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The article presents research data on the amount of salts in the irrigated soils of the Mughan-Salyan massif, their composition, water-salt regime, and their forecast. It was found that the soils on the territory of the massif were saline to varying degrees. In general, the area of non-saline soils in the massif is 125,650 ha, mildly - 272,070 ha, moderately - 210,560 ha, highly - 125,850 ha, very highly - 109,450 ha and saline soils - 27,520 ha. The absorbed bases in the soils of the massif were studied, and it was determined that they change depending on the amount of salts as follows: in mildly saline soils, Ca - 57.82-68.31%, Mg - 25.26-36.28%, Na - 5.49-6.43%; in moderately saline soils - 56.77-65.76%, 27.03-35.58%, 7.12-7.94%, respectively; in highly saline areas - 54.05-64.75%, 24.94-43.67% and 9.19-14.42%. As you can see, the soils are mildly and moderately saline. The soils in the surveyed areas are saline to varying degrees (i.e., the average value of salts in the 0-100 cm layer of the soil varies between 0.25 and 1.00%). The biological product used in these soils contains a wide range of macro and microelements, humic acids, fulvic acids, amino acids, vitamins and enzymes that do not contain BioEcoGum mineral fertilisers. This biological product was used for the first time and one of the main goals was to study the improvement of water-physical properties of soils after its use. Therefore, the water-salt regime of the soils of the study area was studied on three experimental sites selected for the area, the number of irrigations for different plants, and their norms were determined taking into account the depth of groundwater in the soils and shown in tabular form. They are widely used in farms and these regions, taking into account the proposed irrigation norms and their quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants of concern in aquatic ecosystems. Up to now, only a few studies about MP contamination in drinking water have been published. In this study, we analysed drinking water originating from ground water, surface water and treated sewage water for the presence of MPs, collected in different drinking water treatment plants (DWTP, n = 9) and water taps (TW, n = 9) in the geographic region of Flanders (Belgium). We report measured microplastic concentrations, size distributions, and polymer types using μFTIR spectroscopy in the range of 25–1000 μm. The MPs' abundances in the DWTP and TW samples were on average 0.02 ± 0.03 MPs L− 1 and 0.01 ± 0.02 MPs L− 1, respectively. We did not find significant differences comparing the obtained MP concentrations according to the origin of the water. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most common polymer types detected in the samples. Next, based on several theoretical assumptions, we extrapolated the measured MP concentrations in our samples to cover the full theoretical MP size range (1–5000 μm) to obtain estimates of the actual MP contamination levels. The rescaled particle concentrations (1 μm – 5000 mm) were on average 5.59 MPs L− 1 and 3.76 MPs L− 1 for the DWTP and TW samples, respectively. Based on a standard consumption of two liters of drinking water per day in combination with the measured concentration in this study, Flemish people consume 0.02 MPs per capita per day via drinking water. These findings contribute in our understanding of the microplastic pollution of drinking water, which is of concern due to the potential uptake of MPs in the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is the main source for drinking purposes. Agriculture and Aquaculture activities are the major sources of human food. Various chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, pH modifiers, and nutrients are being employed to enhance crop yields. Due to the excessive application of these chemicals, the ground waters in the surrounding areas will be contaminated. Keeping in view the hectic agriculture and aquaculture activities it is aimed to evaluate the metal and bacterial contamination status in waters for suggesting the possible remedial measures to protect the public. From the proposed study area, 16 Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for metal ion concentrations. Further the waters are also analyzed for evaluating the bacterial contamination. The study results revealed that the waters were found to contain MPN count along with water-borne disease-causing pathogens. These waters are needed to be subject to suitable treatment techniques available for considering these waters for drinking and domestic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high levels of iron and manganese found in ground water and utilized by living habitats has made it mandatory to seek a local low cost effective technique to decrease their concentrations. In this study, vermiculite clay and cation exchange resin were used as adsorbent and filter media to examine their ability in the removal and retention of those soluble metal. Different initial concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 30, and 50 ppm were examined using column testing. Vermiculite clay could remove iron up to 95% for the 5 ppm initial concentration and completely remove iron form the initial 2 ppm concentration at 70 min. Cation exchange resin worked better at lower concentrations yet couldn’t attain the allowable drinking water levels. For manganese, cation exchange resin performed better where the highest removal rates attained for the 5 and 2 ppm were 99% and 100% successively within the first 10–20 min.

Rapid urbanization in India is creating significant changes in the land use patterns of the country, which has had a considerable impact on the rainfall patterns, groundwater availability, and land surface temperature over the years. The primary objective of this research was to examine the implications of spatiotemporal variations of urban growth on the hydrometeorological parameters in the Saroor Nagar Watershed of Telangana, India between 2008 and 2020. The study is also aimed at identifying the correlation between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and spectral indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and SWIRED Index (SWIRED). The results revealed that the study area has witnessed remarkable growth in the built-up area, and a systematic increase in Land Surface Temperature. The built-up area has increased by 23%, rainfall by 40%, the surface temperature by 0.55°C per annum, and groundwater levels have decreased significantly. LST has a positive correlation with NDBI, SWIRED, and a negative correlation with NDVI. Our study would help land management specialists, planners, and local government officials in determining places where expansion must be curtailed to avoid additional environmental deterioration, thus aiding in the development of systematic urban planning approaches.

