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We describe the Ranger robotic system and its autonomous hazard control system, which is designed to meet the stringent criteria imposed on space shuttle payloads. Mature Ranger systems have enabled evaluation of telerobotic servicing tasks in a variety of 1-g and neutral buoyancy environments. These evaluations have included rigorous testing with operators that ranged from experienced system designers to small children who frequently activate the safety system as they operate manipulators without skill or caution. Originally developed to demonstrate space-based robotic servicing as a shuttle payload, Ranger has subsequently evolved into an Earth-based test bed for robotic servicing tasks.

Malaysia plans to be a fully developed and industrialized country by year 2020. Malaysia has achieved good progress in the industrial sector. The industrial sector is operating plants and factories using and storing hazardous substances in quantities exceeding the threshold quantities. The plants that are dealing with hazardous substances exceeding the threshold quantity are classified as major hazard installations (MHIs). Some MHIs are located in heavily populated areas. Experience shows that MHIs pose a risk to the workers and the neighbors of the plants. Malaysia has taken the preventive measures to protect the workers and the public. The preventive measures have been taken through establishment of authorities to set major hazard control regulations, enforcing the regulations, assessing the safety reports and emergency plans, conducting audits and accident investigations. This paper reviews, in brief, the international regulations and guidelines of major hazard control. The paper also reviews the Malaysian experience of major hazard control.

Despite the widespread use of lead paint hazard control for children with lead poisoning, few controlled studies that estimate the effect of such control on children's blood lead levels have been published. This retrospective follow-up study examined the effects of lead hazard remediation and its timing on the blood lead levels of lead-poisoned children. From the New York City child blood lead registry, 221 children were selected who had an initial blood lead level of 20-44 micro g/dL between 1 July 1994 and 31 December 1996; were 6 months to 6 years of age; had a report of a follow-up blood lead test between 10 and 14 months after the initial test; had a lead-based paint hazard identified in the primary dwelling unit prior to the 10- to 14-month follow-up blood lead test; had resided or spent time at only one address with an identified lead-based paint hazard; and were not chelated. The decline in geometric mean blood lead levels from baseline to 10-14 months later was compared for children whose homes were remediated and whose homes were not remediated during the follow-up period. Regardless of remediation, geometric mean blood lead levels declined significantly from 24.3 micro g/dL at the initial diagnosis to 12.3 micro g/dL at the 10- to 14-month follow-up blood lead test (P0.01). Among the 146 children whose homes were remediated the geometric mean blood lead levels declined 53% compared to 41% among the 75 children whose homes were not remediated by the follow-up blood lead test, a remediation effect of approximately 20% (P0.01). After adjusting for potential confounders, the remediation effect was 11%, although it was no longer significant. Race was the only factor that appeared to confound the relationship: Black children had higher follow-up blood lead levels even after controlling for other factors, including the natural logarithm of the initial blood lead level. The effect of remediation appeared to be stronger for younger (10 to36 months old) than for older (36 to 72 months old) children (P=0.06). While children in homes with earlier remediation (within less than 3 months) appeared to have greater declines in blood lead levels at the follow-up test than children in homes with later remediation (after 3 or more months), this trend was not significant when controlling for confounding factors. The findings of this study suggest that early identification of lead-poisoned children and timely investigation and abatement of hazards contribute to reducing blood lead levels. However, the apparent effect is modest and further research is needed to systematically test and improve the effectiveness of lead hazard controls.

