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This article sheds light on the forms of land appropriation in the agricultural frontier regions of Brazil in line with the concepts of land and green grabbing. With less stringent environmental laws, the Cerrado presents itself as a 'sacrifice zone', where grabbers and large agricultural producers have sought to register lands of the Amazon biome as 'Cerrado' or an undefined biome zone land. It seeks to understand what happens in territories when power technologies, that is, disciplinary mechanisms such as the Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR), are activated and how the state has regulated land appropriation and green grabbing as a new meaning of appropriation of nature. This has created obstacles for the struggle and resistance of socio-territorial movements for land distribution, as confirmed by the growing lethality of conflicts in Brazilian frontier zones that are coveted by the grabbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European settler colonies are often thought to have been characterised by a continued expansion of the landed frontier, which impacted the distribution of wealth across their settler populations. Hampered by a lack of data, few studies have been able to study this in depth. How does settlement timing affect wealth and wealth accumulation when frontier expansion is not a smooth, continuous process? Was it the case that pioneers reaped greater economic benefits from locating their farms on superior land, or would they be disadvantaged compared with later arrivals owing to limited infrastructure or greater risk of conflict with indigenous populations? In this paper, we use a unique dataset that allows us to analyse the link between time of arrival and wealth accumulation in a colonial agrarian frontier society: the Graaff‐Reinet district in South Africa's Cape Colony between 1786 and 1850. We find that those who arrived early located their farms in the more climatologically suitable areas of the district and utilised their superior lands to accumulate wealth more quickly than latecomers. However, owing to institutional changes that favoured later British arrivals, we also show that the existence of an early‐arrival premium did not mean persistence in land ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural parts of Kenya are undergoing or are expected to undergo massive social-ecological change as a result of the government's ambitious development agenda driven by infrastructure and extraction. The pastoralist rangelands near the dormant Mount Suswa volcano in Narok, Kajiado and Nakuru counties have witnessed the creation of a modern railway and a geothermal project, and plans for further geothermal developments are expected together with a large inland port and industrial park. Other scholars identify structural, discursive, organisational and directly violent frontier characteristics which occur at the interface of two social orders and are well recognised in parts of northern Kenya. This article considers how these phenomena play out in a frontier inhabited by marginalised pastoralists but 'on the doorstep' of Nairobi and other urban centres. It concludes that most frontier phenomena are also present in marginalised areas closer to the centre and as such, the frontier is not necessarily geographically determined. However, formations of violence and dynamics of policing are different to the north and proximity to the economic and political centre makes a difference, allowing the state to remain more in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional DEA methods, all inputs and outputs are assumed to be continuous. However, the implied presumption of continuous data may not maintain an acceptable level of precision in practical data. Many practical situations such as number of teachers in a school, number of students in a college, or research papers only take integer values. Presented work presumes subsets of input and output variables in traditional five-pronged axioms in DEA model to be integer values for the first time in the field. An additional effort in this work expands axioms and a new model is presented. This paper presents a novel two phase model that in the first phase produces more precise efficiency values and the best benchmark in its second phase, i.e. the nearest integer point to the efficiency boundary is selected based on constant returns to scale. A case study is presented that demonstrates a comparison of efficiency values obtained with this model compared to prior models that is show in table 1. And in Table 2, the values of the slack are compared with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation to remote islands has been a way that authorities have dealt with criminals since well before the birth of the modern state. What happens to those exiles once on the islands has varied greatly in different times and places. This paper explores the Galápagos plantation run from 1878 to 1904 by Manuel J. Cobos. His operation demonstrates that the patriarchal concept of the hacienda continued to play a key role in the disciplining of perceived criminality in Latin America in the late 19th century, outside of the roles of the military, the police, and penal institutions. The Galápagos example shows the overlaps and tensions between capitalist plantations and state penal colonies in their treatment of transported convicts in the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article chronicles the British