Drinking water that is secure to drink is a basic human need that should be met by everyone. Waterborne disease prevention and control begin with ensuring the safety of drinking water. The present study was designed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of ground water in twenty different localities of Tehsil Taunsa DG Khan, Punjab Pakistan. For this purpose, ground water samples were collected from Mangrotha, Sokar, BastiBuzdar, KotQaisrani, JhokeBodo, Litra, Vehova, Bohar, MakwalKalan, Bindi, Dona, NariJanubi, TibbiQaisrani, Morejhangi, Babbi, Nutkani, JaluWali, Lakhani, Kotani and Chulani and bacteriologically characterized. The results revealed a significant increase in bacterial counts. Bacterial infections such as Fecal Coliforms and E.Coli had extraordinarily high concentrations, ranging from 25 CFU/mL to 50 CFU/mL and 2.5 CFU/mL to 3.5 CFU/mL, respectively. The levels of all other parameters were within WHO’s acceptable ranges. A survey was also done to assess the impact of drinking water on city inhabitants' fitness. Globally, 780 million people, and 100 million people in Pakistan are exposed to insecure water sources. To estimate the health threat of infected water, a total of 160 residents interviewed. The information acquired from this field work will reveal a high prevalence of suspected water borne diseases like diarrhea, nausea & vomiting, gastrointestinal issues, Skin Rash, Skin irritation, Diabetes, Neural diseases, Renal dysfunction, Cholera, malaria, prolonged fever, Cancer, Hepatitis and jaundice. To resolve water and environmental problems, consciousness and regular monitoring programs of water organization and safe removal of waste was proposed. As a result, in all of the research areas, a well-organized waste disposal and management system is required. To make sure that the water is suitable for human consumption, regular drinking water quality assessments of the resource, main allotment tanks, distribution systems and pipes should be used.

