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The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) is a cornerstone of environmental policy in the United States. The law regulates the generation, transportation, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals. Although regulated, hazardous releases can still occur at RCRA sites due to flawed equipment, human error, and dated historical practices. Releases are investigated and remediated through what is known as a Corrective Action (CA). Using Census data and a novel dataset of RCRA facilities across the contiguous U.S., we examine the possibility of systematic inequities with regards to the (i) siting of RCRA facilities, (ii) occurrence of releases and CAs, (iii) duration of CAs, and (iv) permanence of remediation methods. We find evidence of disproportionate impacts across racial, ethnic, and income dimensions. The results vary, however, depending on the different aspects of the siting and cleanup process, thus highlighting the need for multi-layered analyses to identify and fully understand potential inequities associated with environmental programs. • Compile novel dataset of RCRA-regulated facilities, releases, and cleanups. • Compare sociodemographics across US to statistically examine potential inequities. • Examine facility siting, risk of releases, and duration and permanence of cleanup. • Quantify disproportionate impacts across racial, ethnic, and income dimensions. • Evidence varies across different aspects of siting and cleanup process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An efficient process for extracting valuable metals from EAFD was developed. • Reactions and phase transitions in the migration of valuable metals were revealed. • The kinetic model of the zinc extraction process was established. • Zinc and lead extraction ratios were 93.38 % and 98.14 %, respectively. • Closed-loop production, a green process of waste control by waste. Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a hazardous waste by-product generated during the process of electric furnace steelmaking, which is rich in valuable metal elements. In order to solve the problem of environmental pollution and resource utilization of EAFD, we propose a new process for medium-temperature suspension roasting EAFD and coke dry quenching dust to extract valuable metals. The thermodynamic properties and migration behavior of valuable elements involved in the reaction were analyzed using thermodynamic simulation software FactSage8.1 and thermogravimetric mass spectrometry. The mechanism and kinetic equation of the dezincification process were investigated using the Kissinger method and Coats-Redfern model. The impact of various parameters on the process efficacy and ash fusion characteristics of the material were investigated through boiling furnace experiments. The results demonstrate that elevating the reaction temperature and decreasing the zinc partial pressure is more favorable for reducing and separating zinc. The corresponding kinetic equations for the decomposition of ZnFe 2 O 4 and reduction of ZnO are denoted as d α/ d T = 1.69 × 1012exp (−3.37 × 104/ T) and d α/ d T = 6.76 × 106 exp (−2.08 × 104/ T) × (1 − α) [−ln(1 − α)]3/4, respectively. The optimum reaction temperature was 1050 °C, the C/O ratio was 0.8, the reaction time was 40 min, and the ventilation rate was 3500 mL/min. Under these conditions, the material had no liquid phase agglomeration, and the removal rates of zinc and lead were 93.38 % and 98.14 %, respectively. The crude zinc dust with a zinc grade of 87.57 % and the alloy slag with an iron grade of 52.38 % was obtained. The new process utilizes the excellent heat transfer characteristics and fluidization conditions of the boiling furnace to efficiently realize the high-grade recovery of valuable metals in the EAFD, which provides new insights for the clean treatment of zinc-containing waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this review, we provide a perspective on the science and technology of vitrification of waste. First, we provide a background on the general classes of wastes for which vitrification is currently used for immobilization or is proposed, including nuclear and industrial hazardous wastes. Next, we summarize the issues surrounding solubility of waste ions and resulting uncontrolled crystallization or phase separation. Some newer waste form designs propose a controlled crystallization, resulting in a glass-ceramic. A summary of glass systems and glass-ceramic systems is given, with the focus on immobilizing waste components at high waste loading. Throughout, design and processing considerations are given, and the difference between uncontrolled undesirable and controlled desirable crystallization is offered.

Aluminum black dross is produced by the secondary smelting process of aluminum. Aluminum black dross is classified as hazardous waste because it is reactive with water and produces substances and gases that are harmful to humans and the environment. Generally, aluminum black dross is managed by landfill method, but because it is produced in large amounts every year, the aluminum black dross needs to be utilized to reduce the impact on the environment. Aluminum black dross consists of large amounts of metal oxide and salts. The amount of metal oxide content in aluminum black dross can be used as raw material. This paper review types of processes for utilizing black dross aluminum as raw material in value-added products. aluminum black dross can be used as alumina, adsorbent, zeolite, composites, geopolymers, refractories, and fillers. By utilizing aluminum black dross waste into various products that have economic value, besides being able to protect the environment, it can also reduce environmental resource use.

