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Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) is a coarse grain crop rich in flavonoids that are beneficial to human health because they function as anti-inflammatories and provide protection against cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Flavonoid biosynthesis is a complex process, and relatively little is known about the regulatory pathways involved in Tartary buckwheat. Here, we cloned and characterized the FtMYB163 gene from Tartary buckwheat, which encodes a member of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family. Amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicate that FtMYB163 is a member of subgroup 7 (SG7) and closely related to FeMYBF1, which regulates flavonol synthesis in common buckwheat (F. esculentum). We demonstrated that FtMYB163 localizes to the nucleus and has transcriptional activity. Expression levels of FtMYB163 in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds of F. tataricum were positively correlated with the total flavonoid contents of these tissues. Overexpression of FtMYB163 in transgenic Arabidopsis enhanced the expression of several genes involved in early flavonoid biosynthesis (AtCHS, AtCHI, AtF3H, and AtFLS) and significantly increased the accumulation of several flavonoids, including naringenin chalcone, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, eriodictyol, and eight flavonol compounds. Our findings demonstrate that FtMYB163 positively regulates flavonol biosynthesis by changing the expression of several key genes in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-glycemic properties of black lemon Chenpi (BLC) (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. cv. Eureka), processed using three thermal browning models—hot-air drying (HAL), high temperature and humidity, and steam-drying cycle (SCL)—and compared them to fresh lemon peel and commercial Chenpi. The moisture-assisted aging technology (MAAT) is an environmentally friendly process for inducing browning reactions in the lemon peel, enhancing its functional properties. Our results demonstrated significant increases in sucrose, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacities (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl: 12.86 Trolox/g dry weight; ferric reducing antioxidant power: 14.92 mg Trolox/g dry weight) with the MAAT-HAL model. The MAAT-SCL model significantly improved the browning degree, fructose, total polyphenol content, narirutin, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis (p < 0.05). Additionally, aged lemon peel exhibited potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (28.28%), suggesting its role in blood sugar regulation after meals. The multivariate analysis (principal component and heatmap analyses) indicated that BLC processed using the MAAT-SCL model exhibited similarities to commercial Chenpi, indicating its potential for functional food development. Our results indicate that MAAT-SCL can enhance the economic value of lemon by-products, offering a sustainable and functional alternative to traditional Chenpi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical components and antioxidant capacity of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) give it nutritional and bioactive characteristics with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties; it is exported mainly from Brazil to various places worldwide. In Ecuador, the cultivated Euterpe oleracea variety has an abundant production that has not been used or studied in depth; because of this, it is relevant to expand the study of this fruit's phytochemical and antioxidant properties. This paper presents the results of evaluating the concentration of antioxidants and antioxidant activity in different stages of maturation and geographical locations of the Açaí, for which samples obtained in the Ecuadorian provinces of Sucumbíos and Orellana have been evaluated. Antioxidant concentrations were determined with a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at 450–760 nm wavelengths. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the ABTS and FRAP methods. It was evidenced that the values of total polyphenols and total flavonoids decrease with increasing ripening; the opposite effect occurs with total anthocyanins that have a higher concentration in ripe fruits and evidencing an antioxidant capacity that decreases with ripening determined by both methods (FRAP and ABTS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The non-enzymatic glycation of proteins is a significant contributor to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and intermediates that are responsible for diabetic complications. It is imperative to explore effective inhibitors to prevent protein glycation. (2) Methods: This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory potential of various aqueous ethanol extracts of poplar-type propolis on AGEs and oxidative modifications in bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose and BSA-methylglyoxal models. (3) Results: The results revealed that these propolis extracts exhibited significant effectiveness in inhibiting the formation of total AGEs, pentosidine, and Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML). Furthermore, the investigation discovered that these propolis extracts can effectively inhibit oxidative modification, based on measuring the levels of carbonyl and thiol groups and analyzing tryptophan fluorescence quenching. Notably, 75% ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity, surpassing the chemical inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG). (4) Conclusions: The remarkable anti-glycation potency of aqueous ethanol extracts of poplar-type propolis can be attributed to their elevated contents of phenolic compounds, especially abundant flavonoids, which inhibit the formation of AGEs by scavenging free radicals, decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and capturing reactive carbonyl species (RCS) in the protein glycation process. Our results indicate that poplar-type propolis may be a potential AGE inhibitor and could be used to develop functional foods and nutraceuticals to prevent diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a significant global health issue, marked by insulin resistance and disrupted glucose metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves as a key regulator of cellular energy balance, playing a crucial role in enhancing insulin sensitivity, promoting glucose uptake, and reducing glucose production in the liver. Recently, there has been growing interest in plant-derived flavonoids as natural activators of AMPK, offering a promising complementary approach to conventional diabetes treatments. This review delves into ten flavonoids identified as AMPK activators, including baicalein, dihydromyricetin, bavachin, 7-O-MA, derrone, and alpinumisoflavone. Their activation mechanisms are explored, which include both direct binding to the AMPK complex and indirect pathways involving upstream signaling. Through molecular docking studies, the binding affinities and interaction profiles of these flavonoids with AMPK are assessed, revealing varying levels of activation potential. Notably, baicalein and dihydromyricetin showed strong binding to the α1 subunit of AMPK, indicating high potential for robust activation. Additionally, this review provides a thorough analysis of the pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness of these flavonoids using the SwissADME tool, focusing on aspects such as ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion). While the overall profiles of these compounds are promising, issues like solubility and possible drug–drug interactions are areas that need further refinement. In summary, plant-derived flavonoids emerge as a promising avenue for developing new natural therapies for T2DM. Moving forward, research should aim at optimizing these compounds for clinical application, elucidating their specific mechanisms of AMPK activation, and confirming their efficacy in T2DM treatment. This review highlights the potential of flavonoids as safer and more holistic alternatives or adjuncts to current diabetes therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean, a crucial global leguminous crop, confronts persistent threats from diverse pathogens, exerting a profound impact on global yields. While genetic dimensions of soybean-pathogen interactions have garnered attention, the intricate biochemical responses remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we applied targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling to dissect the complex interplay between soybeans and five distinct pathogens. Our analysis uncovered 627 idMS/MS spectra, leading to the identification of four main modules, encompassing flavonoids, isoflavonoids, triterpenoids, and amino acids and peptides, alongside other compounds such as phenolics. Profound shifts were observed in both primary and secondary metabolism in response to pathogenic infections. Particularly notable were the bidirectional changes in total flavonoids across diverse pathogenic inoculations, while triterpenoids exhibited a general declining trend. Noteworthy among the highly inducible total flavonoids were known representative anti-pathogen compounds (glyceollin I), backbone forms of isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin), and newly purified compounds in this study (prunin). Subsequently, we delved into the biological roles of these five compounds, validating their diverse functions against pathogens: prunin significantly inhibited the vegetative growth and virulence of Phytophthora sojae; genistein exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on the vegetative growth and virulence of Phomopsis longicolla; daidzein and formononetin displayed significant repressive effects on the virulence of P. longicolla. This study underscores the potent utility of metabolomic tools, providing in-depth insights into plant-pathogen interactions from a biochemical perspective. The findings not only contribute to plant pathology but also offer strategic pathways for bolstering plant resistance against diseases on a broader scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug resistance used in chemotherapy is a common challenge in cancer treatment. The present review of resistance-modulating molecules in cancer recapitulates in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of flavonoids, lactones, taxanes, curcuminoids, catechins, and chalcones stand out among others. The main mechanisms of action involve inhibiting the overexpression and function of efflux proteins and altering signaling pathways related to resistance. For their part, the discussed in silico studies identified key interactions between modulating molecules and multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters. This information supports research on synthetic modifications to create new scaffolds for reversing MDR and minimizing toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic widely employed to treat carcinoma. Nevertheless, severe cardiotoxic side effects restrict its clinical use. Esculetin, a natural flavonoid, is found abundantly in plants. This study evaluated the protective effects of esculetin against DOX‐induced hepatotoxicity in rat livers. Forty‐eight rats were randomly divided into six groups with eight rats in each group: control (I), DOX (II), esculetin (III, 50 mg/kg), esculetin (IV, 100 mg/kg), DOX+esculetin 50 (V, DOX+esculetin 50 mg/kg), and DOX+esculetin 100 (VI, DOX+esculetin 100 mg/kg). The administration of esculetin effectively mitigated alterations in the measured biochemical parameters induced by DOX. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that esculetin treatment significantly reduced the DOX‐induced expression of Foxo1, Hspa1a, Hsp4a, Hsp5a, Casp3, and Casp9 while increasing the DOX‐induced expression of Foxo3. These findings suggest that esculetin, with its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects, might be a therapeutic option for protecting against DOX‐induced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Galatella is a genus in the family Asteraceae, represented by 35-45 species. Considering the high effectiveness of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of G. grimmii against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), a bioassay-directed fractionation of this extract was carried out. Methods: The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of G. grimmii was obtained using maceration, then it was suspended in water and partitioned with petroleum ether, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), EtOAc, and n-butanol (n-BuOH), successively. The most potent fraction (EtOAc), was selected for further isolation by Sephadex LH–20 and semi-preparative HPLC to obtain active compounds. Results: Fractionation of the EtOAc solvent fraction resulted in the characterization of five compounds, among them, compounds 1 and 2 showed the highest anti-mycobacterial effects with MICs of 0.062 and 1.00 µg/mL against H37Rv M. tuberculosis, respectively, which were higher than those of rifampin (MIC of 1.25 µg/mL) and isoniazid (MIC of 0.31 µg/mL), as positive controls. Also, compound 1 ​​inhibited all tested strains of drug-resistant Mycobacterium (MDR and XDR). Notably, the isolated compounds have been reported for the first time from G. grimmii. Conclusion: Due to the potent anti-mycobacterial effect of isolated compounds from G. grimmii, this study could pave the way for developing a novel class of natural anti-tuberculosis compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are considered a promising tool for triggering the synthesis of bioactive compounds in plants and to produce healthy foods. This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of PGPB on the growth, accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites, biological activities, and nutritional qualities of Eruca sativa (arugula), a key leafy vegetable worldwide. To this end, Jeotgalicoccus sp. (JW0823), was isolated and identified by using partial 16S rDNA-based identification and phylogenetic analysis. The findings revealed that JW0823 significantly boosted plant biomass production by about 45% (P<0.05) and enhanced pigment contents by 47.5% to 83.8%. JW0823-treated plants showed remarkable improvements in their proximate composition and vitamin contents, with vitamin E levels increasing by 161.5%. JW0823 induced the accumulation of bioactive metabolites including antioxidants, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and essential amino acids, thereby improving the nutritional qualities of treated plants. An increase in the amounts of amino acids was recorded, with isoleucine showing the highest increase of 270.2%. This was accompanied by increased activity of the key enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, including glutamine synthase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, cystathionine γ-synthase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes. Consequently, the total antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the inoculated plants were enhanced. Additionally, JW0823 improved antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microorganisms. Overall, the JW0823 treatment is a highly promising method for enhancing the health-promoting properties and biological characteristics of E. sativa, making it a valuable tool for improving the quality of this important leafy vegetable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death globally that seriously threaten human health. Although novel western medicines have continued to be discovered over the past few decades to inhibit the progression of CVDs, new drug research and development for treating CVDs with less side effects and adverse reactions are continuously being desired. Puerarin is a natural product found in a variety of medicinal plants belonging to the flavonoid family with potent biological and pharmacological activities. Abundant research findings in the literature have suggested that puerarin possesses a promising prospect in treating CVDs. In recent years, numerous new molecular mechanisms of puerarin have been explored in experimental and clinical studies, providing new evidence for this plant metabolite to protect against CVDs. This article systematically introduces the history of use, bioavailability, and various dosage forms of puerarin and further summarizes recently published data on the major research advances and their underlying therapeutic mechanisms in treating CVDs. It may provide references for researchers in the fields of pharmacology, natural products, and internal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to assess the antibiofilm potential of methanol and ethanol extracts from nine selected medicinal plants, as well as their synergistic effects with doxycycline against Bacillus strains. Standard procedures were employed to determine the phytochemical composition, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents of the extracts. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, while biofilm formation was assessed via the microtiter plate method. Antibiofilm activity was determined using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium‐bromide (MTT) assay. Combination studies were conducted using the checkerboard microdilution method. All extracts contained phenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, and anthraquinones. The methanolic extract of Psidium guajava exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (90.48 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g), while the ethanolic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed the highest flavonoid content (6.48 ± 0.33 mg QE/g). Ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Psidium guajava and methanolic extract of Syzygium jambos demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus anthracis 34F2 Sterne strains, with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL. Biofilm formation in Bacillus strains was notably enhanced in the presence of glucose. The methanolic extract of O. subscorpioides exhibited the highest biofilm imbibition (85%), while Picralima nitida methanolic extract showed the most effective biofilm eradication (79%). The combination of Solanum torvum ethanol extract with doxycycline displayed synergistic effects against biofilm formation inhibition and eradication in all tested Bacillus strains. Taken together, Solanum torvum ethanol extract shows promise for developing new combination antibacterial therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the contents of main classes of biologically active polyphenols in leaf extracts were analyzed in the medicinal species Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. (Rosaceae) and Lonicera caerulea subsp. altaica L. (Caprifoliaceae). Their features were studied in relation to the macroelement and trace element contents in soil and phytomass in sites with sporadic occurrence of serpentinites in the Altai Mountains. A total of 16 polyphenolic compounds were identified for the first time in S. chamaedryfolia leaf extracts. Of these, three compounds were attributed to phenol carboxylic acids; ten, to flavonols; two, to flavones; and one was identified as a flavanone. In L. caerulea subsp. altaica, the analysis confirmed the polyphenolic composition measured earlier, including hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and flavones, and identified an additional compound as a flavanone. Species-specific shifts in plant secondary metabolism were found to occur in response to specific edaphic properties and the accumulation of macroelements and trace elements in leaves of plants growing in an area with a natural geochemical anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the protective effect and the underlying mechanism of silibinin (SIB), one of the active compounds from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn in endotoxemia. Methods: Mouse peritoneal macrophage were isolated via intraperitoneally injection of BALB/c mice with thioglycolate medium. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8, while cytotoxicity was determined through lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. The protein expressions of interleukin (IL)-1 α, IL-1 β, and IL-18 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels were measured by employing both the limulus amoebocyte lysate assay and flow cytometry. Additionally, proximity ligation assay was employed for the LPS and caspase-11 interaction. Mice were divided into 4 groups: the control, LPS, high-dose-SIB (100 mg/kg), and low-dose-SIB (100 mg/kg) groups (n=8). Zebrafish were divided into 4 groups: the control, LPS, high-dose-SIB (200 εmol/L), and low-dose-SIB (100 εmol/L) groups (n=30 for survival experiment and n=10 for gene expression analysis). The expression of caspase-11, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and N-GSDMD was determined by Western blot and the expressions of caspy2, gsdmeb, and IL-1 β were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. Histopathological observation was performed through hematoxylineosin staining, and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were quantified using the bicinchoninicacid protein assay. Results: SIB noticeably decreased caspase-11 and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and suppressed the secretion of IL-1 α, IL-1 β, and IL-18 induced by LPS (P<0.05). Moreover, SIB inhibited the translocation of LPS into the cytoplasm and the binding of caspase-11 and intracellular LPS (P<0.05). SIB also attenuated the expression of caspase-11 and N-terminal fragments of GSDMD, inhibited the relative cytokines, prolonged the survival time, and up-regulated the survival rate in the endotoxemia models (P<0.05). Conclusions: SIB can inhibit pyroptosis in the LPS-mediated endotoxemia model, at least in part, by inhibiting the caspase-11-mediated cleavage of GSDMD. Additionally, SIB inhibits the interaction of LPS and caspase-11 and inhibits the LPS-mediated up-regulation of caspase-11 expression, which relieves caspase-11-dependent cell pyroptosis and consequently attenuates LPS-mediated lethality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marrubium vulgareis a plant with high bioactive potential. The rich bioactive compounds of medicinal horehound, as well as their antioxidant activity have led to its wider application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The present work aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of Marrubium vulgare. The experiments were performed in Eram Garden with five replications and using SPSS software (v. 13) and Mann–Whitney U-Test at p ≤ 0.01. The total content of flavonoids and main phenolic compounds increased when plants collected at vegetative stage. On the other hand, the highest vanillin content was observed in full flowering stage. Overall, this study can provide useful information about the best harvest period for horehound to produce the desired compounds for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and plant industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: After the most comprehensive analysis of the phenolic composition in Cannabis reported to date, a total of 211 compounds were identified, phenolic profiles were able to discriminate cannabis varieties and a complex regulatory network for phenolics accumulation in Cannabis chemovars was highlighted. Female inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L. are plenty of secondary metabolites, of which flavonoids and phenolic acids have been investigated by far less than phytocannabinoids and terpenoids. Understanding the biochemical composition in phenylpropanoids of Cannabis inflorescences, the molecular basis of flavonoid synthesis and how their content can be modulated by specific transcription factors will shed light on the variability of this trait in the germplasm, allowing the identification of biologically active metabolites that can be of interest to diverse industries. In this work, an untargeted metabolomic approach via UHPLC-HRMS was adopted to investigate the composition and variability of phenylpropanoids in thirteen Cannabis genotypes differentiated for their profile in phytocannabinoids, highlighting that phenolic profiles can discriminate varieties, with characteristic, unique genotype-related patterns. Moreover, the transcription profile of candidate phenolics regulatory MYB and bHLH transcription factors, analyzed by RT-qPCR, appeared strongly genotype-related, and specific patterns were found to be correlated between biochemical and transcriptional levels. Results highlight a complex regulatory network for phenolic accumulation in Cannabis chemovars that will need further insights from the functional side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal toxicity adversely affects plants by changing physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. Lead (Pb) is one of the most common heavy metal pollutants. Hence this study investigated changes caused by exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA; 20 and 100 µM) and salicylic acid (SA; 2 and 20 mM) elicitors in local Karacadağ rice exposed to Pb stress (0, 100, and 400 ppm). The effects of elicitors on photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoid), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolic and flavonoid, Pb, and total protein contents in stressed plants were evaluated. All parameters studied increased and decreased at varying rates in the treatment groups compared to the Pb-free group (control), indicating that rice plants were affected by Pb stress. The elicitors (MeJA, SA, and MeJA + SA) were applied by foliar spraying. The elicitor treatments increased photosynthetic pigment content, total protein, proline, total flavonoid, and phenolic contents depending on the elicitor type and concentration. MDA and Pb contents, increasing with Pb toxicity, decreased with elicitor treatments, and the stress degree was reduced. When the elicitors were compared, SA was more effective than MeJA in total flavonoid content at 400 ppm Pb toxicity. However, MeJA was more effective in photosynthetic pigment contents, MDA, total protein, Pb, total phenolic, and proline contents. The best results for all parameters examined in rice plants exposed to Pb toxicity were obtained from the 400 ppm Pb + 2 mM SA + 20 µM MeJA treatment group. In conclusion, this study showed that the combined application of MeJA + SA alleviated the harmful effects of Pb by reducing MDA and increasing photosynthetic pigments, total protein, proline, and secondary metabolites, especially at high Pb concentrations. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the combined use of MeJA and SA in rice plants eliminated the negative effects of stress quite effectively, even at high Pb concentrations. Therefore, future studies should focus on the synergistic application of different elicitors to better understand the effects of heavy metal toxicity on plant growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their complex pathological mechanisms, neurodegenerative diseases have brought great challenges to drug development and clinical treatment. Studies have shown that many traditional Chinese medicines have neuroprotective pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties and have certain effects on improving the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases and delaying disease progression. Flavonoids are the main active components of many traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These compounds have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, regulation of autophagy balance, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of neuronal regeneration. This paper focuses on the neuroprotective effects of six common flavonoids: quercetin, rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, baicalein, and puerarin. It then systematically reviews their characteristics, mechanisms, and key signaling pathways, summarizes the common characteristics and laws of their neuroprotective effects, and discusses the significance of strengthening the research on the neuroprotective effects of these compounds, aiming to provide reference for more research and drug development of these substances as neuroprotective drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidant properties of rice provide various health benefits due to its ability to inhibit cellular oxidation. Antioxidant content of rice is known to be linked with the pericarp pigmentation. The Rc gene of rice (Os07g0211500) codes for a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, acting as a transcriptional factor in regulating proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. The current study was carried out to evaluate the variation of antioxidant properties in a selected panel of rice accessions and assess the possibility of using haplotypes defined based on the Rc gene to predict pericarp pigmentation and antioxidant content in rice. Results: Thirty-two rice accessions were evaluated for grain pericarp colour and antioxidant properties; total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), proanthocyanidins (PAC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA). The parameters TPC, TFC and PAC showed significant positive correlation with RSA (r > 0.69; P < 0.01). The study panel showed a wide variation for antioxidant properties and rice accessions such as Sudu Heenati, Deweraddiri, Madathawalu, Masuran, Ld 368, At 311, Kalu Heenati, Bw 272-6B, Pokkali, At 362 and Wanni Dahanala exhibited profound potential with respect to antioxidant properties. Based on three-target sites previously reported as critical for the function of the coded bHLH protein (an A/C SNP at 1,353-bp, a 1-bp insertion/deletion at 1,388-bp, and a 14-bp insertion/deletion at 1,408-1,421-bp positioned in the mRNA corresponding to the exon 6 of rice Rc gene), three haplotypes were defined (H1-H3). Pigmentation of the rice pericarp could be successfully explained based on the defined haplotypes (H1 (C/G/+): red, and H2 (A/G/+) and H3 (C/G/-): white), and the H1 haplotype corresponded to a significantly (P < 0.05) higher TPC, TFC, PAC and RSA compared to the other haplotypes. Conclusions: The studied rice accessions showed a significant variation with respect to antioxidant properties. Haplotype H1 defined based on the three-target sites in the exon 6 of Rc gene can detect rice accessions with red pigmented pericarp and high antioxidant properties effectively. Hence, its use can be recommended as an alternative to biochemical assays for screening during rice breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Plant adaptation from aquatic to terrestrial environments required modifications to cell wall structure and function to provide tolerance to new abiotic and biotic stressors. Here, we investigate the nature and function of red auronidin pigment accumulation in the cell wall of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Transgenic plants with auronidin production either constitutive or absent were analysed for their cell wall properties, including fractionation of polysaccharide and phenolic components. While small amounts of auronidin and other flavonoids were loosely associated with the cell wall, the majority of the pigments were tightly associated, similar to what is observed in angiosperms for polyphenolics such as lignin. No evidence of covalent binding to a polysaccharide component was found: we propose