Indian state's attempt, and eventual failure, to break the Chinese monopoly on trading tea in Tibet at the very time Britain replaced Qing China as the largest exporter of tea on the global stage. I explore this short history by analysing the trade marts established in Tibet and the eastern Himalayas between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, not simply as centres of imperial trade between two powerful empires, but as occupied territories meant to form key nodes on land networks throughout the Tibetan plateau and highlands. Following its failure to push Indian tea into Tibetan markets, the British government in India experimented with the sale of opium in British-controlled marts in Tibet, thus marking important continuities in commodity trade competition with China across market spheres. The competition between Chinese and Indian tea has been richly documented as a narrative of ascendancy and industrial modernisation that rapidly reshaped global imperial hierarchies as well as local socio-cultural relationships (including those of labour accumulation). By contrast, the British failure in Tibet highlights how militarised frontier-making alone advanced market capitalism throughout the trans-Himalayan theatre. This article demonstrates how the exigencies of war propaganda and imperial frontier-making shaped not only the spatial and cultural frames of tea consumption in Tibet, but the territorial entities of the Himalayan "borderlands", and indeed, "Tibet" itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario de Estudios Americanos is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Indias is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Khushal Khan Khattak was the chief of the Khattak tribe, a warlord and poet of no means order. He rose to prominence during the time of Emperor Shah Jahan (1627-1658). Right from his great grandfather Akor Khan, his family served the Mughals in the north-west frontier areas. In 1585 the alliance between Akor Khan and Emperor Akbar had initiated a ‘honeymoon period’ which not only changed the dynamics of the tribal politics but also greatly influenced the nature of Mughals-Pakhtuns relationship. This political alliance was terminated during the reign of Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1664 after the imprisonment of Khushal Khan Khattak. This article explores the ancestral history of Khattak tribe, family's relationship with the Mughals and emergence of Khushal Khan Khattak as a pro-Mughal chief of his tribe. Moreover analysis of the alliance between Khattak and the Mughals would be made to better understand its political and social implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of World History is the property of Institute of World History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines news coverage of a federal project that resulted in the building of Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River and sparked an environmental controversy. The project pitted boosters against conservationists, and this research illustrates how western newspapers promoted growth through dams and irrigation. Acknowledging the region in which several newspapers operated, this study uses New Western History to better understand journalism history by highlighting the harsh landscape and the persistence of pioneer values in the 1950s. This research also introduces a new element of environmental journalism history by adding to understanding of such reporting in the 1950s and by approaching the dam controversy from the perspective of journalism rather than environmentalism. Whether newspapers focused on growth and prosperity or preserving natural beauty, their coverage reflected the complexity of the region and its ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an introductory survey of popular scientific publications by Hendrik Willem van Loon (1882-1944), historian, journalist, broadcaster, a leading author of the "outline craze" of the 1920s and 1930s. His books, arcicles and broadcasts were meant as part of a wider campaign to cultivate and civilize wide masses of American society in times of global anxiety, rapid technological and social changes, and countless scientific discoveries which questioned the established image of the world. Created in the historical context of shifting frontiers, upward mobility and rethinking of America's international role, Van Loon's publications give an insight in the most fervently discussed issues of the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Electromyography (EMG) is widely used in the measurement of human limb movement or muscle activity, and it has been widely recognized by experts and scholars in the fields of medicine, sports science, and ergonomics. However, review papers on the application of EMG in human limb movements are slightly insufficient. OBJECTIVE: To understand and comb the relevant EMG data in human limb movements from the Web of Science core database, attempting to further optimize the schematic design using EMG in human rehabilitation and ergonomics. METHODS: Literature search with subject terms was performed in Web of Science Core Collection database based on Boolean logic operation. Search strategy was as follows: TS=“electromyography” OR “sEMG” OR “surface EMG” AND “human movement” OR “movement”. Included documents de-duplicated using the Citespace V were analyzed in terms of disciplines and countries. Hot topics and international frontier trends of relevant research were analyzed using