[Display omitted] • Facile optimization of a graphite sensor by bismuth oxide drop deposition and electrochemical reduction; • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface composition analysis of the modified GSPE in different electrochemical treatments; • Micro-X-ray fluorescence GSPE mapping of the distribution of bismuth layer on the WE. • Sensitive simultaneous detection of Cd and Pb ions in water, by SWASV on bismuth modified graphite sensors. A single use graphite screen-printed electrode (GSPE) was easily modified, to take advantage of the proven affinity of the nontoxic post-transition metal bismuth (Bi), for metal ions to be detected by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). A bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3) or a chitosan coated (CS@Bi 2 O 3) nanopowder suspension was drop-casted on the graphite working electrode (WE) surface, giving rise to the precursor of a Bi-modified GSPE. After that, an electrochemical reduction was performed to obtain the Bi– or the CS@Bi–GSPE. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence investigations were performed on the graphitic structure pre and post modification. The bismuth oxide deposition amount was considered as critical parameter to sensor performance, indicating a minimum and maximum threshold. Under improved measurement conditions, with a 300 s pre-concentration time, the attained sensors exhibited a linearity in the range (2.0–20.0) μg L−1 in the simultaneous analysis of Pb(II) and Cd(II). The Bi–GSPE showed LODs of 1.7 and 0.5 μg L−1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II) respectively, while 1.5 μg L−1 for Cd(II) and 0.2 μg L−1 for Pb(II) were recorded by the CS@Bi–GSPE. As an applicative proof in real sample, a spike test was carried out in a ground water sample, without any preliminary sample treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of East China Geology / Huadong dizhi is the property of Editorial Department of East China Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of East China Geology / Huadong dizhi is the property of Editorial Department of East China Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ground water accessed via wells in areas of Tiruvallur district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has been a subject to increase sea-water intrusion. The present study highlights the potable water crisis in the northern district evaluated using GIS-assisted determination of water quality parameters across fifty sampling sites. The most informative parameters evaluated within this study were TDS, EC, TH, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl- and SO4 2- while parameters such as pH, CO3 2-, etc. had limited correlated significance to water quality. The total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) determined in the study area indicated significantly elevated levels across the sampling sites. Weighted arithmetical indexing (WAI) of the water quality parameters indicated 30 out of 50 water sources meet the tolerance limits for both drinking and irrigation. Based on BIS standards, only 13 sites met acceptable limits for safe drinking water. Principal component analysis and piper plot analysis revealed a significant involvement of Mg2+, Na+, Cl- and SO4 2- in the impairment of water quality, particularly in the coastal zones. Spatial hydro-chemical profiles developed in this study reveal 'hot-spots' of sea-water tainted water sources, and the hydro-chemical dominance of alkali earth components. Altogether, the study findings indicate a widening water crisis on top of over-exploited water resources and discuss possible factors and remedial steps in addressing the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in order to assess the water quality of 12 wells for irrigation purposes in Karbala Governorate, central Iraq. Well water samples scattered throughout the governorate were collected and analyzed chemically and physically. And by comparing the results with the Iraqi determinants of irrigation water, as the values of pH, positive ions (K+, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2) and negative ions (Cl-, SO4 -2, HCO3-) are within the above determinants for all wells, as for electrical conductivity (EC) It is within the determinants of all wells, and dissolved salts (TDS) are higher than the determinants of all wells. According to the American Salinity Laboratory, 5 wells are classified as C4S1, 5 wells are classified as C4S2, one well is classified as C4S3, and one well is classified as C3S1, meaning that most of the well water had a high sodium content. By comparing the classification of the Food and Agriculture Organization, it was found that most of the wells were highly saline and all wells had very soluble salts, except for some of them are medium. Therefore, from what was presented in the study of well water, solutions and ways must be found to improve the use of this water for irrigation purposes by reducing the sodium and salinity values for this water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater extraction through subsidized solar power has flared up a number of issues in water resource planning in water deficient regions. Previous studies and research suggests 'buy back solutions' to check indiscriminate exploitation of ground water reserves; however, the present study is an attempt to put forward a theoretical incentive framework analysing the condition in Rajasthan state to justify why farmers would not opt to sell excess electricity generated to the grid rather choose to sell solar irrigation. The study validates the inappropriateness of simple buy back solution to check excessive groundwater extraction and concludes that one-way approach in policy implementation regarding groundwater extraction can be a misnomer and region-specific policies should be adopted looking to the water deficiency or abundance in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and reliable prediction of groundwater level (GWL) fluctuation is vital and significant in water resources planning and management. Because of intricacies in underground geological arrangement, efficiency of real-time GWL prediction is inadequate. In the present study, a hybrid support vector machine (SVM) incorporated with ant lion optimizer (SVM-ALO) was employed to estimate monthly GWL using data collected from two observational wells in Purba-Medinipur, India, considering ten input combinations. The accuracy of hybrid SVM-ALO model is assessed against hybrid SVM-FOA (fruit fly optimization algorithm), SVM-FFA (firefly algorithm), and conventional SVM models using five statistical performance indices, i.e. root mean-squared error (RMSE), Willmott Index (WI), Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC), coefficient of determination (R2), and graphical analysis. Analysis of results indicated that SVM-ALO model showed superior performance than SVM-FOA and SVM-FFA models for all scenarios at both stations. The SVM-ALO-M10 model had the lowest value of RMSE = 7.6638/8.838 and the highest value of PCC = 0.9815/0.98001, and WI = 0.98215/0.98067 for testing period at Sherkhanchawk/Basantia high school, respectively. The developed robust SVM-ALO model is more efficient and appropriate compared to SVM-FOA, SVM-FFA, and standalone SVM models for estimating monthly ground water levels in the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of 226Ra and 222Rn were measured in ground water samples of Davanagere district, Karnataka state, India using emanometry technique. Activity of 226Ra and 222Rn in groundwater varied from 15.6 ± 3 to 68.9 ± 5 mBql−1 and 37 ± 4 to 245 ± 8 Bql−1 respectively. More than 53% of the water samples showed higher radon concentration compare to standard safe limit of 100 Bql−1 prescribed by WHO. Effective dose to the public due to 222Rn in water was found to vary from 0.15 to 1.00 mSvy−1 with an average of 0.49 mSvy−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, 80 samples of water from hand pumps and 63 samples of tap water were collected from the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, state of India. The radon activity concentration is varied from 1 to 21 Bq/L with a mean value of 7 ± 4 Bq/L in tap water samples while for handpump water samples radon activity concentration is varied from 3 to 42 Bq/L with a mean value of 20 ± 9 Bq/L. The average radon level in drinking water in the study region was higher than the radon level in water of Haridwar and Karanprayag districts of Uttarakhand and lower than the radon level in the drinking water of Dehradun, New Tehri, Pauri Garhwal and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand. The mathematical estimation of radiological dose due to inhalation and ingestion of radon in water was calculated and discussed in detail in this study. Age dependent effective dose is estimated to compare the radiological effect on different age-groups. The trend of the mean values of radon ingestion dose in distinct age-groups is likely to be as infants > adults > children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrological models are useful tools in water resources planning, but some of them do not have satisfactory performance on a regional scale. Hydrological models are appropriate for a specific spatial scale and the lack of input data is a limiting factor in the modeling. One way to overcome this limitation is by using a flexible comprehensive model in different watersheds. Since surface and ground water have dynamic interaction in environmental ecosystems and form a combined water resources system so, the application of two general methods including fully integrated and coupled regions has been evaluated in this research. An investigation of these methods showed that the major focus in most studies is on increasing the accuracy of recharge and evapotranspiration rates in simulation. The results showed that the simultaneous use of SWAT and MODFLOW models to understand the hydrological conditions in a region has been able to cover the defects associated with the semi-distributional and distributive constraints of two models, simulating the surface-groundwater and the interaction between the aquifer and river. This method can provide useful information about the water balance of the basin and help to plan water resources more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Nitrate pollution of ground and surface water bodies all over the world is generally linked with continually increasing global fertilizer nitrogen (N) use. But after 1990, with more fertilizer N consumption in developing countries especially in East and South Asia than in the industrialized nations in North America and Europe, nitrate pollution of freshwaters is now increasingly becoming a pervasive global problem. In this review it has been attempted to review the research information generated during the last two decades from all over the world on different aspects of nitrate pollution of natural water bodies. It is now evident that not more than 50% of the fertilizer N is directly used by the crops to which it is applied. While a small portion may directly leach down and may reach ground and surface water bodies, a large proportion ends up in the soil organic N pool from where N is mineralized and is taken up by plants and/or lost via leaching during several decades. Present trends of nitrate pollution of freshwaters, therefore, reflect legacies of current and past applications of fertilizers and manures. Tools such as simulation models and the natural variation in the stable isotopes of N and oxygen are now being extensively used to study the contribution of fertilizers and other sources to nitrate enrichment of freshwaters. Impacts of agricultural stewardship measures are being assessed and nitrate enrichment of water bodies is being managed using modern digital models and frameworks. Improved water and fertilizer management in agroecosystems can reduce the contribution of fertilizers to nitrate pollution of water bodies but a host of factors determine the magnitude. Future research needs are also considered.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of wastewater quality of Paharang drain Faisalabad on ground water quality of adjacent areas. Ground water samples and drain water samples were collected and analyzed by using standard methods. Parameters of wastewater samples were compared with Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). Results indicated that physico-chemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, fluoride and total hardness were found exceeding the permissible limits in wastewater samples. Similarly, few physicochemical parameters in groundwater were found within the permissible limit while electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, chlorides (Cl), fluoride (F), and total hardness in most of samples were found above the Pak EPA and WHO standard limits. Heavy metals like nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), andarsenic (As) were found within the prescribed concentrations in drain and ground water samples. Statistical analysis showed significant effect of some drain wastewater parameters like conductivity, TDS, salt, temperature, and Cl on the corresponding ground water quality. A strong positive correlation between pH, EC, TDS, Salt, and Cl in drain wastewater and strong positive correlation between EC, TDS and Salt in ground water samples was observed. For improving the ground water quality in the adjacent areas textile wastewater treatment all factories is required, and a combined effluent treatment plant (CETP) at the Paharang drain is also recommended.