A key challenge in reducing the burden of lead poisoning is to identify cost-effective interventions that minimize lead-based paint hazards. One-time professional cleaning of lead-contaminated dust and debris was conducted in 37 housing units with deteriorated lead-based paint and dust lead hazards. These study units are a subset of a larger cohort of the nearly 3500 housing units enrolled in the Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program. Dust lead loading measurements were taken prior to cleaning, immediately after cleaning (i.e., clearance), and six months, one, two, and three years post-intervention. The cleaning intervention significantly reduced dust lead loadings on floors, windowsills, and window troughs immediately following the work. However, these reductions did not persist at six months and one year post-intervention. Six months and one year post-intervention dust lead loadings are not significantly different from the pre-intervention loadings on either bare floors or windowsills. Although window trough lead loadings declined over 50 percent from pre-intervention to one year post-intervention, the loadings rebounded markedly from the geometric mean at clearance of 101 microgram/ft(2) to 5500 microgram/ft(2) at 6 months and 5790 microgram/ft(2) at one-year post-intervention. These results demonstrate that a single professional cleaning of dust and debris without addressing potential sources of lead dust (such as deteriorated lead-based paint) or repeating the cleaning are unlikely to result in significant and sustained reductions in dust lead loadings. More extensive interventions that address deteriorated lead-based paint, although more expensive, are likely to provide longer term reductions in dust lead loadings. Cleaning strategies, however, may be useful in emergency situations to reduce lead dust hazards when paint repair and other lead hazard control activities cannot be done immediately.

Kanagawa Occupational Health Promotion Center conducted a survey on how the MSDS is utilized at workplaces with more than 50 employees handling chemical substances, and what measures are taken to help employees to thoroughly understand information in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Questionnaires were sent out to 265 enterprises in Kanagawa prefecture, putting questions to industrial physicians and industrial hygiene supervisors. The objective of the survey was to find out how MSDS is adopted in the system to manage occupational health, what improvements the survey respondents want in MSDS and what expectations the respondents have of our center. 193 enterprises (72.8%) returned answers to the questionnaire. The major findings are as follows. (1) In many companies, information on hazardous/toxic materials is "controlled by a division using such materials", and roughly half of the companies have compiled a common list shared throughout the company. (2) For the most part suppliers submit to the MSDS. Larger companies have a higher rate of posting up or filing the MSDS at their workplaces. Only 25.8% of the companies "rewrite the MSDS so that workers can understand it." (3) Companies that carry out a hazard/toxicity assessment before introducing a new chemical substance account for 72.1%, which is higher than we expected. It indicates that even though the companies don't manage the MSDS adequately, they are highly concerned about hazard control of chemical substances. (4) The rate of answering that "the current MSDS is not easy to understand" is higher among large-sized enterprises and lower among enterprises with fewer than 300 employees. (5) Asked what improvement needs to be made on the MSDS, the industrial physicians and industrial hygiene supervisors gave same answers such as "Workers find the terminology difficult to understand." and "Levels of toxicity can't be clearly identified." (6) The respondents expect our center to provide information for the MSDS. In conclusion, it is considered that in order to prepare understandable MSDSs to workers in enterprises, the role of our center to provide information and education on the MSDS to respondents was important.

Occupational exposure to pesticides in agricultural applications may cause acute and long-term health effects to farmers, and thus research on factors that reduce exposure is useful. However, studies on the relevance and effectiveness of training are limited. The association of previous training in the form of intensive seminars relating to pesticide use (e.g., use of spraying equipment, application parameters, use of personal protective equipment, risks to human health and the environment) with farmers' knowledge and behavior in pesticide use was studied via the self-reporting method in a purposive sample of 82 trained and non-trained farmers. Most trained farmers showed higher levels of knowledge of pesticide use, higher levels of beliefs in pesticide hazard control, and higher levels of safety behavior than non-trained farmers. Knowledge of pesticide use and beliefs regarding pesticide hazard control were significantly correlated with safety behavior in both groups of farmers. Concerning farmers' beliefs regarding pesticide hazard control, trained farmers were more likely to think that safety precautions work very well and less likely to feel they had little control over avoiding pesticide hazards. Overall, previous training was associated with increased levels of farmers' knowledge of pesticides and beliefs about pesticide hazard control, was accompanied by elevated safety behavior in farmers, and thus was connected with lower occupational exposure to pesticides. Interventions that facilitate knowledge and compliance with safety behaviors should become a priority for decreasing exposure to pesticides among farmers.

