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The impact of the cold-packed hearth mass density on the annealed mass dynamic elastic modulus is investigated. It is shown that the analysis of the elastic modulus curves allows to determine the area of the hearth mass optimal compaction. In this area, the annealed hearth mass has a level of mechanical properties comparable to hearth blocks.

The valley of the Tolbor river featured one of the earliest traces of the Early Upper Paleolithic in Central Asia. The results of the authors’ study provided new opportunities for understanding the behavioral characteristics of the population in the Early Upper Paleolithic. Two sub-horizons (4b and 4a) were identified in horizon 4 of the Tolbor-21 site. Horizon 4b includes two independent area of activity associated with two fire pits. The results of a technological study demonstrated that the set of artifacts originating from the fire pits is characterized by a very high specific weight of cores and tools, including those of rare and peculiar types. The stage of regular manufacture of large pointed blades completely drops out of the technological sequence of the 4b horizon industry. The proportion of flakes with a natural crust is small. The authors concluded that the peculiar technical and typological appearance of the studied collection was accounted for by a behavioral situation where certain labor activities were performed near the fire pits, and a significant portion of the artifacts were transferred from this area to be used in another location.

This article re-investigates the conventional relationship between the Victorian hearth and women in Dickens’s Great Expectations and Hard Times. The Victorian hearth is ideologically tied with mea...

Modern blast furnaces have operation life of 15-20 years. Such a duration of their operation to a great extent reached due to the resistance of lining of hearth and hearth bottom. To study the processes, effecting the rate of its erosion, a study of composition and structure of the scull on the lining of walls of a blast furnace hearth and hearth bottom was accomplished. For the study the No. 2 blast furnace of EVRAZ ZSMK was chosen after its stoppage for overhaul. Results of visual examination of the state of the lining of lower part of the hearth and hearth bottom presented. Macro-structure of the picked out samples presented, general view of lump samples and polished section briquettes shown. Mineral composition of the samples and chemical composition of their separate mineral phases studied. It was determined, that the samples density, picked out lower the iron notch, was considerably higher. By authors opinion, it is stipulated by the increase of metal phase content in the scull along the hearth height in the direction from tuyere level to the hearth bottom, as well as considerable change of the scull porosity along both the horizontal section and the hearth height. The porosity of the samples, picked out lower the iron notch, was not high - at the level of 2.73-3.73%. The gases (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen) contained in the BF melts, lead to the forming of scull porous structure of insignificant thickness in the upper horizons of the hearth and in the notch channel. It was determined, that a building-up of zinc can be observed on the hearth bottom, as well as its alloys with iron and lead. The samples macro-structure was clear laminated. The zinc in the sample exists in the form of two mineral phases: an oxide phase (zinc oxide) and a metal phase, often with iron contaminant and rarely - with iron and lead. The results obtained, apart from the studies carried out earlier on the scull and BF hearth lining state, will be base of a theoretical analysis of scull forming mechanism and lining properties change, effecting the blast furnaces campaign duration.

The urgency of the problem of shrinkage phenomena during hearth firing, contributing to joint opening and crack formation, is demonstrated. Contemporary methods and means of studying expansion/shrinkage of hearth mixes during firing are analyzed. Expansion/shrinkage of hearth mixes, differing in the ratio of the carbon component (anthracite) and artificial graphite within their composition, is investigated. It is established that shrinkage phenomena decrease in a series from anthracite to graphite-anthracite. Studies show that the difference in the scale of linear changes during structural shrinkage is quite significant, i.e., about 20%. It is noted that minimization of shrinkage phenomena contributing to opening of joints and crack formation is one of the factors for reducing the risk of leakage at the bottom of a cell. In this connection it is advisable to optimize the shrinkage rate of hearth mixes during firing in the stage of structural adjustment taking account of operating conditions.

When a blast furnace with a volume of 5000 m3 was transferred to pulverized coal injection technology, an intense peripheral gas flow, which led to the combustion of shoulder and tuyere coolers, developed. It was not possible to eliminate this phenomenon either by methods of control “from above” or by reducing the diameter of tuyeres. To eliminate the peripheral gas flow, it is advisable on a furnace with a hearth diameter of 14.7 m to maintain the total mechanical energy of the combined blast flow at the tuyere cut at a level not lower than 2100–2600 kJ / s, and the total mechanical energy of the hearth gas flow not lower than 5100–5300 kJ /from. It is also necessary to form a narrow coke “vent” on the top of the blast furnace and to stretch the ore ridge as much as possible.

