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This paper presents a smart sensor system capable of continuously and unsupervisedly monitoring the quality and condition of grains stored in silo bags located in remote locations. The system mainly comprises multiple sensing units, which can measure relevant physical and chemical parameters used to assess the grain moisture, the biological activity inside the silo bag and to detect a potential theft or vandalism. A prototype of the system was fabricated and experimental results obtained during field tests are reported.

Skladištenje je složen proces u kojemu najveću ulogu ima čovjek, te svojim odlukama utječe na stanje proizvoda tijekom čuvanja. Ovim istraživanjem pratilo se stanje merkantilnog kukuruza uskladištenog na OPG – u Ratko Pavkić tijekom ožujka, travnja i svibnja 2019. godine. Pratila se temperatura, vlaga, hektolitarska težina te prisutnost štetnika. Analizom uzoraka ustanovljeno je da roba nije adekvatno skladištena. Nepovoljni uvjeti za skladištenje (povišena temperatura i vlaga) uzrokovali su prisutnost velikog broja štetnika u robi. Nakon tretiranja insekticidom brojnost štetnika se djelomično smanjila, ali nedovoljno za sigurno skladištenje. Na osnovu provedenih analiza preporučuje se saniranje uskladištene robe te provođenje dezinsekcije kako bi se smanjili gubici kvalitete uskladištene robe i zaustavilo daljnje širenje štetnika., Storage is a complex process in which the man has the greatest role and his decisions affecting the condition of the product during storage. Through this study we monitored the condition of mercantile maize stored on family farm Ratko Pavkić during March, April and May 2019. We monitored temperature, grain moisture, hectolitre weight and the presence of stored pests. According to the analysed samples it was found that stock was not adequatly stored. Unfavorable storage conditions (too high temperature and grain moisture) have resulted in a presence of large number of pests in stock. After insecticide treatment, the number of pests was partially reduced, but not insufficient for safe storage. On the basis of the conducted analyzes a sanitation and disinsection is recommended in orderto reduce the loss of quality of stored stock and stop further spreading of the pests.

This work analyses the organic dust concentration during a wheat grinding process which was carried out using two types of grinders: A hammer mill and a roller mill. DustTrak II aerosol monitor was used to measure the concentration of the dust PM10 (particles with the size smaller than 10 &mu, m), PM4.0, and PM1.0. An increase of the grain moisture to 14% resulted in the reduction in PM10 when grinding grain using the hammer mill. An inverse relationship was obtained when grain was ground using the roller mill. A smaller amount of the fraction below 0.1 mm was observed for larger diameter of the holes in the screen and smaller size of the working gap in the roller mill. For both mills, the obtained concentration of the PM10 fraction dust exceeded the acceptable level. To protect farmers health, it is necessary to use dust protection equipment or to modify the grinding technology by changing the grain moisture content and/or the grinding parameters.

Aim of this study is determine to fresh ear yield and quality characters of sweet corn varieties which Vega, Challenger, Sentinel, HYRIX 39, and HYRIX 53 in two location in Turkey. The research was conducted on randomised blocks design with four replication in Bafra and Tekkekoy location. The experiment was caried out evaluate the yield and quality performance of some sweet corn genotypes as well as demonstrate unfamiliar supersweet corn concept in Turkey. In the research were obserwed some yield component and quality characters such as flowering time, plant length, first cob length, grain yield, cob diameter, cob length, number of rows in the cob, amount of grains in row, number of marketable cobs per plant, wet cob harvest time, wet cob yield, grain cob ratio, grain moisture, dry grain yield. It was found that sweet corn genotype are significantly different in terms of yield and quality characteristics. The highest wet cob yield was 24.238 t ha-1 in Hybrix 39 super sweet. Super sweet corn has an important potential in sweet corn cultivation due to high yield of dry grains and its high maintenance rate of sugar raito in the long term after harvesting. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of genotype and the environment, as well as their interactions, had a significant impact on the yield of sweet corn hybrids. The presented results have demonstrated the poerformance of some sweet corn in Turkey. This work is intended to inspire similar studies using other sweet corn varieties and also to encourage the wide-scale production sweet corn in Turkey.

Determining the optimum time for rapeseed harvest is challenging due to non-uniform seed maturity resulting from asynchronous flowering and pod dehiscence from sequential racemes. Identifying physiological maturity (PM) by visual methods is subjective and results can be affected by environmental conditions. PM can be determined using a quantitative model based on seed water concentration (SWC) as previously demonstrated for several other crops, although not yet developed for rapeseed crop. The objective of this work was to study the relationship between the dynamics of seed dry weight and water concentration in seven spring rapeseed cultivars grown at two contrasting densities (15 and 60 pl m−2) in three experiments at one location in Buenos Aires (Argentina). We evaluated the timing of PM on the basis of SWC in seeds located in the main raceme, second and fourth floral branches. The evolution of seed fresh and dry weight was followed bi-weekly from the beginning of flowering to harvest maturity. In Exp. 1, the grain-filling duration ranged from 39 to 57 days (700–1100 °C d) and the growth of seeds from floral branches finished 3–8 days later than those from the main raceme. Seed dry weight at PM ranged from 2.4 to 2.7 and from 3.0 to 3.2 mg for Lynx and Monty cultivars, respectively, without significant effects of floral position or plant density. Bi-linear functions were used to fit the relationship between relative seed dry weight (RSDW) and SWC relationships (R2 from 0.85 to 0.95). Across cultivars and floral positions, PM was attained when seeds exhibited 46.3 ± 0.7% SWC (R2 = 0.90, P < 0.001, n = 441). This model was validated against independent data from Exps. 2 and 3, successfully simulating the dynamics of relative seed dry weight based on fruit WC (r = 0.88; P < 0.001, n = 275). At PM, the water content (WC) of whole pod was about 70% and the pod shattering began after this point, when the WC of the pod dropped drastically. We conclude that under non-stressful conditions, PM in rapeseed occurs at 46% SWC. Swathing can be conducted from SWC < 46%, instead of the currently recommended 35%, advancing the harvest and leaving the land available for sowing the next crop, which would represent an advantage for double cropping in intensified agricultural systems. Fil: Menendez, Yesica Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Botto, Javier Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Gomez, Nora V.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Miralles, Daniel Julio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Rondanini, Deborah Paola. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigación en Producción Agropecuaria Ambiente y Salud. - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigación en Producción Agropecuaria Ambiente y Salud; Argentina

