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The first United Nations Sustainable Development Goal is to ‘ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality’. Protecting, promoting, and supporting early childhood development is essential to achieve this goal. The foundations of child health and well-being, and of adult health in later life, are laid down in pregnancy and the early years. So this review of evidence takes a life course approach, starting in pregnancy and extending to the age of 7 years, to include transition into school and to cover the ‘early years’.

Radiation oncology has seen considerable change since ESTRO adopted its previous vision statement, less than 10 years ago. The Society has now formulated a new vision for 2030, which remains dedicated to its mission, whilst adapting to evolving contexts and the transforming landscape. Aligning with the new vision, ESTRO has developed strategic priorities for the coming years. This document, written on behalf of the Board and its leadership, describes ESTRO's strategic focus on translating science and evidence into practice, supporting professional development in the discipline, further strengthening the Society and on embracing an active policy-role. (C) 2019 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. Radiotherapy and Oncology

According to the latest FAO food price index, food prices are back on the rise, causing an increase in global poverty for the first time in nearly two decades (Fig. 4.1).

International audience; À son indépendance en 1975, le Mozambique affichait une politique volontariste d’autonomie en médicaments essentiels. Cependant, les diverses initiatives d’autonomisation avec l’aide internationale dans la mise en place de la production locale de médicaments n’ont pas abouti dans les années 1980. Le gouvernement acquiert en 2008 une usine pharmaceutique privée en faillite pour recevoir un transfert de technologie et de compétences des laboratoires du Ministère de la Santé du Brésil, qui finance les équipements et la formation des cadres et techniciens mozambicains par leurs pairs brésiliens. La résilience économique de cette usine publique – la Sociedade Moçambicana de Medicamentos – est mise à l’épreuve par la concurrence des importations via des bailleurs de fonds internationaux de médicaments génériques fabriqués en Inde et, plus récemment, l’installation d’une usine d’un laboratoire privé indien au Mozambique. À travers des entretiens, observations et archives sur les expériences de production locale au Mozambique, cet article décrit les dynamiques de transfert de connaissances et compétences dans le domaine de la pharmacie industrielle entre les professionnels mozambicains et internationaux. Ce faisant, nous analyserons l’évolution du médicament comme bien public dans le pays, entre accessibilité et qualité pour la santé publique et rendements pour l’industrie.

“Health for all” had been a long cherished dream. Although officially taken up and proposed in 1978 at Alma-Ata, the concept was there in the core ideology of the WHO since its inception. Now after passing through many phases and decades of developments and working on the goal, we see that goals have not been met yet. This realization of remaining short of the goal is clearly reflected through the WHO theme for the 2018 World Health Day calling for “Universal Health Coverage: Every One, Every Where,” admitting that health is still a dream for many at many places in the world. It is largely observed that health-care needs, besides having a universal nature, also have a local and dynamic flavor. The health-care need of now may not remain same after few decades, and similarly, on some aspects, health-care needs may be grossly different in a resource-rich country compared to a resource-poor country. Local resources and culture are essential to be respected to develop a long-term, sustainable model of providing health care to such people who are ethnoculturally distinct from others. Respecting native and traditional health-care systems prevalent in such regions could be the key to expand the reach of universal health-care coverage as is dreamt by the WHO now. This chapter reviews Ayurveda, a traditional health-care system of repute in the orient, for finding the practical ways to involve it more realistically in obtaining the long-cherished goal of health for all by defining the responsibilities and by preparing the system to effectively execute the responsibilities for a common objective.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and its member countries are continuously working towards the goal of health for all. Various researchers have listed the factors which affect the effective deli...

In the long history of global health efforts, universal health coverage (UHC) holds the promise of reframing the global health agenda by encompassing both the goal of “Health for All” as well as th...