Lead in porch dust can expose children through direct contact or track-in to the home, but has not been adequately evaluated. At homes undergoing lead hazard control in Rochester, NY, we sampled settled dust lead on exterior porch floors at baseline, immediately post-lead hazard control and one-year post-work ( n =79 homes with complete data) via wipe sampling and collected housing, neighborhood and soil data. Baseline GM porch floor dust lead loading (PbPD) was 68 µg/ft 2 , almost four times more than baseline GM interior floor dust lead (18 µg/ft 2 ). Immediate post-work PbPD declined 55% after porch floor replacement and 53% after porch floor paint stabilization ( p =0.009 and p =0.041, respectively). When no porch floor work was conducted but lead hazard control was conducted elsewhere, immediate post-work PbPD increased 97% ( p =0.008). At one-year, GM PbPD continued to decline for porch replacement (77% below baseline) and paint stabilization (72% below baseline), but where no porch floor work was done, GM PbPD was not significantly different than baseline ( p p =0.028 and p =0.504, respectively). Modeling determined that porch floor replacement had significantly lower one-year PbPD than stabilization when baseline PbPD levels were higher than 148 µg/ft 2 (the 77th percentile) but not at lower levels. Treatment of porches with lead paint results in substantial declines in PbPD levels. It is of concern that PbPD levels increased significantly at immediate post-work when lead hazard control was not conducted on the porch but was conducted elsewhere. Standards for porch lead dust should be adopted to protect children from inadequate clean-up after lead hazard control.

Dear editor, Nurses continue to report high levels of job-related injury and illness. Working environment, responsibilities, and duties of nurses put them in the frontline of numerous occupational hazards. Some common occupational hazards that nurses might face are listed here: The vast majority of nurses experience persistent job-related pain. In a study in Iran, on average, the nurses reported musculoskeletal pain in 3.33 regions and 89% had musculoskeletal pain, mainly in lower back (74%) and knees (48.5%) (1). In a study in the Netherlands, 57% of nurses had musculoskeletal pain in at least one region (2). In another study in Brazil, 80.7% of nurses complained of musculoskeletal pain (3). Upper extremity, shoulder, and neck injuries are also common among nurses (4). It seems that work-related musculoskeletal pain and injuries are common among nurses all over the world. Most of these pain and injuries are due to lifting and moving patients manually (5). Work overload and stress are other factors that threaten the health of nurses and can cause burnout and fatigue. Working in three shifts (6, 7), in difficult settings such as oncology or emergency wards (8, 9), and caring of incurable patients puts a considerable ‎psychologic, spiritual, and physical pressures on nurses (7). ‎As a result, fatigue is a common feeling among nurses. In a study, 43.4% of nurses reported excessive fatigue (6). Raftopoulos et al. also reported that 91.9% of Cypriot nurses had fatigue (10). Communicable and contagious diseases and exposure to blood-borne pathogens (e.g., HIV, HCV, HBV, etc) due to needle-stick injuries also threaten the health of nurses. It is estimated that 600000 to 800000 needle-stick injuries occur each year in all healthcare settings. Injections (21%), suturing (17%), and drawing blood (16%) are the main causes of exposures (11). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), tuberculosis, and methicillin resistant staphylococcus infection are other infectious diseases that can afflict nurses. Chemical materials are other hazardous sources to nurses. Disinfectants and sterility products such as glutaraldehyde and ethylene oxide, hazardous drugs such as drugs that are used during chemotherapy, and latex exposure are among other occupational hazards for nurses (12). Nurses, especially in emergency department, continue to experience high rates of on-the-job violence. According to a 2011 study by the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA), the 53.4% of nurses reported experiencing verbal abuse and more than one in 10 (12.9%) reported experiencing physical violence (13). These occupational hazards along with many other problems such as night shifts and sleep deprivation have changed nursing to a dangerous occupation that may explain the high rate of stopping the work in nursing. Some interventions including greater access to patient lifting and transfer devices and more use of safe needle devices can improve the situation. Every healthcare setting should address this important issue and give priority to the safety of nurses.

This chapter introduces the importance of personal safety and control. The same management discipline is required to deliver good performance in the personal safety area as in that of high technology. Hazard elimination, hazard control, and personal protection are the key components for ensuring personal safety. The first section of this chapter begins with discussing human factors in personal safety. Then, generation of contaminants, dust hazard, skin disease, ionization-radiation hazard, physico-chemical hazard, carcinogenic substances, machinery hazard, and electric hazard are discussed to understand the potential source of hazard. Finally, the necessary steps for preventing and controlling such hazards are reviewed. The different protective equipment, training for proper use of PPE, and the regulatory controls to ensure safety of personals are discussed in the later sections. Various codes and standards related to personal safety are mentioned as well.