the knowledge graph in terms of keywords, high citations, and co-citations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Literature regarding the application of surface EMG in human limb movements is mainly published in the fields of neurology, engineering and sports science. Top three countries with the most publications are the United States, China, and Canada in order. (2) EMG application in human limb movement mainly focus on myoelectric control, chronic low back pain, corticospinal excitability, Parkinson’s disease, attentional focus, stroke survivor, anterior cruciate ligament injury, and muscle synergies. (3) International frontier research is divided into early frontier and modern frontier. Transition between the early and modern frontiers is from the fields of EMG control, EMG influencing factors and EMG algorithms to human-computer interaction and ergonomics (prosthetic rehabilitation). (4) EMG provides EMG parameter diagnosis in the fields of ergonomics, exercise biomechanics (muscle activation degree and time), evaluation of action mode, fatigue standard, and evaluation of rehabilitation training effects. There are significant differences in the recovery time, size and symmetry of trunk EMG in patients with stroke. EMG remains to be further studied in revealing the mechanism of unilateral limb resistance training in patients with stroke in response to activation of untrained limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between a specific political economy and its developmental impacts by analyzing how the Zona Bananera in the north of the Department of Magdalena, Colombia, was configured by the emergence of an agro-exportation model between 1850 and 1930. The review of gubernatorial reports and statistical data highlights how the development deriving from this model concentrated benefits to a small landowning class, which magnified the unequal distribution of land in the area. Therefore, this article documents the negative social consequences deriving from this type of development, particularly in frontier societies like the one in Magdalena at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Resumen: El artículo explora la relación entre una economía política particular y sus efectos en términos de desarrollo a través del análisis de la configuración de la Zona Bananera en el departamento del Magdalena, Colombia, a partir del surgimiento de una economía política que definió para este un modelo agroexportador en el periodo de 1850 a 1930. La revisión de informes de gobernadores del Magdalena, en conjunto con datos estadísticos resalta cómo el desarrollo derivado de este modelo concentró beneficios en una pequeña clase terrateniente, magnificando la distribución desigual de la tierra. Por lo tanto, este artículo documenta las consecuencias sociales negativas de este tipo de desarrollo, particularmente en sociedades de frontera, como la del Magdalena a finales del XIX principios del XX. Résumé : Cet article explore les effets d'une économie politique particulière en termes de développement, dans le nord du département du Magdalena, en Colombie, configuré à partir de l'émergence d'un modèle agricole exportateur de 1850 à 1930. L'analyse des rapports rédigés par les gouverneurs du département, ainsi que des données statistiques, montrent comment le modèle concentra des bénéfices en faveur de quelques familles de propriétaires fonciers, et accentua l'inégale répartition des terres. Ainsi, l'article met en évidence les conséquences sociales négatives de ce modèle de développement dans les sociétés de frontière, à la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes that although Denis Villeneuve's Blade Runner 2049 is, like the 1982 Ridley Scott film to which it is a sequel, most obviously located within the genres of science fiction and neo-noir, it in fact engages extensively with the history of the Western genre. Villeneuve's film, I argue, is a crypto-Western, recuperating Western conventions within the aesthetic superstructure of other genres. Blade Runner 2049 thus exemplifies how even our most future-facing popular culture can exhibit ghostly traces of nostalgia for popular frontier mythologies. The film engages with the debt that the figure of the fictive detective owes to the dime novel cowboys of earlier literature, locating its central thematic discourses about the nature of (post)humanity in a long American tradition of narrative art that glorifies the 'rugged individualist'. Meanwhile, in the film's world, human over-exploitation of the environment has, ironically, made the wilderness conditions of the mythologised Western past possible once more. This does not, however, render Blade Runner 2049 a film incapable of imagining the future. Rather, I suggest, the film's future is plausible precisely because it reckons with the adhesiveness of the past, and little in the American past looms larger than the real-and-imagined old West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following study deals with the evolution of the centre-periphery dynamics in Chicano/a cultural and literary space of the Mexican American borderland region. With a brief overview of the socio-historical and geopolitical context in the background the article offers insight into the gradual formation of the cultural/literary capital of the Mexican American and later Chicano/a community, and inquiries into its possible emergence out of the formerly peripheral position in relation to the literary centres of Spain, Mexico or United States.