Background Ozone is a highly oxidative gas that has a long history of safe use as a disinfectant and sanitizer from producers of pharmaceuticals and many other organic compounds. In the current work, disinfestation of stored wheat grain infested with a common insect, Rhyzopertha dominica, was attempted through ozone (O3 ) treatment as an alternative to chemical fumigants. Results The optimized treatment conditions for ozone fumigation of stored wheat grain were 12% (w/w) grain moisture, 2.5 g m-3 ozone concentration and 8 h of treatment. The mortality of R. dominica adults, pupae, larvae and eggs was 97, 100, 99 and 100%, respectively. Moisture and protein content of the ozone-treated wheat was found to be lower as compared to infested wheat. Microstructural changes in the treated samples were clearly visible on scanning electron microscopy images, whereas minimal changes at the molecular level and of rheological parameters were evident based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak and rheometry data. Conclusion Ozone was found to be an effective reagent for disinfestation, aimed at all life stages of R. dominica in stored wheat grain, that leaves no residue behind. Rotational strategies can be applied to obtain increased mortality while maintaining the usability of the grain for different purposes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

The objective of this work was to assess yield losses due to stalk rot in corn (Zea mays) hybrids, as well as to identify the main pathogenic fungi responsible for the disease during the off-season, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Two field experiments were carried out, one with five hybrids, in 2015, and another with four, in 2016. Ears of healthy and stalk rot-infected plants were collected from each plot, at harvest. Ear size, grain and ear weights, and grain moisture content were measured. From each diseased plant, a stalk piece with two to three nodes was removed for pathogen identification and quantification. The most common pathogens were: Fusarium graminearum, Stenocarpella maydis, and Macrophomina phaseolina. All yield parameters were significantly lower in stalk rot-infected plants, with average losses of 30.6%, in 2015, and of 34.3% in 2016. The highest yield losses are observed in hybrids with the highest grain/ear weight ratio. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as perdas causadas pelas podridões da base do colmo em híbridos de milho (Zea mays), bem como identificar os principais patógenos causadores da doença, durante a safrinha, no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Foram realizados dois ensaios, um com cinco híbridos, em 2015, e outro com quatro, em 2016. Espigas de plantas sadias e doentes foram colhidas em cada parcela, por ocasião da colheita. Foram medidos tamanho de espigas, peso de grãos e espigas, e umidade dos grãos. De cada planta doente, foi retirado um fragmento do colmo com dois a três entrenós, utilizado para identificação e quantificação dos patógenos. Os patógenos mais comuns foram: Fusarium graminearum, Stenocarpella maydis e Macrophomina phaseolina. Todas as variáveis de produtividade foram significativamente menores nas plantas doentes, com perdas médias de 30,6%, em 2015, e de 34,3% em 2016. As maiores perdas são observadas em híbridos com maior relação entre pesos de grãos e espigas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grain moisture, temperature, and storage time on biochemical, digestibility, and technological parameters of carioca beans. The grains were stored at 16.7% and 13.8% of moisture at 12, 20, 28, and 36°C for 240 days. It was observed that a reduction in the storage temperature maintained the germination and vigor of the grains. The temperature of 36°C causes between 3.81% and 4.52% reduction in weight of a thousand grains and significant darkening. Carioca beans stored at 36°C exhibited hard-to-cook (HTC) defect at 80 days and increases in hardness after 240 days. The best digestibility indexes of carioca beans were obtained with refrigerated storage. The refrigerated storage (12°C) provides the best preservability of the grains throughout the storage, verified by the parameters biochemical, digestibility, and technological parameters. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Carioca beans are among the most consumed beans in Brazil and their quality for consumption is directly influenced by storage conditions that alter color, nutritional value, bioactive, and cooking properties. Thus, this study seeks to present a practical and viable solution for stockist of bean grains, so that they can store these grains for long periods, maintaining the quality standards for commercialization. In addition, this technology allows the stockist to identify the best time for commercialization of the carioca beans, which has high added value.

To maintain grain quality and prevent loss, effective storage systems are required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of storage duration (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 days) and temperature (4, 10, and 25 °C) on proximate and nutritional components, and color properties of Mint Vanilla and Titicaca quinoa varieties. The results showed that the increase in storage duration and temperature leads to changes in the grain moisture, protein and ash contents, nutritional component and color properties. There was an increase in ash content at 25 °C, moisture content at 10 and 25 °C, and protein content at 4 °C in the stored grains compared with the grains on the initial of storage for Mint vailla variety. Whereas, there was an decrease in ash and protein content for all the temperature at the end of 360 days storage for Titicaca variety. Overall, there was a decrease (except Fe, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd and Pb) in the nutritional component of both quinoa varieties. L∗, H° and WI values decreased, and a∗, b∗ and C∗ values increased as a function of storage duration and temperature and showed some temperature-dependent degradation for both quinoa varieties.

The quality of maize offered for sale in West African public markets was evaluated by analysing 281 samples collected in 24 markets in Benin, Togo, Ghana and Burkina Faso from February to March 2014. Grain moisture content ranged from 8.5 to 14.4 percent (wt/wt), while extraneous matter content ranged between 0.0 and 2.0% and the proportion of mouldy grains between 0.0 and 0.6%. Insect pest infestations were noted in about one-fourth of the samples with Sitophilus sp., Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens, Tribolium sp. and Prostephanus truncatus Horn found at densities varying between 0 and 2.4 individuals per 500 g of grain. Aflatoxin levels exceeding the accepted USA standard of 20 ppb were recorded in only 4.6% of the samples across the four countries. In most locations, grain moisture was within the acceptable range for aflatoxin- and insect-safe storage of maize using hermetic technology such as PICS bags.

Field trials were conducted in small-scale farmers' grain stores in an aflatoxin endemic region to assess the effect of storing maize in triple layer hermetic (PICS™) bags on aflatoxin contamination. Shelled maize grain was purchased from farmers, and filled into PICS bags, woven polypropylene (PP) and jute bags and kept in the farmers' own stores for 35 weeks. Grain moisture content, total mould count and mould incidence levels were examined at onset and after every 7 weeks during the 35 weeks of storage. Aflatoxin contamination was examined at onset, and after 14, 28 and 35 weeks. Ambient temperature and r.h. in the trial site and in all the bags, as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the PICS bags were also monitored. Initial moisture content (m.c.) of maize varied from farmer to farmer and ranged between 12.4 and 15.0%. The m.c. of maize stored in PICS bags remained significantly higher (P 14% increased profusely in the three types of bags. Our findings demonstrate that storing maize in PICS bags can prevent accumulation of aflatoxin in rural farmers' stores if grain moisture is

There is no information on the effect of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) on durum wheat technological properties and products made from fumigated durum wheat. Durum wheat and semolina were exposed to a range of SF applications under conditions that might be typically encountered in bulk storage facilities used in many countries. SF greatly reduced the germination percentage of fumigated durum wheat, with increasing impact under higher SF concentration, grain moisture content, and fumigation temperature. SF greatly reduced seed germination percentage, impacting more the higher the SF concentration. SF had little to no effect on grain test weight, 1,000-grain weight, hardness, protein content, semolina ash content, and mixograph properties. At the highest SF concentration (31.25 mg/L for 48 h) there was a tendency for pasta cooking loss to be increased but still acceptable, and other pasta properties were largely unaffected. Fumigation with SF did not have any impact on the baking properties of a wholemeal durum flo...