Provision of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in health care facilities is a priority at the global, national, and local levels. To inform improvements planning, conditions of WASH, waste management, and environmental cleaning were assessed in 81 facilities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia, as part of a nationally representative survey in 2019. The survey included on-site checks, structured interviews, and drinking-water quality analysis. WHO/UNICEF indicators for WASH service levels and an advanced service level defined at the national level were applied. The results showed that all investigated facilities provided basic water services; 94% of facilities provided basic hygiene and waste management services; 58 and 2%, respectively, provided basic cleaning and sanitation services. Only 1% of investigated facilities met the basic level for all five WASH dimensions. Advanced service levels were only met for hygiene, waste management, and/or cleaning in 15–38% of facilities. In 33% of health care facilities, drinking-water quality was not in compliance with the national standards. The results revealed that there is a need for increased awareness and efforts to ensure basic provisions for sanitation, environmental cleaning, and drinking-water safety. HIGHLIGHTS The majority of health care facilities (HCFs) in Autonomous Province Vojvodina provide basic services for drinking-water, hygiene, and health care waste management.; Basic provisions for sanitation and environmental cleaning in HCFs emerged as priorities for future action.; There is a need to increase efforts to ensure advanced WASH services (observed in up to 38% of facilities), to strengthen the provision of people-centred, quality health care, and outbreak preparedness.;

Circular 1139, a multi-part handbook, helps Floridians recognize which agricultural and household activities may involve solid and hazardous wastes. It also provides an introduction to the agencies and statutes that govern solid and hazardous waste disposal.

Circular 1139, a multi-part handbook, helps Floridians recognize which agricultural and household activities may involve solid and hazardous wastes. It also provides an introduction to the agencies and statutes that govern solid and hazardous waste disposal.

Background and aimThe implementation of idoneous management of hazardous waste, in contrast to illegal practices, is one of the environment and health priorities of the WHO. The aim of the present study, based on a collaborative agreement between the Italian National Health Institute and a Prosecution Office located in Naples North, was to evaluate the health effects of illegal landfills and burning of urban and hazardous waste in the territory of the Prosecution Office.MethodsThe municipalities included in the study territory were investigated with respect to the regional population. Regression analyses were performed in the study area between four classes of an environmental municipal indicator of waste risk (MRI) previously defined, computing the relative risks (RRs) in 2–4 MRI classes, with respect to the first MRI class (the least impacted). The prevalence of reproductive outcomes and cause-specific mortality and hospitalization were analyzed in the general population and in the 0–19-year-old population using SAS software.ResultsAn increase of mortality and hospitalization risk in both the genders of the whole area, with respect to regional population, were found for overall all cancer cases, cancer of the stomach, the liver, the lung and the kidney, and ischemic heart diseases. An increase of mortality for leukemias in the 0-19-year-old population and in hospitalization risk for certain conditions originating in the perinatal period were observed. Correlation between MRI and the risk of mortality from breast tumors in women (MRI class 2: RR = 1.06; MRI class 3: RR = 1.15; MRI class 4: RR = 1.11) and between MRI and the risk of hospitalization from testis tumors (MRI class 2: RR = 1.25; MRI class 3: RR = 1.31; MRI class 4: RR = 1.32) were found. The hospitalization risk from breast tumors and asthma exceeded significantly in both genders of three and four MRI classes. Among the 0-19-year-old population, correlation between MRI and hospitalization from leukemias (MRI class 2: RR = 1.48; MRI class 3: RR = 1.60; MRI class 4: RR = 1.41) and between MRI and the prevalence of preterm birth (MRI class 2: RR = 1.17; MRI class 3: RR = 1.08; MRI class 4: RR = 1.25) were found.ConclusionA correlation between health outcomes and the environmental pressure by uncontrolled waste sites was found. Notwithstanding the limitation of the study, the results promote implementing the actions of environmental remediation and the prosecution of illegal practices.