This paper focuses on a diachronic analysis of the borders of the centre of the South American continent. It shows how their constitution and evolution depend on a double logic of places and flows, less antinomic than it seems at first sight. Established in the “diagonal of emptiness” in South America, between the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, they were first constituted as political and symbolic places: the edge of civilization, the dividing line of the world, and then, following independence, the limits of national territories. However, on the ground they are almost invisible, they are only places in the sense that they are positions on a map. But the history does not end there. From the 1960s onwards, these “empty borders” became the horizons of the conquest processes, especially in the context of the internal colonization projects. The pioneer front must join the imaginary line, so that the frontier can be fully realized, form a barrier and close the territory. In this process of settlement, the frontier gains in consistency and finally becomes part of the local space. But the time of border projects is not completely over. With the promotion of a new regionalism in South America, borders are being reshaped according to power flows emanating from the political centre.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to clarify the semantic core of the sociocultural frontier Tertius Romae. The theoretical construct Tertius Romae by Mark Cicero has undergone semantic transformations throughout history. It acquires various meanings of political and geographical ambitions, including the ideas of "Moscow is the Third Rome" and "Third Reich", the connotations of Christian sacral and eschatological expectations, the form of the core of the idea of national sovereignty, world domination, the global economy and, finally, the global virtual world. The purpose of the study is to determine the historical stages of the evolution of the socio-cultural frontier Tertius Romae. Apart from the time time when the construct Tertius Romae appeared in the work of Cicero, we also distinguish three global stages of its evolution: sacred (5th – 16th centuries), secular (16th – 20th centuries) and virtual (starting from the 21st century). If during a long sacred stage, the control centers form the semantic core of the Tertius Romae frontier, then at the subsequent stages they actively exploit it. The concept of a socio-cultural frontier in the new digital reality acquires the meaning of the moving boundaries of a technologically backward periphery, dependent on a more developed metropolis, providing communication services, regulating information content and ensuring information security. The theoretical construct, once tied to a territory and a certain form of government, is now acquiring the meaning of virtual power, and socio-cultural frontier is more due to the quality of communication and the power of the final equipment.

Based on a wide range of sources including unpublished archival materials, the article examines the socio-political situation that developed in the provinces of the Southwestern Region of the Russian Empire in the first few years after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830 – 1831. The authors analyze the features of the social movement in this region and characterize the actions of the imperial authorities in relation to it. The predominance of the Polish national trend in the social movement is noted, its origins and preconditions are traced. Special attention is paid to the forms of manifestation of opposition sentiments by the inhabitants of the region, which in the period under study were mainly in the character of open manifestations of discontent and demonstrative disrespect for the state power. This was a distinctive feature of the social movement in the region, in comparison with the rest of the territory of the Russian Empire. The authors emphasize the complexity of the situation for the central authorities, who, within the framework of the south-western frontier, were forced to respond to extraordinary and rather large-scale anti-government “challenges” from privileged social strata (gentry and Catholic clergy) and, countering the “rebellious spirit”, to carry out a complex policy of maneuvering between different groups of the population in the region. The conclusion is made about the inconsistency of the policy of the imperial authorities in the provinces of the Southwestern Region, due to a very complex combination of socio-political, religious and ethnic factors that emerged after the suppression of the Polish uprising.

This paper examines the Georgian migrant press, which emerged as a result of the flight of Georgian intellectuals from the Soviet Communist regime. It reviews publications such as Chveni Drosha (Our Flag), Tavisuphali Sakartvelo (Free Georgia), Bedi Kartlisa (Destiny of Kartli) and others, which became cultural-intellectual and national islands beyond ideological frontiers. After the occupation of Georgia, the efforts of emigrants focused on generating an information war against the Soviet occupation. The emigrants living in Paris were especially active in this regard. The newspapers and magazines were mainly issued in Georgian, but also in English, French, and German. Special attention is paid to the historical, literary and scientific journal Bedi Kartlisa (Revue de Kartvélologie), founded in Paris, in 1948, by Nino Salia. The journal brought together Kartvelologists living abroad, and played an important role in promoting Georgian history, literature, science, and culture. In this magazine, Georgian and foreign journalists, prominent writers and scientists worked together. The study aims to examine the pathos and the main topics of the emigrant press, based on the analysis of a large number of magazines and personal archives of Georgian emigrants. Their role in keeping the Georgian national soul alive abroad, disclosing the regime, introducing the Georgian intellectual and spiritual culture to the Europeans and transferring European ideas to Georgia are among the most relevant findings. The role of these magazines is invaluable not only in the history of Georgian journalism, but also in the history of the Georgian national struggle.