The groundwater qualities of Obajana in Kogi State were determined. The study consisted of the determination of some heavy metals and physicochemical properties of drinking water samples. The samples were analyzed for the following parameters iron, copper, manganese, zinc, lead,using AAS Varian AA240FS. Nitrates, sulphate, phosphate, colour, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, turbidity, total hardness and total alkalinity using standard method. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: temperature 26-30oC, pH 5.53-7.89, electrical conductivity (EC) 6.210-339.670 μS/cm, total hardness 50.00- 424.20 mg/l, alkalinity 1.10-145.67mg/l, turbidity 0.00-34 FTU, colour 5-15TCU, phosphate 0.02-0.760 mg/l, nitrate 10.24-48.20mg/l, sulphate 24.70-222.13mg/l, dissolved oxygen 0.2-1.8 mg/l, BOD 0.2-1.0mg/l, COD 1.1-3.2mg/l, Cu 0.00.1-0.10mg/l , Fe 0.01-0.060mg/l, Zn 0.029-5.046mg/l, Mn 0.0-0.44mg/l and Pb 0.0348-1.046mg/l. The concentrations of some of the investigated parameters in the drinking water samples from the research region were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization standard for drinking water quality guidelines. lead was found to exceed 0.01mg/l which is the WHO maximum limit, also zinc and manganese were found to exceed the WHO maximum limit of 3.0mg/l and 0.1mg/l.