On-farm trial with a total of 32 farmers in eight villages of Naivasha and Nakuru areas of Kenya was conducted between December 2013 and September 2014 to evaluate hermetic grain storage technologies under farmers' management conditions. The storage technologies evaluated were metal silo and SuperGrain IV-R bag alongside the standard woven polypropylene bag with or without Actellic super dust. Moisture content, insect population, grain discoloration, and weight loss were analyzed 90, 180, and 270 d after storage. Grain moisture content remained stable over the storage period. Both metal silo and SuperGrain IV-R bag suppressed insect population, prevented grain loss and cross-infestation of insects from the surrounding environment. On the contrary, polypropylene bags allowed rapid build up of insect population and re-infestation from the surrounding environment. Grain weight losses were 1.5% in the metal silo and 1.8% in the SuperGrain IV-R bags compared to 32% in the polypropylene bags without Actellic Super dust, 270 d after storage. The present study, therefore, demonstrates that storing grains either in metal silo or SuperGrain IV-R bags would benefit farmers in reducing grain losses and improving quality. The study was of great interest to the farmers, grain storage scientists, and food security experts.

Falling number (FN) of wheat grain, a measure of preharvest sprouting, tends to increase during storage; however, grain and storage conditions that impact FN changes are poorly understood. Wheat grain samples of varying FN from several cultivars were obtained by artificial sprouting, by incubating wheat stalks, or directly from the field and were used to determine the effects of cultivar, storage temperature, grain moisture content, and initial FN on changes in FN and α-amylase activity. Increases in FN of artificially sprouted grain during storage were affected by temperature but not evidently by grain moisture in the range of 10.0–13.0%. The FN of artificially sprouted grain increased when stored at 5, 23, and 35°C for 20 weeks by averages of 9.4, 24.1, and 34.4, respectively. The influences of storage temperature and initial FN of grain obtained from incubated stalks were different between cultivars when stored for 8 weeks. Wheat grain obtained directly from the field also exhibited significant increas...

Эксперименты для выяснения совместного влияния стимулирующих факторов на семена основной зерновой культуры России и Казахстана — пшеницы — очень актуальны как для ученых-теоретиков, так и для производственников-товаропроизводителей. Проведен опыт, раскрывающий закономерности развития корней и ростков яровой мягкой пшеницы шести сортов под действием СВЧ-обработки и первоначальной влажности зерна. Объектом исследований служили шесть сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы разных групп спелости, выращиваемых в Казахстане. Семена пшеницы перед проращиванием обрабатывали на установке Panasonic NN-SM330WZPE мощностью 1,2 кВт и частотой 2,45 ГГц. Опытные варианты подвергали воздействию ЭМП СВЧ в течение 5, 10 и 15 с; контрольный вариант не обрабатывали. Перед обработкой ЭМП СВЧ семена предварительно увлажняли до 18, 22, 26 и 30 %. Показано, что высокая влажность обрабатываемого электромагнитным полем зерна — 30 % — негативно сказывается не только на развитии корней и ростков ювенильных растений пшеницы, но и на жизнеспособности семян в целом, как и высокая экспозиция СВЧ-обработки — 15 с, которая оказывает более значительное влияние на рост органов ювенильных растений пшеницы, нежели первоначальная влажность обрабатываемого зерна. Отмечена значительная сортовая специфика ответных реакций яровой мягкой пшеницы на одновременное воздействие двух факторов — сверхвысокочастотной обработки и влажности семян. В целом по всем сортам более благоприятными режимами для развития корней признаны следующие: влажность зерна 18 % и экспозиция СВЧ-обработки 5 с; для развития ростков — соответственно 18 и 26 %, а также 5 с.

When the electrical properties of materials are well correlated with other properties or characteristics of those materials that are important, it is often possible to use properly designed instruments for rapidly measuring those nonelectrical properties of interest. This may be accomplished by the use of electric fields in sensing the electrical properties of the material and then obtaining estimates of the nonelectrical properties through appropriate correlations. In the agricultural and food industries, these kinds of measurements have been used for many years for rapid determination of moisture content in grain and seed. Research has been conducted seeking useful correlations between quality attributes of other food materials and their electrical properties, but they have generally been less successful than the determination of moisture content. In this article, an overview of the historical development of such measurement methods and techniques is presented with respect to grain and seed and other agricultural products and food materials. The article covers use of electrical resistance or conductance of grain samples, radio-frequency capacitance measurements, and microwave measurements of dielectric properties for sensing the moisture content of grain and seed. It deals with the principles involved rather than descriptions of specific instruments that have been developed for rapid measurement of grain and seed moisture content.

Despite numerous advantages of diatomaceous earth (DE), its use for direct mixing with grains to control stored-product insects remains limited because of some very serious obstacles and disadvantages. The main obstacles preventing a wider use of DEs for mixing with grain, such as health concerns, the reduction in bulk density, differences in insect species tolerance to the same DE formulation, the effects of grain moisture and temperature on the effectiveness against insects, the influence of various commodities on DE efficacy, the use of DEs in some other fields, and possible solutions for overcoming DE limitations during direct mixing with grains are described in this manuscript. The same attempts have been made to discover new ways of increasing significantly the effectiveness against insects when much lower concentrations are used for direct mixing with grains. If these newer enhanced formulations can respond to the existing limitations of diatomaceous earth, a wider utilization of diatomaceous earth may be expected to control stored-product insect pests.

The purpose of this study was to determine how storage time (0–90 days) and temperature (10, 12 and 14C) affect the functional properties of wheat and corn grains. Functional properties such as grain moisture content, grain geometry, dry matter, crude protein and fiber, thousand grain weight, bulk density, angles of internal friction and repose, and static coefficient of friction were determined for stored wheat and corn after different storage times and temperatures. The wheat and corn were stored under typical storage conditions and were observed for changes in their functional properties during the 90 days of storage. The results showed that the examined functional properties differed significantly between the storage conditions depending on the storage times and temperatures. For the storage conditions, the optimum temperature was 10C because the minimum losses were observed at this temperature. Practical Applications Little is known about the functional properties of the stored wheat and corn relative to their storage conditions. Recently, there has been an increasing interest by food industry and producers to assure consumers on the presevation of their wheat and corn foods. These research results demonstrated that the internal climatic conditions should be kept under constant control to provide the requirements of the stored grains, whichever storage type is used.