During the archaeological research of the Old Rus site on the Kudryavska st., 24A in Kyiv, in the historical area called «Kopyriv kinec», the remains of the manufactory building were discovered. The building has a frame-and-pillar structure, 4 Ч 4 m square, located in the eastern part of the excavation area. The stepped entrance adjoined the building from the southwest side. This building was cut in half by the modern building foundation. At its bottom, in addition to pits of different diameters, the small hearth was located. In the filling of the building a lot of various finds such as the fragments of various vessels, the objects from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, fragments of building materials, stone items, various slags, animal bones etc. were discovered. In the building filling the artifacts indicating its manufacture purpose have been discovered: the fragments of commercial copper — the raw materials for casting bronze products in the form of round rods with cross-sections with traces of chopping and riveting. Material for smelting followed by casting, like raw materials, used the colored scrap in the form of fragments of various copper or bronze products, melted and deformed under the influence of high temperature little bell, broken strips etc. Slag fragments, found in the building, clearly indicate the activity related to metal production and metal processing. Most likely, the main metallurgical workshop was placed nearby. Consequently, this manufactory building was probably the part of metallurgical complex. Obviously, it was engaged in the smelting of metal and the manufacture of non-ferrous metal items.

With the end of MIS3, the unity of larger Gravettian settlements based predominantly on mammoth exploitation split into a mosaic of smaller Epigravettian sites with specific behaviors and economies. Based on C14 chronology, the site of Stránská skála IV (together with Grubgraben, Ságvár and Kašov), correlates with a brief warm period after the Last Glacial Maximum around 22 ka calBP. We detected two main accumulations of predominantly horse bones under a rock cliff suggesting that the site was not a regular settlement but rather a specialised hunting site. No features or hearths were recovered. Lithic raw materials were imported from long distances, and the horse hunting strategy profitted from the specific geographic qualitites of the site. Preferential location of Epigravettian sites in secluded valleys is a pattern generally recognized in Moravia and usually explained as a response to the harsh MIS2 climates.

We analyze new finds from a Neolithic dwelling 1 from excavation II at the Suchu Island, on the Amur River. We analyzed an assemblage of 3788 lithics and ceramics, along with field records housed at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of SB RAS. The article continues the series of publications in this journal, outlining the findings at Suchu—one of the key Neolithic sites in Northeast Asia. Dwelling 1 is a 0.8-meter-deep round semi-underground structure dug into the sandy loam. In its center, there was a hearth, and walls lacked ledges. On the floor, numerous pits from posts that had supported the roof were found. The stratigraphic and horizontal position of finds was registered; artifacts were analyzed through morphological typology, petrographic and X-ray analysis, and microscopy. Our analysis reveals hunting, fishing, and butchering tools, those for processing stone, wood, and bone, those for plant processing, and digging tools. Various sedimentary and igneous rocks were used as raw material. In terms of cultural chronology, standard pottery was mostly attributed to the Lower Amur cultures (Malyshevo and Voznesenovskoye), while some was apparently manufactured by immigrants. Principal technological, constructive, morphological, decorative, and functional characteristics of each ceramic type were assessed. Unusual artistic and ritual items clustered in dwelling 1 of the Malyshevo type (late 5th to early 4th millennia BC) are suggestive of a domestic shrine.