Siberian Bukharans were one of the most agile group of the native population of Western Siberia and the Urals in the 17th and 18th centuries. This paper analyzes information about the border activities of Bukharans, characterizes their participation in the implementation of Russian foreign policy. The author considers the phenomenon of intelligence and the intermediary and diplomatic role of the Bukharans through the study of various aspects of Russian policy on the southeastern borderlands. The result shows that Bukharans were involved in intelligence activities in several forms. The Russian authorities could interview Bukharans who came to trade; they could include Bukharans in Russian embassies; or they could send them into the steppe as independent agents. The geography of their missions in the 17th and 18th centuries included the Kuchum lands, the Kazakh khanates, the Oirat and Dzungar lands, as well as the Qing Empire. Bukharans participated in the negotiations as interpreters and they were sometimes allowed to participate in diplomatic ceremonies such as gift exchange. The intelligence activities of some Bukharans could go hand in hand with their trade operations. Recruiting Bukharans for intelligence gathering tsks allowed the Siberian and Orenburg authorities to conduct a more effective policy in the steppe borderlands, based on the knowledge of local realities. The Russian authorities used information provided by the Bukharans for purposes such as drawing up maps, informing the voivodes of the borderlands about military dangers, the movement of troops, and diplomatic negotiations.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Alien / Another / Different images in the cultural space of the Tatar ASSR in the 1930s - 1970s. Based on the archival documents, oral history materials and the example of the multinational region, the author considered intercultural communication and the problems of perception of another / different culture. Much attention is paid to the study of the socio-cultural space of Tatarstan villages. The analyzed material made it possible to find out how the inhabitants of the village and the city perceived the image of the Alien who was once believed to be an Alien in the rural world. The study also revealed how the perception of the Alien had been transformed during the pre-war, military and post-war periods as well as whether there is a difference in the perception of the Alien on the part of locals and newcomers. As a result of the research, the images of the Alien were created through the characteristics of alimentary qualities through clothing and appearance, as well as behavioral aspects. The author came to conclusion that the image of the Alien was more often formed as general knowledge about the social, spiritual and material culture of representatives of various people living nearby. In intercultural communication, which often took a form of a dialogue, the formula was “ours – another”, not “ours - alien’s”. According to the author, the experience of long-term residence of the people, inhabiting the Tatar ASSR, had a positive impact on the dialogue and interpenetration of cultures.

Este artigo objetiva discutir onde as noções de fronteira e wilderness foram assunto da narrativa do filme Babel (2006). A forma como o filme lida com aspecto contemporâneo de fronteira, wilderness, estranhamento e identidade serão objeto de análise e reflexão, em especial se tratando da construção das imagens, entendidas como alguns dos múltiplos canais de informação sobre a obra. Partiremos do conceito de wilderness expresso por Junqueira (2018), como o espaço do selvagem responsável pela transformação do homem, para nortear a perspectiva construída sobre o filme em questão.

This article is about Clemens's early California and Hawaii notebooks (Notebooks IV–VI, Jan. 1865–Apr. 1866), which he used during the period recounted years later in approximately the last quarter of Roughing It. An illustrated reading of the notebook makes three general points: first, that Clemens used pocket notebooks and graphite pencils (the mid-nineteenth-century's portable media) to train himself to write down experience as he saw and heard it; second, that the traces left by this training process were (and are) ironic, because they visibly and comically fail to capture experience; and third, that Clemens referred to the notebooks throughout his career for their evocative gestures (as much if not more than the linguistic contents). Following readings of the notebooks that are grounded in graphite traces and their multiple afterlives in print, this article concludes by hailing their forthcoming publication online, where other scholars and general readership will be able to see their traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Memoria Americana is the property of Memoria Americana, Cuadernos de Etnohistoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annuario di Antropologia is the property of Ledizioni-LediPublishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent research projects, publications, and above all the results of developer-funded archaeology provide materials for a re-assessment of the impact of Hadrian's Wall on the indigenous peoples whose lands it transected. Previous analysis has been concerned with the greater or lesser degree of 'Romanisation' of an Iron Age society perceived as little changed under Roman rule, with the Wall seen as a bureaucratic border running through an homogeneous frontier zone, as described by C.R. Whittaker. Although the local settlement pattern survived the original Flavian conquest of the region intact, it is now apparent that the building of the Wall under Hadrian had profound and far from benign consequences for local people. To the north of the barrier the traditional settlement pattern was largely abandoned