The underlying study intends to evaluate community health risk assessment from fluoride contamination of groundwater samples employing the proposed entropy variants of single valued neutrosophic sets. The symmetric fuzzy cross entropy numbers, which can represent the macroscopic view of fluoride contamination more effectively, are constructed in this study and then deployed to rank the seasonal parameters (pre-monsoon, rainy season and pre-monsoon) responsible for fluoride contamination in the study area. To quantify the non-linear relationship between seasonal parameters and sampling spots, the proposed neutrosophic entropy variants are fascinated for assigning weights to the monitored concentration reading of each seasonal parameter with respect to various sampling spots. Thereafter, these weights are coupled with the quality rating scale of each parameter, intended to establish new fuzzy and single valued neutrosophic entropy weighted fluoride contamination indices (FEFCI & NEFCI) respectively. The maximum (or minimum) FEFCI or NEFCI score at a particular sampling spot is designated to the "most (or least) contaminated" sampling spot accordingly. The underlying fluoride contaminated sampling spot identification methodology is efficacious for providing a better insight in assessing the community health risk from ground water of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical sounding method was supported to evaluate groundwater potential in Selam Ber catchment, Gamo Gofa district in southern Ethiopia. Records were collected after five sounding points via Schlumberger investigation arrays per maximum half-done current electrode separation (AB/2 =220). Qualitative analyses of Electrical resistivity data were described by means of curves, apparent resistivity, and pseudo depths. The numerical explanations of the electrical resistivity data were made by the data using IPI-Res3, IRIS, surfer software, building geo-electric unit near the survey line and geologic proof from the drill. The vertical electrical resistivity results of the data shown four geoelectric stratums which differ in range of cracking, enduring, and formation. Examining the potential aquifer of Traverse Route SELATr1, the fourth layer group with resistivity value of 45.76-50.66 Om. & infinite depth also reveals highly moderately weathered & fractured basalt. Geoelectric section obtained along Traverse Route SELTr1, the horizons of stratum four were enhanced potential aquifers such as the highly cracked and worn ignimbrite level of potential ground water depth could be realized if the fractured zone could be penetrated up to the fresh massive rock of the third depth layer group with estimated final depth of 250 meters. And Traverse Route SELATr2 the resistivity soundings have identified five layers excluding BfVES-6; all are having similar curve types. The value of the true resistivity does not vary significantly found in the same geologic and hydro geologic pattern. Generally the possibility of striking water is undeniable starting from 45 meters (shallow aquifer) in all Vertical Electrical Resistivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundwater qualities of Obajana in Kogi State were determined. The study consisted of the determination of some heavy metals and physicochemical properties of drinking water samples. The samples were analyzed for the following parameters iron, copper, manganese, zinc, lead, using AAS Varian AA240FS. Nitrates, sulphate, phosphate, colour, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, turbidity, total hardness and total alkalinity using standard method. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: temperature 26-30oC, pH 5.53-7.89, electrical conductivity (EC) 6.210-339.670 μS/cm, total hardness 50.00-424.20 mg/l, alkalinity 1.10-145.67mg/l, turbidity 0.00-34 FTU, colour 5-15TCU, phosphate 0.02-0.760 mg/l, nitrate 10.24-48.20mg/l, sulphate 24.70-222.13mg/l, dissolved oxygen 0.2-1.8 mg/l, BOD 0.2-1.0mg/l, COD 1.1-3.2mg/l, Cu 0.00.1-0.10mg/l, Fe 0.01-0.060mg/l, Zn 0.029-5.046mg/l, Mn 0.0-0.44mg/l and Pb 0.0348-1.046mg/l. The concentrations of some of the investigated parameters in the drinking water samples from the research region were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization standard for drinking water quality guidelines. lead was found to exceed 0.01mg/l which is the WHO maximum limit, also zinc and manganese were found to exceed the WHO maximum limit of 3.0mg/l and 0.1mg/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of water, along Mandal headquarters of a coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, India, was assessed prior to and past rainfall season to determine water's acceptability for consumption using water quality index (WQI). The present work involved collecting groundwater samples from Mandal headquarters' locations present in the entire district. All the samples were analysed in a comprehensive way for ten physicochemical parameters, including pH, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulphate, nitrates, total dissolved solids, fluoride, potassium, and sodium. The geographical information system was used for mapping sampling sites. The coordinates of sample collection areas were recorded employing GPS. Correlation matrices for cation–anion were illustrated and from the qualitative results of the samples. Results indicate that WQI prior and past-rainfall seasons ranged from 37.53 to 312.46; 42.04 to 211.89 in 2016, while for 2017, these were in the range of 25.01 to 137.06; 30.06 to 228.83. The present study's WQI values indicate that the water samples possess poor quality, and no fluoride contaminations were observed. The analysis suggests appropriate treatment of sub-surface water from the study site before consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nebraska Sandhills comprise the most intact grassland habitat in the world and 95% of land use consists of low intensity cattle grazing. Water is a key resource for cattle and for growing hay forage in this semi-arid grassland. Ranchers rely on either naturally occurring wet meadows or center pivot irrigation systems (CPIS) to produce hay. With the possibility of climate change creating more frequent extreme weather events, more flooding events or severe droughts could affect land and water resources in the Sandhills. With potentially more wet/dry extremes in the future, an understanding of the way water resources respond, and the different strategies of landowners, will be important in assessing the overall resilience of the Nebraska Sandhills in the face of a changing climate. We compared two adjacent, similarly sized, counties, Grant and Hooker, in the central Sandhills that differ in the amount of naturally occurring, ground water-fed meadows during the period 2002-2019, spanning wet and dry