This study was carried out to evaluate and assess the phenotypic correlation between the primary and secondary weevil resistant traits of 20 drought tolerant (DT) late maturing maize hybrids (LHYB) to weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) damage. Well-conditioned experimental samples with uniform grain moisture content were infested with 32; 10 to 14 day old weevils in the controlled temperature and humidity (CTH) environment for 55 days. Data were collected on kernel volume (KV) and grain hardness (GH) at the start of the experiment, percent weevil mortality (%WM) at the 21st day and percent grain weight loss (%GWL) and F1 weevil progeny emergence (F1WPE) at the 55th day of oviposition. Data were collected on starch, oil and protein content to confer resistance to weevil damage. There were highly significant differences (P

In the current work, we correlate previously reported data for stored-product beetle populations in three silos from Central Greece, with the respective grain moisture content, temperature and bulk density. The insect numbers were obtained by the use of grain trier samples, and grouped in three zones, the central zone, the median zone and the edge zone, corresponding to the areas close to the center of the bulk, the intermediate area and the peripheral area, close to the walls. On each sampling date and location, there were measurements of moisture content, temperature and bulk density. In general, despite variations among silos, the central zone was warmer, drier and had lower bulk density levels than the other zones. Moreover, the previously reported data for beetle populations indicated that more insects were found in the central zone. Moisture content, temperature and bulk density were well correlated, but none of these parameters were correlated well with insect numbers. The results of the present work suggest that there are simultaneous and associated changes with these three parameters during the storage period, but these changes cannot be used accurately as predictors of insect infestation patterns and distribution. Hence, using these factors as insect density predictors is a complex phenomenon with multiple interactions with stored product insect biological and behavioral parameters.

The literary review has established that to reduce the heat loss of a dryer, the heat insulation of the dryer design, heat recovery and suction air flow are used. However, the use of prospective suction airflow is not fully disclosed. In the article, based on the equations of mass transfer, thermal and material balance, the dependences of grain moisture and heat consumption on drying from the regime parameters of the dryer, grain properties, and air flow used during drying are found. Analytical dependencies are illustrated by the corresponding schedules. Analysis of the analytical and graphical dependences of grain moisture and heat consumption on the corn grain sample has established that reducing the heat consumption when drying the grain, possibly reducing the pressure in the dryer, while simultaneously draining the air stream before it is fed to the drying chamber.

An experiment was conducted to compare estimated genetic variance for maize doubled haploid (DH) with conventional twice-selfed (S2)-line hybrids. Starting with a 4-parent population, at least 160 lines were derived using both of these methods and crossed with two inbred testers. For both inbred testers, maize hybrid grain yield and stalk lodging had higher estimated genetic variances for DH than for S2. For one of the testers, estimated grain moisture genetic variance was higher for DH, but not for the other. The DH hybrid yield distributions on both testers were flatter and had more entries in tails compared with S2 distributions. With complete homozygosity of DH lines and the subsequent increased genetic variance among lines, the expected response to yield selection is higher for DH than for S2 line hybrids.

The article considers the implementation of the strategic grain production planning to provide the population with high-quality and safe food in the Russian markets, as well as to improve the standard of living. Various conditions of grain storage have been investigated. The analysis of flat-type granaries has been carried out and their shortcomings have been revealed. At the established higher wheat moisture the problems that contribute to the loss of weight and quality have been identified. Methods of moisture measurement for grain crops have been studied. During the study, the grain moisture index was measured using thermogravimetric, conductometric, dielcometric and microwave moisture measurement. The influence of the wheat «Favorit» and «Donskaya Elegia» moisture mass fraction on self-heating and grain contamination has been studied. These grain varieties were stored in a flat-type granary. A promising direction for the automated control scheming is the use of waveguide grain moisture sensors for technological operations which require a flat floor surface. The sensor design features and the conditions for their placement have been presented. The study have proved the need to create an automated humidity control scheme to ensure basic indicators of wheat quality. The paper proposes a scheme of water-wave sensors installation.

Excessive grain loss is still a persistence problem in mechanised rice harvesting using combine harvester in Malaysian paddy fields. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a model for predicting the effect of some operational parameters on grain loss during mechanised harvesting operation. Three operational parameters that always associated with grain loss were measured through direct field measurements on the daily harvesting operations in the sampled rice granaries. The measured parameters included field speed of combine harvester, grain moisture, and soil moisture contents. Regression and correlation analyses were employed to develop the model estimation. The results of the predictive model exposed the fitted model with a strong relationship between associated variables and established the measured parameters to determine the grain loss. The findings would be beneficial in assisting the rice farmers to predict grain loss during harvesting and minimise excessive grain loss in mechanised harvesting operations in Malaysia.

Resumen En Venezuela, el maíz es el cereal de mayor importancia alimentaria. Cada año se cultivan cientos de miles de hectáreas de maíz blanco y amarillo, que son destinados en un alto porcentaje al procesamiento en la industria de alimentos para consumo humano y animal. En las principales zonas productoras de maíz predomina la cosecha mecanizada, cuyos efectos y parámetros de eficiencia no están bien documentados. Con el propósito de suplir esta carencia, se determinaron los efectos de la cosecha mecanizada sobre parámetros de calidad del grano en híbridos comerciales y experimentales de maíz, en localidades de los estados Portuguesa y Yaracuy, Venezuela, durante el ciclo de lluvias 2016. Se examinaron el contenido de humedad, las impurezas (IMPZ), y los atributos de calidad del grano, granos partidos (GPAR), granos con germen dañado (GGRD) y granos dañados por microorganismos (GDMO). Los contenidos de humedad a la cosecha (16,8% ± 1,7 en cultivares amarillos y 20,9% ± 1,1 en cultivares blancos) y de IMPZ (0,3% ± 0,3 en cultivares amarillos y en cultivares blancos), se ubicaron por debajo del límite tolerado para su uso en la industria (24% de humedad y 5% de impurezas). La cosecha mecanizada tuvo efectos sobre los atributos de calidad del grano evaluados, tanto en híbridos amarillos como en blancos. La cosecha mecánica tuvo su mayor impacto sobre los atributos de los granos partidos (GPAR) y los granos dañados por microorganismos (GDMO), y pudo afectar la inocuidad de la materia prima y la clasificación del lote de granos para el procesamiento industrial. Abstract In Venezuela, maize is the most important cereal for food safety. Each year, thousands of hectares are cultivated with white and yellow maize, which in a high percentage are destined to food processing industry for human and animal consumption. The major maize-producing areas are dominated by mechanical harvesting, whose effects and parameters of efficiency are not well documented. In orther to reduce this lack, a research was conducted in Portuguesa and Yaracuy States, Venezuela, during 2016 rainfall season, to determine the effects of mechanical harvesting on grain quality parameters of commercial and experimental maize hybrids.. Moisture content, foreign materials (IMPZ), and grain quality indicators as broken grains (GPAR), kernel with damaged germ (GGRD), and kernel damage caused by microorganisms (GDMO) were assessed. Grain moisture content at harvest (16,8% + 1,7 for yellow hybrids and 20,9% + 1,1 for white hybrids), and IMPZ (0,3% + 0,3 for yellow hybrids and 0,3% + 0,3 for white hybrids) were under the tolerance limit for industry (24% for moisture content and 5% for impurities). The mechanical harvesting had effects on grain quality parameters evaluated, in both white hybrids and yellow hybrids, showing its great impact in broken grains (GPAR) and kernel damages caused by microorganisms (GDMO), also affecting innocuousness and the grain ranking for industrial processing.