The article is devoted to the results of studies of several archaeological sites related to the production and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. During archaeological research of the Ancient Rus settlement in the Kopyriv Kinets in Kyiv, on the excavation site of 2017 at Kudriavska st., 24-A, a large number of archaeological sites of various purposes were discovered and explored, among which two nearby industrial buildings of a rather complex structure turned out to be interesting. Having carefully studied the design features, stratigraphy, the fairly dense and saturated with a variety of finds buildings Nos. 1-2, the following results can be considered. Production building No. 1, at first could have been used to obtain iron, since the remains of a metallurgical hearth and a significant amount of iron krits and slags were found in it. Moreover, here massively (?) could have been produced iron products by forging. Production building No. 2 was the most likely used primarily for foundry. Here, raw materials in the form of non-ferrous scrap (trimmings, strips and plates) could be smelted for further casting of copper/bronze products. This process was successfully promoted by a furnace made of stones and plinthite, the heat of which was sufficient for this production process. With the advent of the building No. 2, the functioning of the building No. 1 continued for some time, since colored scrap and copper-bronze slag were also found in it. It is possible that for some time in the kiln of the building No. 1, in parallel with the manufacture of iron and iron products, they were engaged in the smelting of copper and bronze. As for the time of existence of these structures, considerably they were built gradually, one after another. The first one in XI century there is the building No. 1, and then – in the second half of XI century the building No. 2 appeared next to it, which continues to function at the beginning of XII century. Thus, buildings No. 1 and No. 2, obviously, formed a single complex of impressive size, which specialized in the production and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Статья посвящена публикации материалов исследования одного из памятников Иткульского археологического микрорайона — городища Городище 1, расположенного на южном берегу оз. Большой Иткуль, на границе Зонального и Троицкого районов. Площадка городища имеет сложную планировку и ограничена рвом. На этом памятнике раскопом площадью 64 кв. м была исследована жилищная западина и небольшая часть рва. Жилище представляло собой полуземлянку подпрямоугольной формы с очагом открытого типа. Площадь жилища составляет около 28 кв. м. Расположение материала в жилищном котловане позволяет проследить особенности планировки. Прослежен вход. Хозяйственная зона выделяется по расположению очага и скоплению керамики вокруг него, находится у дальней от входа стенки. Насыщенность находками культурного слоя слабая. Находки представлены скоплениями керамики. Сосуды круглодонные, приземистых пропорций, украшены орнаментом в верхней части. Из элементов орнамента наиболее распространены ямки. Встречается и гребенчатая уточка. В орнаментальной композиции использовался один элемент. Особенности керамического комплекса позволяют отнести исследованный памятник к фоминскому этапу кулайской культуры и датировать его в пределах II-IV вв. Материал публикуется впервые., The article is devoted to the publication of obtained materials from a site in the Itkul archaeological district that includes a settlement called Gorodishche 1. The site is located on the southern shore of Lake Bol'shoi Itkul, on the border of the Zonalnyi and Troitskii districts. The land plot of the settlement has a complex layout and is limited by a moat. At the site, an area of 64 square metres was excavated, as a result, a dwelling pit and a small part of the moat were investigated. The dwelling was a semi-hut of a semi-rectangular form with an open hearth. The area of the dwelling was about 28 square metres. The location of the materials in the dwelling pit shows the special features of the layout. The place of entrance was identified. The economic zone was distinguished by the location of the hearth and the accumulation of ceramics around it; it was located at the farthest wall from the entrance. There were not many finds in the cultural layer. The finds were represented by clusters of ceramics. The vessels were round-bottomed, of lowered proportions, decorated with ornament in the upper part. The most common elements of the ornament were pits. There was also a comb duck ornament. Just one element was used in the ornamental composition. The features of the ceramic complex allowed the authors to refer the studied site to the Fominskaya stage of the Kulaiskaya culture and date it within the 2nd-4th centuries. The material is published for the first time.

A high number industrial hearths, furnaces, and kilns were excavated from an Indus archaeological site 4MSR (western Rajasthan, India) on the dry bed of Ghaggar-Hakra (erstwhile Saraswati) river channel near India-Pakistan international border, providing numerous artifacts of Indus metallurgical activity (jewellery items made of Copper (Cu), Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag), anvil, fishhook, arrowhead, spearhead, moulds, slag etc.). Array of inter-connected hearths, vats, range of stone weights and beads made of semi-precious stones (steatite, terracotta, paste) further suggest the site was being used as a metal-craft factory. Nine 14C ages (seven AMS and two conventional) from cultural layers provided site occupational history spanning from the early Harappan phase to the termination of the mature phase. Maximum number of industrial hearths and furnaces were found during the mature phase (2341 ± 30 to 1691 ± 100 BCE). Highly enriched magnetic susceptibilities (χlf: 114 ± 61.2 × 10−8m3kg−1) in the industrial hearths indicate intense burning activities at these metallurgical factory. Similar enrichments were seen in hearth-sediments for Sulfur (S), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr) and Phosphorous (P) contents. Transition elements viz. Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) were significantly enriched in these hearths possibly as major leftovers of the Harappan metallurgical activities. High S contents found in industrial hearths could be due to usage of Sulfur rich material used for metal-works and usage of gypsum for polishing metal ware and floors. Excesses of Calcium (Ca) and Strontium (Sr) could be due to enhanced usage of river-shells used in ornaments and bead making, while elevated Phosphorous (P) contents might be due to presence of charred bones of cattle, tortoise and fish.

An image analysis-based method is developed to automatically interpret videos of a transparent Hele-Shaw model in studies of blast furnace hearth drainage in pilot scale. By the approach, informati...

The paper presents tools made from bones, antler and teeth from the Neolithic site Baibek, located in the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian Sea. The time of existence of the site dated back to the beginning of the first quarter of the VI mill. BC. Bone artifacts are of particular interest due to their discovery in a layer of sandy consistency. Bone artifacts were founded in the cultural layer of the site, in the pits, hearths and especially in the filling of the dwellings area. Special attention should be paid to the fact that different typological and functional tools can be considered as a single complex. Based on morphological, technological and functional features, the collection of artifacts was divided into 7 typological groups. The distribution of items by site area was indicated. Most of the preserved bone tools were discovered in the fill of the lower level of the dwelling, which is probably connected with better preservation of bone in the deep sediments than in the cultural layer, the upper part of which has been repeatedly previewing. Traceological analysis of the tools surface has determined the scope of their use this is treatment of skins and processing abrasives. Single examples represent fishing equipment, tools for processing stone items and antler haft. There are also decorative items made of bone and teeth pendants, piercing, and bones with ornaments.