The World Health Organization is the global authority on health issues. Since its inception in 1948, it has made large strides in advancing its goal of the highest attainable level of health for all people. Through the years, the organization has faced many setbacks, but it has also marked numerous achievements. The global forces that necessitated its establishment continue to mold and influence the organization. This article discusses how the World Health Organization started, its functions, and what it is doing to maintain its relevance in the twenty-first century. This article also brings into focus the fight against tropical diseases.

E-health, tele-medicine, and informatics are terms prominent in the health sector nowadays; Real-time Health Insurance should be among. The laudable program, National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) introduced in Nigeria can only be effective and efficient with the introduction of dynamic and integrated online NHIS system. Data were gathered through document examination, internet and interview of NHIS desk officers, health record officers, and NHIS accountant in two of our tertiary hospitals. Data were analysed and graphs were drawn to show current status. Software Engineering architecture for its development for better system was introduced. From the data analysed, it was found that none of the current Nigeria HMOs, Health Facilities (HFs) and NHIS headquarters is fully computerised and networked which is making the current system epileptic. People on transit and rural areas are not adequately catered for. Therefore, a workable Real-time Health Insurance Scheme will help people on transit and bridge urban-rural health divide.

Background: The objective of the study was to study the rationality of Vitamins and minerals combinations available in India and to provide comprehensive data of irrational combinations having excess and sub sufficient quantity of vitamin and minerals than recommended by National Guidelines of India. Methods: This observational study and analysis was done between June and August 2016. Data was collected from current index of medical specialties and drug India. Rationality assessment was done using National list approved drug combinations by Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO) and essentially was cross checked using World Health Organization essential drug list 2015. Adequacy was analysed using Dietary reference intake (DRI) for Indians by Nutrional council of India draft guidance. Results: In our analysis, we have found 1184 irrational nutraceutical preparations available in India market. Out of 461(38.9%) are based on fat soluble vitamins, 190 (16.4%) based on B-complex vitamins based and 5339 (45.1%) related to essential minerals. Among 461 fat soluble vitamins, 104 contain excessive level, 334 contain substandard levels. Similarly 128 and 62 Vitamin B-Complex based preparations are having excess and less quantity than recommended levels respectively and almost all the mineral combinations except four are not prepared following guidelines. None of these combinations were included in National essential list of medicines. Conclusions: Multivitamins are generally considered safe; these are irrationally prescribed and taken as self-medication by public. Many of the ill effects are often unnoticed and under reported. Government of India should regulate the manufacture and sale these nutraceuticals to promote rational use of drugs and to promote wellbeing and safety of Indian population which is primary objective of ‘Health for all’.

Objective: In India, due to illiteracy and poor socioeconomic conditions, along with harmful oral habits, the prevalence of oro-dental diseases is widespread. Primary health care approach is the strategy to attain health for all. Hence, the objective was to assess oral health of Anganwadi children. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to include 316 children from Anganwadi present in the vicinity of a field area of the dental institute, Tumkur. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 41.77%, mean decayed, extracted, filled tooth being 2. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries in Anganwadi children was high indicating the need for both preventive and curative methods. The comprehensive treatment along with oral hygiene instructions was provided.

Exploration of long-term health expenditure and longevity trends across three major sub-regions of Eastern Europe since 1989.24 countries were classified as EU 2004, CIS, or SEE. European Health for All Database (HFA-DB) 1989-2012 data were processed using difference-in-difference (DiD) and data envelopment analysis (DEA).The strongest expenditure growth was recorded in EU 2004 followed by SEE and the CIS. A surprisingly similar longevity increase was present in SEE and EU 2004. In 1989, countries that joined EU in 2004 were relatively inefficient in the number of life-years gained yet had a lower life expectancy than the SEE region and was only slightly higher than the CIS region (DEA). By 2012 the revenue spent was roughly linear to additional life-year expectancies.EU 2004 members were the best performers in terms of balanced longevity increase followed by health expenditure growth. The SEE economies' longevity gains were lagging slightly behind at a far lower cost. An extrapolated CIS expenditure to longevity increase ratio has the fastest-growing long-term promise.