On-farm trials were conducted to investigate the effects of maize harvesting and handling practices of smallholder farmers on the quality of the produce before, and during storage in two contrasting agro-locations. Farmers harvested and prepared the crop according to local practices, and stored it in ordinary woven polypropylene bags for 30 weeks. Grain moisture, insect populations, insect-damage, moldy/diseased/discolored grain, rodent-damage, shriveled grain, broken grains, non-consumable grains, impurities, and overall losses were monitored. Moisture of the pre-stored grain ranged between 11.0 and 23.7% while the overall physical damage was 16.9 ± 6.2%. Late harvesting increased moldy/diseased/discolored grain two-fold while de-husking and drying practices increased the levels in early-harvested grain by factor of 2–3. Insect populations were >10 times higher in the cooler agro-location, and handling practices increased them by factor of 2–10. The interaction of agro-location, harvesting time and drying influenced the amount of grain that was unfit for human consumption. Pre-storage losses of 3.6–11.2% were determined, mainly as grade-outs. With storage, the quality of early-and late-harvested maize did not differ. However, the majority of examined parameters were distinct by agro-location. Moreover, secondary pests and the levels of shriveled and broken grain levels were also distinct by drying method, while moldy/diseased/discolored grain, non-consumable grain, and overall losses were distinct depending on whether the harvested cobs were de-husked or not de-husked before drying. The high levels of grade-outs at the pre-storage stage suggest that sorting should be emphasized for quality improvement at the farm gate not only for the market but also household nutrition. Cultivation of varieties with superior maturing and post-harvest traits would lower the sorting losses. Agro-location and farmer practices influenced grain quality and magnitude of losses during storage. These findings should inform choice of intervention steps right from the pre-storage stage.

Evaluation of the many unadapted maize (Zea mays L.) accessions in the world's gene banks is a monumental task. Testcrossing accessions to a tester or series of testers has been proposed as a procedure for evaluating them for quantitative traits, such as grain yield. The objec­ tive of this study was to compare eight testers and accessio'ns per se for evaluating unadapted maize accessions as sources of favorable genes for enhancing grain yield and other traits. Testers included the populations BS13 and BS26, the single crosses B14xB37 and Oh43xMol7, and the inbreds B37, B14, Oh43, and Mol7. The germplasm populations (PICs) were a di­ verse array of 34 accessions collected from Yugoslavia. The 272 testcrosses from crossing 34 PICs by eight testers and the 34 PICs per se were evaluated in a series of randomized complete block designs with each block containing a set of either testcrosses within each tester, or the PICs per se. Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Iowa over three years (1985-1987). Significant variation occurred among testcrosses or PICs within sets for grain yield, grain moisture, root lodging, stalk lodging, days to anthesis, plant height, and ear height. Testcrosses with B14xB37, B14, Oh43, and Mol7 did not interact with environments for grain yield. Testcrosses with BS13 and BS26 had the highest root lodging, and those with B14xB37 and B14 had the lowest stalk lodging. Testers rank the PICs somewhat similarly for grain yield, but extreme differences in ranking by different testers also occurred. The most extreme differences in ranking

Plant breeders are generally interested in simultaneously improving several traits, or improving one trait without affecting the performance of others. One way of selecting for more than one trait at a time in a breeding program is through index selection. The objective of this study was to evaluate several selection indices in corn for the simultaneous improvement of grain yield, grain moisture, root lodging, and stalk lodging. The indices evaluated were three of the Smith-Hazel type, the corresponding base indices, the Smith 1981-type when genotypic and phenotypic correlations are considered to be zero and two weight free indices (multiplicative and rank summation). All indices were compared by using selection differentials, expressed as a percentage of the selection differentials obtained when single-trait selection was practiced, and predicted genetic gains for each of the traits. For determining similarities among indices, rank correlations and percentage of selected lines in common were calculated for all pairs of indices. The indices were calculated for five cycles of half-sib family selection and six cycles of

Stalk lodging, a structural failure in which crop stalks break prior to harvest, can result in high grain moisture, reduce grain quality, and cause harvesting difficulties. For the popular high-yielding cereal maize ( Zea mays ), lodging may result in global annual yield reductions of ∼5 to 20% ([