Asbestos-cement waste from roof coverings and facades are classified as hazardous materials and should be successively removed from buildings. The current management of these wastes is limited to their controlled depositing in landfills, which does not ultimately solve the problem of their impact on the environment in the future. The article presents the current state of disposal of asbestos in Poland, with particular emphasis on the Silesian Voivodeship. The literature reports on the methods of neutralizing this type of waste and the possibility of their recycling were analyzed. It was found that the most popular way of recycling asbestos waste is thermal treatment, and the least effective - chemical treatment. Unfortunately, legal barriers prevent the spread of these solutions in the country in practice, despite the fact that safe methods of recycling asbestos-cement products are known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examines the potential, and the factors affecting the potential of network partners to manage solid waste in the epidemic control area for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study area was Mae Sot Municipality in Tak Province, Northern Thailand, which consists of twenty communities. This is an especially pressing study topic given the dearth of literature on solid waste management in Thailand during a pandemic. The sample group was purposively selected, and was composed of household representatives living within the coronavirus epidemic control area. Data was gathered using a quantitative research method. A questionnaire was presented to 400 household representatives. Data results led to the development of an equation to determine waste management potential: Logit(y) = 0.435 - 0.086(X1) - 0.203(X2) - 0.110(X3) + 0.086(X4) + 0.046(X5) - 0.056(X6) + 0.157(X7) + 0.132(X8) + 0.214(X9) - 0.212(X10) - 0.087(X11) + 0.022(X12). Factors affecting public participation in waste management of network partners in epidemic control areas can be written as a predictive equation: Logit(y) = -0.179 + 0.092(PAR1) + 0.177(PAR2) - 0.189(PAR3) + 0.008(PAR4). Potential factors affecting the waste management of network partners in epidemic control areas can be written as follows: Logit(y) = -0.724 + 0.220(POT1) + 0.045(POT2) - 0.234(POT3) + 0.185(POT4). Solid waste management models must be suitable for the context and current situation in the local community. This includes consideration of local participation and the impact on all stakeholders in the area. The key action is to minimize the amount of solid waste before it reaches the disposal stage by focusing on participation from all sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) method with cement as a binder to remediate metals in petroleum sludge has been successfully proven. However, this technique has not yet been explored to remediate organic contaminants since a high concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was also detected in the sludge. This study focuses on remediating 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds in raw petroleum sludge with Portland cement as a binder using the S/S method. The initial concentration of 16 PAHs in the raw sludge was first measured before the performance of the S/S method to remediate the PAHs were evaluated. The S/S matrices were tested for leaching behavior and strength after 7 and 28 days by air curing. The leaching test was measured using the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and the remaining PAHs concentration in the matrices was analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). In the raw sludge, all 16 PAHs compounds were below the standard limit except for Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(ah)anthracene, and Indeno(1,2,3-cd_ pyrene), which are considered as high rings PAHs. The high rings PAHs show lower concentration in leachate than low rings PAHs, which indicates the potential of the S/S method in remediating high rings PAHs. The high sludge ratio in S/S matrices has shown that the percentage strength is increasing, similar to Portland cement. Therefore, this study contributed to the possibility of the S/S method in the remediation of PAHs in petroleum sludge by using only Portland cement as a binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on hazardous waste management in the Malopolskie region of Poland. The study was based on the information obtained during three years from 2016 to 2018, and following analysis, it was found that in 2016 there was the highest amount of 24,872.13 tons of hazardous waste produced, of which only a three-fold lower amount was disposed of. In this study, various types of hazardous waste were analyzed, including the waste from construction materials and asbestos. The predominant share of 50% of the mass of analyzed hazardous waste was felt on the generated one. Waste recovered in installations had a lower share of 43%, with a significant and favorable increase of over 5000.00 tons. In the context of the correctness of environmental aspects, it was considered an advisable solution that would optimize treatment conditions, and at the same time minimize the costs of hazardous waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazardous waste pollutes the air, soil, and water and adversely affects human health if not disposed of safely. Analysis of the efficiency of hazardous waste disposal is essential to sustainable development. This paper uses the three-stage super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model to measure the efficiency of 28 EU countries from 2004 to 2016. To ensure the reliability of the results, the article utilizes a one-way ANOVA statistical test to verify whether DEA results vary significantly across various EU countries. This article discusses "how inputs and outputs can be adjusted to eliminate inefficiencies" to suggest a targeted improvement. The third stage supper efficiency DEA results shows that the efficiency varies significantly across different EU countries. The main reasons for the low efficiency are high generated hazardous waste, management expenditure, greenhouse gas emissions, and inadequate waste disposal volume. Targeted proposals from three aspects are given for policymakers in EU countries: Build a resource recycling system to reduce hazardous waste. Establish a sound fee management system to reduce expenses. Optimization of disposal technology to improve incineration efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare waste management is a critical aspect of public