years. ArcGIS and the USDA's Cropland Data Layer (known as "CropScape"), an annual, satellite imagery-derived, land cover map, were used to quantify overall landcover, especially the cover of wet meadows and the number of CPIS. In 2016, an average-to-moderate precipitation year, Grant County had approximately 10 times more open water area and 9 times more wet meadow area than Hooker County. In contrast, Hooker County had 19 times more barren ground area and nearly twice as many CPIS as Grant County. Furthermore, in drought years, the amount of barren ground increased in both counties, nearly doubling in Hooker County in 2006, a year when annual precipitation was only 66% of normal precipitation rates. Drought also increased the acreage devoted to irrigated crops, particularly in 2006 in both counties, with nearly two times as many acres in Grant County and nearly five times as many acres in Hooker County. Additionally, open water acreage decreased by nearly 50% following the 2006 drought and wetland cover types increased. This analysis showed that different Sandhill counties have contrasting water resources, with an abundance of naturally occurring wet meadows in Grant County, whereas Hooker County has fewer wet meadows and more CPIS. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the landscape changes during drought years, with a decline in wet meadows, an increase in barren ground and an increase in CPIS and other irrigated systems for crops. In a changing climate, with potentially more extremes in precipitation, the diversity of strategies exemplified by these two counties will be important to inform adaptative responses. Overall, this research will contribute to a better understanding of the sustainability of land use and the future of groundwater resources in the Nebraska Sandhills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes are key hydrological tracers for identifying groundwater flow paths, groundwater recharge sources, and related hydrogeological processes. This study aims to identify the spatiotemporal variability in isotopic compositions of hydrogen (d2H) measured in shallow groundwater, river water, paddy water, and precipitation collected from two catchments in Tottori Prefecture, Japan. A total of 613 surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 45 sites (wells) in five different landscapes during a two-year survey. The enriched groundwater d2H values were in the range -52‰ to -36‰, and large isotopic variations were observed in the coastal regions of the study area. The lower groundwater d2H compositions were in the range -61‰ to -53‰ in high elevation areas. Our study shows that the spatial variation in groundwater d2H (23‰) was larger than the temporal variation (12‰) within the 3,500 km2 total area of Tottori Prefecture. At this scale, clear correspondence between the temporal standard deviations of the d2H values and landscape characteristics was not found, suggesting that spatial scales should be considered carefully when analyzing the temporal evolution of hydrological tracers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunity of utilizing activated carbon prepared from banana peels (BPAC) as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) to eliminate copper (Cu+2) from the contaminated ground water has been explored. The activated carbon was prepared from banana peels by chemical activation utilizing a drenching agent, for example, a phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The Influence of different factors including initial copper amount, contacting duration, agitation speed, initial pH of the solution and sorbent dosage was studied in batch experiments. The optimum magnitudes for these factors that resulted in the highest copper removing efficacy (96%) were 40 minutes, 6, 250 rpm, 50 mg/l, and 1 mg/100 ml, respectively. The isotherm models of Freundlich and Langmuir have been utilized to analyze the sorption data for Cu+2 ions acquired via batch studies. The Langmuir model has been utilized to explain the sorption of Cu+2 onto BPAC, according to the findings. The partial differential formulas that describe copper transport in one-dimensional (1D) under equilibrium conditions have been solved utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a software based on the finite element technique. The PRB has a significant function in preventing the copper plume from moving, according to the expected findings (COMSOL solution) and experimental findings. Finally, the excellent agreement between anticipated (theoretical) and actual findings, with an RMSE of less comparison with 0.1%, demonstrated that these techniques are useful and efficient instruments for describing copper transport processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to industrialization and over population, surface water resources are out of reach from many people so consumption of ground water is the only choice to overcome the water scarcity. Naturally, ground water is one of the significant and potable water resource but some geographical conditions and anthropogenic activities deteriorate the water quality and make it objectionable for drinking. This study was conducted to evaluate the ground water quality of Karachi, Pakistan. For this, 42 ground water samples were collected from different districts of Karachi and analyzed their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and compared with both international (WHO) and national (SEQS) drinking water standards. Observations of the study declared that overall contamination (physicochemical and microbial) in the ground water samples of different districts of Karachi was as follow West (21%), South (20%), Central (17%), Malir (16%), Korangi (14%) and East (12%). Physical assessment of the study area declared that pH and turbidity of the ground water samples varies in the range of (6.54-7.9) and (0-1.01 NTU) which exist in the standard prescribed limit. Whereas, detection of chemical contaminants particularly TDS (457-12090 mg/L), hardness (118.8-3645 mg/L) and chloride (190-4918 mg/L) content in most of the samples were also exceed from the prescribed limit. Additionally, arsenic was abundantly present ranging from 3.52-13.63 mg/L in all collected samples of Karachi city while the concentration of cadmium (range: 0.0005-0.5012 mg/L) and lead (range: 0.201-1.817 mg/L) were also high in few samples, from the permissible limit of drinking water. Microbial contamination was also detected in which coliforms were present in the range of 0-150 CFU/100mL, which also unfit the water quality. This deteriorated ground water quality of Karachi can be improved by maintenance of proper sanitary conditions of the communities and implementation of water treatments, otherwise consumption of such water may develop serious health related consequences in the consumers.