В Воронежском филиале ФГБНУ "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт кукурузы" создан новый гибрид кукурузы Воронежский 160 СВ. По результатам Государственного сортоиспытания гибрид с 2016 г. допущен к использованию по шести регионам Российской Федерации (2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10). Воронежский 160 СВ раннеспелый (ФАО 170), двойной межлинейный гибрид универсального назначения использования. Достоинством гибрида является высокая адаптивность для возделывания в регионах с ограниченной теплообеспеченностью, высокий урожай зерна и нормализованного сухого вещества в своей группе спелости, пониженная уборочная влажность зерна. По результатам конкурсного сортоиспытания в 2011-2013 гг. средний урожай зерна - 6,58 т/га (на 0,41 т/га выше стандарта), нормализованного сухого вещества 16,8 т/га (на 1,2 т/га выше стандарта). Средний урожай зерна на сортоучастках Центрального, Волго-Вятского и Средневолжского регионов составил 6,75, 2,66 и 5,71 т/га соответственно, что выше стандарта на 0,36-0,72 т/га (7,5-11,6%). Максимальный урожай зерна получен в 2015 г. на Сасовском ГСУ Рязанской области (9,35 т/га) и Старо-Синдровском ГСУ Республики Мордовия (9,38 т/га). Урожай нормализованного сухого вещества на сортоучастках шести регионов в среднем составил от 6,42 т/га до 13,6 т/га, превысив стандарт на 0,2-1,2 т/га (1,5-15,4%). Гибрид отличается высоким содержанием в зерне крахмала (71-72%) и средним содержанием жира (4,5-4,7%). Семеноводство гибрида ведется на стерильной основе С-типа ЦМС. Для реализации в 2018 г. заготовлено около 150 т кондиционных семян. Раннеспелый гибрид кукурузы Воронежский 160 СВ представляет практическую ценность для аграрного производства Северо-Западного, Центрального, Волго-Вятского, Центрально-Черноземного, Средневолжского и Западно-Сибирского регионов Российской Федерации., In the branch of the FSBSI All-Russian Research Scientific Institute of corn in Voronezh was created a new corn hybrid Voronezhsky 160 SV. According to the results of the State Variety Testing, the hybrid was allowed to be used in six regions of the Russian Federation (2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10) in 2016. Voronezhsky 160 SV early maturing (FAO 170), double cross hybrid of universal use purpose. The advantage of the hybrid is its high adaptability for cultivation in regions with limited heat supply, high grain yield and normalized dry matter in its ripening group, and reduced grain harvesting moisture. Based on the results of the competitive variety testing in 2011-2013 the average grain yield was 6.58 t/ha (0.41 t/ha above the standard), the normalized dry matter was 16.8 t/ha (1.2 t/ha above the standard). The average yield of grain at the variety testing plots of the Central, Volga-Vyatskii and Middle Volga regions was 6.75, 2.66 and 5.71 t/ha respectively, which is higher than the standard by 0.36-0.72 t/ha (7.5-11.6%). The maximum grain yield was harvested in 2015 at the Sasovskoy GSU of the Ryazan region (9.35 t/ha) and Staro-Sindrovsky GSU of the republic of Mordovia (9.38 t/ha). The yield of normalized dry matter at the variety testing plots of six regions averaged from 6.42 t/ha to 13.6 t/ha, exceeding the standard by 0.2-1.2 t/ha (1.5-15.4%). The hybrid is characterized by a high content of starch in the kernel (71-72%) and an average fat content (4.5-4.7%). Seed-production of the hybrid is conducted on a sterile C-type basis CMS. For selling in 2018, about 150 tons of conditioned seeds were harvested. Early maturing corn hybrid Voronezhsky 160 SV is of practical value for agrarian production of the North-Western, Central, Volga-Vyatskii, Central Black Soil, Middle Volga and Western Siberian regions of the Russian Federation., №2 (2018)

— This study explored experimentally the use of vertical and horisontal position of cylindrical drying chamber dryer Fluidzed Deep against temperature distribution, humidity, drying rate, decreasing grain water level, and decreasing grain mass. The method used in this research is design and experiment. This machine uses a burning furnace as a heat source,sengon/ albasia wood as fuel, flat plate type heat exchanger, cyclone to convert wet vapor to dry vapor, filter to dry vapor cleaner, cylindrical drying chamber, blower to blow air, and Jig to support all components. This experiment was carried out three times for the drying chamber in a vertical position, and three times for the drying chamber in a horisontal position. In one drying time, it takes about 270 minutes. In the drying chamber measured temperature and humidity at 12 points of measurement. The results showed that the horisontal cylinder drying chamber produced higher temperature distribution than the vertical cylinder drying chamber, but the temperature distribution was less even, the vertical cylinder dryer produced lower humidity than the horisontal cylinder drying chamber, but resulted in higher deviation than the horisontal cylinder dryer. Drying rate, decrease in grain water content, average grain decrease on average faster than horisontal cylinder. The process of reducing the grain moisture content from about 20% bb to a moisture content of dry milled grains of about 14% bb occurred for 270 minutes or about 4, 5 hours. Keyword: Experimental design; Fluized deep dryer; dryer efficiency

Представлены преимущества и недостатки бункерных сушилок зерна. Отмечается, что данный тип сушилок не в полной мере соответствует региональным климатическим условиям. Применяемый в данных сушилках вертикальный шнек недопустим для загрузки, перемешивания и выгрузки высоковлажного семенного материала по причине сильного травмирования, микроповреждения и повреждения истиранием. Принятые в нашем регионе технологии сушки и очистки, сортировки не позволяют рационально вписать данный тип сушилок в имеющиеся и проектируемые поточные технологические линии. Сушилка не может работать, пока полностью не заполнена зерном. По нашим исследованиям, повышенная запыленность отработанного воздуха отрицательно влияет как на условия работы обслуживающего персонала, так и на окружающую среду. Модернизацию сушилок в хозяйственных условиях проводят следующим образом: дополнительно устанавливают навесы над приемным бункером и самой сушилкой, увеличивают приемный бункер. В статье представлен фрагмент статистических данных о работе зерносушилки в сезоне 2017 года в АО «Гатчинское». Так, производительность сушилки PRT-250 по причине высокой (до 27%) влажности зернового вороха очень низкая (до 47 тонн в сутки). Причинами отказа сельскохозяйственных организаций от использования данных сушилок стали: реальная производительность в 5-8 раз ниже заявленной в рекламных материалах; высокий расход топлива на плановую тонну; повышенная запыленность воздуха; пожароопасность. Рекомендуется приобретать модели данных сушилок для мелких КФХ и обязательно с норией вместо вертикального шнека, теплообменником, широким приемным устройством и системой аспирации; использовать их на стационаре; оборудовать навесом от осадков.The advantages and disadvantages of grain hopper dryers are presented. This type of dryer does not fully comply with regional climatic conditions. Vertical auger for loading, mixing and unloading of grain is not acceptable for the use of high-moisture seed grain due to severe injury, micro-damage and abrasion damage. The technologies of drying and cleaning, sorting accepted in our region do not allow to apply rationally this type of dryers in technological lines of drying and grain sorting. The dryer can not work until completely filled with grain. According to our research increased dustiness of the exhaust air negatively affects the working conditions of the operative personnel and the environment. Modernization of dryers is carried out in the following way: in addition is establish a roof over the reception bunker and the dryer, so is increased the reception bunker. The article presents statistical data on the operation of the dryer in 2017 in the joint-stock company "Gatchinskoye". So, productivity of the dryer PRT-250 because of high (up to 27%) grain humidity is very low (21-47 tons per day). The reasons for the refusal of agricultural organizations to use these dryers became: practical productivity stated is in 5-8 times lower than real, claimed in ad materials; high fuel consumption on planned tone; increased dustiness of air; fire danger. It is recommended to acquire models of these dryers for small farmers ' organizations necessarily with the noria instead of vertical screw, heat exchanger, wide receiver and aspiration system; use them at permanent conditions; to equip the roof from rain.