Background: Badan Penyelenggaran Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) is a form of the implementation of the National Health Insurance which is tasked to ensure the maintenance of health for all Indonesians. But many people are not satisfied with BPJS. Kurniawan research in 2015, treatment measures (aspects of assurance) were significantly different between uninsured patients and BPJS patients. Idaman Hospital, Banjarbaru is a type C hospital owned by the city government, as an advanced level health facility in implementing BPJS. Pulp treatment is a kind of treatments in dental and mouth which covered by BPJS. Purpose: To know the description of pulp treatment and post pulp treatment materials in BPJS and uninsured patients in Idaman District Hospital, Banjarbaru. Methods: A descriptive observational study with retrospective secondary data collect from patient registers in January-December 2018. Results: Outpatients that insured by BPJS were 78.84% and uninsured were 21.10%. The use of dental pulp treatment materials was arsenic with 13.6% in BPJS patients and 6.6% in uninsured patients, formocresol with 21.5% in BPJS patients and 5.6% in uninsured patients, cresophene 20.42% in BPJS patients and 3.76% in uninsured patients, eugenol 2,81% in BPJS patients and 2.35% in uninsured patients. The most common used post-pulp treatment materials were 16.6% GIC for BPJS patients and 6.09% in uninsured patients, while composites were only 0.23% for both. Conclusion: Dental pulp treatment materials in BPJS and uninsured patients are arsenic, formocresol, cresophene and eugenol, while post pulp treatment materials are GIC and composite. Keywords : BPJS, Pulp Treatment, Uninsured Patients

In 1978, at an international conference in Kazakhstan, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund put forward a policy proposal entitled “Primary Health Care” (PHC). Adopted by all the World Health Organization member states, the proposal catalyzed ideas and experiences by which governments and people began to change their views about how good health was obtained and sustained. The Declaration of Alma-Ata (as it is known, after the city in which the conference was held) committed member states to take action to achieve the WHO definition of health as “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Arguing that good health was not merely the result of biomedical advances, health-services provision, and professional care, the declaration stated that health was a human right, that the inequality of health status among the world’s populations was unacceptable, and that people had a right and duty to become involved in the planning and implementation of their own healthcare. It proposed that this policy be supported through collaboration with other government sectors to ensure that health was recognized as a key to development planning. Under the banner call “Health for All by the Year 2000,” WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund set out to turn their vision for improving health into practice. They confronted a number of critical challenges. These included defining PHC and translating PHC into practice, developing frameworks to translate equity into action, experiencing both the potential and the limitations of community participation in helping to achieve the WHO definition of health, and seeking the necessary financing to support the transformation of health systems. These challenges were taken up by global, national, and nongovernmental organization programs in efforts to balance the PHC vision with the realities of health-service delivery. The implementation of these programs had varying degrees of success and failure. In the future, PHC will need to address to critical concerns, the first of which is how to address the pressing health issues of the early 21st century, including climate change, control of noncommunicable diseases, global health emergencies, and the cost and effectiveness of humanitarian aid in the light of increasing violent disturbances and issues around global governance. The second is how PHC will influence policies emerging from the increasing understanding that health interventions should be implemented in the context of complexity rather than as linear, predictable solutions.

