOX‐chemotherapy against 4T1 cells, which indicated that SGP‐2 could exert antitumor effects. These findings provide a scientific basis for the further use of S. gracilis polysaccharides as a natural antioxidant, antitumor, and hypolipidemic agent in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and hyperlipidemia can induce a variety of diseases, and have become major health problems worldwide. How to effectively prevent and control obesity has become one of the hot-spots of contemporary research. Mulberry leaf is the dried leaf of Morus alba L., which is approved by the Ministry of Health as a "homology of medicine and food", rich in diverse active constituents and with a variety of health effects including anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. The review attempts to summarize and provide the molecular basis, mechanism, safety and products for further exploration and application of mulberry leaf on the treatment on the control of weight gain and obesity. This review is conducted by using ScienceDirect, PubMed, CNKI and Web of Science databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Based on the research progress of domestic and foreign scholars, the effective phytochemicals, molecular mechanisms and product applications of mulberry leaf in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases were summarized. Mulberry leaf has excellent medicinal and health care value in obesity treatment. However, its pharmacodynamic substance basis and molecular mechanisms need to be further studied. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the interaction between polyphenols and soluble dietary fiber, we prepared complexes of Auricularia auricula-judae soluble dietary fiber (ASDF) with catechin (CC) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) using the isothermal adsorption method. The resulting complexes were ASDF-CC complex (ASDF-CC) and ASDF-CGA complex (ASDF-CGA). Spectral analysis confirmed the successful construction of ASDF-polyphenol complexes. The results of the sugar composition analysis indicate that the monosaccharide composition of ASDF is not altered by the non-covalent binding of CC and CGA. The molecular weights of ASDF-CC and ASDF-CGA were 102.26 × 103 Da and 99.87 × 103 Da, respectively, which were significantly larger than the molecular weight of ASDF. Thermal analyses showed that ASDF-CC and ASDF-CGA are more thermally stable than ASDF. Morphological analysis revealed that the particle size of ASDF-polyphenol complexes decreased, while the specific surface area increased, and the surface became sparser and more uniformly arranged compared to ASDF. The results of the cholesterol and bile acid salt adsorption capacity assays showed that both complexes exhibited increased in vitro hypolipidemic activity compared to ASDF. Notably, the ASDF complex with CC and CGA effectively enhanced the bio-accessibility of CC and CGA. In conclusion, the interaction between soluble dietary fibers and phenolic compounds through non-covalent bonds is a feasible approach to enhance their bioactivity. [Display omitted] •Auricularia auricula-judae soluble dietary fiber (ASDF) and polyphenols interact non-covalently to form complexes. • The thermal stability of the ASDF-polyphenol complexes exceeds that of ASDF. • ASDF-polyphenol complexes exhibit outstanding in vitro hypolipidemic activity. • Combination with ASDF improves the bioaccessibility of polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Effects of Commiphora mukul and Commiphora myrrha ethanolic extracts and Terminalia chebula hydro-ethanolic extract combination were evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=48) were randomly assigned into: control; diabetic; diabetic+metformin (300 mg/kg); diabetic+dose 1 of herbal combination (438 mg/kg of C. mukul+214 mg/kg of C. myrrha+857 mg/kg of T. chebula); diabetic+dose 2 (642 mg/kg of C. mukul+214 mg/kg of C. myrrha+642 mg/kg of T. chebula); and diabetic+dose 3 (857 mg/kg of C. mukul+438 mg/kg of C. myrrha+1714 mg/kg t of T. chebula). All treatments were given orally by gavage. Diabetes was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). At the end of study (day 28), blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile; as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. Results: In diabetic rats, plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and LDL-C, as well as hepatic MDA levels were elevated but plasma HDL-C and insulin, and hepatic thiol content and SOD and CAT activities were reduced compared to control (p Conclusion: These results indicate that this herbal combination acts as an anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic agent and it may be suggested as a beneficial remedy for diabetic patients.