auronidin is present in the wall as a physically entrapped large molecular weight polymer. The results suggested auronidin is a dual function molecule that can both screen excess light and increase wall strength, hydrophobicity and resistance to enzymatic degradation by pathogens. Thus, liverworts have expanded the core phenylpropanoid toolkit that was present in the ancestor of all land plants, to deliver a lineage‐specific solution to some of the environmental stresses faced from a terrestrial lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Experimental Approach Key Results Conclusion and Implications The pharmacology of flavonoids on β‐cell function is largely undefined especially in the context of defective secretion of insulin. We sought to identify flavonoids that increased the insulin‐secreting function of β‐cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms.INS‐1 β‐cells in culture and islets of Langerhans isolated from control and diabetic male rats were used for insulin secretion experiments. Pharmacological and electrophysiological approaches were used for mechanistic studies.Among a set of flavonoids, exposure of INS‐1 β‐cells to resokaempferol (ResoK) enhanced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and therefore we further characterised its activity and its pharmacological mechanism. ResoK glucose‐dependently enhanced insulin secretion in INS‐1 β‐cells and pancreatic islets isolated from rats. Mechanistically, whole cell patch clamp recordings in INS‐1 cells showed that ResoK rapidly and dose‐dependently enhanced the L‐type Ca2+ current whereas it was inactive towards T‐type Ca2+ current. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of L‐type Ca2+ current but not T‐type Ca2+ current blocked the effects of ResoK on glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion. ResoK was still active on dysfunctional β‐cells as it ameliorated glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in glucotoxicity‐induced dysfunctional INS‐1 cells and in pancreatic islets isolated from diabetic rats.ResoK is a glucose‐dependent activator of insulin secretion. Our results indicated that the effects of ResoK on insulin secretion involved its capacity to stimulate L‐type Ca2+ currents in cultured β‐cells. As ResoK was also effective on dysfunctional β‐cells, our work provides a new approach to stimulating insulin secretion, using compounds based on the structure of ResoK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the combination of Ardisia humilis Vahl. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (AC) extract in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. AC was administered orally to OA rats (240, 480, and 960 mg/kg bw) for three weeks. The control and model groups comprised OA rats treated with diclofenac sodium and carrier, respectively. AC-treated rats exhibited a significant reduction in oedema volume compared to those of the model group (p < 0.05). Notably, AC, at 960 mg/kg bw, significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, along with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels compared to those of the model group (p < 0.05). AC's attenuation of OA progression was also observed through haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Safranin O-fast green analysis. A phytochemical study showed AC contained phenolic, flavonoid, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin compounds. This study concludes that AC alleviated OA progression through anti-inflammatory effects and depressed MMP-9 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the combined effects of drying methods (air drying [AD], hot AD [HAD], microwave drying [MD], and freeze‐drying [FD]) and ultrasonication parameters (sonication temperature [STemp]: 40, 50, and 60°C) and heating time (STime: 60 and 120 min) on natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of phytochemicals from Amaranthus hybridus stem. Increasing the STemp increased the extraction yield (ECY) of the phytochemicals for all drying methods but increase in the heating time reduced the ECY slightly. MD combined with 60°C ST showed the highest ECY (53%), whereas HAD combined with 40°C ST had the lowest ECY (18%). At 60 min heating time, increasing the ST from 40 to 50°C increased the total phenolic content (TPC) in the extract for most drying methods except MD, and a sonication time of 120 min showed a slightly higher TPC, especially for MD samples. At 60 min sonication, total flavonoid content (TFC, 800 mgQE/g) was highest for AD plus 50°C ST and lowest for AD combined with 60°C (100 mgQE/g), whereas for 120 min sonication, MD and AD with 50°C showed the highest TFC (690 mgQE/g). FD retained better some of the vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) but MD retained better vitamin C. The antioxidant capacity was not so much different among the drying methods except for FD, which showed lower values. These results provide a theoretical basis for the synergistic applications of drying and ultrasonication during NADES extraction of phytochemicals from Amaranthus hybridus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Drought is a critical issue in modern agriculture; therefore, there is a need to create crops with drought resilience. The complexity of plant responses to abiotic stresses, particularly in the field of brassinosteroid (BR) signalling, has been the subject of extensive research. In this study, we unveil compelling insights indicating that the BRASSINOSTEROID‐INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) receptor in Arabidopsis and Sorghum plays a critical role as a negative regulator of drought responses. Introducing untargeted mutation in the sorghum BRI1 receptor (SbBRI1) effectively enhances the plant's ability to withstand osmotic and drought stress. Through DNA Affinity Purification sequencing (DAP‐seq), we show that the sorghum BRI1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR 1 (SbBES1) transcription factor, a downstream player of the BR signalling, binds to a conserved G‐box binding motif, and it is responsible for regulating BR homeostasis, as its Arabidopsis ortholog AtBES1. We further characterized the drought tolerance of sorghum bri1 mutants and decipher SbBES1‐mediated regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway. Our findings suggest that SbBRI1 signalling serves a dual purpose: under normal conditions, it regulates lignin biosynthesis by SbBES1, but during drought conditions, BES1 becomes less active, allowing the activation of the flavonoid pathway. This adaptive shift improves the photosynthetic rate and photoprotection, reinforcing crop adaptation to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are vivid pigments found in fruits, flowers, and leaves of plants. They are a subclass of flavonoid polyphenols formed via conjugating anthocyanidin with sugar, and have garnered significant interest in various industries owing to their potential in serving as natural pigments and therapeutic agents. Anthocyanins have medical therapeutic potential due to their pharmacological mechanisms of action, such as scavenging free radicals in organisms, anti-inflammation and prevention of diabetes. However, the broad application of anthocyanins remains limited due to their poor stability and low bioaccessibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and research advancements on anthocyanins, including 1) the various species, molecular structure, properties, stability and biosynthesis, 2) the extraction, purification and identification methods, and 3) the functions and recent applications of anthocyanins. By providing insights into the latest advances and applications of anthocyanins, this review aims to facilitate their efficient and scientific utilization as natural pigments in food processing and their integration into nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. And this review will contribute valuable guidance for future studies and innovative applications in food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting millions globally, is often exacerbated by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Existing antiepileptic drugs primarily manage symptoms, leaving the disease's progression largely unaddressed. Flavonoids, ubiquitous plant metabolites with potent antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, show promise in epilepsy treatment. Unlike conventional therapies, they targetmultiple pathophysiological processes simultaneously, offering a comprehensive approach to this complex neurological disorder. This review explores the dual role of flavonoids in mitigating neuroinflammation and reducing oxidative stress through various molecular pathways. By inhibiting key inflammatory mediators and pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, JNK, and JAK, flavonoids offer neuronal protection. They enhance the body's natural antioxidant defenses by modulating enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, flavonoids influence crucial antioxidant response pathways like PI3K/AKT, Nrf2, JNK, and PKA. Despite their therapeutic promise, the low bioavailability of flavonoids poses a considerable challenge. However, cutting-edge strategies, including nanotechnology and chemical modifications, are underway to improve their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These advancements support the potential of flavonoids as a valuable addition to epilepsy treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTSThis study extracted flavonoids and phenolics from watermelon fruit by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). The effectiveness of NADES combined with UAE and MAE was evaluated for extracting these compounds from watermelon rinds. The study chose a 2:1 molar ratio of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) to hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs). Among the tested combinations, 1,2-propanediol-lactic acid showed the highest solubility for flavonoids and phenolics within the extraction system. Experiments with a single factor were used to examine the effects of different parameters on total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) model optimized the NADES-based UAE and MAE processes based on TPC and TFC responses. The results of the experiment and the predicted values from the BBD agreed well. Optimal conditions for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from watermelon rinds with NADES-based UAE were determined as 1/60 g/ml for SLR, 300 W, 20% water content, and 15 min, while NADES-based MAE: 