Storing grain in bulk storage units results in grain packing from overbearing pressure, which increases grain bulk density and storage unit capacity. This study compared pack factors of hard red winter (HRW) wheat in vertical storage bins using different methods: the existing packing model (WPACKING), the USDA Risk Management Agency (RMA) method, and the USDA Farm Service Agency Warehouse Licensing and Examination Division (FSA-W) method. Grain bins containing HRW wheat were measured in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Packing was measured in corrugated steel bins and reinforced concrete bins with diameters ranging from 4.6 to 31.9 m (15.0 to 104.6 ft) and equivalent level grain heights ranging from 4.1 to 41.6 m (13.4 to 136.6 ft). The predicted masses of compacted stored wheat based on WPACKING, RMA, and FSA-W were compared to the reported mass from scale tickets. Pack factors predicted by WPACKING ranged from 0.929 to 1.073 for steel bins and from 0.986 to 1.077 for concrete bins. Pack factors predicted by the RMA method ranged from 0.991 to 1.157 for steel bins and from 0.993 to 1.099 for concrete bins. Pack factors predicted by the FSA-W method ranged from 0.985 to 1.126 for steel bins and from 1.012 to 1.101 for concrete bins. The average absolute and median differences between the WPACKING-predicted mass and reported mass were 1.64% and -1.26%, respectively, for corrugated steel bins and 3.75% and 2.16%, respectively, for concrete bins. In most cases, WPACKING underpredicted the mass in corrugated steel bins and overpredicted the mass in concrete bins. Comparison of the RMA-predicted mass and reported mass showed an average absolute difference of 4.41% with a median difference of 1.91% for HRW wheat in steel bins and an average absolute difference of 3.25% with a median difference of 1.03% for concrete bins. For the FSA-W-predicted mass versus reported mass, the average absolute and median differences were 3.40% and 3.86%, respectively, for steel bins and 4.34% and 3.50%, respectively, for concrete bins. Most of the mass values were overpredicted by both the RMA and FSA-W methods. Some of the large differences observed for concrete bins can be attributed to the unique geometry of these bins and the difficulty in describing these bin shapes mathematically. Overall, compared to the reported mass, WPACKING predicted the mass of grain in the bins with less error than the current RMA and FSA-W methods. Some of the differences may be because the RMA and FSA-W methods do not include the effects of grain moisture content, bin wall type, and grain height on pack factors.

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimal harvesting time for barley and wheat grain for the production of fermented grain feeds, and to investigate their fermentation quality according to harvesting time. As a result, grain moisture content was decreased with late harvest, whereas spike weight ratio and 1000 grain weight were increased with prolonged period after heading. Grain yielding was increased with late harvesting time significantly at p

Effects on the quality properties in real storage conditions and galvanized steel silos for wheat varieties (cv. Bezostaya and Lancer) in the 180 day storage period were investigated. The wheat quality properties including grain moisture, crude protein, hectoliter weight, thousand grain weight, Zeleny sedimentation, wet gluten, dry gluten, and falling number were monitored in the laboratory in three replicates at regular intervals. From these results, crude protein, hectoliter weight, and thousand grain weight of Bezostaya and Lancer wheat varieties decreased with an increase in storage period. Grain moisture, Zeleny sedimentation, wet gluten, and dry gluten increased with storage period until the first two months and subsequently decreased. However, grain moisture for Lancer wheat increased until the third month of storage, after which it decreased. Falling number increased with increase in storage period.

A colheita é uma das principais etapas no ciclo produtivo, principalmente por poder influenciar na diminuição da produtividade do talhão, caso as regulagens da colhedora não estejam adequadas. Assim, esse trabalho visa avaliar as perdas qualitativas e quantitativas de colhedoras com trilha de fluxo radial e axial na cultura da soja, em função da variação da umidade do grão. Foram avaliadas duas colhedoras com dois diferentes sistemas de trilhas: uma axial; e outra radial. As umidades dos grãos colhidos se encontravam em duas situações: dentro da umidade recomendada; e não recomendada. Foram avaliadas as perdas quantitativas na pré-colheita, na plataforma segadora, na separação e limpeza e as perdas qualitativas pelo índice de danos mecânicos e pureza dos grãos. A perda quantitativa de grãos de soja pelo mecanismo de separação e limpeza é influenciada pelo sistema de trilha, sendo menor pelo uso da colhedora com trilha axial, independente do teor de umidade do grão de soja. Esse mesmo sistema de trilha também proporciona maior índice de pureza. A colhedora dotada com sistema de trilha radial proporciona maiores danos mecânicos aos grãos colhidos, sendo maiores quanto menor a umidade do grão de soja.

A prototype of radio frequency (RF) heating system of 27 MHz was developed to control rice weevil contamination in milled rice. The insects at all growth stages were completely eliminated at temperature of 50 and 55 °C in all times of exposure. In addition, the heating treatment decreased significantly grain moisture content. Rice Physical quality: the color of treated rice at 50 °C for 0 and 3 min showed no significantly differences. Therefore, this prototype can eliminate completely the rice weevils while maintaining the rice quality in terms of color, cooking qualities and minimal changes in flour viscosity analysis.

Mathematical modeling has played a significant role in the post-harvest system of cereals, fruits and other food commodities. More specifically, simulations have increasingly been used for the optimal design, planning and operation of grain aeration systems. Many models have been proposed to simulate this process, and others have been adapted to this purpose. Among them, there are two equilibrium models which do not require expensive solution techniques and can be used to evaluate the process time, grain temperature and grain moisture content variations. This study deals with the evaluation of these models by comparing the simulation results with experimental data. Results showed that both models had good correlations with experimental data and presented a very similar performance. The two evaluated models can be easily implemented in computer programs, contributing to improvements in this process control and guaranteeing the management of grain quality during the storage period.

Harvesting of wheat crop is one of the important agricultural operations which demands considerable amount of labour in the case of the use manual harvest. Wheat prevalent harvesting methods in Egypt are manual cutting traditional and by reaper. The present study was carried out to manufacture and evaluate a self propelled vertical conveyor reaper with cutting width of 1.5 m. The reaper was operated by using 12 hp diesel engine and four wheels ground to harvest wheat crop .The reaper consists of two main parts: reaping–conveying part (reaping head) and driving, mobile part (motive power). In order to maintain the wheat stalks complete without wasting. Used by the farmer in order to feed the animals after threshing by threshing machines to overcome the problems resulting from the use of combine harvest. As well as to overcome the high cost of manual harvesting. This Innovative Mechanical machine ensures 100% recovery of straw with negligible grain losses at a surprisingly low cost of operation and will save time. This machine can be used in wheat, rice, barley and other grain crops.With this machine, we hope to provide farmers nationwide with a way to harvest grains on small plots of land in cities and along the periphery of urban areas. The variables of this study were : four forward harvesting speeds of, 2.1, 3.0, 4.2 and 5.1 km/h, four grain moisture content of, 23.5, 21.3, 19.1 and 16.3 %, w.b. and four levels of cut of, 5, 8, 12 and 15 cm. The above mentioned variable were tests to examine their effects on total grain losses,%, harvesting efficiency %, effective field capacity fed/h, energy consumption, kW.h/fed, operating cost, L.E./fed, and criterion cost, L.E./fed. The experimental results reveal that the maximum total grain losses of 2.6, %was recorded at forward speed of 5.1 km/h, levels cut of 5 cm and grain moisture content of 16.3 %. The minimum effective field capacity of 0.61 fed/h at forward speed of 2.1 km/h, levels cut of 5 cm and grain moisture content of 23.5 %. The minimum energy consumed of 5.0 kW.h/fed at forward speed of 5.1 km/h, levels cut of 15 cm and grain moisture content of 16.3 %. The maximum operating cost of 30.49 L.E./fed was recorded at forward speed of 2.1 km/h, levels cut of 5 cm and grain moisture content of 23.5 %.