The crude polysaccharides from Armillaria mellea were obtained with an ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction and ethanol precipitation. Two polysaccharide fractions were obtained by ethanol precipitation, which were named AMP-1 and AMP-2. The results of the monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that AMP-1 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose and fucose and that AMP-2 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and fucose. Glucose and galactose were the main monosaccharide fractions. The protein and nucleic acid contents in AMP-1 and AMP-2 were detected by using ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. The bile salt-binding capacities of the polysaccharide samples were studied in vitro. In comparison with lentinan (LP), AMP-1 and AMP-2 showed increased bile salt-binding capacity. AMP-1 showed the highest binding capacity against all the bile salts. The findings presented in this study highlight the potential of the A. mellea polysaccharides as a natural hypolipidaemic agent.

The total triterpenes in edible mushrooms have high medicinal value, and the sclerotium has various biological activities, such as the regulation of blood pressure and blood glucose. In this study, the total triterpenes of the Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Sing Sclerotium (PTRSS) were extracted, and their hypolipidemic effects were also investigated. The infrared spectra showed that the total triterpenes were consistent with the characteristic structures of the total triterpenes before and after purification. The binding abilities of total triterpenes to sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium cholate were investigated, and all of them had a good binding ability to cholate. In vivo experiments showed that zebrafish tolerated the total triterpenes from the mushroom nuclei at a maximum concentration of 500 µg/mL. A correlation analysis showed that the total triterpenes from the mushroom nuclei reduced the lipid accumulation in zebrafish induced by a high-fat diet, and the lipid-lowering effect showed a correlation with dose.

In 2020, approximately 9.3 billion tons of crustaceans were consumed, and 45–48% of shrimp shell (SS) by-products were discarded as waste. In this study, the SS of Litopenaeus vannamei was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum LV33204, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LV2122 (strong proteolytic activity), and Aeromonas dhakensis LV1111 (chitin-degrading activity), and the optimal fermentation conditions of liquid-fermented SS was established. Contents of total peptide, astaxanthin, and total phenolic content of the fermented SS were significantly higher than that of unfermented SS. In the presence of fermented SS, glucose uptake and insulin resistance of TNF-α-stimulated FL83B hepatocytes were markedly improved. Furthermore, daily oral supplement of fermented SS to streptozotocin (STZ)/nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats for 7 weeks significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin resistance. Meanwhile, ingestion of fermented SS might enhance hepatic catabolism of glucose by increasing hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and decreasing glucose-6-phosphatase activity. In addition, the fermented SS downregulated plasma total cholesterol (TG), triglycerides (TCs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), liver TG, and TC and lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic rats. In conclusion, a biorefinery process for waste SS was established through mixed strain fermentation. The in vitro and in vivo data reveal that the fermented SS is a promising functional food for the management of diabetic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

Spirulina is a microscopic, photosynthetic, filamentous cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and a natural nutritional product that has fewer side effects than synthetic preparations. The present study evaluated the kidney function markers, antidiabetic and antidislipidemic potential of the bioactive compounds phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. 30 Male Albino rats were equally divided into 6 groups: normal control, diabetic control, diabetic + glibenclamide (glyburide) (600 pg/kg body weight), diabetic + Spirulina biomass suspension (50 mg/mL/kg body weight), diabetic + phycocyanin (50 mg/kg body weight), and diabetic + phycocyanopeptide (50 mg/kg body weight). Results revealed an increase in the serum urea and creatinine levels which may be due to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate reduction in fasting serum glucose levels, a-amylase activity, and lipid levels, and an improvement in insulin resistance, liver and kidney functions, and oxidative marker levels in diabetic rats treated with Spirulina platensis biomass compared with diabetic control rats and those treated with phycocyanin and phycocyanopeptide. In addition, an increase in HDLcholesterol levels and ß-cell function was observed after these treatments compared with diabetic control rats. The study data concluded that Spirulina could be used as alternative treatments as antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic agent as well as in liver and kidney protective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this current study, a selected group of physicochemical descriptors extracted from the formalism of the density functional theory were used for modeling a series of phthalimide congeners with tested hypolipidemic activity once. Based on unsupervised pattern recognition of HCA and PCA followed by the PLS regressions, the final content may be considered trustful for predicting the biological activity due to the results of r2 cal = 0.937, r2 CV = 0.591 and r2 test = 0.85. Moreover, the molecular modeling was performed through the docking protocol for predicting the ligand pose on the HMG-CoA reductase. The protocols of the AutoDock Tools and AutoDock Vina were used for determining the interaction scores (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki). Among all congeners studied, the docking results pointed out a potential compound. By taking into account the widely known top selling drugs, and just as is well-known that atorvastatin is one of them due its capability to lower the cholesterol levels, the structure of this drug was subjected to a docking study in order to guide us to a better understanding of the results available here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective. Hyperlipidemia is considered as a serious communal problem in developed countries, caused by an excess level of cholesterol in blood circulation. It leads to chronic illness and even death in human beings. As the currently available drugs cause unexpected side-effect, the aim of this study is to concentrate on naturally occurring flavonoids which can potentially provide defensive and therapeutic effects in atherosclerosis diseases, and investigate the hypolipidemic effect of rutin on Triton WR-1339 triggered hyperlipidemia in a rat blood sample. Materials and method. Rats were randomly prearranged into five different groups of five rats each. Group-I was the non-disease control and administered normal saline. Group-II was the atherogenic control, administered Triton WR 1339 (200 mg/kg BW). Group-III was standard and received Atorvastatin. The last two groups (IV, V) were tested (I&II) by administering administered Rutin (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg) orally. The test material (I&II) and the standard drug were administered for seven days. After the last dose, blood samples were collected and the lipid levels estimated in the blood samples. Results. Rats treated with rutin flavonoid at a dose of 40 mg/kg & 80mg/kg exhibited a reduction in Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). Rutin also increases the High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), compared with control rats. Rutin treated rats exhibited dose-dependent hypolipidemic activity. The protection percentage of rutin against hyperlipidemia was observed as 41.89%, 55.57% whereas the atorvastatin treated group protection was observed at 60.63%. Conclusions. The results of the study revealed that rutin showed a significant hypolipidemic effectiveness on Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, hyperlipidemia is a growing health issue that is considered a risk factor for obesity. Controlling body weight and modifying life style in most of cases are not adequate and the condition requires medical treatment. Statin drugs (mainly Atorvastatin (ATO)), have been used broadly and for long time as medications for handling higher levels of lipid, especially bad cholesterol, which accordingly controls the prevalence of obesity. Still, the obstacle that stands in front of any formulation is the poor solubility of the drug. Low solubility of ATO came up with poor absorption as well as poor bioavailability. This paved the way for the present study, which aimed to exploit nanotechnology and develop certain nanolipid carriers that could accommodate hydrophobic drugs, such as ATO. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing ATO was fabricated using olive oil. Olive oil is natural plant oil possessing confirmed hypolipidemic activity that would help in improving the efficacy of the formulation. Via applying the Quality by Design (QbD) approach, one NLC formula was selected to be optimized based on appropriate size and higher entrapment. Optimized ATO-NLC was scrutinized for zeta potential, in vitro study and kinetic profile. Moreover, stability testing and in vivo hypolipidemic behavior was conducted. The optimized NLC formulation seemed to show particle size (254.23 nm) with neutral zeta potential (−1.77 mV) and entrapment efficiency (69.56%). The formulation could be prolonged for 12 h and provided higher % of release (97.17%). Stability testing confirmed the role of modifying the surface of the formulation with PEG-DSPE in providing a highly stable formulation that could withstand three months storage in two altered conditions. Ultimately, optimized ATO-NLC could successfully lower total cholesterol level in rats induced with obesity and fed a high-fat diet. Remarkably, ATO-NLC prepared with olive oil, in addition to shielding its surface, would provide a stable formulation that holds up the synergistic action between olive oil and ATO.