A CDF model for simulating gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer in the freeboard of a pilot-scale Rotary Hearth Furnace (RHF) is developed in conjunction with an independent solid reduction model a...

A drainage model of a multi-taphole hearth of a (large) blast furnace operated by alternate tappings has been developed. The model, which is based on a simplified treatment of the pressure losses in the dead man, taphole entrance and taphole, can estimate the liquid levels and outflow rates of the two liquid phases in quasi-stationary and dynamic states. The sensitivity of the results to changes in the conditions, such as taphole length and diameter, dead-man porosity, as well as in the model parameters is illustrated. The effect of asymmetric conditions at the two tapholes, and dynamic responses of particular interest are also illustrated and discussed. The results of the model are finally compared with findings from a reference blast furnace where the outflows rates of iron and slag are routinely estimated, demonstrating that several of the typical outflow patterns observed in the furnace can be at least quantitatively reproduced. This demonstrates the feasibility of the model as a tool for gaining deeper insight into the complex drainage with alternating tappings and the evolution of the liquid levels in the hearth of large blast furnaces.

Within the period of 2015–2017 at Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant (NMZ) the following new processing materials are tested to reduce pyrometallurgical slags: quartzite from the Shilkinsk deposit of Krasnoyarsk Territory (as a flux instead of overburden rock produced locally) and anthracites of various grades (as a reducing agent). The materials tested are attractive in terms of their price compared with the flux and reducing agent (coke) used currently. During the tests with imported quartzite in the process of electric-furnace slag reduction the specific flux consumption falls by 36.9% and the specific electric power consumption falls by 3.2%. There is no marked wear of protective accretions in the slag zone of the furnaces and there is no unfavorable effect on the level of hearth scale. Standard waste slag is produced. Various anthracite brands are tested industrially (i.e., AM-UHG, AKO-UHG produced by Listvyanskaya Mill of CJSC Siberian Anthracite, AKO brand manufactured by LLC Promprodukt, A of AO grade produced by LLC Southern Fuel Company). Tests show that an increase in anthracite fraction in the total amount of the reducing agent supplied for smelting causes undesirably low matte metallization with poor non-ferrous metal extraction into matte, especially cobalt. This results in increased specific consumption of the reducing agent per ton of charge processed in a slag-depletion electric furnace (SEF). Based on tests, the following order for matte metallization degree (in descending order) is obtained: AKO > A of AO grade > (mixture of AM-UHG and AKO-UHG). Testing of the first brand is stopped prematurely due to the abrupt critical reduction of matte metallization (up to 17.8% with a specified minimum value 19%) and low level of hearth accretion in the SEF, likely to fall below the point required for bottom protection. Taking account of the results obtained quartzite from Shilkinsk deposit is recommended for industrial use in order to reduce converter and FSF slags in the electric furnace. Anthracites of AM-UHG, AKO-UHG and A grade of AO are recommended for the partial replacement of the reducing agent used (from 50 to 75%), apart from the sample of AKO grade.

The effect of cold-ramming hearth mix density on the annealed mix dynamic elastic modulus is investigated. It is shown that analysis of the elasticity modulus curves makes it possible to determine the area of optimum hearth mix compaction within which it has a mechanical property level comparable to hearth blocks.

An integrative methodology, including controlled heating experiments, petrography, taphonomy, systematics of charcoal fragments, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and 14C dating, are used to discriminate in situ (anthropogenic) versus transported charcoal accumulations in the Ancestors Chamber at the Aktun Ha cenote and its potential relationship with the initial settlement of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Rock heating experiments demonstrated changes in color, weight loss, and recrystallization fabrics under temperatures from 200°C to 900°C. At temperatures of up to 600°C, calcite changed to portlandite. Taphonomic examination of the charcoal revealed that the fragments were not transported by water. Anatomical studies of the charcoal revealed the presence of species similar to modern examples used as fuel. The solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed different aromatization degrees, and DSC provided information related to the hearth shape and combustion conditions throughout the thermal event. The 14C ages determined on charcoal, 9,200 ± 30 yr. BP (10,490–10,460 and 10,435–10,250 cal BP) and 9,440 ± 30 yr. BP (10,740–10,585 cal BP), are similar to ages previously reported from Aktun Ha and are the oldest determined on charcoal that may have an association with human activity on the Yucatan Peninsula.