The quality of water in a well that serves as an individual drinking water source, located in the Slovakian region previously burdened with mining activities, was investigated in relation to the quality of surface water in the same region. Selected microbiological and physicochemical parameters were determined in samples of ground water (well) and surface water (brook and river). Plate counts of coliform bacteria, E. coli, enterococci and bacteria cultivated at 22 °C and 37 °C were determined. Microbiological quality of samples collected from the well was generally satisfactory. Examination of the samples of surface water (river) showed a significant organic pollution indicated by fluorescence spectra. In all water samples the values of: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium ions, nitrites, nitrates, chlorides and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) were below the limits set by the state legislation. In the surface water, high levels of arsenic were found. The sum of calcium and magnesium in the well water was close to or below the recommended minimum level. In this well water, the level of antimony exceeded 10-fold the maximum limit for drinking water and was of the largest concern as this well water has been used for drinking, cooking, and watering of animals and vegetables for a long period of time. This poses a risk of accumulation of this metalloid in the food chain.

Rapid population growth rate in the study area results to an increasing demand of water for various uses. It necessitated the geoscientists to evaluate the water quality of the area for potability. Twenty (20) water samples were collected using plastic bottles and properly labelled. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) were use to analysed the water quality. The in-situ measured parameters of water are mostly within limit of NIS, 2007 and WHO, 2011. Cations and anions analyses revealed, they were within the range of acceptable standard, except higher concentration of and which might have resulted from acidic water of the area and weathering of silicate minerals. The cations preponderance are of the order Na+> K+ ˃Mg2+> Ca2+> while for the anions dominance are > Cl- > SO42-. The dominant water facies is -. These facies might have sources from rock-water interaction of silicate minerals. Wilcox plot of salinity hazard of the water samples indicated that, the water of the area is good for irrigation. It can be classified, the value of electrical conductivity of 0 – 250 excellent, 250 – 750 good, 750 – 2250 doubtful and ˃ 2250 µS/cm unsuitable. Field study and petrographic analysis revealed that, the area is underlain by three (3) major rocks units which are muscovite schist, porphyritic granite, sandstone (Chad Formation) with quartzite occurring as the minor lithology.

Ground Water quality has a special significance for drinking, hygiene sanitation and domestic water supply. The study aims to understand the distribution of ground water quality in solid waste landfill of Bengkulu City. The following objectives of the study are to determine ground water quality parameters such as pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate and nitrite. Sampling was carried out at a radius of 0 - 250 meters from the location of the landfill. The results of the pH at 10 sampling points show the values that are quite varied between 6,45 – 7,59; conductivity between 56 µS – 492 µS; TDS between 28 mg/L – 246 mg/L; salinity 32 mg/L – 284 mg/L; Iron (Fe) 0,040 mg/L – 0,323 mg/L; Manganese (Mn) 0,089 mg/L – 0,295 mg/L; Nitrate (NO3-) 0,2 mg/L – 0,8 mg/L and Nitrite (NO2-) 0,006 mg/L – 0,033 mg/L. Based on an assessment with the STORET system, water quality in the study area is classified as good (score =-4) by parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, hardness, iron, manganese, nitrate and nitrite. By the total sampling sites, all sample site had good-quality water for hygiene sanitation based on STORET method.

Detection of aquifer vulnerable areas can highlight preventive actions for groundwater contamination. Different models have been presented for the evaluation of vulnerability that one of the most regular and well-known models of the overlapping index as the SINTACS-LU (Soggiacence, actual infiltration, non saturated zone, typology of overburden, hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer, hydraulic conductivity, topographic Slope) model was considered in this research. In fact, this model has been extended based on the impact of land use parameters in the vulnerability evaluation. Purpose of this study is the qualitative evaluation of Birjand plain aquifer vulnerability using the SINTACS-LU model. For this, the Birjand plain aquifer in the statistical periods of 2013-2018 has been evaluated. According to the results of this assessment, the SINTACS-LU vulnerability zoning map reveals that 15 percent of the studied region has the vulnerability of medium to high, 75 percent of the area has a high vulnerability, and 10 percent has the too high vulnerability. In order to the verification of the SINTACS-LU model, the relationship between the vulnerability index and the obtained nitrate concentration values from 21 groundwater samples were assessed. The correlation coefficient between the SINTACS-LU vulnerability index and the nitrate concentration was 75 percent, which indicates the appropriate correlation of this model with the nitrate concentration as the indicator of the groundwater contamination.