health and environmental protection, particularly in establishments such as dental clinics. This study examined the dental clinic waste (DCW) management processes in clinics within the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Utilizing data from Healthcare Waste Management Plans (HCWMP) provided by the Urban Cleaning Superintendence, the study investigated waste generation, segregation, storage, collection, treatment, and final disposal practices. The results revealed that hazardous DCW represented a significant portion (26.5 %) of waste generated in dental clinics, exceeding the World Health Organization's recommended threshold. Biological waste (22.9 %), mainly consisting of cotton, gauze, and gloves contaminated with blood or body fluids, was the most generated hazardous waste group, followed by chemical (2.2 %) and sharps waste (1.3 %). Incineration was the predominant treatment method for hazardous DCW, raising concerns about environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions. Non-hazardous waste, primarily destined for landfills, had limited recycling rates (2.4 %), emphasizing the need for improved waste management strategies to minimize environmental impacts and increase circular economy. Challenges in DCW management included inadequate segregation practices, limited recycling initiatives, and incomplete HCWMPs lacking descriptions of waste management beyond establishment boundaries. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive training programs, strengthened regulations, and increased environmental awareness among healthcare professionals. In conclusion, improving DCW management in dental clinics is crucial for mitigating occupational and environmental risks. Collective efforts are needed to enhance waste segregation, promote recycling, and ensure compliance with regulations, ultimately safeguarding public health and the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Safety data sheets (SDS) of chemicals are not only a key component of hazard/s communication in workplaces, but also furnish information on safe disposal of the waste chemicals. However, the question is do SDS furnish specific information regarding environmentally safe disposal of wastes? Therefore, this paper provides an appraisal on specific in-situ pre-treatment (where applicable) and environmentally acceptable disposal practices described in the SDS of selected toxic and genotoxic chemicals used in biomedical laboratories. A total of 21 SDS were reviewed, but only 19% of the SDS recommended high-temperature incineration of the waste chemicals after dissolution in a combustible solvent. None of the SDS described disposal options available for contaminated packaging. There is a necessity for chemical manufacturers to provide specific and reliable details on disposal options in the SDS and users need to be cautious when consulting SDS to formulate hazardous waste management plans., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical Approval: This research did not involve human and animal subjects. Consent for Publication: This paper describes the original research work and is not under consideration by any other journal. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Cigarette butts contain over 4000 toxic chemicals, including nicotine, tar, and heavy metals. More than 90 % of cigarettes sold today feature single-use plastic filters composed of cellulose acetate fibers and various additives. Cigarette butts are hazardous waste that pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Littered cigarette butts can act as an essential vehicle for toxic chemicals in the water environment. Cigarette butts contribute to gradual environmental degradation by releasing heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). Recent reports highlight the alarming increase in cigarette butt pollution on beaches, emphasizing the significance of commercial cigarette filters as single-use plastics and the primary contributors to this environmental threat. Given their potential toxicity, the research community has increasingly focused on understanding the profound impact of cigarette butt pollution on freshwater bodies, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial environments. However, there remains a considerable gap in knowledge regarding the extent of cigarette butt pollution, especially on Vietnam's beaches. While cigarette butts are a pervasive form of litter globally, little is known about their environmental effects, accumulation patterns, potential toxicity, and impacts on the coastline of Vietnam. This underscores the need for an in-depth investigation into this issue, expressing disappointment over the limited research conducted in coastal areas thus far. This article advocates for active participation from the scientific community to bridge this gap, asserting that collaborative research efforts will bring attention to and address the critical issue of cigarette butt pollution in Vietnam's regions and potential harm to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, enhancing research efforts to understand and mitigate cigarette butt pollution on Vietnam's beaches is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Here, the pyrolysis decomposition behavior and kinetics of four kinds of organic hazardous wastes (OHWs) and their blends were investigated. The four types of OHWs are oil sludge (OS), paint sludge (PS), waste print circuit boards (WPCBs), and penicillin fermentation residue (PFR). A combination of thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analysis was employed with Gaussian multi-peak fitting and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method. The results showed that OS was mainly pyrolyzed at 550-900 °C while PS, WPCBs, and PFR were mainly pyrolyzed at 150-550 °C. During co-pyrolysis, the PS/PFR exhibited the best pyrolysis performance among all the blends due to the high volatiles content in PS and PFR. The interaction analysis revealed that OS/PS exhibited the lowest coefficient of residue percentage compared to other blending samples, with OS/PFR following behind. This observation indicates a synergistic promotional effect between OS and PS, as well as between OS and PFR, during the co-pyrolysis process. Gaussian fitting showed that the carbonate decomposition peak of OS shifted towards lower temperatures during its co-pyrolysis with PS and PFR., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The preparation methods and thermal conductivity (TC) of the reported thermal conductive polymers vary