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2000 aimed to address some of the most pressing global issues of our times: extreme poverty, unequal health, and inequities in development. The MDGs, a set of interrelated targets to be met by 2015, catalyzed political commitment toward improving child survival and maternal health. Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 called for a two-thirds reduction in the younger-than-5 child mortality rate and a three-quarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, respectively, from 1990 base figures.1 Although concerted global efforts have led to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality over the past 25 years, MDG 4 and 5 targets have not been fully realized. Only 62 of the 195 countries with available estimates achieved the MDG 4 target, of which 24 were low-income and lower-middle–income countries.2 Only 2 regions, East Asia and the Pacific (69% reduction) and Latin America and the Caribbean (67% reduction), met the target at a regional level.2 For MDG 5, of the 95 countries that had a maternal mortality ratio of more than 100 in 1990, only 9 achieved the target for reduction in maternal mortality: Bhutan, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Iran, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Rwanda, and Timor-Leste.3 As we celebrate the fact that the global younger-than-5 mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio have fallen by 53% and 43.9%, respectively, since 1990, we also face the sobering reality that high numbers of women and children are still dying every year, largely due to conditions that could have been prevented or treated if existing cost-effective interventions were universally available.2–4 The burden of mortality also remains unevenly distributed, with the largest numbers and highest rates of maternal and younger-than-5 deaths concentrated in countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in lower-income countries and among fragile states, especially those with ongoing conflict.2,3,5 2015 marked the end of the MDG era and the beginning of a new global framework, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new framework presents an opportunity to leverage the momentum built over recent decades to tackle global inequities in maternal and child health. Of these SDGs, goal 3 also calls for an end to preventable deaths of newborns and children younger than 5 years, as well as a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, by 2030.6 Achieving this target would require overcoming barriers and inequities in access to quality health services and, thus, implementing strategies to reach all mothers and children, including those who are most vulnerable, remote, and at risk. In this chapter, we discuss the current burden of younger-than-5 and maternal mortality, barriers contributing to health inequities, and, finally, evidence-based strategies to bridge these gaps.

This study was conducted to aware the audience to be more concern about “person with disabilities” and their “social determinants of health” as an emerging area in public health. WHO mentioned, 15% of the global populations are suffering from some form of disabilities and the number is higher comparing the report of 1970s. Public health aim to prevent mortality, morbidity and disability in different sectors (Donald, Lollar & John, 2003). But its alarming that disability preventive program often neglected in public health programs. Even the link between diseases and disability is often overlooked in several cases like GBS, encephalitis, transverse myelitis etc. Reduced inflow and increased outflow of finance and social determinants of health impact negatively on the life of the person with disabilities. Continuous effort to improve the social determinants of health worked tremendously over the last few decades to improve the life of human being globally, which is unfortunately sometimes worked as predisposing factor to the increased number of disabilities. But effort to reduce burden of disability and to improve SDH is just negligible. The 67th World Health Assembly adopted a resolution endorsing the WHO global disability action plan 2014–2021: Better health for all people with disability. It reflects the major shift in global understanding and responses towards disability. It could be concluded that it’s the high time to look more precisely in this neglected area whiting various discourse of SDH which will be a big burden of the public health in coming days. More research is required to minimize number of disability as well the after math of disability.

This chapter analyses the political influences that shaped reform of healthcare service provision and financing during four decades of neoliberal capitalist dominance, with its emphasis on individualism, consumerism, competitiveness, and the capitalist market in determining social needs and healthcare priorities. New financing sources and market competition, which shaped adoption of reforms, are contrasted with earlier reform efforts that were premised on the socialisation of risk and the universalisation of healthcare provision on an equitable basis for all. Transformation of state forms promoted the market and substantially weakened capacities to provide for basic needs. Controversy over these outcomes has coincided with astounding increases in global inequality, particularly since the 2008 global financial meltdown, with devastating and unequal effects on the health of populations. The chapter concludes by returning to the quest for universal health coverage by reaffirming the “Health for All” principles of social justice and solidarity within a ‘post-Washington consensus’.

Ensuring ‘health for all’ remains a persistent and entrenched global challenge. G20 governments are in a position to elevate the priority accorded to health, and acknowledge the centrality of health to attaining the SDGs. The authors call on G20 leaders to build nations that are more inclusive and less divided, by: adopting a Health- in-All-Policies approach, prioritizing the most vulnerable, engaging citizens in policy processes, and filling health data gaps.