A rescue excavation at the site of Centre mobilisateur 10, located in the south-east of the Lannemezan agglomeration (Hautes-Pyrenees) and otherwise known as the Arsenal, was carried out in 2016 by the Eveha team, under the leadership of V. Ropiot. From a geographic perspective, this sector, between Bigorre and Comminges, occupies an interface position on a fluvio-glacially formed plateau, culminating at an altitude of 600 m at the foothill of the Pyrenees, and forms a vast expanse of land including heaths, bogs, meadows and some woodland.The excavation completely uncovered a circular tumulus with a pebble enclosure, which was the main aim of the operation. However, it also brought to light ten archaeological structures, including a singular megalithic monument, composed of a monolithic slab surrounded by a pebble border, covering a chamber buried in a vast oblong pit, with a frontal entrance.The other structures consist of six fireplaces with heated pebbles, two isolated post holes and a pit containing middle Bronze Age objects, which were plundered or heavily reworked but appear to be linked to worship rituals. All these structures are located in the central part of the excavated zone, around the tumulus, and towards the east for the hearths, including two developed in the crown of the tumulus. These remains are attributed to a period ranging from 3700 to 1400 BCE, centred around the Final Neolithic 2. They form an unprecedented monumental funerary complex in the High-Pyrenees.

Historic tombs are important buildings in our architectural legacy both in terms of their tangible and intangible values. Hence, they are among the monuments preserved by Turkish government’s related bodies, providing substantial grants for the preservation of these buildings. This study examines a 16th century historic tomb, Karyağdı Sultan Tomb, located in a congested area in Ankara, Turkey. Although the tomb is at the hearth of the city and can be reached easily, it is not much known and visited by the community because of the unplanned constructions mostly used for commercial purposes surrounding and hiding the building. The objective of this study is to investigate sustainability potentials and develop revitalization suggestions of the tomb and its neighbourhood appropriate to the environmental, cultural, and social values of the region by means of need analysis, field works, and interviews with the local community. Overall, the study findings suggest that thanks to the appropriate sustainable solutions for the development of the neighbourhood and existing built heritage with regard to community, neighbourhood, and building context, visiting capacity and recognition of the tomb and the area can be increased substantially. Hence the research formulated several holistic sustainable preservation suggestions, and recommended further studies in order to realize the potentials of sustainability evident.

An earthquake of MW = 6.5 occurred on May 24, 2014, at 12:25 h local time (09:25 GMT), its epicenter in the Aegean Sea, 25 km north of Gokceada. The effect of the earthquake produced the most damage in the rural houses of Gokceada. This paper describes the evaluations made through onsite field observations of the damages inflicted on the structures of thirty rural houses in the Tepekoy settlement connected to Gokceada. An evaluation was made of the types of damage, the mechanisms of damage and the causes of the damage sustained by these houses, which all had similar structural characteristics but different plan typologies and suffered varying levels of damage. The damage observed in Gokceada was classified using the catalogue of mechanisms originally developed for the failure mechanisms identification and vulnerability evaluation procedure. The general types of damage were cracks in the loadbearing external walls and corners, diagonal cracks starting from the corners of doors and windows, vertical out-of-plane displacement of external walls, out-of-plane fragmentation or disintegration and collapse of external wall and partial collapse of loadbearing internal walls, ruptures in the outer surfaces of loadbearing external walls, partial collapse of roof structure, partial collapse of hearth and chimney sections, rupture or flaking of window and door lintels. The causes of the general damage may be cited as an irregular bonding system, weak mortar, stone block formation, stone block size, absence of tie beams, corners weakly connected, weak connection of wall-roof system, week connection of wall-floor system, and different internal wall systems. The levels of damage and the mechanisms of damage vary depending upon the number of causes of the damage, the particulars of the layout, and some structural properties. In terms of the characteristics of the layout, an increase in unsupported loadbearing wall lengths led to more destructive damage mechanisms in the houses. In terms of structural characteristics, the construction of the internal wall system with timber on the upper floors, and with stone material on the lower floors was a major factor in increasing the level of damage and determining its type and mechanism.

We describe smelting furnaces found in southwestern Siberia, at the Tartas-1 ritual site, representing the eastern variant of the Pakhomovskaya culture. This is so far the only known site where the ritual complex, which includes post holes, and utility and ritual pits, adjoins a special manufacturing area with furnaces for smelting copper ore and processing bronze. The pits, differing in form, depth, and size, belonged to a structure. Furnaces are of two types: deep ones, dug into virgin soil, and shallow ones with domes. The former were destined for smelting ore, and the latter for processing metal. The construction of both types is described in detail. The smelting furnaces are peculiar and have no direct parallels in the Late Bronze Age settlements and sanctuaries of southwestern Siberia, while being somewhat similar to smelting furnaces of the Early Iron Age Itkul culture of the Trans-Urals. Furnaces of the second type resemble those of the local Late Irmen culture. Apparently, in the Baraba forest-steppe, where no copper ore outcrops are available, the ritual complexes included furnaces destined for both smelting ore and processing metal. The bronze metallurgy in the region may have been introduced by immigrants practicing both copper ore smelting and metal processing.