Hyperlipidemia is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to investigate hypolipidemic effects of Lactobacillus, Spirulina and their combination on Swiss albino mice fed a regular or high-cholesterol diet. Rosuvastatin was used as a reference drug The highest body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C and the lowest high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were recorded in a positive control group (G5). Treatment with Lactobacillus or Spirulina or by their combination resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, TC, TG, LDL-C and significant increase in HDL-C (p < 0.05) in both mice fed a regular diet or high-cholesterol diet. The treatments induced a significant increase in Hb, MCHC and HCT levels in mice fed a regular diet (p < 0.05). They did not induce a significant effect on these parameters in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, while treatment with standard rosuvastatin induced a significant decrease in these parameters (p < 0.05). The treatments induced a significant increase in the platelet count and WBC number in mice fed a regular diet p < 0.05), while they induced significant decrease in these parameters in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet p < 0.05. They also stimulated the innate immunity represented by both monocyte and neutrophil cells in mice fed a regular diet, while this immunity was reduced in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. It also caused a marked reduction in inflammation and an improvement in the congestion of cardiac tissues, the aorta, and the spleen. The treatment of hyperlipidemic mice with combination of Lactobacillus and Spirulina gave similar results to those obtained with treatment by rosuvastatin.

In this study, the antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of Mesona Chinensis Benth (MCB) extracts were evaluated. Seven fractions (F0, F10, F20, F30, F40, F50 and MTF) were obtained from the MCB ethanol extracts. Compared to the commercial antioxidants (vitamin C), MTF and F30 exhibited higher antioxidant activities in the antiradical activity test and the FRAP assay. The half-inhibition concentration (IC50) for MTF and F30 were 5.323 µg/mL and 5.278 µg/mL, respectively. MTF at 200 µg/mL significantly decreased the accumulation of TG in oleic acid (OA)-induced HepG2 cells and reversed the inhibitory effect of Compound C on AMPK (MTF and F30 significantly increased the glucose utilization of insulin-induced HepG2 cells). In addition, the components of MTF were identified by HPLC-MS, which were caffeic acid, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, isoquercetin, astragalin, rosmarinic acid, aromadendrin-3-O-rutinoside, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-7-O-glucoside. Through statistical correlations by Simca P software, it was found that the main antioxidant and hypolipidemic components of MCB might be caffeic acid, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside and aromadendrin-3-O-rutinoside, which may play important roles in the AMPK pathway. MTF and F30 in MCB could be potential health products for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic action of leaf extract of Barleria cristata Linn in rats. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg) and randomly divided into 7 groups. Animals were treated with low (250 mg/kg) and high (500 mg/kg) doses of ethyl acetate leaf extract (EALE) and hydro-alcoholic leaf extract (HALE) up to 21 days. The body weight and blood glucose level (BGL) were measured on weekly basis. The rats were killed under mild ether anesthesia on 21st day, blood and the vital organ were collected to estimate biochemical parameters and to study histopathological changes. A single-dose administration of alloxan induced hyperglycemia in all the groups. A regular increase in BGL was observed in toxic control groups when compared with the normal control. Daily oral administration of rats with extracts (HALE and EALE) and standard drug (Glimepiride, 5 mg/kg), reduced elevated BGL significantly (p < 0.001), and body weight was regained in diabetic rats. The extract treatment also improved the normal functioning of the liver and kidneys as evidenced by the restoration of the biochemical profile. The study revealed that B. cristata possesses promising antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Cycas circinalis leaves are used to treat diabetes mellitus in local medicinal systems without any scientifically proved information on their medicinal potential and phytochemicals. In this study, the total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and inhibitory effects on α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase were determined for optimized hydroethanolic leaf extracts. Secondary metabolites were identified using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF‐MS/MS). In vivo studies on diabetic albino mice were also carried out to evaluate the impact of the most active extract on their blood glucose levels. RESULTS: The 60% ethanolic extract showed the highest extract yield (209.70 ± 0.20 g kg−1) and total phenolic (154.24 ± 3.28 mg gallic acid equivalent) and flavonoid (78.52 ± 1.65 mg rutin equivalent per gram dried extract) contents and exhibited the maximum DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 59.68 ± 2.82 μg mL−1). The IC50 values for inhibition of α‐glucosidase (58.42 ± 2.22 μg mL−1) and α‐amylase (74.11 ± 1.70 μg mL−1) were also significant for the 60% ethanolic extract. The untargeted UHPLC–QTOF‐MS/MS‐based metabolite profiling confirmed the presence of iridoid glucoside, gibberellin A4, O‐β‐d‐glucosyl‐4‐hydroxy‐cinnamate, 3‐methoxy‐2‐phyenyl‐4H‐furo[2,3‐h]chromen‐4‐one, kaempferol, withaferin A, amentoflavone, quercitin‐3‐O‐(6″‐malonyl glucoside), ellagic acid, and gallic acid. Plant extract at a dose of 500 mg kg−1 body weight reduced the blood glucose level by a considerable extent and also improved the lipid profile of diabetic mice after a 28‐day trial. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed the medicinal potential of C. circinalis leaves to treat diabetes mellitus and provided the nutraceutical leads for functional food development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Microbial fermentation significantly affects the flavor and efficacy of tea. It is generally believed that fermented tea is more effective in lowering lipids, while unfermented tea can more effectively inhibit inflammation. However, there is not sufficient evidence to support this claim. To systematically compare the hypolipidemic, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐atherosclerotic effects of tea before and after microbial fermentation, hyperlipidemic rats and inflammatory injury cells were treated with Monascus purpureus‐fermented pu‐erh tea water extract (MPT) and sun‐dried green tea water extract (SGT), respectively. Results: MPT, with higher levels of theabrownins, flavonoids, gallic acid (GA), and lovastatin, was more effective in reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6), while SGT, with higher levels of tea polyphenols, amino acids, (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and theaflavins, was more effective in increasing serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) in hyperlipidemic rats. The foam cells on the arterial wall of the rats in the MPT group were visibly less, and the thrombosis time was longer than that in the SGT group. Cell experiments showed that MPT was more effective in protecting endothelial cells from damage than SGT. Conclusion: Surprisingly, Monascus purpureus‐fermented pu‐erh tea not only had better hypolipidemic and anti‐atherosclerotic effects than its raw material (sun‐dried green tea), but also was superior in anti‐inflammatory effects to the latter, which was possibly attributable to the great changes in functional ingredients during microbial fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liquiritin, as one of the main flavonoids in Glycyrrhiza, exhibits extensive pharmacological effects, such as the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and so on. Herein, the aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of liquiritin was purposely enhanced via the preparation of the mixed micelles. The liquiritin-loaded micelles (LLM) were fabricated via thin-film dispersion method. The optimal LLM formulation was evaluated through physical properties including particle size (PS), encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). In vitro accumulate release as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics were also evaluated. Moreover, the hypolipidemic activity of LLM was observed in the hyperlipidemia mice model. The LLM exhibited a homogenous spherical shape with small mean PS, good stability and high encapsulation efficiency. The accumulate release rates in vitro of the LLM were obviously higher than free liquiritin. The oral bioavailability of the formulation was heightened by 3.98 times in comparison with the free liquiritin. More importantly, LLM increased the hypolipidemic and effect of alleviating lipid metabolism disorder in hepatocytes of liquiritin in hyperlipidemia mice model. Collectively, the improved solubility of liquiritin in water coupled with its enhanced oral bioavailability and concomitant hypolipidemic activity could be attributed to the incorporation of the drug into the mixed micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ash gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.)] is a vegetable used in many countries. More frequently vegetables are being sought to be more than just a source of nourishment; consumers are looking for functional and nutritionally active foods. Normally the entire ash gourd plant, including fruit peel, flower, seed, and leaves are used. Biochemical activity of the fruit includes anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, detoxificant, and curvative effects in treating various ailments. The essential minerals Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se are present. The review examines the use of ash gourd as a food and for medicinal uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of 95% ethanol extract of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CPE95) on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats. For the sake of chemical composition analysis of CPE95, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) was used for determination. After treatment with CPE95, serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol content of the hyperlipidemic rats was increased, while the contents of cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased strikingly. Moreover, the result of histopathology analysis showed that the accumulation and fatty deformation of the livers were relieved. Real‐time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of lipid metabolism‐related genes. The gene expression level of adenosine 5'‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase was descended, and expressions of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase were all downregulated in the CPE95‐treated rats. It suggested that CPE95 may effectively improve the hyperlipidemia in rats and would be potential for functional food component to reduce blood lipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has several complications such as hyperlipidemia and hepatotoxicity. Myricitrin has an antidiabetic action along with low bioavailability. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of myricitrin and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) containing myricitrin on the T2DM mouse model induced by Streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA). Methods: In this experimental study, 90 Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) adult male mice were divided into 9 groups (n=10 per group): control, vehicle, diabetic, diabetic + myricitrin, or SLN containing myricitrin 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg groups. The cold homogenization method was used to prepare SLN containing myricitrin. The diabetic model was induced by one injection of STZ-NA (65-120 mg/kg) with a 15-min interval. Animals' treatment was done for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, plasma samples were taken for experimental assessments. Results: Plasma level of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in diabetic mice compared to the control group (P<0.05). Administration of myricitrin or SLN containing myricitrin decreased plasma levels of TG, LDL-C, VLDL, AST, and ALT and increased HDL-C in the treated diabetic groups compared to the untreated groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, myricitrin and SLN containing myricitrin showed hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in T2DM mice. Also, SLN containing myricitrin was more potent than myricitrin especially in a low dose of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to assess the role of apigenin extracted from parsley seeds either in glycosidic (aqueous extract) or aglycone forms (organic solvent extract), comparing to butylated hydroxyl tolouene (BHT) in serum lipid profile and brain tissue peroxidation in H2O2 induced oxidative stress adult male rats. The yield of crude flavonoids from parsley seeds was found to be approximately 2.65% and thin layer chromatography techniques confirmed that apigenin is the main flavonoid with RF similar to that of the standard apigenin. Experimentally induction of oxidative stress in male rats by 0.75% H2O2 in drinking water for eight weeks showed a significant alterations in normal serum lipid profile manifested by significant elevation (p<0.05) in total cholesterol, Triacyle glycerol (TAG), Low density lipoprotein-Cholestrol (LDL-C) and Very low density lipoprotein-Cholestrol (VLDL-C) and a significant decrease in High density lipoprotein-Cholestrol (HDL-C) as compared to the control and BHT treated groups. On the other hand, daily oral administration of apigenin in a dose of 150 mg/Kg B.W. to H2O2 treated groups were caused a significant correction of the lipid profile parameters. Examination of brain tissues of H2O2 and apigenin concurrent H2O2 treated rats showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in brain tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant elevation in catalase and cholinesterase activities in apigenin and BHT treated groups comparing with H2O2 treated and control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is approved for the treatment of liver diseases. However, the antihyperglycemic effects/mechanisms of TUDCA are still less clear. The present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic action of TUDCA in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats. Fifteen adult Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = five in each): control, diabetic (STZ), and STZ+TUDCA. The results showed that TUDCA treatment significantly reduced blood glucose, HbA1c%, and HOMA-IR as well as elevated the insulin levels in diabetic rats. TUDCA therapy increased the incretin GLP-1 concentrations, decreased serum ceramide synthase (CS), improved the serum lipid profile, and restored the glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles. Furthermore, serum inflammatory parameters (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and PGE-2) were substantially reduced with TUDCA treatment. In the pancreas, STZ+TUDCA-treated rats underwent an obvious enhancement of enzymatic (CAT and SOD) and non-enzymatic (GSH) antioxidant defense systems and a marked decrease in markers of the lipid peroxidation rate (MDA) and nitrosative stress (NO) compared to STZ-alone. At the molecular level, TUDCA decreased the pancreatic mRNA levels of iNOS and apoptotic-related factors (p53 and caspase-3). In conclusion, TUDCA may be useful for diabetes management and could be able to counteract diabetic disorders via anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions.