In the process of grain drying, the pressure of grain formation has a certain rule when the grains flow in the silo. In the project, we research on the method of the saturated pressure would measure grain moisture in the silo. The dynamic and static pressure is set up the simulation equation in the rectangular silo. We explore dynamic and static pressure change regularity and analysis the trend of the dynamic and static pressure with height in the rectangular silo.The results show that with the increase of filling height, dynamic and static pressure has gradually becoming saturated trend. At the same time, we study on the correlation between the saturated pressure and moisture content. When the grain reaches a certain height, the pressure achieves the ultimate value.

Moisture measurement of grain is an important aspect of its quality indicators. In this paper, a resistive grain moisture meter device was developed and the measuring principle and adopted scheme were illustrated. The structures and work principles of the resistance-to-frequency switching circuit and the temperature compensation circuit were introduced in detail. Finally, this paper gives a brief introduction to the mechanical grain sample. The resistive grain moisture meter has the advantages of fast testing speed, high precision and low cost, it’s one of the important tools in measuring grain moisture.

Kako bi se izbjegli gubici u kvaliteti i kvantiteti robe tijekom skladištenja, te osiguralo pravilno skladištenje potrebna su ispravno izrađena i pripremljena skladišta, održavanje optimalnih uvjeta skladištenja robe i stalna kontrola uskladištene mase. Cilj ovoga rada je analiza stanja uskladištene robe i prisutnosti štetne entomofaune na uzorcima pšenice i kukuruza prikupljenih iz silosa Vupik d.d. Vukovar, u razdoblju od ožujka do lipnja 2017. godine. Analiza uzoraka obavljena je u Laboratoriju za posliježetvene tehnologije pri Zavodu za zaštitu bilja na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Osijeku. Uzorkovanje je obavljeno u 3 navrata, svaki uzorak je težio 1 kg te je podijeljen na 4 uzorka od kojih je svaki težio 250 grama. Ukupno je analizirano 24 uzorka. Kod svakog uzorka mjerena je temperatura, vlaga i hektolitarska masa. Na temelju prikupljenih podataka može se uočiti početni period samozagrijavanja zrnate robe kod pšenice, dok su vrijednosti vlage i hektolitarske mase unutar optimalnih vrijednosti. Također, u lipnju je procijenjen vrlo jak napad rižinog žiška u uzorcima pšenice. Kod kukuruza zabilježena je prisutnost rižinog žiška u lipnju, kada je procijenjen srednji napad. Prema zatečenom stanju uskladištene robe, može se zaključiti da provedena mjera fumigacije nije u potpunosti adekvatno odrađena, odnosno nisu suzbijeni niži razvojni stadiji (jajašca, ličinke i kukuljice) rižinog žiška., In order to avoid losses in quality and quantity of stock during storing it is necessary to ensure properly prepared warehouses, maintenance of optimal storage conditions and constant control of stored mass. The aim of this study is to analyze the status of stored goods and the presence of harmful entomofaune on wheat and maize samples collected from silo Vupik d.d. Vukovar, in the period from March to June 2017. Sample analysis were performed at the Laboratory for Post-harvest Technology within the Department for Plant Protection at the Agricultural Faculty in Osijek, Sampling was performed in 3 terms, each sample weighed 1 kg and was divided into 4 samples each weighing 250 grams. A total of 24 samples were analyzed. The grain temperature, moisture and the hectolitre weight were measured for each sample. Based on the collected data, the initial period of self-heating of wheat grain is noticeable, while the values of moisture and hectolitre weight were within optimal values. A very strong attack of rice weevil in wheat samples was estimated in June. In maize, the presence of rice weevil was recorded in June, when an average attack was estimated. According to the state of stored goods, it can be concluded that the performed fumigation measure was not properly implemented, while immature stages (eggs, laevae and pupae) of rice weevil were left unsuppressed

Cilj ovoga rada je bio praćenje stanja u uskladištenog merkantilanog kukuruza, uz procjenu vlage i temparature zrna, hektolitarske mase te prisutnosti štetne entomofaune u uzorcima prikupljenim u silosima Cezareja d.o.o. i s tavanskog skladišnog prostora OPG-u Josip Cvitanović tijekom oţujka i travnja 2017. godine. Kukuruz s tavana je tijekom dva mjeseca praćenja imao povišenu vlagu zrna iznad kritiĉne vlage za kukuruz, dok je temperatura zrna bila u optimalnim vrijednostima. Tijekom travnja uoĉena je jaka zaraza primarnim i sekundarnim štetnicima te je uoĉen veliki broj mikofagnih vrsta koji su indikatori loših skladišnih uvjeta. Najviţa prosjeĉna hektolitarska masa je iznosila 67,0 kg/hl. Bolji skladišni uvjeti vladali su silosu, pri ĉemu je u uzorcima kukuruza zabiljeţena optimalna vlaga i temperatura zrna. Osim toga kukuruz u silosu nije bio zaraţen štetnicima, što se sve ogledalo boljom kvalitetom uskladištenog kukuruza s prosjeĉnom hektolitarskom masom od 68,3 kg/hl do 71,3, odnosno 72,5 kg/hl., The purpose of this study was monitoring condition of stored mercantile maize, with the measurement grain moisture and temperature, test weight also presence of harmful entomofauna within the samples collected from silo Cezareja d.o.o. and from the attic store at family farm Josip Cvitanović during March and April 2017. Maize from the attic had higher grain moisture during both months of monitoring, highe above of critical grain moisture for maize, while the grain temperature was in optimal value. During April, the high infection with primary and secondary pests, also great number of micofagous species which are indicators of bad stored conditions. The highest test weight was 67.0 kg/hl. Better stored conditions were at the silo, whereby in maize samples had optimal values of grain moisture and temperature. Besides that, maize at silo was not infected with pests, which all at the end resulted with better grain quality, with the average test weight from 68.0 kg/hl to 71.2 kg/hl and 72.5 kg/hl, respectively.