and new social authorities emerged, while to the south there is evidence for new economic structures imposed from outside and the settlement of immigrants. The paper considers the extent to which these developments were the outcome of conscious policies by the Roman authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 20 years of economic reforms, China has embraced an explicit policy of urbanisation. In the literature, space and place-making are often perceived as distinct or conflicting dimensions of urban change, whereby the former is severed from or dominates the latter. By focusing on the multi-ethnic south-western frontier of Yunnan, this paper explores the effects of recent urbanisation on Tai ethnic minority communities in the expanding border city of Jinghong. It suggests that we need to conceptualise urbanisation in dialectic terms rather than as a dichotomy. Drawing on Massey (2005), it analyses space through the prism of 'multiplicity', 'interrelation', and 'openness' and place through its interconnection with the broader power geometries of space. Specifically, the paper argues that urbanisation can produce a two-way dynamic whereby space co-opts place and place permeates space through consensus, in the guise of 'ethnic modernity'. The resulting 'sauté urbanisation' captures these mutually informing practices of space construction and place-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with vast non-fossil potential and significant expertise, there is a question of whether Asian nations are attaining efficient consumption and exploitation of renewable resources. From this perspective, the paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of 14 potential Asia countries in renewable energy consumption during the six-year periods (2014-2019). In analyzing the performance of the renewable energy sector, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) with an undesirable output model approach has been widely utilized to measure the efficiency of peer units compared with the best practice frontier. We consider four inputs and two outputs to a DEA-based efficiency model. Labor force, total energy consumption, share of renewable energy, and total renewable energy capacity are inputs. The outputs consist of CO2 emissions as an undesirable output and gross domestic product as a desirable output. The results show that United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and South Korea consistently outperform in the evaluation, achieving perfect efficiency scores during the research period. Uzbekistan is found to have the lowest average efficiency of renewable energy utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are plans for spacecraft to take private travellers to the edge of space, we are yet to see this occur beyond a few individuals. Before this happens in larger numbers, research is needed about the sustainability of private space flight, including potential travellers' awareness of and views about the environmental implications of their spaceflight. This article aims to address this gap by examining the travel motivations of frontier tourists – those individuals who seek to visit some of the most fragile locations on and off the planet, including outer space – connected to the environmental sustainability of this travel. Given space tourism is a subset of frontier tourism, studying the latter might help us to understand the behaviour of the nascent space tourist. Qualitative interviews with frontier tourists were conducted and analysed using grounded theory techniques. While participants referred to the unspoilt characteristics of places, untainted by human activity, as an integral part of their travel experience, many did not see the paradox inherent in this travel. Some who did referred to prosocial motivations connected to environmental causes and saw themselves as ambassadors for conservation. The article concludes with the implications of these findings for sustainable space tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional DEA methods, all inputs and outputs are assumed to be continuous. However, the implied presumption of continuous data may not maintain an acceptable level of precision in practical data. Many practical situations such as number of teachers in a school, number of students in a college, or research papers only take integer values. Presented work presumes subsets of input and output variables in traditional five-pronged axioms in DEA model to be integer values for the first time in the field. An additional effort in this work expands axioms and a new model is presented. This paper presents a novel two phase model that in the first phase produces more precise efficiency values and the best benchmark in its second phase, i.e. the nearest integer point to the efficiency boundary is selected based on constant returns to scale. A case study is presented that demonstrates a comparison of efficiency values obtained with this model compared to prior models that is show in table 1. And in Table 2, the values of the slack are compared with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes an attempt to determine the historical and architectural heritage of the Eastern Caucasus, presented in the form of cordon sections of the Left Flank of the Caucasian Cordon Line. Historical and architectural structures include fortresses, fortifications, fortifications, posts, temples, churches, erected by the Russian administration for the purpose of military-political, cultural and everyday development of the region. Having carried out an analytical analysis of the frontier zone in the geographical space of the Eastern Caucasus, we make an attempt to determine the historical and architectural heritage, which is an important component of the cultural heritage of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]