Lauric acid, a major component of coconut oil, has been studied for its various health benefits over the years. Lauric acid is a medium-chained fatty acid with several potential biomedical applications based on its antimicrobial action, capacity for drug delivery, tissue engineering scaffolds, and cleansing capabilities. Various studies are carried out in vitro and in vivo using experimental animals, such as rats, shedding light on the efficacy of lauric acid. The studies related to lauric acid were brought under one umbrella and emphasized the need for further research to explore the efficacy of lauric acid in human health. This review aims to scientifically assess the reported data and present a narrative review on lauric acid in medicine., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, M et al.)

Background: So far, no articles have discussed the hypolipidemic effect of wheat germ protein in in vivo experiments. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of wheat germ protein (WGP, 300 mg/kg/day) and wheat germ (WG, 300 mg/kg/day) on cholesterol metabolism, antioxidant activities, and serum and hepatic lipids in rats fed a high-fat diet through gavage. Methodology: We used 4-week-old male Wistar 20 rats in our animal experiment. Biochemical indicators of fecal, serum and liver were tested by kits or chemical methods. We also conducted the cholesterol micellar solubility experiment in vitro. Results: After 28 days of treatment, our results showed that WGP significantly reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05), improved the enzymatic activities of cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase (p < 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (p < 0.01) and increased bile acid excretion in feces (p < 0.05). Conclusion: WG did not significantly increase bile acid excretion in feces or decrease serum levels of total cholesterol. Moreover, WGP and WG both presented significant antioxidant activity in vivo (p < 0.05) and caused a significant reduction in cholesterol micellar solubility in vitro (p < 0.001). Therefore, WGP may effectively prevent hyperlipidemia and its complications as WGP treatment enhanced antioxidant activity, decreased the concentration of serum lipids and improved the activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism.

Kjellmaniella crassifolia was cultured firstly in recent years in Dalian, China. To elucidate the hypolipidemic effects and functional mechanisms of fucoidan (KF) in K. crassifolia, hypolipidemic activities were studied using the established hyperlipemia Wistar rat model, corresponding chemical compositions and structures were analyzed. The results show that KF is 71.68% carbohydrate and 20.04% sulfate. The monosaccharides of KF mainly consist of fucose (31.89%) and galactose (23.54%), with sulfate bound at the equatorial C-4 position and at the axial C-2/3 position of fucpyranose. These findings show that an animal’s hyperlipidemia and antioxidative stress can be remarkably improved by KF and that the effects of KF are time- and dose-dependent. The molecular mechanism of KF modulates hyperlipidemia by inhibited cholesterol and aliphatic acid synthesis, accelerating the mitochondrial β-oxidation or peroxisomal oxidation degradation of aliphatic acid in vivo. These findings suggested that fucoidan extracted from K. crassifolia could be developed as a natural food used to treat hyperlipidemia.

This study aimed to evaluate hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Spirulina Platensis and its bioactive components (phycocyanin (PC), phycocyanopeptide (PCP) and phycocyanobilin (PCB)) on male diabetic Rats compared to controls and glibenclamide drug. For this reason, male Albino rats were equally divided into seven groups designated as normal control, diabetic control, diabetic + glibenclamide (Glyburide) drug (600 µg kg−1 body weight), diabetic + Spirulina biomass suspension (50 mg/ml/ kg−1 body weight), diabetic + phycocyanin (50 mg kg−1 body weight), diabetic + phycocyanopeptide (49 mg kg−1 body weight) and diabetic + phycocyanobilin (982 µg kg−1 body weight). The results show a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) level of fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance and lipids levels in diabetic animals administration with Spirulina Platensis, phycocyanin, phycocyanopeptide and phycocyanobilin compared with diabetic control. Also, there were an increase in HDL–cholesterol levels and β-cell function in these treatments. Histopathologically, diabetic rats treated with spirulina, PC, PCP induced a slight improve of pancreatic cells and an obvious recovery of pancreatic cells. The expression of insulin secretion from cells (β-cells) of diabetic rats was improved in the groups treated with Spirulina, phycocyanin, phycocyanopeptide. While, diabetic rats treated with phycocyanobilin recorded insulin levels lower than them. From this study it can be concluded that Spirulina Platensis, phycocyanin, phycocyanopeptide and phycocyanobilin possessed hypoglycemic, insulin sensitivity and hypolipidemic effects. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina Platensis may be attributed to phenolic compounds and phycocyanin. The antidiabetic effect of PC is most likely due to its ability to reduction of insulin resistance, enhance β-cell function and recovery of β-cells. The effect of PC may be attributed to selenium-binding phycocyanopeptide or/ and phycocyanobilin responsible for the antioxidant activity and chromium-binding phycocyanopeptide which activates insulin receptors.