significantly. A method to clarify the relationship between TC and influencing factors and to reach consistent conclusions is needed. In this study, we compiled 403 sets of data from the literature. Six typical features and three machine learning (ML) algorithms were selected and optimized. XGBoost algorithm achieved the best prediction of TC of thermal conductive polymer (correlation coefficient with 0.855). To further investigate the influence of the 6 features on the TC of thermal conductive polymer, we conducted the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. Based on the above results, pyrrhotite tailings were determined as the filler and the corresponding process parameters were also determined. However, the above model built based on literature was still unsatisfactory. We further optimized XGBoost and built XGBoost-Exp through data from the real experiment. Finally, a small percentage (23%) of real experimental data can significantly improve the prediction power of XGBoost-Exp for unseen data (correlation coefficient with 0.815). To summarize, XGBoost-Exp exhibits exceptional predictive performance for the TC of the unseen data, offering valuable insights into the influence of various features. Meanwhile, this method provides a new perspective for the utilization of hazardous sulfide minerals., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Huiwang reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Hazardous waste is a trigger of the environmental crisis, especially at the stage of increasing production and consumption of goods, leading to a significant increase in industrial waste and its movement across customs borders. The cross-border movement of hazardous waste is controlled by the state, customs authorities are entrusted with the tasks of protecting national security, human life and health, animal and plant life, the environment, including protection against the illegal import of hazardous waste. The transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is carried out within the framework of the permissive procedure. Such a unified licensing procedure has also been adopted in the EAEU with respect to the import into the customs territory, transit, export from the customs territory of dangerous wastes. This procedure assumes that the declarant submits to an official of the authorized body a license of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation or a permit for the transboundary movement of hazardous waste of the Federal Service for Supervision of Environmental Management. However, despite the efforts of the international community in the fight against hazardous waste, the dynamics of illegal movement of certain types of waste continues to grow, which indicates the existence of a number of unresolved problems. In the course of the study, the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of hazardous waste is analyzed, the main provisions of the procedure for moving this category of goods across the customs border of the EAEU are considered. The basis for national legislation in terms of the conceptual apparatus and regulation of the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes through the customs territory of the EAEU is the norms of international law, while a comparative analysis confirms the ambiguity of their recognition and classification in the EAEU member states. The analysis of the dynamics of the movement of hazardous waste, including used pneumatic tires and tires, showed that every year the problems of environmental protection become more acute. As a result of the study, specific problems in the field of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes were identified and recommendations for their solution were given.

Treating spent pot lining by the Low Caustic Leaching and Liming (LCLL) process creates an inert non-hazardous residue called LCLL Ash. Ground as a fine powder and calcined, LCLL Ash showed a pozzolanic behavior in cement. The effect of the calcination temperatures on LCLL Ash reactivity was studied by compressive strength activity index, Frattini tests, and RILEM R3 tests, followed by XRD analysis. When calcinating LCLL Ash at temperatures below 800 °C, no differences in reactivity were seen between calcined and non-calcined LCLL Ash. At 800 °C, the formation of nepheline caused an alkalis uptake, showing a slightly lower reactivity of LCLL Ash than cement at 112 days. Beyond 800 °C up to 1200 °C, calcined LCLL Ash manifested better amorphization of phases and increased reactivity, similar to cement at 112 days. Finally, neither delay on hydration nor hydroreactivity was observed with calcined LCLL Ash starting at 800 °C.

There is limited work reported in the literature on the use of waste material as a coal binder, and no study has reported the use of industrial petroleum waste as a binder for fine discard bituminous coal. In this study, the binding properties of five industrial wastes were evaluated to determine their efficacy in the agglomeration of Highveld inertinite-rich coal fines; four waste products from the petrochemical industry and one waste recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were used as binders. Therefore, the addition of waste binders was investigated to use the briquettes as carriers to reduce waste. The compressive strength, CS (MPa), impact resistance index, IRI (−), friability index, FR (%), abrasion resistance, AR (%), and water resistance index, WRI (%) of the briquettes were determined to evaluate the mechanical strength of the briquettes. The binderless briquettes had a maximum CS of 3.4 MPa, higher than the minimum CS of bituminous coal (2.1 MPa). The optimal concentration for each binder, based on mechanical strength (CS, IRI, FR), was determined as 15% Binder A (4.1 MPa; 68; 80%), 20% Binder B (2.3 MPa, 87, 71%), 20% Binder C (8.2 MPa, 1000, 100%), 5% Binder D (2.4 MPa, 21, 46%) and 5% Binder E (5.3 MPa, 97, 52%). Briquettes bound with 20% Binder B and 5–10% Binder E were water-resistant. The briquettes were matched with suitable industrial processes based on the obtained mechanical strength and physiochemical properties. The binderless and the Binder B and D bound briquettes may be suitable for PCC boilers because their strength is high enough to enable transportation and low enough not to inhibit pulverising. Binders B, C and E bound briquettes may be more suited for use in a fixed-bed-‍gasifier. None of the binders was recommended for use in blast furnaces due to the high ash yield, low volatile matter content and lack of swelling properties.