We propose a computational methodology based on complex network theory for distributing fuel breaks to reduce the spread rate and size of wildland fires. The development of fire spread is modeled via a lattice network on the basis of a cellular automata model. We illustrate the proposed approach through a simplistic example which considers a square lattice with periodic boundary conditions with a single type of vegetation and varying density. Simulation results over an ensemble of lattice realizations show that the methodology outperforms significantly the benchmark tactic of random distribution of fuel breaks.

Phase distribution of airborne chemicals is important because intake and uptake mechanisms of each phase are different. The phase distribution and concentrations are needed to determine strategies of exposure assessment, hazard control, and worker protection. However, procedures for establishing phase distribution and concentration have not been standardized. The objective of this study was to compare measurements of an airborne semivolatile pesticide (chlorpyrifos) by phase using two different procedures. Six pesticide applications in two facilities were studied and at each site, samples were collected for three time slots: T1, the first 1 or 2 hr after the commencement of application; T2, a 6-hr period immediately following T1; and T3, a 6-hr period after the required re-entry interval (24 hr for chlorpyrifos).Two phase-separating devices were co-located at the center of each greenhouse: semivolatile aerosol dichotomous sampler (SADS) using flow rates of 1.8 l x min(-1) and 0.2 l x min(-1), corresponding to a total inlet flow rate of 2.0 l x min(-1) with a vapor phase flow fraction of 0.1; and an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), along with a standard OVS XAD-2 tube. Chlorpyrifos in vapor and particulate form in a SADS sampling train and that in vapor form in an ESP sampling train were collected in OVS tubes. Chlorpyrifos in particulate form in the ESP setting would have been collected on aluminum substrate. However, no chlorpyrifos in particulate form was recovered from the ESP. Overall (vapor plus particle) concentrations measured by OVS ranged 11.7-186.6 μg/m(3) at T1 and decreased on average 77.1% and 98.9% at T2 and T3, respectively. Overall concentrations measured by SADS were 66.6%, 72.7%, and 102% of those measured by OVS on average at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Particle fractions from the overall concentrations measured by SADS were 60.0%, 49.2%, and 13.8%, respectively, for T1, T2, and T3. SADS gives better guidance on the distribution of chlorpyrifos than does the ESP, although the accuracy of the concentration distribution cannot be verified in the absence of a standardized procedure for determining phase division.

The Ohio Bureau of Employment Services (OBES), through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration On-Site Consultation Program, provides safety and health (SH) consultation services to small high-hazard companies. During a full-service consultation, the SH Program Assessment Worksheet (Form 33) is completed and the SH violations are determined. Form 33 consists of 25 indicators, each with a score of 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest) to evaluate a portion of the SH program. To examine the hypothesis that employers with a higher score on their SH program would have fewer SH violations, a study collected and analyzed data from records maintained in the archives of OBES. Of 534 full-service site visits performed between June 1995 and December 1996, 107 case files were complete and appropriate for this study. Data analysis revealed that the number of serious violations (SV) and the number of regulatory violations (RV) were significantly (p0.01) correlated to all 25 indicators on the SH Program Assessment Worksheet, whereas the number of other-than-serious violations (OSV) were significantly (p0.05) correlated to only 15 indicators. The best predictors of the number of SV were the indicators of Timely Hazard Control and Emergency Planning and Preparation; best predictors of RV were the indicators of Timely Hazard Control and Accountability; and best predictors of OSV were the indicators of Hazard Identification (Self-Inspection) and Emergency Planning and Preparation (Equipment). Employers who scored higher on the indicators of the quality of their SH programs had fewer SH violations, and the indicators of Hazard Identification, Timely Hazard Control, and Emergency Planning and Preparation showed the highest influence in reducing violations.