Beijing, as the capital of China, suffers severe subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal. In this paper, the SBAS-InSAR technique was used to detect surface deformations in the Beijing plain. 47 scenes Envisat ASAR images obtained during June 2003 to August 2010, and 24 Radarsat-2 images obtained during November 2010 to December 2013 were employed to retrieve vertical deformation characteristic over this area. The deformation magnitude, evolution process and spatial distribution of representative targets that occurred during 11 years were retrieved. The vertical surface displacement rates during two periods were validated via leveling observations, which have an RMSE =1.15mm/a, which indicates that the two types of subsidence matched very well. The interferometric results revealed that the subsidence during the two periods show similar special distributions and have an uneven spatial-temporal trend. The scope and deformation rates of funnels continuously increased with from 2003 to 2013. Meanwhile, multiple expressways and urban ring roads spanned the subsidence funnel with sharp deformation rate, and showed different subsidence properties along their paths. Additionally, the spatial and temporal correlation analyses between the deformation measurements and the dynamic variation of groundwater pumping was also performed to explore the response relationship.

The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) was investigated in 17 surface water samples (rivers, canals, and lagoons), 12 groundwater samples (wells and boreholes, which can also be consumed for drinking) and 8 drinking water samples (bottles and sachets) during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state, Nigeria. The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin (an antibiotic) at median concentrations of 1614, 238 and 358 ng/L in surface water, ground water and drinking water, respectively. This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains. Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen, nicotine, ibuprofen, and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%. Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide, caffeine, naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly (P

The paper presents the hydrological characteristics of the humogley soil in the area of Čelarevo and Kovilj marsh. The granulometric composition and dynamics of groundwater in these soils in relation to the Danube water level were examined during two years of monitoring. The granulometric composition and the distance from the Danube riverbed are of great importance for the hydrological properties of these hydromorphic soils. The studied soils are characterized by a heavier granulometric composition in a powerful surface humus horizon, where the texture classes are sandy clay loam to clay loam. The lower parts are subhorizonts of gley, with lighter mechanical composition, and textural classes: sandy loam, loamy sand and sand. The highest relative groundwater level for these soils ranged from 44 to 70 cm in the first year and from 72 to 90 cm in the second year of monitoring. The lowest relative groundwater level ranged from 110 cm to 175 cm for the first year of monitoring, while in the second year it ranged from 154 to 224 cm. Amplitude of groundwater variance ranged from 66 to 132 cm and 82 to 134 cm depending on the year of monitoring. The influence of the Danube water level on the variation of groundwater level is evident. During the first year of monitoring, the water level was extremely high, and the effect on the groundwater level was correlated from 0.67 to 0.88. In the second year of monitoring lower water level was recorded which showed a lower impact on groundwater level with a correlation of 0.12 to 0.39. Considering the distance from 1632 to 1916 m from the Danube watercourse, a significant influence of higher water level on the groundwater level of the studied soils is observed, while at lower water level this influence is much smaller.

Introduction: Given that the groundwater is a radon contaminated and used as a source for drinking water, then measuring the amount contamination is of high necessity. Material and Methods: The measurement was performed using RAD-7 detector. Results: The measured radon concentration values ranged 1.20-15.43 Bq/l with the mean of 5.18±0.39 Bq/l. The estimated total annual effective doses based on radon concentrations in drinking water were within the range of 6.34-81.62 µSv/y for infants, 2.34-30.04 µSv/y for children, and 3.07-39.42 µSv/y for adults. Moreover, the corresponding mean values were estimated at 27.41±2.06, 10.08±0.76, and 13.23±0.99 µSv/y, respectively. Conclusion: The total annual effective dose in all samples were within the global average level of ingestion exposure dose value (0.1 mSv/y from radon concentrations) reported by the United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiations. Therefore, there are no risks for the consumption of these water samples.

Limited freshwater resources and climatic change are major challenge face animal production industry, especially in the arid and semiarid regions. Climate changes are reflected in global warming and rainfall reduction, which in turn may increase the salinity of both soil and water. Within the reclamation strategy, groundwater will be the main source of used water in cultivated desert lands in Egypt. However, the groundwater has high salinity and the cost of desalination is expensive. This review gives an overview of the impact of using saline water as an alternative source of fresh water to avoid water scarcity effect on the performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of farm animals. The ability of animals to tolerate saline water depends on the animal species, salinity level and the type of salt minerals in water. Some studies indicated that the animals' performance improved in low levels of salinity, but the performance decreased when the salinity levels was increased. In conclusion, this study implies that the saline water containing high concentrations of minerals mainly sodium chloride can largely affect the livestock productive aspects.

Ground water demand in India has significantly increased as a result of the country's fast population development, industrialization, and urbanization. Using a water quality index, or WQI helpful numerical instrument for deriving complex information from any water body and for reporting and analyzing it. WQI is essentially a mathematical method for calculating a single value from a set of test results. Any WQI model can explain the degree of water contamination with a single number, depending on several of water quality indicators at a particular place and time. In this work, an effort has been made to understand whether ground water is fit for human consumption. The study area included various residential and industrial areas that do get their water from groundwater resources. This study evaluates When compared to WHO drinking and residential water quality criteria (WQI), the physical, chemical, and biological properties of various groundwater samples taken from various sites are examined. The spatial evaluation of several groundwater quality parameters in this investigation has been done using the GIS approach. The study's goal is to determine the WQI of ground water determine if it is fit for human consumption in the study area using the GIS technique.