Background Compared to the general population, RA patients (pts) are less likely to be employed and have lower HRQoL.1,2 However, data on impact of work status on HRQoL in RA pts are limited. Objectives Evaluate association between work status and HRQoL in RA pts. Methods We analysed data from adult pts enrolled in a large sequential RA registry. Physicians assessed pt demographics, clinical characteristics, disease activity and laboratory parameters at baseline (BL) and then annually. Follow-up questionnaires to assess pt-reported outcomes were administered every 6 months and included HRQoL measures (12-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical and mental component summary [SF-12 PCS, MCS], EuroQoL-5 Dimension [EQ-5D]) and work status; higher score indicates better health for all 3 HRQoL measures. General linear mixed models with repeated measures were used for SF-12 analysis and finite mixture models for the EQ-5D analysis, controlling for BL covariates. Results A total of 974 RA pts with HRQoL information were included: 49.3% (n=480) ‘employed for pay’, 38.9% (n=379) ‘employed not for pay’ (retired, homemaker or student), 11.8% (n=115) ‘not employed or on disability’. Pts employed for pay were younger and had lower disease activity compared with other groups (table 1). Compared with pts ‘not employed or on disability’, pts employed had significantly higher PCS (mean [SE] 7.17 [0.82]; p Conclusions Work status and household income in RA are independently associated with HRQoL. More studies are needed to evaluate impact of work on changes in HRQoL in RA pts. References [1] Uhlig T, et al. J Rheumatol2007;34:1241–7. [2] Chorus AM, et al. Ann Rheum Dis2003;62:1178–84. Disclosure of Interest E. Alemao Shareholder of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, A. Boonen: None declared, Z. Guo Shareholder of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, C. Iannaccone: None declared, M. Frits: None declared, M. Weinblatt Grant/research support from: Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Crescendo Bioscience, Sanofi, Consultant for: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Crescendo Bioscience, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, N. Shadick Grant/research support from: Amgen, BRASS registry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Mallinckrodt, Consultant for: Bristol-Myers Squibb

The use of medicinal plants to cure many ailments has been a tradition in different parts of the world. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is an edible seed that is widely cultivated for its delicacy. All parts of the plant have been used ethnomedically. This article reviewed the ethnomedicinal, nutritional, phytochemical and some pharmacological activities of T. conophorum, because medicinal plants are our hope in achieving sustainable global statutory of health for all and a last resort in healthcare management in African countries. This review reveals previous findings and other pharmacological benefits of the African walnut towards its potential as food and drug development.

With both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the World Health Organization (WHO) coming into existence in 1948, there was great postwar promise that these two institutions would complement each other, with WHO serving to support human rights in its health policies, programs, and practices. Yet WHO’s support for human rights would vary dramatically in the decades that followed: neglecting human rights law during crucial years in the development of health-related rights, implementing human rights as a foundation for its “Health for All” campaign, and operationalizing rights-based standards in the international response to HIV/AIDS. This chapter examines WHO’s evolving contributions to (and, in some cases, negligence of) the rights-based approach to health, with this history framing WHO’s enduring challenges in exercising its international legal authorities, collaborating with the United Nations human rights system, and mainstreaming human rights in the WHO Secretariat.

Health inequality is a national challenge in Finland. The WHO global strategy of Health for All implies that all people should have an equal opportunity to develop and maintain their health through fair and just access to health resources. This article examines the role of Finnish Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) in strengthening the health equity. The article presents the strategy and specific criteria constructed by the NGOs to promote health equity in society. The health equity criteria and welfare economy strategy are combined to a framework which NGOs can utilize in their work to promote health equity. The welfare economy strategy describes the important issues that NGOs have to address when working towards a specific societal goal, in this case equity. The health equity criteria in turn are an instrument for the practical implementation of the preconditions of equity.