This study investigated the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of low-molecular-weight carrageenan (LC) on rats fed a high-fat diet. Wistar rats were divided into five groups: normal control group (NC), high-fat diet control group (HC), carrageenan-treated control group (CC), 1% LC group (1% LC), and 3% LC-groups (3% LC). Body weight, food intake, fecal weight, blood glucose, and serum lipid levels were measured. After 30 days, body weight significantly decreased in the LC-treated groups than in the HC group. Moreover, in the LC-treated groups, postprandial blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased. From this study, our data suggest that LC has antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects when compared to carrageenan, likely related to its increased absorption due to its lower molecular weight.

The optimum extraction conditions of the aqueous enzymatic extract from rice bran (AEERB) were evaluated with respect to γ-oryzanol content and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) activity by using response surface methodology. The results showed that the effect of the extraction temperature on γ-oryzanol content and FRAP activity was the most significant. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: Trypsin, 453 U/g at 56°C and pH 7.9 for 2 h at a liquid/solid ratio of 7 : 1. The corresponding γ-oryzanol content and FRAP activity were 0.1749 mg/g and 0.5043 mmol FeSO4/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of AEERB were comparable with 2,6-di-tert-buty-4-methylphenol (BHT) or ascorbic acid (AA) at the high concentration. Furthermore, the binding capacities of AEERB to sodium taurocholate and sodium deoxycholate were 24.96 and 13.63 µmol/100 mg, respectively. The results indicated that AEERB is a promising method for developing and applying a value-added RB product.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of fermented milk containing roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract at different levels (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% (w/w)). Titratable acidity (TA) and pH, bacteria counts, syneresis value, water-holding capacity (WHC) and their sensory acceptance were evaluated afterwards. The fermented milk containing 0.2% roselle extract (RFM2) was selected for investigation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity. Results showed that RFM2 decreased the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), the level of liver glycogen, and increased serum insulin (INS) of diabetic model mice. Moreover, RFM2 treatment improved the body, spleen, pancreas, liver and kidney weights of diabetic mice to different degrees. After four weeks, TC concentrations in diabetic mice treated by metformin (DM), control fermented milk (CFM) and RFM2 (RFM) group was decreased by 52.52%, 43.56%, 49.10%, respectively, compare to diabetic control (DC) group, TG concentration was decreased by 52.61%, 26.49%, 33.96%, respectively. LDL-C concentration was decreased by 63.97%, 46.32%, 55.88%, respectively. And the level of HDL-C in DM, CFM, RFM group was increased by 49.12%, 37.72%, 42.11%, respectively. The FFA levels of DM, CFM and RFM group was decreased by 60.05%, 19.94%, 34.08%, respectively, compared to DC group. After diabetic mice fed with metformin, CFM and RFM2, compared with DC group, the expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver was increased by 50.29%, 16.93%, 41.69%, while the expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) was downregulated which decreased by 15.42%, 6.47%, 12.44%, respectively. The expression of AMPK and glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in skeletal muscle was increased in DM, CFM and RFM groups, which was increased by 70.86%, 28.64%, 51.73% and 58.42%, 45.18%, 48.07%, respectively. The expression of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) in adipose tissue was increased by 5.80%, 12.63%, 28.67%, respectively. In general, roselle extract addition could promote hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fermented milk.