The 1995 Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing discusses using interior and exterior wall enclosures for lead hazard control. Leaded dust may be aerosolized inside enclosures and released through gaps and cracks into a room. The effects of airflow and mechanical disturbances on dust release were studied using a laboratory wall enclosure model with dust collected from homes with lead-based paint hazards. Airflows relevant to residences were blown down the enclosure and out a 4-, 6-, or 8-mm horizontal gap at its bottom, simulating potential enclosure failure. Then, low-frequency mechanical vibrations also were applied to the enclosure. No significant dust release was found when blowing air down the enclosure even at 37 cm/sec (representing extremely high flow); release occurred only with this high flow and 3 Hz mechanical disturbances. Dust was released primarily from the floor area immediately adjacent to the enclosure gap; the release rate fluctuated over time. Most dust initially settled near the enclosure. Dust release for 1 hour at extreme conditions (high airflow with vibration) yields lead loading above the 1995 HUD clearance level of 100 microg/ft2 only within 3-4 cm of the wall; for the HUD standard (1 ft2) sampling area, the lead loading does not exceed 30 microg/ ft2. Redistributing dust over the room's 16 m2 floor space yields average extreme-condition loading rate of 2 microg/ft2/hour. At less-than-extreme conditions, dust would have to be released for years without cleaning to yield a hazard.

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines on lead hazard control instruct contractors to clean floors, windows, walls, ceilings, and other horizontal surfaces to remove lead-contaminated dust and debris after lead interventions are conducted. This dust removal activity adds costs to each project. The need to clean floors and windows is well documented in the HUD guidelines. However, there is substantially less documentation to support the recommendation to clean walls and ceilings. We examined whether it is necessary to clean walls and ceilings after lead hazard control (LHC) interventions by comparing dust lead loadings measured on these surfaces before an LHC intervention to dust lead loadings after the intervention. Twenty-two dwelling units undergoing substantial LHC measures consistent with the HUD guidelines were enrolled in the study. There was a significant increase in dust lead loading on walls and ceilings between the pre- and postintervention. The change in wall dust lead loading was substantial and created potentially harmful lead exposures. Although statistically significant, the change in ceiling dust lead loading was minimal and the postintervention dust lead loadings were far below the existing federal floor dust lead clearance standard. These results strongly support the recommendations in the HUD guidelines to clean walls after LHC interventions and do not provide sufficient justification to alter the current recommendation to clean ceilings after lead work. Images Figure 1

The term ‘Inherently Safer Design’ (ISD) was coined by Trevor Kletz over two decades ago. It has, since the early nineties, been recognized as a most worthwhile approach by the chemical process industry, regulators and researchers as is evident from the large number of papers published and presented at conferences. One sure way of spreading a concept quickly is to start teaching about it. With this in mind, we have designed a course on ISD. A preamble to it and details of the topics covered are given in this paper. It can also be offered as a short, intensive, continuing education course. More details will be gladly provided to seekers.

We develop a bioeconomic model to investigate postharvest food quality control. The trade-off between costly intervention and economic damage is studied when economic parameters, such as fixed and variable costs of control, and biological parameters, such as the stochastic rate of contamination and the growth rate of contaminants, are altered. The model can accommodate alternative environmental settings. Regulations through random inspections and through terminal inspections are analyzed. As an illustration, optimal actions to control insect infestations in stored wheat are simulated and found to be in accord with commercial practice. Copyright 1999, Oxford University Press.

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's) Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing strongly recommend that after lead hazard control interventions all walls, ceilings, floors, and other horizontal surfaces be cleaned using a three-step process to reduce lead-contaminated dust and debris. The three steps are: an initial vacuuming using a machine equipped with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter (HEPA vacuum), wet wash with a lead cleaner, and a final HEPA vacuum. This study evaluated the effectiveness of two cleaning protocols: (1) the HUD-recommended three-step procedure, and (2) an abbreviated two-step cleaning procedure that omits the final HEPA vacuum. Cleaning procedures were evaluated in 27 dwelling units that had undergone significant lead hazard control interventions likely to produce lead dust. Dust lead samples were collected on floors and in window sills and troughs prior to the lead control hazard intervention, after the wet wash step of the cleaning procedure, and after completion of the second HEPA vacuuming. The results of the study demonstrate that dust lead surface loading on smooth and cleanable surfaces following the three-step and two-step cleaning procedures can achieve 1995 federal guidance dust clearance levels and levels substantially lower. Although the dust lead clearance rates before and after the second HEPA vacuum were the same, the time saved by omitting the second HEPA is small relative to the other elements of the cleaning process.