In the present paper, a three-dimensional thermal-fluid multi-physical model has been established to investigate the effect of energy consumption operations on the evolutionary tendency of the solid–liquid interface for large-scale Ti-6 wt.%Al-4 wt.%V (TC4) round (Φ260 mm and Φ620 mm)/slab (1050 mm × 220 mm) ingots produced by electron beam cold hearth melting. The results qualitatively revealed the evolutionary tendency of the solid–liquid interface in different casting conditions, indicating that the solid–liquid interface with a gentle casting speed at a low pouring temperature will generate symmetric solid–liquid interfaces which were slightly affected by the modification of the pouring temperature. With an increasing energy input resulting from the rising casting speed, the deformation of the solid–liquid interface near the inlet was increased. As a result, the risk of breaking out and the formation of a non-uniform microstructure in the Φ620-mm round ingots and slab ingots was greatly increased.

The abnormal erosion of hearth refractories is widely recognized as the main limiting factor for a long blast furnace life. In this paper, the embrittlement phenomenon of the hearth lining found in the blast furnace dissection has been described. Combining the migration figure of the thermocouple temperature in the blast furnace hearth, the evolution process of the carbon brick erosion and the heat transfer were analyzed. The results show that the embrittlement layer contains a large amount of ZnO, which accounts for more than 40%, and the thermal conductivity of the embrittled carbon brick is about 4.9 W/(m K). Moreover, due to the detachment of the embrittlement layer, the erosion evolution process of the hearth carbon brick exists as a cyclically periodic rising phenomenon together with the thermocouple temperature. Thereafter, the residual thickness of the carbon bricks and the temperature of the thermocouples during the formation of the embrittlement layer and the protective layer were calculated quantitatively.

Mullite brick is one of the most extensively utilized blast furnace hearth lining materials that feature several advantageous properties. In this study, the microstructure and physical properties o...

In this paper, we make a quantitative analysis of spatial patterns for the earliest archaeological component (early Holocene) at Cueva Maripe, a multiple-activity site located in Santa Cruz provinc...

A mathematical model has been developed by coupling genetic algorithm (GA) with heat and material balance equations to estimate rate parameters and solid-phase evolution related to the reduction of...

Assessing the function of Palaeolithic hearths is a key research issue that can benefit from the application of experimental archaeology when examining whether the behaviourally related purposes of fire, e.g. heat, light and cooking, could be correlated with combustion features in the archaeological record. Not all species of wood and types of fuel burn the same way. Variability exists in the amount of ash and smoke produced, along with differences in speed of burning and outgoing light and heat. This paper examined the light and heat properties of nine different types of fuels (eight individual species of wood and fresh bone) by assessing intensity of luminosity and radiative heat outputs using a lux metre and thermal imaging camera. Results show that there is considerable variation between bone and wood in terms of light and heat output and between the individual species of wood. In order to assess whether heat efficiency may vary seasonally, experiments were performed overnight and repeated at ambient air temperature ranges of 11 to 13 and 0 to 3 °C. Results show that in the current data set fuels that emit lower to intermediate heat outputs could be more efficient at colder temperatures in terms of warmth. This represents a preliminary step forward towards attributing behaviourally relevant functions such as light and heat to Palaeolithic combustion features with regard to fuel selectivity.

Purpose. The article presents results of new research at one of the most prominent Early Neolithic enclosed settlements in the North of Western Siberia – the stronghold of Kayukovo-2, which is characterized by a regular architectural plan with one central and five surrounding buildings, pottery of a specific shape and type, including flat as well as conical bases and complex ornamentation, and an original complex of stone artefacts. Results. In 2018, the investigation of building structure no. 4 was continued; for the reconstruction of the paleo-landscape, soil samples were investigated in the adjacent peatland, new radiocarbon dates were obtained, and analyses of the material complex represented by fragments of ceramics, products from clay-like raw materials and clay, stone artefacts, and clusters of small bone fragments was carried out. Building no. 4 was identified as a semi-sunken dwelling structure with a hearth in the centre, a small connecting corridor to building no. 7, and a link to the large central building no. 6. In 2019, new trenches confirmed the existence of a ditch circumscribing the settlement complex. Palaeoenvironmental research shows that during the period of use of the site, the closest water body was located c. 100 m from the terrace shore. The radiocarbon dates available up to now indicate a time of functioning of the ancient settlement in the first centuries of the 6th millennium cal BC. The ceramic material belongs to the complex of early flat-based hunter-gatherer pottery of Western Siberia, a tradition which probably spread from the Baraba forest-steppe and the Ishim region to the Northern Trans-Urals around 6000 cal BC. Conclusion. The reasons for the emergence of the northernmost fortified settlements in Eurasia among hunter-gatherer communities with complex architecture and specific ceramics, the role of internal socio-cultural mechanisms and external influences, and environmental factors in their formation continue to be under discussion and require further research.