The article by Dutton and colleagues alludes to the complexities that determine health and disease.[1][1] It has long been known that socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poor health outcomes, which now can be explained in basic science terms — chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

The Alma Ata declaration’s compelling vision of health for all will not be realised until we take community level prevention seriously, argue Luke Allen and colleagues

Global health has been defined as the area of study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Despite the efforts of achieving equity, global health is characterized by disparities that have led to some discussion about who is responsible for providing healthcare. The UNESCO Chair of Bioethics and Human Rights has provided a necessary space for reflection to address the dilemmas of resource allocation, global health, and social responsibility using Article 14 as a guideline and starting from a global bioethics framework. This essay explores the relationship between global health and social responsibility and their link to global bioethics, arguing that the approach of global bioethics based on rights and responsibilities is an important tool to achieve convergence and cooperation regarding social responsibility and health, because it offers proper venues for dialogue and understanding.

In this chapter we address the many ways humans confront an old enemy, with remarkable success most of the time. Defeating an enemy requires considerable knowledge of the adversary; in this regard, new advanced technologies have enabled scientists and health practitioners to uncover a vast diversity of viruses we were not aware of before. Next generation sequencing, and its allied metagenomics, have revealed where the enemy hides and how diverse they are, the varying interactions they establish with living organisms, the identity of their proxy accomplices (reservoirs and vectors), essentially all important information needed to identify the weak flanks and achieve an advantageous position over the enemy. Other advancements have opened the possibility of detecting viruses and virus infections in a cost-efficient manner, an important step to guarantee health for all, particularly in developing countries. Finally, the application of various recombinant technologies, including transgenesis and genome editing, show great promise for the treatment of diseases of viral etiology in plants and animals. This last, and by necessity, short chapter will explore the diagnostic tests that enable speedy detection and identification of virus diseases, and the ways viruses are the targets of biotechnology; that is, how they are used for the development of virus derived resistance.

This article asserts the importance of directing the attention of the global community not only on treatment, but also on a holistic view of health and health care services that will make it impossible for any individual to believe that they are not worthy of every consideration and support to be fully functioning, empowered community members. Authors call upon psychologists, social workers and other professionals interested in peacebuilding to refocus, not away from trauma recovery, but more broadly to whole health for all communities

Las condiciones sociodemográficas y económicas de América Latina están caracterizadas por recursos escasos y facilidades sanitarias poco satisfactorias. En circunstancias óptimas, 990 de cada 1000 embarazos que llegan al séptimo mes de gestación concluyen con un recién nacido y una madre sanos. Mientras tanto, en países en vías de desarrollo, una de cada 50 mujeres muere como consecuencia del embarazo, parto y puerperio, a comparación de una de cada 2700 en países desarrollados. América Latina ha asumido con las Naciones del Mundo el compromiso de Salud para Todos en el año 20008 y la reducción de la mortalidad materna e infantil. Sin embargo nuestra región ve que esta meta está aún distante y las tasas de morbimortalidad materna y perinatal, útiles indicadores del estado de salud de un país, mejoran con suma lentitud.