1/50 g/ml for SLR, 400 W, and 3 min. This study presents an efficient approach for extracting biologically active compounds from watermelon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) presents a formidable challenge due to its high mortality and disability rates, primarily attributed to cerebral hematoma formation and ensuing neuroinflammation. Swift hematoma removal is paramount for prognosis, yet existing interventions carry risks and limitations. Notably, elevated CD47 expression on hematoma‐associated RBC triggers a "don't eat me" signal, impeding hematoma clearance, while microglial/macrophage erythrophagocytosis exacerbates oxidative stress and the RBC lysate evokes neuroinflammation. To address this conundrum, a multifunctional nanomedicine (TD‐CFR), employing DNA tetrahedra (TD) as a carrier for ICH treatment is introduced. The investigations reveal that CpG enhances the phagocytosis of CD47‐expressing RBC by microglia/macrophages via lipid metabolism modulation. Integration of CpG into TD preserves its pro‐phagocytic efficacy, while TD's double‐stranded region enables efficient encapsulation of Rutin, a potent anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoid. Capitalizing on disrupted blood‐brain barrier integrity at the hemorrhage site, TD‐CFR achieves robust enrichment within cerebral hematoma post‐intravenous administration, augmented by folate receptor‐mediated targeting of microglia/macrophages. Efficacy assessments in mouse and rabbit ICH models confirm TD‐CFR's therapeutic benefits, including hematoma clearance, neuroinflammation suppression, and brain function restoration. Leveraging TD's high biosafety profile and dual active ingredient loading capacity, the study unveils a promising drug treatment paradigm for ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn present study, Spanish cherry pulp (SCP) was dried using refractance window (RW) dryer at varying temperatures (50 to 90 °C) to investigate the impacts on drying kinetics and physicochemical properties and compared with freeze-dried samples. An increasing RW drying temperature from 50 to 90 °C reduced drying time from 320 to 80 min. The water and oil absorption capacity showed no significant (p < 0.05) changes in RW-dried SCP samples. Noticeable changes in color values, ascorbic acid, β-carotenoid, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were observed on increasing RW drying temperature. As per results, compared to control, RW drying at 50 °C retained most of the nutrients. From nutrient retention perspective, RW drying at 80 and 90 °C may not be suitable SCP samples. From multivariance analysis, RW drying of SCP samples can be performed at 60 °C instead of 70 °C for better nutrient contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐flowering diseases (PFDs), such as ear rot, stalk rot and smut, affect maize yield and quality by damaging the reproductive organs, stalks and seeds. We hypothesized that quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with different PFDs colocalize and share similar defence mechanisms. Hence, to find a stable consensus meta‐QTL (MQTL) for single or multiple PFDs, MQTL analysis was performed. QTL conferring resistance to PFD reported in 31 independent studies were collated to develop a consensus map. As many as 49 MQTL conferring PFD resistance were projected using appropriate algorithms. Most MQTL regions encompass genes encoding a wide range of defence‐related proteins. MQTL1.1 and MQTL10.5 included QTL/genes for resistance to all PFDs, which supported our hypothesis. Candidate genes for PFDs in MQTL7.1 were associated with pathogenesis‐related 1 protein and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. MQTL5.2 encompassed chalcone flavanone isomerase and cinnamoyl coenzyme A (CoA) reductase genes involved in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively. Furthermore, MQTL10.4 was found to harbour genes encoding E3 ubiquitin ligase, WRKY‐TF11, calcium‐binding domains and zinc finger motifs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis reiterated the role of genes within MQTL7.1 in the MAPK signalling pathway, phytohormone signal transduction and plant–pathogen interaction. Hence, we propose that these genes are potential candidates for PFD resistance. Furthermore, 75% of the genes within the MQTL showed orthology with sorghum and rice, indicating that these genes were conserved across species. The role of 27 MQTL, including the six most significant MQTL, was confirmed with reported genome‐wide association study (GWAS) results. Thus, the hotspots associated with PFDs identified in our study could be reliably used in marker‐assisted breeding for PFD resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Citrus hybrids with Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. introgression have gained interest due to their tolerance to Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease for Florida citrus agriculture. While these hybrids inherit disease tolerance from P. trifoliata, they sometimes also suffer from undesirable off-flavors. Methods: A selection of thirteen genotypes were harvested over the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 seasons. Their juices were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and were comprehensively analyzed for their chemical makeup, including soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), volatiles, flavonoids and limonoids. Results & discussion: Overall, along with the commercial orange cultivars 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin', the HLB-tolerant Poncirus hybrid 'US SunDragon,' and the mandarin hybrids Sugar Belle¬, FF-5-51-2, and 'US Superna' had positive citrus flavor quality. Esters, some sesquiterpenes, along with flavonoids, eriocitrin and quercetin-3-(3R-glucosylrutinoside), were positively correlated with orange flavor while b-ionone and eucalyptol were highly abundant in the mandarins. The flavonoid linarin, was more abundant in Poncirus hybrids with off-flavors than in the Poncirus hybrid 'US SunDragon', having high orange flavor. Two mandarin hybrids, FF-5-6-36 and FTP-6-32-67, were not bitter at harvest, but the juice exhibited delayed bitterness after storage at -20°C, which was associated with significant increases of limonin, nomilin, naringenin, and prunin. Interestingly, during freezer storage, a newly identified flavonoid in citrus, tricin-C-hexoside, increased dramatically across all of the genotypes. The identification of diseasetolerant hybrids with satisfactory flavor quality at juicing as well as after storage where delayed bitterness may develop, has great significance for future breeding efforts for fresh fruit or for use in stand-alone juice/juice blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main bioactive components of agarwood, derived from Aquilaria sinensis, include sesquiterpenes, 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone derivatives, aromatic compounds, and fatty acids, which typically exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-modulating, hypoglycemic, and antitumor pharmacological effects in the form of essential oils. Agarwood tree leaves, rich in flavonoids, 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone compounds, and flavonoid compounds, also exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects. These properties are particularly relevant to the treatment of periodontitis, given that inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation are key pathological mechanisms of the disease, highlighting the substantial potential of agarwood and agarwood tree leaves in this therapeutic area. However, the low solubility and poor bioavailability of essential oils present challenges that necessitate the development of improved active formulations. In this review, we will introduce the bioactive components, extraction methods, pharmacological actions, and clinical applications of agarwood and agarwood tree leaves, analyzing its prospects for the treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins, abundant flavonoid pigments in fruits and vegetables, have gained considerable attention for their attractive colors and potential health-promoting effects. However, the instability of anthocyanins during food processing, especially thermal processing, has greatly hampered their practical application. As heat-sensitive compounds, conventional thermal processing is responsible for the degradation of anthocyanins and an alteration of their stability and antioxidant properties, thus lowering the health benefits of anthocyanin-rich foods. Fortunately, novel thermal (ohmic heating and microwave) and non-thermal processing techniques (ultrasound, pulsed electric field, irradiation, ultraviolet, high pressure, supercritical carbon dioxide, cold plasma, ozone, membrane processing) have emerged as promising alternatives to maximize the retention of anthocyanins during food processing, while minimizing the negative impact of conventional thermal treatments on food nutrition and quality. This paper reviews the negative effects of conventional thermal processing on anthocyanins and the benefits of novel techniques on maintaining anthocyanins and bioactive abilities. Importantly, booming novel processing techniques are specially focused on exploring their application to retaining anthocyanins, providing potential stabilization strategies for the future processing of anthocyanin-rich foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a chronic metabolic disorder marked by excessive lipid deposition, represents a considerable health burden with no established efficacious treatment strategy. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), valued for its health benefits, is replete with flavonoid bioactives. The aims of this work are to isolate and purify flavonoids from quinoa whole grain that can intervene in NAFLD and to elucidate some of the underlying mechanisms.Chenopodium quinoa Willd. flavonoids (CQWF) were obtained successfully through an optimized ultrasonic extraction methodology, followed by isolation and purification utilizing macroporous resin D101. The study then explored the therapeutic potential of CQWF and its eluted fractions in models emulating NAFLD conditions: an in vitro fatty liver cell model induced by oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA) in the HepG2 and BEL‐7402 cell lines, and an in vivo high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced NAFLD model in C57BL/6N mice. The findings revealed a comprehensive mitigating effect of CQWF30 on NAFLD, manifesting in reduced intracellular lipid accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes and a concerted downregulation of key lipid metabolism genes, CD36 and FASN. Administration of CQWF30 reduced triglyceride (TG) levels in both the cellular model and the livers of HFD‐fed mice. It also reduced serum concentrations of TG, total cholesterol (T‐CHO), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while increasing high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) in the mice.These results highlighted the promising therapeutic capacity of CQWF, particularly CQWF30. This research advances the exploration and utilization of flavonoids derived from quinoa whole grain, providing innovative dietary intervention strategies for NAFLD. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, is considered the most destructive insect pest of short‐mown turfgrasses in northeastern North America. Poa annua L. is the preferred host plant, though the weevil can develop in other cool‐season (C3) turfgrasses such as bentgrasses (Agrostis spp. L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Recently, damaging populations have been reported in midwestern and southeastern United States, where cool‐ and warm‐season (C4) turfgrasses are grown. However, it is unknown whether L. maculicollis can establish and develop within common warm‐season turfgrasses such as zoysiagrasses (Zoysia matrella L.) and hybrid bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon Pers. × transvaalensis Davy). Larvae reared on Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penncross’, an older cultivar, experienced a significant reduction in survivorship and longer development periods compared to a newer cultivar (Penn‐A4) and P. annua. Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penncross’ possessed significantly greater quantities of carotenoids and flavonoid content, which may explain differences in host suitability among C3 turfgrasses. No larvae were recovered from C4 hosts in no‐choice ovipositional assays, suggesting Z. matrella and C. dactylon × transvaalensis are nonviable hosts of L. maculicollis. Further investigation into the morphological and physiological defense mechanisms in Z. matrella and C. dactylon × transvaalensis may broaden our understanding of tolerance mechanisms not observed in C3 cool‐season turfgrasses and provide guidance for future breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Jinmudan (JMD) is a high‐aroma variety widely cultivated in China. The current study primarily focuses on the key volatile metabolites in JMD black and oolong teas, and investigates the impact of processing technologies on the aroma quality of JMD tea. However, few studies have explored the suitability of JMD for producing a certain type of tea or the characteristic quality differences among various JMD teas using multivariate statistical analysis methods.The principal volatile metabolites contributing to the floral quality of JMD tea are linalool, geraniol, indole and phenethyl alcohol. In JMD black tea (BT), the key volatile metabolites include methyl salicylate, geraniol, (E)‐β‐ocimene and phenethyl alcohol. In JMD oolong tea (OT), the key volatile metabolites include indole, linalyl valerate and phenethyl alcohol. In JMD yellow tea (YT), the key volatile metabolites include methyl salicylate, geraniol and terpinolene. In JMD white tea (WT), the key volatile metabolites include methyl salicylate, geraniol and terpinolene. In JMD green tea (GT), the key volatile metabolites include (E)‐β‐ocimene, indole and geraniol. Comparative analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis is the primary metabolic pathway responsible for the taste differences among various tea types. GT exhibited higher levels of phloretin, dihydromyricetin and galangin. The contents of vitexin, tricetin in YT were relatively higher. The contents of aromadendrin and naringenin in BT were higher, while OT contained higher levels of kaempferol. Additionally, WT showed higher contents of 3‐O‐acetylpinobanksin and 3,5,7‐pinobanksin.This study explained the reasons for the quality differences of different JMD tea and provided a reliable theoretical basis for the adaptability of JMD tea. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the yield of total flavonoids as an index, the extraction conditions of total Folium Artemisiae Argyi were optimized by ultrasonic-assisted two-water phase method combined with single factor and response surface method.and on this basis, the antioxidant activity was studied in vitro. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were PEG400 mass fraction of 24%, the extraction temperature of 60 ℃, the extraction power of 70 W, the extraction time of 50 min. The established mathematical model was verified by experiments. The verification result is that the predicted value is 17.23%, the actual value is 17.25%. The scavenging rate of total flavonoids from Folium Artemisiae Argyi to DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals were 89.68%, 99.74% and 99.99%, indicating that total flavonoids of Folium Artemisiae Argyi had good antioxidant activity. Conclusion: the method is simple, high yield of flavonoids, and suitable for the extraction of total flavones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural flavonoids exert many potential health benefits, including anti-hyperglycaemic effects. However, the effects of gossypetin (GTIN) on glucose homeostasis in pre-diabetes have not yet been investigated. This study examined the effects of GTIN on key markers of glucose homeostasis in a diet-induced pre-diabetic rat model. Pre-diabetes was induced by allowing the animals to feed on a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet supplemented with 15% fructose water for 20 weeks. Following pre-diabetes induction, the pre-diabetic animals were sub-divided into five groups (n = 6), where they were either orally treated with GTIN (15 mg/kg) or metformin (MET) (500 mg/kg), both with and without dietary intervention, over a 12-week period. The results demonstrated that animals in the untreated pre-diabetic (PD) control group exhibited significantly higher fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, as well as elevated plasma insulin concentrations and increased homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) index, relative to the non-pre-diabetic (NPD) group. Similarly, increased caloric intake, body weight and plasma ghrelin levels were observed in the PD control group. Notably, these parameters were significantly reduced in the PD animals receiving GTIN treatment. Additionally, glycogen levels in the liver and skeletal muscle, which were disturbed in the PD control group, showed significant improvement in both GTIN-treated groups. These findings may suggest that GTIN administration, with or without dietary modifications, may offer therapeutic benefits in ameliorating glucose homeostasis disturbances associated with the PD state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oral cancer is a challenging disease to treat, and new therapies are needed to improve patient outcomes. Okanin, a natural compound derived from Bidens pilosa L., has been known for its anti-inflammatory properties, but its effects on cancer, particularly oral cancer, are less understood. In this study, we investigated the anticancer potential of okanin in human oral cancer cells. Our results showed that okanin effectively reduced the growth of oral cancer cells by inducing cell death through mechanisms involving both apoptosis and pyroptosis. Additionally, okanin inhibited tumor growth in a mouse model of oral cancer. These findings suggest that okanin may be a promising natural compound for developing new treatments for oral cancer. Background: Okanin, a flavonoid compound derived from Bidens pilosa L., has garnered attention for its anti-inflammatory properties. Although Bidens pilosa is commonly used in healthcare products and functional foods, the anticancer potential of okanin, particularly in oral cancer, remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of okanin on oral cancer cell lines and its potential as a therapeutic agent. Methods: The study involved assessing the cytotoxic effects of okanin on oral cancer cell lines SAS, SCC25, HSC3, and OEC-M1. The IC50 values were determined using methylene blue assays, and the clonogenic capacity was evaluated through colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Caspase-3/7 activity assays and annexin V/7-AAD staining confirmed the induction of apoptosis and pyroptosis. In vivo efficacy was assessed using a SAS xenograft model, and immunohistochemical analysis of xenograft tissue was performed to examine pyroptosis-related markers. Results: Okanin exhibited potent cytotoxic effects with IC50 values of 12.0 ± 0.8, 58.9 ± 18.7, 18.1 ± 5.3, and 43.2 ± 6.2 μM in SAS, SCC25, HSC3, and OEC-M1 cells, respectively. It caused dose- and time-dependent reductions in cell viability and significantly impaired clonogenic capacity. Flow cytometry revealed G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased sub-G1 population, indicating cell cycle disruption and death. Okanin induced both apoptosis and pyroptosis, as confirmed by caspase-3/7 activity and annexin V/7-AAD staining. In vivo, okanin reduced tumor growth and involved pyroptosis-related markers such as CASP1, GSDMC, GSDMD, and GSDME. Conclusions: Okanin demonstrates significant anticancer potential, particularly in oral cancer, by inducing both apoptosis and pyroptosis. Its efficacy in reducing tumor growth in vivo further supports its potential as a novel therapeutic option. Further mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the pathways involved in okanin-mediated cell death and to explore its clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysanthemum indicum L. capitulum is an enriched source of flavonoids with broad-ranging biological activities, mainly due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immune regulation, anti-microbial activity, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. The O-methylation of various secondary metabolites has previously been demonstrated to be mainly catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferase (OMT) proteins encoded by the OMT gene family. However, limited comprehensive study was published on the OMT gene family, especially the CCoAOMT subfamily, involved in the O-methylation of flavonoids in Chrysanthemum. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal expression patterns of C. indicum OMT genes in leaf and flower at different developmental stages. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis showed that COMTs were mainly highly expressed in capitulum, especially in full bloom, while CCoAOMTs were mainly highly expressed in leaves. Correlation analysis of OMT gene expression and flavonoids accumulation revealed that four OMTs (CHR00029120, CHR00029783, CHR00077404, and CHR00078333) were putatively involved in most methylated flavonoids biosynthesis in the capitulum. Furthermore, we identified a true CCoAOMT enzyme, CiCCoAOMT1, and found that it catalyzed O-methylation of quercetin and luteolin at the 3′-OH position. In summary, this work provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the biological functions of OMTs in C. indicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoring the structures and functions of tissues along with organs in human bodies is a topic gathering attention nowadays. These issues are widely discussed in the context of regenerative medicine. Excipients/delivery systems play a key role in this topic, guaranteeing a positive impact on the effectiveness of the drugs or therapeutic substances supplied. Advances in materials engineering, particularly in the development of hydrogel biomaterials, have influenced the idea of creating an innovative material that could serve as a carrier for active substances while ensuring biocompatibility and meeting all the stringent requirements imposed on medical materials. This work presents the preparation of a natural polymeric material based on pullulan modified with silymarin, which belongs to the group of flavonoids and derives from a plant called Silybum marianum. Under UV light, matrices with a previously prepared composition were crosslinked. Before proceeding to the next stage of the research, the purity of the composition of the matrices was checked using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Incubation tests lasting 19 days were carried out using incubation fluids such as simulated body fluid (SBF), Ringer's solution, and artificial saliva. Changes in pH, electrolytic conductivity, and weight were observed and then used to determine the sorption capacity. During incubation, SBF proved to be the most stable fluid, with a pH level of 7.6–7.8. Sorption tests showed a high sorption capacity of samples incubated in both Ringer's solution and artificial saliva (approximately 350%) and SBF (approximately 300%). After incubation, the surface morphology was analyzed using an optical microscope for samples demonstrating the greatest changes over time. The active substance, silymarin, was released using a water bath, and then the antioxidant capacity was determined using the Folin–Ciocâlteu test. The tests carried out proved that the material produced is active and harmless, which was shown by the incubation analysis. The continuous release of the active ingredient increases the biological value of the biomaterial. The material requires further research, including a more detailed assessment of its balance; however, it demonstrates promising potential for further experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocarditis is a major cause of heart failure and death, particularly in young individuals. Current treatments are mainly symptomatic, but emerging therapies focus on targeting inflammation and fibrosis pathways. Natural bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids show promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Corticosteroids are frequently employed in the treatment of autoimmune myocarditis and appear to lower mortality rates compared to conventional therapies for heart failure. This study aims to explore the effects of Mangiferin on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, nitro-oxidative stress markers, histopathological alterations, and cardiac function in experimental myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis. The effects were compared to Prednisone, used as a reference anti-inflammatory compound, and Trolox, used as a reference antioxidant. The study involved 30 male Wistar–Bratislava rats, which were randomly divided into five groups: a negative control group (C−), a positive control group with induced myocarditis using a porcine myosin solution (C+), three groups with induced myocarditis receiving Mangiferin (M), Prednisone (P), or Trolox (T) as treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography. Biochemical measurements of nitro-oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted. Finally, histopathological changes were assessed. At echocardiography, the evaluation of the untreated myocarditis group showed a trend toward decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but was not statistically significant, while all treated groups showed some improvement in LVEF and left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS). Significant changes were seen in the Mangiferin group, with lower end-diastolic left ventricular posterior wall (LVPWd) by day 21 compared to the Trolox group (p < 0.001). In the first week of the experiment, levels of interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly higher in the myosin group compared to the negative control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01), indicating the progression of inflammation in this group. Treatment with Mangiferin, Prednisone, and Trolox caused a significant reduction in IL-1β compared to the positive control group (p < 0.001). Notably, Mangiferin resulted in a superior reduction in IL-1β compared to Prednisone (p < 0.05) and Trolox (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Mangiferin treatment led to a statistically significant increase in total oxidative capacity (TAC) (p < 0.001) and a significant reduction in nitric oxide (NOx) levels (p < 0.001) compared to the negative control group. Furthermore, when compared to the Prednisone-treated group, Mangiferin significantly reduced NOx levels (p < 0.001) and increased TAC levels (p < 0.001). Mangiferin treatment significantly lowered creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels on day 7 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and reduced CK levels on day 21 (p < 0.01) compared to the untreated group. In the nontreated group, the histological findings at the end of the experiment were consistent with myocarditis. In the group treated with Mangiferin, only one case exhibited mild inflammatory infiltrates, represented by mononucleated leukocytes admixed with few neutrophils, with the severity graded as mild. Statistically significant correlations between the grades (0 vs. 1–2) and the study groups have been highlighted (p < 0.005). This study demonstrated Mangiferin's cardioprotective effects in autoimmune myocarditis, showing reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Mangiferin appears promising as a treatment for acute myocarditis, but further research is needed to compare its efficacy with other treatments like Trolox and Prednisone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WRKY transcription factor (TF) plays a crucial role in plant abiotic stress response, but it is rarely reported in Michelia crassipes. Our studies have found that the transcription factor McWRKY43, a member of the IIc subgroup, is strongly upregulated under cold stress. In this study, we cloned the full length of McWRKY43 to further investigate the function of McWRKY43 in resistance to cold stress and its possible regulatory pathways in M. crassipes. Under cold stress, the seed-germination rate of transgenic tobacco was significantly higher than that of the wild type, and the flavonoid content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and proline content of transgenic tobacco seedlings were significantly increased, which promoted the expression of flavonoid pathway structural genes. In addition, the transient transformation of McWRKY43 in the M. crassipes leaves also found the accumulation of flavonoid content and the transcription level of flavonoid structural genes, especially McLDOX, were significantly increased under cold stress. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay showed that McWRKY43 could bind to McLDOX promoter, and the transcription expression of McLDOX was promoted by McWRKY43 during cold stress treatment. Overall, our results indicated that McWRKY43 is involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to regulate cold stress tolerance of M. crassipes, providing a basis for molecular mechanism of stress resistance in Michelia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) significantly impacts patients' quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative treatment with the micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) and a sucralfate-based rectal ointment in managing HD symptoms and reducing interventions. Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental study including consecutive cases and controls matched on the basis of sex was performed in a tertiary referral center. Cases received systemic and local therapy for HD, consisting of a rectal ointment containing 3% sucralfate and herbal extracts plus MPFF, in addition to conservative therapy, while controls received conservative therapy alone. The hemorrhoidal disease symptom score (HDSS), the Short Health Scale for HD (SHS-HD) score, and the Vaizey Incontinence Score were used to evaluate symptoms severity and their impact on quality of life and continence. Intervention requirements were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 60 days of treatment (T1). Results: Between January and December 2023, a total of 98 patients were assessed for eligibility. After exclusions, 56 patients were enrolled, with 28 in each group. Significant improvements were observed in HD symptom scores from T0 to T1: the intervention group showed a mean change in HDSS of −9 [95% confidence interval (CI) −10 to −8], and the control group showed no significant change (mean change of 0; 95% CI −1.5 to 0). At T1, a higher proportion of patients in the intervention group underwent less invasive interventions compared with controls (18% versus 11%). Age, treatment group, and baseline symptom severity significantly predicted post-treatment symptom scores. Conclusions: In our study the preoperative treatment with MPFF and a sucralfate-based rectal ointment demonstrated clinical benefits in managing HD symptoms and reducing interventions. Further prospective trials are warranted to confirm and explore additional therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flowers and stems of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) are known to contain effective antioxidant compounds that have potential antidiarrheal properties in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to screen various genotypes of Rhubarb for their phytochemical and antioxidant activity and optimize the extraction parameters using the response surface methodology (RSM). The study found high diversity among the different genotypes (G1–G13) in terms of their flowers and stems. The total phenolic content (TPC) in the flowers of R. ribes varied significantly, showing values between 9.80 and 81.53 mg GAE g–1 DW. In the stems, TPC ranged from 2.87 to 16.33 mg GAE g−1 DW. Similarly, the total flavonoid content (TFC) in the flowers ranged from 0.33 to 1.32 mg Qu g−1 DW, while in the stems, it was between 0.05 and 0.38 mg Qu g−1 DW. The antioxidant activity, indicated as µmol Fe2+ g–1 DW, varied from 7.42 to 59.87 in the flowers and from 0.14 to 15.99 in the stems. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified five distinct clusters among the collected genotypes. Subsequent analysis of variance and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that the flowers of G8 (G8F) from Tehran to Lavasan exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP). Given these findings, G8F was chosen for further optimization in the study. The RSM was designed based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD) to determine the optimal extraction conditions, including extraction temperature (30–80 °C), extraction time (5–15 min), and ethanol concentration (25–75%, ethanol to water, v/v). The responses measured were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The optimal extraction conditions for all responses or desirability indices were X1: 80 °C, X2: 15 min, and X3: 53.14%, which resulted in TPC (99.32 mg GAE.g−1 DW), TFC (3.00 mg Qu.g−1 DW), TAC (1.12 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-g) g−1 DW), FRAP (110.22 µmol Fe+2/g DW), and DPPHsc (88.20%). The R2 values (0.91–0.99) indicated that the RSM models were acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Saffron petals are usually considered as waste after saffron harvest. However, saffron petals contain many important phytochemical components (e.g. quercetin and kaempferol), which may alleviate oxidative damage in human cells.The contents of flavonoids and crocin in different parts of saffron were analyzed. The protective effects of flavonoids from saffron on oxidative damage of B16 cells were investigated. Saffron stigma contained high contents of crocin and picrocrocin, whereas flavonoid content (quercetin, 4.03 ± 0.33 mg g−1 DW; kaempferol, 47.80 ± 0.60 mg g−1 DW) was higher in saffron petals than in other parts. Incubation of B16 cells with quercetin (10–30 μmol L−1) and kaempferol (20–30 μmol L−1) obtained from saffron extracts could significantly increase the total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and the activity of NADPH:dehydrogenase quinone‐1 (NQO1) to alleviate H2O2‐induced oxidative damage. Quercetin was better than kaempferol in increasing NQO1 activity and T‐AOC. Quercetin extracted from saffron petals could induce NQO1 expression through regulating kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein‐1/nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor‐2 signaling pathway to protect B16 cells from oxidative damage.The content of kaempferol‐3‐O‐sophoroside and quercetin‐3‐O‐sophoroside was higher in saffron petals than in other parts of saffron. The kaempferol and quercetin obtained from saffron petals could enhance the activity of antioxidant enzyme NQO1 and T‐AOC in B16 cells. This indicated that saffron petals, as a potential functional food, may prevent diseases caused by oxidative stress. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents of extracts obtained from the flower parts of Salvia sclarea using different extraction methods, such as maceration and rotavapor (RE). The results indicate that the maceration method yields extracts with higher antioxidant activity compared to the rotavapor method (DPPH IC50: 260.70 ± 65.41 mg/mL vs. 345.48 ± 27.91 mg/mL). Additionally, the maceration method produces higher values in terms of total phenolic (26.4 ± 7.78 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid (10.44 ± 0.21 mg QE/g extract), flavonol (9.20 ± 0.84 mg QE/g extract), and tannin contents (8.36 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g extract), whereas the RE method shows lower values (phenolics: 19.8 ± 3.31 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoids: 10.35 ± 0.35 mg QE/g extract, flavanol's: 5.45 ± 0.01 mg QE/g extract, and tannins: 7.72 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g extract). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the extracts identified various bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed that Terpinen‐4‐ol obtained through maceration exhibits a strong binding affinity to a specific protein target, indicating potential biological activity. The predicted pharmacokinetic (ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)) parameters for Terpinen‐4‐ol suggest favorable absorption and central nervous system (CNS) penetration, while Squalene obtained through maceration shows different pharmacokinetic properties. S. sclarea highlights significant antioxidant potential and provides insight into the bioactive compounds obtained through different extraction methods. To further investigate the potential biological interactions arising from these differences, molecular docking studies were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Germination is a sustainable and economical process that can enhance the bioactivities of commonly consumed cereal and pulses, contributing to healthier diets. Its effectiveness in increasing bioactives depends on the germination conditions. This study examined the impact of varying germination periods (2, 4, 6, and 8 days) following 12 h of steeping on rice, maize, green gram, and soy, focusing on key bioactive compounds, including total polyphenols, flavonoids, and total digestible starch. Cereal and pulses germinated for eight days demonstrated a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total polyphenol and flavonoid content along with elevated antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity strongly correlated to increased total polyphenol and flavonoid levels throughout the extended germination period. Moreover, the total digestible starch content (TDS) in rice, maize, and soy increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the hydrolysis of starch molecules, while green gram showed twofold decrease in TDS, indicating the impact of germination on TDS content may differ across the type of cereal and pules. Using locally grown Sri Lankan grain varieties, such as rice, maize,green gram,and soy, this study fills the gap in existing database on the investigation of bioactive compounds and total digestible starch content, exploring the potential of germination of cereal and pulses to use in nutritionally rich products in the food and agriculture industry with a focus on sustainable food systems and healthier eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreservation is a pivotal technique in safeguarding genetic material across diverse species, despite its inherent challenges linked to induced spermatozoa damage, notably apoptosis and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Given the insufficient antioxidant defense of spermatozoa against LPO, there is a rising interest in integrating additional additives into extenders to ameliorate mammalian semen quality. Among these additives, flavonoids have garnered considerable attention due to their potent antioxidative properties. Hence, our study aimed to assess the efficacy of flavone (FL) and 3-hydroxyflavone (3-OH =) supplementation in the cryopreservation medium to protect canine sperm against the damaging impacts of freezing and ensure the preservation of their reproductive potential. Semen was collected from five Beagle stud dogs and then pooled. Then, the sample was divided into 7 groups, each treated with 1) 0 mM, 2) 0.1 mM FL, 3) 0.2 mM FL, 4) 0.4 mM FL, 5) 0.1 mM 3-OH = , 6) 0.2 mM 3-OH = , 7) 0.4 mM 3-OH =. Semen samples were subjected to cryopreservation in French straws and glycerol as a cryoprotectant. In the frozen thawed semen, sperm motility parameters by CASA system and sperm membrane integrity, acrosome status, mitochondrial activity, DNA fragmentation, early apoptosis with capacitation, and LPO were assessed using flow cytometry just after thawing (0 h) and 4 h post thaw. Results reveal significant increase in the proportion of live spermatozoa with undamaged acrosomes in the FL 0.1 and 3-OH = 0.2 groups at 0 h post thaw. At this time point, 3-OH = 0.1 significantly reduced the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) compared to the FL 0.1 and 0.2 groups. However, after the next 4 h, 3-OH = 0.4 exhibited the lowest (P < 0.05) DFI compared to FL 0.2 and 3-OH = 0.1. Additionally, 3-OH = 0.4 showed the highest (P < 0.05) proportion of non apoptotic and non capacitated spermatozoa compared to FL 0.1 0 h post-thaw. Simultaneously, the same group demonstrated significant reduction in apoptotic and capacitated sperm cells, at 0 h and 4 h post-thaw. Moreover, 3-OH = at 0.1 (0 h and 4 h) and 0.2 mM (4 h) significantly enhances the proportion of live sperm without LPO post thaw. Whitin the FL groups, only 0.4 FL significantly increased the percentage of live sperm without LPO. No significant effect of the tested substances was observed on sperm motility, cell membrane integrity, or mitochondrial activity. These findings highlight the promising role of flavone and 3-hydroxyflavone in enhancing sperm resilience during cryopreservation, suggesting their protective function against acrosome damages, capacitation, apoptosis and lipid peroxidation. [Display omitted] • lFlavone (FL) and 3-hydroxyflavone (3-OH =) were used to supplement the extender for canine semen cryopreservation for the first time. • Using FL 0.1 mM and 3-OH = 0.2 mM increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of live spermatozoa with undamaged acrosomes. • Using 3-OH = 0.1 and 0.4 mM significantly reduced the DNA fragmentation index of spermatozoa. • Using 3-OH = 0.4 mM significantly reduced apoptosis and capacitation of sperm cells. • Using FL 0.4 mM and 3-OH = 0.1 and 0.2 mM significantly protected the sperm against lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]