The Sardis excavation sector known as MMS was a center of habitation for over a millennium. Archaic houses built near the great mudbrick fortification were succeeded by scattered Hellenistic and Roman dwellings, to be followed in late antiquity by imposing residences of complex plan and ambitious decoration. Like other parts of the city, these houses saw extensive structural damage in the early A.D. 600s. Raised floors, flimsy partitions and makeshift hearths are among the few signs of lingering occupation.1

Most generally, the present author’s focus is on the phenomenon of “prolonged continuity”, which manifests itself in the field of symbolic objects as well as in archaic vocabulary that was attached to such objects in days of yore. Along that line, this article represents an approach to the primeval sacredness of hearths and fireplaces, with which a series of common nouns (such as Latin ātrium, Avestan ātars, Albanian vater and Romanian vatra) and person-names (such as Greek Atreus and Latin Atrius) appear to have much to do.

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Le site des Reliades au Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) a livré deux petits espaces funéraires à crémation utilisés entre La Tène finale et l’époque augusto-tibérienne. Caractérisés par une implantation sur un lieu à la topographie remarquable, ils ont fait l’objet d’aménagements paysagers qui viennent souligner leur caractère ostentatoire. Par ailleurs, la présence de bassins pose la question de l’utilisation de l’eau dans le cadre de cérémonies funéraires et/ou commémoratives. Enfin, bien que le mobilier déposé dans les sépultures soit peu abondant et très détérioré par son passage sur le bûcher, quelques éléments permettent d’attribuer aux défunts un statut social relativement élevé. Il s’agirait donc d’une nécropole familiale associée à une probable villa dont la localisation n’est pas connue.

Egyptian vats and bread molds from the Early Bronze IB2 period are found in abundance on numerous sites in Southern Levant. During that time many groups of Egyptians settled across Canaanean towns and villages, which the archaeological material proves. The presence of kitchenware proves that they preserved their culinary traditions and still used this characteristic type of vessel. The latest excavations at Tel Erani (2013- 2018) resulted in finds of significant amounts of kitchenware concentrated around one building, as well as some hearths and flint tools, which relates well with this theory and suggests that a group of Egyptians indeed lived there among the local population during the end of the Early Bronze I period.

Lukan iz Budakova ‘Ognjišta’ zadovoljava veći dio kriterija koje pred vodećeg junaka postavljaju Mieke Bal, Lynette Porter i William Faulkner. Učenost mu svakako nedostaje, a djelovanje prema vlastitim uvjerenjima biva dvojbenim i upravo stoga poticajnim problemom. Lukan se žrtvuje ako je potrebno, inteligentan je i mijenja strategiju u hodu, razvija se i stalo mu je do obitelji. Glede Faulknerovih zahtjeva on jest sućutan i ustrajan, a ima i elemente požrtvovnosti. Bitno je međutim što je ovaj lik nazočan u cijelom tijeku fabule romana i što on zadaje smrtni udarac antagonistu. S njegova stajališta ‘Ognjište’ prelazi iz tragedije u obredni tekst i konačno u romansu. Roman u potpunosti slijedi ustroj koji je moguće izvesti na temelju Fryeovih obilježja ovoga žanra u ‘Anatomiji kritike’. Lukan kao glavni junak spašava svoje ognjište pomoću Anere, onda je u svoju zadrugu prepisao i Blažićeve unuke, na kraju romana ubija neprijatelja, a selo Sveti Rok ostaje nerazoreno. Ne nedostaje ni mlada koju kao junak romanse mora na kraju zadobiti: više je puta naviješteno da bi to mogla biti upravo Blažićeva udovica Manda. Konačno, Lukan u sebi sažima obilježja cijeloga niza Budakovih junaka pa biva seljak, svećenik i ratnik, a spaja i elemente muških i ženskih likova iz svoje sredine.