OBJECT The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and surgical intervention for treating SIJ pain or dysfunction has been a topic of much debate in recent years. There has been a resurgence in the implication of this joint as the pain generator for many patients experiencing low-back pain, and new surgical methods are gaining popularity within both the orthopedic and neurosurgical fields. There is no universally accepted gold standard for diagnosing or surgically treating SIJ pain. The authors systematically reviewed studies on SIJ fusion in the neurosurgical and orthopedic literature to investigate whether sufficient evidence exists to support its use. METHODS A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and OvidSP–Wolters Kluwer Health for all articles regarding SIJ fusion published from 2000 to 2014. Original, peer-reviewed, prospective or retrospective scientific papers with at least 2 patients were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included follow-up shorter than 1-year, nonsurgical treatment, inadequate clinical data as determined by 2 independent reviewers, non-English manuscripts, and nonhuman subjects. RESULTS A total of 16 peer-reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria: 5 consecutive case series, 8 retrospective studies, and 3 prospective cohort studies. A total of 430 patients were included, of whom 131 underwent open surgery and 299 underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for SIJ fusion. The mean duration of follow-up was 60 months for open surgery and 21 months for MIS. SIJ degeneration/arthrosis was the most common pathology among patients undergoing surgical intervention (present in 257 patients [59.8%]), followed by SIJ dysfunction (79 [18.4%]), postpartum instability (31 [7.2%]), posttraumatic (28 [6.5%]), idiopathic (25 [5.8%]), pathological fractures (6 [1.4%]), and HLA-B27+/rheumatoid arthritis (4 [0.9%]). Radiographically confirmed fusion rates were 20%–90% for open surgery and 13%–100% for MIS. Rates of excellent satisfaction, determined by pain reduction, function, and quality of life, ranged from 18% to 100% with a mean of 54% in open surgical cases. For MIS patients, excellent outcome, judged by patients’ stated satisfaction with the surgery, ranged from 56% to 100% (mean 84%). The reoperation rate after open surgery ranged from 0% to 65% (mean 15%). Reoperation rate after MIS ranged from 0% to 17% (mean 6%). Major complication rates ranged from 5% to 20%, with 1 study that addressed safety reporting a 56% adverse event rate. CONCLUSIONS Surgical intervention for SIJ pain is beneficial in a subset of patients. However, with the difficulty in accurate diagnosis and evidence for the efficacy of SIJ fusion itself lacking, serious consideration of the cause of pain and alternative treatments should be given before performing the operation.

This study was possible due to a partnership between the Department of Physical Education and Sports of Humanities Sciences Faculty of Valahia University from Targoviste and the Association „ Eu Pot!” that consists of monitorising the evolution of cardio-respiratory parameters of children with disabillities, since December 2013 to May 2014. Adapted physical activity in this programe was conducted over a period of 6 months, personalized and individualised for each subject. By evaluating the main functions of organism, we have followed the evolution of the relationship between adapted physical activity and health for all 12 children, gathering good results for the entire lot during 6 months, results decribed below.

A recent seminar saw Sir Michael Marmot address the impact of inequalities on children's outcomes, and the All Party Parliamentary Group for Conception to Age 2: first 1001 days has published a report highlighting recommendations for government.

Introduction : The use of CAM has become popular and widely practiced among the general population. The integration of CAM into the ordinary medical system has been encouraged by World Health Organization (WHO) to improve the quality of care in the health for all strategy. This research aims at studying the knowledge, attitude and practice of primary health care doctors towards CAM in Bahrain. Method: A cross sectional study of all the 323 primary health care doctors who are working in the governmental health centers in Bahrain were the study population. A self-filled questionnaire was used for data collection. The Questionnaires were distributed to all primary health care doctors by name and collected after one week through the chief of medical services of primary health care. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS program version 18. Results: Two hundred and twenty two (68.7%) questionnaires out of 323 questionnaires were completed. Around half (50.5%) of the respondents stated that they have a poor level of knowledge about CAM, while only 6 (2.7%) of them stated that they have an excellent level of knowledge. General non-medical sources were the main source of knowledge about CAM with general reading ranked as the main source (48.2%), followed by general media like TV and radio (34.2%), and followed by internet (23%). In general, the attitude of primary care doctors toward CAM was positive with 72.5% of them interested in CAM, 81.1% believe that training in CAM would affect their practice as doctors, and 73.9% agreed that CAM is beneficial. Regarding the practice of PHC doctors toward CAM, more than half (59.5%) had used CAM with their patients, while only 23% of them had referred patients to CAM practitioners. Most of PHC doctors (79.7%) stated that they asked their patients about the use of CAM. Conclusion: Primary Health Care doctors in Bahrain have a poor knowledge about CAM and would like to know more about it. On the other hand, they have a good attitude towards using CAM with their patients.