The location of Entebbe International Airport within the Entebbe Peninsula, a gazetted animal sanctuary and on the flight path of migratory bird species moving to and from Africa, makes it one of the most bird strike-prone airports in the world. However, the airport has successfully adopted a number of measures to prevent bird hazards from occurring. One of the most important methods of bird hazard control involves participation of local communities around the airport. This paper illustrates the different ways in which the airport works with the community to control bird collisions with aircraft at Entebbe International Airport.Ostrich 2007, 78(2): 131–133

The importance of inherently safer design (ISD) as a strategy to minimize risk of accidents in chemical process industries is being repeatedly stressed in recent years. The increasing number, frequency, and extents of damage caused by such accidents across the world have contributed to this thinking. However even as the need for ISD is being underscored, there are very few reports on precise methods to implement this concept. Significant recent reports are by Berge (1993 Berge, 1995) who has suggested a scenariobased design procedure in which construction of accident scenarios in a structured manner is made the basis of ISD. We have been developing and applying the concept of rapid risk analysis ( Khan & Abbasi, 1995 , Khan & Abbasi, 1996 , Khan & Abbasi, 1997a , Khan & Abbasi, 1997b , Khan & Abbasi, 1998a , Khan & Abbasi, 1998b ). In this paper we present an approach to ISD utilizing this concept. We believe, as detailed in this paper, that this approach is a significant improvement upon Berge's procedure in terms of ease, speed, and effectiveness.

The psychometric approach developed by Slovic and his co-workers has been effectively used to assess risk perceptions associated with different food-related hazards. However, further examination (using questionnaire data and partial correlation techniques) has indicated that technological hazards are highly differentiated from lifestyle hazards, in terms of both hazard control and knowledge about the hazard. Optimistic bias was also seen to vary between hazards. Further research has focused on a particular hazard, genetic engineering. Risk perceptions associated with genetic engineering are underpinned by ethical concern and questions relating to perceived need for the technology, as well as perceptions of risk or harm. However, increasing the specificity of hazard stimuli was found to alter the factor structure of underlying risk perceptions. The utility of preference mapping procedures in determining individual differences in trust in risk regulators is also discussed.

After Bhopal disaster, emergency planning in an industrial area has become inevitable. The off-site emergency plan is an integral part of any major hazard control system. Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) leads to fatal consequences. This paper highlights some salient features of the emergency scenario, which ultimately leads to fireball with enormous pressure wave all around.

People may make assumptions about the hazard levels of products based on the physical characteristics of the container. One primary physical characteristic of a container is its shape (configuration). For example a container appearing similar to a carton of milk might be assumed to hold a less hazardous substance than would a paint can. The present study examined 17 container shapes, presented to participants as line drawings, on various dimensions including perceptions of hazard, likelihood of reading the label, ease of dispensing, and familiarity. The results showed that different container shapes evoke different levels of hazard perception. Container shapes connoting higher hazard were also those that people reported greater willingness to read the label and represented containers that were more difficult to dispense. Hazard perception and container familiarity significantly contributed to the prediction of likelihood of reading the label. Implications for further research and hazard control are discussed.

The industrial back support has seen widespread and increasing use in manual material handling activities in recent years. This paper reports the results of a laboratory investigation in which subjects performed manual lifting of 7 and 14 kg loads at frequencies of 3, 6, and 9 lifts/minute. The six lifting task combinations were repeated under both with-support and without-support conditions while a total of 17 physiological, kinematic, and psychophysical variables were recorded. Based upon analysis, several general conclusions were reached: (1) with the exception of blood pressure, industrial back supports did not affect physiological responses, including energy expenditure, during lifting; (2) significant increases in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) while wearing a back support may present long-term health concerns for some worker populations; (3) lifting style in the sagittal plane was not altered by the support; and (4) subjects did not perceive less effort in lifting with a back support versus without. Overall, these results suggest that the demands of lifting are not reduced with the use of an industrial back support. The lack of rationale for the use of these devices based upon ergonomic criteria should call into question the continued prescription of the devices under the presumption of hazard control.