International audience; Prehispanic sites of the Canary Islands (ca. 2nd-15th centuries CE), fuel gathering strategies have traditionally been interpreted as the result of a taxonomic selection based on the physical properties of each woody species, while little attention has been paid to other criteria such as the soundness of the wood used, a parameter which could have significantly weighed on indigenous firewood selection, hearth functions and supply areas. To explore this possibility, we created a new experimental dataset of microscopic decay features in charcoal of Pinus canariensis, one of the most valued Prehispanic fuels. Following a previous experimental protocol, our results confirm the correlation between the macroscopic and microscopic state of the wood, with a gradual trend from healthy to rotten according to varying proportions of low to high micromorphological alteration features within each charcoal assemblage. It now becomes possible to assess the state of the wood ante combustion on archeological samples as a marker of fuel gathering strategies. New experimental results were also obtained regarding charcoal vitrification, although the origin of this phenomenon remains unclear. High proportions of vitrified fragments found in a batch composed of resinous heartwood (pitch wood) with highly degraded sapwood raise the hypothesis of a possible relationship between vitrification and the combustion of high resin contents.

New excavations carried out at Cova de les Malladetes confirm and improve previous information on the archaeological sequence of this site. A total of 29 new dates allow to specify the chronology of the Aurignacian (levels XIVA–XII) and Gravettian (levels XI–VII). Furthermore, concerning the results obtained during the 1970 excavation, three new levels were identified: level XIVB, which represents a short temporal human occupation hiatus, and levels XV and XVI with some hearths and anthropic evidence, although the lithic material does not permit a cultural attribution. This paper presents data obtained from the analysis of archaeobotanical, micro- and macrofaunal assemblages and lithic and osseous industry. Results are relevant concerning the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental characterisation of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, as well as for assessing the human occupation patterns during the Gravettian and Aurignacian. Moreover, we evaluate the chronological implications of the basal levels (XIVB, XV and XVI), drawing attention to the absence of an important temporal gap between this phase and the start of the Early Upper Palaeolithic at the site. Finally, our new data extend the information provided by other sites in the Spanish Mediterranean region, allowing a more defined characterisation of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, especially regarding the Evolved Aurignacian chronology and its techno-typological structure, with the presence of Roc-de-Combe subtype Dufour bladelets.

The behaviour and mobility of hominins are dependent on the availability of biotic and abiotic resources, which, in temperate ecosystems, are strongly related to seasonality. The objective of this study is to establish evidence of seasonality and duration of occupation(s) of specific archaeological contexts at late Lower Palaeolithic Qesem Cave based on the study of ungulate teeth. Combining individual ageing using dental eruption and replacement with variability measurement of tooth microwear, we estimated the seasonality of occupations at different levels of the site and their relative duration. Information about the diet of the ungulates and the habitats where they were hunted was also derived from tooth mesowear and microwear analyses. In the different tooth assemblages analysed, where the fallow deer was the most abundant herbivorous species, animals were selectively hunted in specific habitats. For example, the fallow deer individuals brought back to the Hearth area had a different diet than those found in other parts of the cave. The Hearth area seems to have been used seasonally, probably during short-term events and more than once a year. The other areas of the cave show different seasons of game procurement and different patterns of occupation of the site, possibly more than once a year or, alternatively, for a longer period. The data suggest that Qesem Cave was inhabited by human groups for a long period, perhaps not continuously, and their knowledge of the environment surrounding the cave allowed them to allocate specific game, most probably from distinct hunting grounds, to designated activity areas at the cave. We hypothesise that the difference in feeding locations might have been related to specific needs of the cave inhabitants (food, hide and marrow extraction), and thus, animals from different hunting grounds were wisely used to maximise the potential of specific habitats in the environment. This study is an additional testimony to the ingenuity of the cave inhabitants that allowed them to persistently use the cave for a prolonged period in a year.

Lateritic ores are currently considered as the fundamental raw material for the extraction of Ni and Co through the Caron process. This directly affects the temperature control of the hearth 6 of reduction furnaces from the injection of the post-combustion air into the metallurgical process. To date, there is no consensus on the part of the researchers about the positive or negative effect that this variable generates in Ni and Co extractions; therefore, this research reports the results obtained by reducing a lateritic ore on a pilot plant scale, evaluating different temperature levels in the hearth 6, as the post-combustion air was fed. It was found that the injection of the post-combustion air in the reduction furnaces decreases the Ni extractions with respect to the Co extractions, the behavior is becoming more irregular by showing maximum and minimum values. The best result of the present study is obtained when working in an operational condition without the injection of post-combustion air with a temperature of 495 °C in hearth 6 of the reduction furnace.

The unprecedented increase in the fire accidents and hearth necessitates the need to develop novel fire detection and prevention techniques. This research proposes a novel detection and prevention methods by using a Raspberry Pi fueled by IoT. During this project, a temperature device and DTH11 wetness device has been interfaced to raspberry pi in order to detect the temperature and wetness created from the hearth. The values square measure was taken from the device and it is uploaded to the cloud. The mistreatment threshold price, temperature, and wetness price are all considered, and an analysis is created to sight hearth. Once detected, an Associate in nursing email is sent with an associate in nursing alert message, which usually contains the device values, and the hearth is predicted.