espanolEl objetivo de este trabajo es describir un modelo de universidad saludable y la experiencia que se ha llevado a cabo para implantarlo en la Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. El modelo creado para promover una universidad mas saludable esta centrado en las intervenciones y programas para el cambio de la distribucion poblacional de los principales factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Los tres pilares del modelo son: a) intervenciones y programas, b) vigilancia y evaluacion, y c) formacion e investigacion en salud en todas las politicas. La universidad como centro de trabajo y entidad ligada al conocimiento aparece como institucion ideal para la promocion de la salud. El modelo propuesto puede ser util para incorporar el concepto de promocion de la salud en la cultura universitaria, en sus politicas institucionales y planes de estudio. EnglishThe objective of this study is to describe a model of healthy university and the experience of the International University of Catalonia in creating a healthy workplace. The model focuses on interventions and programs for changing the population distribution of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The three pillars of the model are: a) interventions and programs, b) surveillance and evaluation, and c) education and research in health for all policies. The university as a place of work and knowledge-linked entity is an ideal institution for health promotion. The proposed model may be useful for incorporating the concept of health promotion into the university culture, and in its institutional policies and study plans.

ResumenEste trabajo presenta un resumen de lo realizado en los últimos 12 años de colaboración entre la comunidad escolar de varios centros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria y los/las responsables de las prácticas de la asignatura Podología Preventiva y Comunitaria del Grado en Podología, que se imparte en la Universidad de Sevilla. Se muestran diferentes estrategias llevadas a cabo desde las líneas de investigación Salud Podológica para Todos y Podología Preventiva y Comunitaria, integradas en el Grupo de Investigación Hermes (CTS-601), dirigidas a promocionar la salud podológica en general. Se ha explorado un total de 4630 escolares y se han confirmado alteraciones podológicas en 677. También se han beneficiado 7145 miembros de la comunidad escolar a quienes se ha llegado a través de actividades educativas sobre el cuidado de los pies. Su desarrollo trata de impedir que se generen lesiones, en la edad adulta, que perjudiquen la calidad de vida.AbstractThis article presents an overview of the work done over the past 12 years in a collaboration between the school communities at various primary and secondary schools and the practical experience managers working in the Preventive and Community Podiatry area of the Podiatry degree at the University of Seville (Spain). The article presents several strategies, which were carried out in the fields of Foot Health for All and Preventive and Community Podiatry as part of the Hermes Research Group (CTS-601) aimed at promoting general foot health. Foot examinations were conducted in a total of 4,630 school pupils, with foot problems being confirmed in 677 of them. Some 7,145 members of the school community were also helped, with these people being reached through educational activities around foot care. The aim of the initiative was to prevent foot damage among children, which could have a harmful impact on their quality of life as adults.

This last European Public Health News of 2015 focuses on solidarity. McKee reflects on the horrible events in Paris on 13 November 2015 and expresses solidarity ‘Nous sommes tous des Parisiens’. Zeegers Paget reflects on the solidarity within the public health community; Jakab expresses WHO’s support for the refugee problem in Europe. Barnhoorn summarizes our Milan 2015 conference stating that global solidarity and collaboration should be at the basis of public health. # President’s column {#article-title-2} I’m writing this column on the 14 November 2015. As I write, we know that 129 people have been killed, but it seems almost inevitable that this number will rise, with over 100 critically ill. Among the other 300 injured, many will have suffered life changing injuries, both physical and mental. How can any of us imagine what it must be like to have survived only because the person you were lying underneath stopped the bullet aimed at you? At a time like this it is incredibly difficult to find the appropriate words. Earlier today I struggled as I wrote to my closest French friends. I thought particularly of two of them, Michel Kazatchkine and Jean-Paul Moatti, as the news of the shooting was just coming in as we left the offices of the Open Society Foundation in New York last night. We had no idea of the true scale of the horror. That only became apparent when we landed this morning, in London and in Paris. In my e-mails I recalled how, almost a year ago, I and my family, and people from many nationalities, stood in silence in a town square in France to commemorate those who died in the Charlie Hebdo attacks. I also wrote on behalf of EUPHA to our colleagues in the Societe Francaise de Sante Publique (SFSP). It seems almost inevitable that …