In this pilot project, World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF) Germany works together with regional divers, fisherfolk and public authorities to reduce the impact of lost fishing gear in the Baltic Sea. If not removed, ghost gear poses a threat to the marine environment and wildlife including seabirds, seals, harbour porpoises and fish. Over decades to centuries, lost fishing nets and ropes shed microplastic fibres into the marine environment. Removing this hazard reduces both the risk of entanglement as well as the contamination of the marine foodweb through ingestion of microplastics and associated chemicals. Identifying lost fishing gear in the marine environment poses one of the largest challenges impeding mitigation through gear retrieval operations. Lost gear can be drifting on the surface, in the water column, or can be sunken to the seafloor as a result of material composition, fouling, and entanglement. In the Baltic Sea, ghost gear is located on the seafloor and not visible during visual surface surveys from vessels. Identifying an efficient search methodology was therefore a key aspect of WWF’s ghost gear project. After trials with different search and retrieval methodologies, WWF Germany found sonar search technology to be the most efficient technique to locate lost gear on the seafloor. Sound waves avoid the limitations faced by divers or visual cameras in low-visibility environments, and a substantially larger area can be covered. In contrast to diving teams focussing on wreck retrievals, the many nets lost on the seafloor remain unnoticed by divers under most circumstances. A combination of sonar search providing exact GPS positions of suspect ghost gear, diver verification through the WWF Ghostdiver App, point-on retrievals with fishing vessels, and manual sorting for waste management provides an efficient methodology for long-term political implementation of regular lost gear retrieval campaigns.

With the increasing demand for electronic devices that use batteries, e-waste is also becoming a major threat to the environment. Battery e-waste contains hazardous heavy metals that affect the health of the soil ecosystem. Thus, the present study evaluates the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) phytoextraction potential of coco grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) grown in soils contaminated with battery scrap waste (BSW). Pot experiments were conducted to grow C. rotundus under different treatments (0%: control, T1: 1%, T2: 2%, T3: 3%, and T4: 4%) of BSW mixed with soil (w/w). The results showed that BSW mixing significantly (p < 0.05) increased the physicochemical properties and heavy metal (Cd and Pb) content in the soil. BSW mixing resulted in a reduction in growth and biochemical traits of C. rotundus and an increase in oxidative stress enzymes with an increase in BSW dose. The Pearson correlation studies also showed that soil HM concentration had a negative influence on the growth and biochemical parameters of C. rotundus. The bioaccumulation and translocation factor analysis showed that C. rotundus was a hyperaccumulator plant with a maximum accumulation of Cd and Pb (38.81 and 109.06 mg·kg−1) in root parts followed by the whole plant (277.43 and 76.10 mg·kg−1) and shoot (21.30 and 22.65 mg·kg−1) parts. Moreover, predictive models based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches were developed for Cd and Pb uptake by C. rotundus. Mathematical modeling results showed that soil properties were useful to construct quality MLR and ANN models with good determination coefficient (R2 > 0.98), model efficiency (ME > 0.99), and low root mean square error (RMSE < 5.72). However, the fitness results of the ANN models performed better compared with those of the MLR models. Overall, this study presents an efficient and sustainable strategy to eradicate hazardous HMs by growing C. rotundus on BSW-contaminated soils and reducing its environmental and health consequences.