An outline of the common processing technology for cold smoked salmon in Denmark is presented. The safety hazards related to pathogenic bacteria, parasites and biogenic amines are discussed with special emphasis on hazards related to Clostridium botulinum and Listeria monocytogenes. Critical control points are identified for all hazards except growth of L. monocytogenes. For this reason a limitation of shelf life to three weeks at + 5 °C for cold smoked vacuum-packed salmon having ≥3% water phase salt is recommended.

On 11/07/2012 while investigating the cause of defects in neutron radiography film at HFEF, oil was discovered near the elevator shaft located at the 4M location within the Main Cell. Subsequent investigation identified oil (untracked moderator) in several locations ofthe HFEF Main Cell. Initial analysis determined that oil leaking from a 1M shielding window had leaked past a compensatory containment system resulting in a thin layer of oil found in several locations on the main cell floor. The result of this condition is uncontrolled moderator in moderator controlled zones, which is a violation of Criticality Hazard Control Statements (CHCS) for HFEF.

LBNL-­‐XXXXX | Hu et al., Developing PM2.5 Emission Inventories for Assessing Residential Air Pollution Exposure to Periodic and Episodic Sources Compilation of Published PM2.5 Emission Rates for Cooking, Candles and Incense for Use in Modeling of Exposures in Residences Tianchao Hu, Brett C Singer, Jennifer M Logue Environmental Energy Technologies Division August 2012 Funding was provided by the U.S. Dept. of Energy Building Technologies Program, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy under DOE Contract No. DE-­‐AC02-­‐05CH11231; by the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control through Interagency Agreement I-­‐PHI-­‐01070, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation through Interagency Agreement DW-­‐89-­‐ 92322201-­‐0 and by the California Energy Commission through Contract LBNL Report Number Pending

In the framework of the Risk Assessment procedure for the ecotoxicological evaluation of compounds used in the aquatic environment, tests with target species must be carried out. This paper reports the results concerning the evaluation of the acute toxicity of F-500 micelle encapsulator (Hazard Control Technologies Inc., Fayetteville, GA, USA) on cladocerans Daphnia magna, with the purpose to verify its compatibility for the aquatic environment and its adequacy for the remediation of soils polluted with hydrocarbons. The obtained results show that by adding F-500 to diesel-polluted soils, the toxicity on Daphnia magna decreases remarkably, indicating the usefulness of this compound to fight the environmental pollution consequent to hydrocarbon dumping.

Window replacement is a key method of reducing childhood lead exposure, but the long-term effectiveness has not been previously evaluated. Windows have the highest levels of interior lead paint and dust compared to other building components. Our objective was to conduct a follow-up study of residential window replacement and lead hazard control 12 years after homes were enrolled in an evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program, sampling settled lead dust in housing in four cities (n=189 homes). Previous work evaluated lead hazard controls up to 6 years after intervention using dust lead measurements and two years after intervention using both dust and blood lead data. But the earlier work could not examine the effect of window replacement over the longer time period examined here: 12 years. The individual homes were assigned to one of three categories, based on how many windows had been replaced: all replacement, some replacement, or non-replacement. Windows that were not replaced were repaired. We controlled for covariates such as site, housing condition, presence of lead paint, and season using longitudinal regression modeling. Adjusted floor and sill dust lead geometric mean dust lead loadings declined at least 85% from pre-intervention to 12 years after the intervention for homes with all replacement windows, some windows replaced and no windows replaced. Twelve years after intervention, homes with all replacement windows had 41% lower interior floor dust lead, compared to non-replacement homes (1.4 versus 2.4 μg/ft2, p

Gob consequentially exists in those mines where open-stope method is adopted, and its area will be growing with the constantly mining. Due to lack of scientific understanding and management, the accidents of gob roof caving in large occurred sometimes, causing heavy casualties and property losses. In recent years, the typical accidents have occurred more and more frequently, and the severity and danger has initially appeared. Therefore, at the point of safe production and disaster prevention, it is necessary to make risk classification to these mines. This article puts forward the concept of gob-effect mines and the method of risk classification from the view of disaster prevention and hazard control, which helps to make risk assessment to this type of mines and develop effective preventive measures according to the classification.