Industrialization and population growth have been accompanied by many problems such as waste management worldwide. Waste management and reduction have a vital role in national management. The presents study represents a multi-objective location-routing problem for hazardous wastes. The model was solved using Non dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II, Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization, Multi-Objective Invasive Weed Optimization, Pareto Envelope-based Selection Algorithm, Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition and Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithms. The findings revealed that the Multi-Objective Invasive Weed Optimization algorithm was the best and the most efficient among the algorithms used in this study. Obtaining income from the incineration of the wastes and reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection are the first innovation of the present study, which considered in the presented model. The second innovation is that uncertainty was considered for some of the crucial parameters of the model while the robust fuzzy optimization model was applied. Besides, the model was solved using several meta-heuristic algorithms such as Multi-Objective Invasive Weed Optimization, Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition and Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer, which were rarely used in literature. Eventually, the most efficient algorithm was identified by comparing the considered algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hazardous waste as a global issue closely links environmental pollution, public health, resource sustainability, and social governance. Its rapid increase and distinct drawbacks have threatened our eco-civilized planet. The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework can demonstrate how cultural, political, and economic behavior varies in an anthropogenic system. In this review, we use this systematic framework to examine China's hazardous waste management venture and uncover the fundamental theory of man-land relationship. The key drivers (e.g., policy, technology, industry, and socioeconomic incentives) are equipped in a shareable manner, and these drivers can affect waste trends in each region depending on population size and industry level. However, pressure for the achievement of sustainable development goals is yielded by the drivers of industrialization and improper hazardous waste management. In China, the state of hazardous waste generation increased from 9.74 Mt (1Mt = 109kg) in 1998 to 75 Mt in 2018. During 2001-2017, the comprehensive utilization, disposal, and storage ranged from 5-20 Mt, 2-15 Mt, and 3-10 Mt, respectively. Human and environmental impacts can be seen through the changing state of waste generation and handling. As a response, China has led the world to hazardous waste management and recovery lineups through resource efficiency and recycling. Finally, we also try to draw a coherent roadmap for future direction and associated policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been great concern about producing, converting, or disposing of the waste obtained from different sources. Waste production is a continuous phenomenon that can be minimized by taking certain measures; however, it cannot be eliminated completely. The wastes produced along with various useful processes, such as industrial operations or natural processes, may have hazardous effects on the living organisms. The hazards brought about by natural calamities or man-made operations can affect the integrity of the natural environment and the living entities in the worst possible ways. An insight into the hazardous effects and the associated causes intensifies the need to develop hazard management strategies. Hazard management policies have garnered prodigious attention due to the disastrous effects of hazardous materials. The hazard management policies are being addressed at the government as well as the individual levels benefitting mankind. Worldwide, different countries are working on hazard management in different capacities, depending upon the available resources. Attempts are being made to manage hazardous products obtained from different sources without the natural sources being worn out, ensuring environmental sustainability. The general escalation in world pollution, making it unfit for living organisms, ruining the aesthetic beauty of the environment, etc., has given rise to great concerns about waste management. The control and management of waste products have become the hottest topic being discussed on various platforms like symposia, workshops (both National and International), conferences, and a demanding topic in many journals. Considering the dire need for knowledge and awareness about waste management, this review focuses on the causes and effects of the hazards and measures being taken at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving problems with hazardous waste materials is of crucial importance today. In the presented study, the application of waste vitreous enamel as a cement replacement up to 30% in mortar and concrete production was investigated. The chemical and physical-chemical characterization of the starting material was performed, as well as a leaching test and physical-mechanical characterization of mortar and concrete mixes. Obtained results showed that, due to its chemical composition, the vitreous enamel used must be classified as hazardous waste. At the same time, it possesses pozzolanic properties and satisfies minimal criteria for use as a cement replacement. Testing mortars and concrete mixes indicate that waste vitreous enamel can be applied as a construction material for cement replacement in the maximal amount of 20%. The leaching test was performed in accordance with international standard EN 12457-2 on hardened mortar with a maximal cement replacement of 20%. The results showed that there was no significant release of toxic elements, i.e., that the practical application of hazardous waste vitreous enamel in the construction industry may be fully in line with environmental standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refuse Derived Fuel is energy derived from converting various wastes including municipal solid waste, industrial waste and other combustible components into alternative fuels as a coal substitute. This sustainable technology can significantly reduce the carbon footprint and provide additional environmental credentials, as, without these energy recovery techniques, the non-recyclable waste would be disposed of in landfills or incinerated. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the carbon footprint of industrial wastes-based solid fuel (IWSF) using a life cycle assessment approach developed using a mixture of hazardous waste and biomass. The utilization of hazardous waste to produce solid fuel and its usage as a substitute fuel in cement kilns is relatively a novel approach. The simple and structured carbon footprint method used in this study has considered the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation of waste, manufacturing of IWSF, waste disposal, IWSF utilization in the cement manufacturing plant, and IWSF end of life. The feasibility of cofiring IWSF at a rate of 5 tons/h (10% of IWSF) with coal in the cement kiln and the GHG emissions associated with replacing the coal with IWSF are investigated. The overall carbon footprint of the IWSF is quantified in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and represented in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). The evaluations estimated that the carbon footprint of using a mixture of IWSF and coal is equal to 0.185 kg CO2e. MJ−1. The findings indicate that replacing solar panels and 70% of conventional fluorescent lamps at the IWSF manufacturing plant with LED bulbs could reduce 24.8% and 45.5% of energy, respectively. In summary, the results showed that cofiring IWSF at a rate of 5 tonnes/h in cement kilns could help reduce CO2 emissions, lower clinker production costs due to the use of cheaper fuel, and promote sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filtered cigarette is the most common type of tobacco used and cigarette butt is the most important environmental consequence of smoking. This study aimed to investigate the cigarette butt management and identify future needs to improve the current situation. The results showed that cigarette butts are the most abundant and widespread hazardous waste in the world. The current form of cigarette butt management has inferior performance that faced waste management systems with serious challenges. The results showed that reducing the littering rate and recycling are known as basic strategies in the management of this hazardous waste. Future studies should focus on reducing cigarette butt pollution and the amount of pollutant leakage from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Korea, hazardous characteristics of wastes to be recycled are managed through the "Environmental Impact Assessment of Recycling" system. The ecotoxicity of medium-contact recyclable wastes, that is, those in contact with soil, groundwater, surface water, etc., is managed according to this system and is determined based on whether or not they exceed an ecotoxicity value (TU) of 2.0. The ecotoxicity of wastes is tested and determined by using pretreated eluate samples according to the Official Wastes Test Standard and applying the Official Water Pollution Process Test Standard. However, no ecotoxicity management limits are stipulated for medium-contact recycling using wastes in numerous other countries. This study aims to evaluate applicability and safety of the ecotoxicity test for wastes used in medium-contact recycling and establish an efficient management plan for hazardous characteristic wastes. Target wastes for the survey were selected based on the Wastes Control Act in South Korea. Nine types of waste were selected, which are representative types of wastes to which ecotoxicity is applied. In order to secure the representativeness of the target samples, a total of 45 samples were collected by selecting 5 cases each of the 9 waste types in consideration of the type of industry and amount of waste generated. Limit exceedance was calculated for each category of hazardous substances (leaching, total content), pH, and ecotoxicity of a total of 45 samples, and was found to increase in the order of leaching 2.22% < pH 9.09% < content 31.11% < ecotoxicity 37.21%. This indicates that the limit exceedance was maximum in the ecotoxicity category. Therefore, the application of ecotoxicity limit is efficient for identifying and comprehensively managing the environmental impacts of various types of hazardous substances contained in wastes from the perspective of comprehensive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the rapid growth in hazardous waste (HW) is threatening both the environment and public health, more efficient disposal methods are needed. This paper proposes an innovative HW reverse logistics network (RLN) considering advanced co-processing in cement kiln technology, establishing three disposal lines to reduce HW volumes, develop renewable products, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and conserve resources. To optimise the HW disposal process, a multi-objective optimisation model comprehensively considering social, economic, and environmental dimensions is proposed. Then a numerical example is used to demonstrated the validity of the proposed model and a real-world case is conducted to demonstrate the practicality and efficiency of the proposed model in determining the most suitable hazardous waste disposal facilities, transportation routes and transportation quantities. Scenario analyses under different decision-maker attitudes towards the objectives are conducted while also considering the influence of governmental disposal subsidies. Finally, practical policy suggestions are provided to guide scientific and sustainable HW disposal. This study concludes that 1) different decision maker and disposal subsidy levels affect the optimal system decisions, 2) advanced co-processing in cement kiln technology increases the effectiveness of the HW-RLN in terms of economic and environmental perspectives, and 3) policy subsidy support could encourage the application of co-processing in cement kiln technology; a unit disposal subsidy of 160 CNY is considered suitable for "technologically pessimistic" decision-makers, while 200–220 CNY is considered suitable for "technologically optimistic" decision-makers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigación e Innovación en Ingenierías is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jordanian Journal of Law & Political Science is the property of Mutah University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cigarette butts and other postconsumer products from tobacco use are the most common waste elements picked up worldwide each year during environmental cleanups. Under the environmental principle of Extended Producer Responsibility, tobacco product manufacturers may be held responsible for collection, transport, processing and safe disposal of tobacco product waste (TPW). Legislation has been applied to other toxic and hazardous postconsumer waste products such as paints, pesticide containers and unused pharmaceuticals, to reduce, prevent and mitigate their environmental impacts. Additional product stewardship (PS) requirements may be necessary for other stakeholders and beneficiaries of tobacco product sales and use, especially suppliers, retailers and consumers, in order to ensure effective TPW reduction. This report describes how a Model Tobacco Waste Act may be adopted by national and subnational jurisdictions to address the environmental impacts of TPW. Such a law will also reduce tobacco use and its health consequences by raising attention to the environmental hazards of TPW, increasing the price of tobacco products, and reducing the number of tobacco product retailers.