Factories are segregated primarily for protecting the product from the environment, segregation of raw materials and finished product, segregation of wet and dry materials, provision of mechanical and electrical services and health and safety issues (e.g. boiler rooms, chemical stores, fire hazards, noise limitation). Ready-to-eat (RTE) products factories have begun to further segregate or ‘zone’ production areas for food safety or hygiene reasons. A series of higher hygiene zones have been created to protect the product from microbiological cross-contamination events after it has been heat treated or decontaminated. There has also been the recognition that non-microbiological hazards, particularly allergens, and label declaration issues such as ‘suitable for vegetarians’, ‘organic’, ‘does not contain GM materials’ or ‘Kosher/Halal’ have to be controlled by segregating them from other product ingredients.

Setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) for hazards in the workplace has been an integral component of worker health protection programs for many decades. These OELs have been established by many authoritative bodies around the world, such as the Threshold Limit Value Committee (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The traditional approach has been to develop OELs by expert review of the available evidence, and set levels based primarily on health considerations. OELs, such as the TLVs, are usually used to guide occupational health practitioners in the assessment and control of workplace hazards, although some regulatory authorities use OELs as legal standards. OELs have been criticised for not protecting all workers as, for example, the ACGIH states that TLVs represent conditions under which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects. Another criticism is that OELs have only been set for a small fraction of the hazards to which workers can be exposed. A third criticism is that expert judgement is not a rigorous enough method for setting robust OELs and can quickly get out of date.1 Despite these criticisms, OELs have continued to be a major source of guidance for hazard control in workplaces …

During the 2009 calendar year, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) provided health physics support for the Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) Transparency Program for external and internal radiation protection. LLNL also provided technical expertise related to BDMS radioactive sources and Russian radiation safety regulatory compliance. For the calendar year 2009, there were 159 person-trips that required dose monitoring of the U.S. monitors. Of the 159 person-trips, 149 person-trips were SMVs and 10 person-trips were Transparency Monitoring Office (TMO) trips. There were 4 monitoring visits by TMO monitors to facilities other than UEIE and 10 to UEIE itself. LLNL's Hazard Control Department laboratories provided the dosimetry services for the HEU Transparency monitors. In 2009, the HEU Transparency activities in Russia were conducted in a radiologically safe manner for the HEU Transparency monitors in accordance with the expectations of the HEU Transparency staff, NNSA and DOE. The HEU Transparency Program now has over fifteen years of successful experience in developing and providing health and safety support in meeting its technical objectives.

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the survivability of engineering standards of space craft utilizing the planned features for design. It also deals with the vulnerability and tradition of survivability of air craft. Along with the introduction of survivability of aircrafts, even the spacecraft survivability was introduced with various features that include identification of threat, assessment of design, support trade study, and damage modes and effective analysis along with developments and requirements. It also reveals at the end that the process of space craft survivability (SCS) is of great value and it enhances not only the safety of the crew but also the prevention of any future calamities of human space flight mishap. Various institutions dealing with SCS such as Orion and NASA are coming up with more sophisticated concepts that are explored to benefit all future human space flight vehicles and passengers. Discussions regarding the possibilities that the SCS will also be applied to the commercial flight system are on. In sometime near future, the SCS concept could also be applied as a general standard in survivability engineering for human space flight design.

Electrical safety is highly regulated in all industrialized countries. Historically, the details of electrical hazard mitigation focused on measures to prevent electric shock. As awareness of arc flash as a unique hazard separate and distinct from shock emerged in the 1980s, standards began to address its mitigation. Comparing standards from North America and the European Union, there are both commonality and differences. This paper benchmarks recognized occupational electrical safety standards against the comprehensive hazard control measures in safety management systems standards. This analysis shows that current electrical safety standards do not provide a comprehensive solution, and that an effective arc hazard mitigation program depends on the integration of several standards.