Search

Background: Anterior open bite (AOB) is noteworthy because it is a complex dysplasia, and clinical studies on this malocclusion are usually epidemiological studies or experimental models with small samples and no control group, which renders the data on AOB incomplete and therefore inconclusive. The objective this study was to assess the risk factors involved in developing AOB. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was provided with a total of 96 lateral cephalometric radiographs of male and female patients aged between 8 and 14 years were used, regardless of facial type. The dependent variable was the presence or absence of AOB, which divided the participants into case and control groups, respectively; these groups were matched for gender and age. The case and control groups data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential analysis by binary logistic regression using at the 5% significance level Results: The occurrence of AOB was associated with the presence of deleterious oral habits (P = 0.014; Chi-square test) and was approximately three times (odds ratio = 3.04) more likely to occur in participants with AOB. No significant association between the presence of mouth breathing and the occurrence of AOB was found (P = 0.151; Chi-square test). The odds associated with tongue interposition were 10.51 times higher than those of participants with no such deglutition. The odds associated with the dolichofacial pattern were 5.74 times those of participants with a nondolichofacial pattern. Conclusion: Tongue interposition and dolichocephalic facial pattern were risk factors for developing AOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In principle, to achieve the most natural and harmonious rejuvenation of the face, all changes that result from the aging process should be corrected. Traditionally, soft tissue lifting and redraping have constituted the cornerstone of most facial rejuvenation procedures. Changes in the facial skeleton that occur with aging and their impact on facial appearance have not been well appreciated. Accordingly, failure to address changes in the skeletal foundation of the face may limit the potential benefit of any rejuvenation procedure. Correction of the skeletal framework is increasingly viewed as the new frontier in facial rejuvenation. It currently is clear that certain areas of the facial skeleton undergo resorption with aging. Areas with a strong predisposition to resorption include the midface skeleton, particularly the maxilla including the pyriform region of the nose, the superomedial and inferolateral aspects of the orbital rim, and the prejowl area of the mandible. These areas resorb in a specific and predictable manner with aging. The resultant deficiencies of the skeletal foundation contribute to the stigmata of the aging face. In patients with a congenitally weak skeletal structure, the skeleton may be the primary cause for the manifestations of premature aging. These areas should be specifically examined in patients undergoing facial rejuvenation and addressed to obtain superior aesthetic results. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RSBO: Revista Sul-Brasileira de Odontologia is the property of UNIVILLE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chondroid syringoma (CS) is a rare mixed tumor of sweat gland origin with a reported incidence of less than 0.1%. The tumor is mostly benign and usually seen in males. It comprises of both epithelial and mesenchymal elements. The usual presentation and clinical course of this condition makes it liable to be confused with other commoner skin conditions. We hereby present a case of facial CS in a young female patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalofacial variables and the body height have priority importance in anthropological researches for a chronological study of the anthropological status of peoples. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the changeability of the cephalofacial variables and stature under the influence of exogenous factors during the over 80 years period-time. . The realisation of the goal was done by comparing of some anthropometrical data (stature, 5 cephalofacial measurements and 2 cephalofacial indexes) done on the Albanian male population in three different time-line studies (Coon, 1950; Dhima, 1974-84; Rexhepi et al. 2018; cephalofacial measurements, 1997-2008, and stature, 2007-2017). Regarding the cephalofacial variables, some minor systematic differences were found between three different timeline studies, but without contradictions regarding the group's classification according to the corresponding scale. The major and meaningful differences between the three studies are noted in body height (Coon = 169.71 cm, Dhima=171.61cm; Rexhepi et al.=178.23 cm). The results of this study suggested that the timeline difference over 80 years, with all exogenous factor changes (environment, socioeconomic conditions, health, etc.) has a meaningful impact on body height, while not on the substantial changes on cephalofacial variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good aftercare of traumatic wounds reduces the risk of infection and improves functional and aesthetic outcomes. Inconsistencies in the instructions given by oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgeons to patients with facial lacerations have previously been noted. We therefore sent anonymous online surveys to OMF clinicians in the United Kingdom to investigate the extent of the variation in aftercare advice given to patients who have had traumatic lacerations of the skin of the head and neck. Respondents were asked about their current practice, including instructions on how to clean wounds, the provision of cleaning materials, use of topical dressings, and advice regarding dry time; also the number of days before the removal of sutures, and specialist review of facial wounds. A total of 63 responded. There was considerable variation within and between grades regarding the advice given. Advice varied and there was no consensus in any of the areas questioned. Robust evidence on the aftercare of traumatic lacerations is lacking. To develop practical guidelines for advice there is a need for further research in the area and further discussion about the aftercare of lacerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efficacious topical medications for rosacea are needed. FMX103 1.5% is a novel topical minocycline foam that may have therapeutic benefits in treating rosacea while minimizing systemic adverse effects due to its topical route of delivery.Objective: To determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 12 weeks of treatment with FMX103 1.5% topical minocycline foam for papulopustular rosacea.Methods: Two 12-week, phase 3, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 2-arm studies were performed in patients with moderate to severe papulopustular rosacea.Results: Participants who received FMX103 1.5%, versus control individuals treated with vehicle, exhibited a significantly greater reduction in the number of inflammatory lesions (FX2016-11: -17.57 vs -15.65; P = .0031; FX2016-12: -18.54 vs -14.88; P < .0001) and higher rates of Investigator Global Assessment treatment success (FX2016-11: 52.1% vs 43.0%; P = .0273; FX2016-12: 49.1% vs 39.0%; P = .0077). No serious treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events occurred.Limitations: The generalizability of these data from a controlled clinical trial should be examined in a real-world setting.Conclusions: FMX103 1.5% was efficacious for moderate to severe papulopustular rosacea and maintained a favorable safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new facial homoleptic tris‐cyclometalated phosphorescent iridium(III) complex Ir(ppyNO)3 featuring three oxygen‐bridged triarylamine units has been synthesized via an efficient Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of oxygen‐bridged triarylamine unit based boron reagent 1‐b with corresponding tribrominated iridium(III) complex Ir‐Br. It can not only show an effective green light emission, but also display a narrower full width at half maximum (FWHM=57 nm) and better solubility than that of the classical complex fac‐Ir(ppy)3 (FWHM=82 nm, ppy=2‐phenylpyridine). Furthermore, a longer emission lifetime (τ=1201 ns) of Ir(ppyNO)3 in polystyrene (PS) film can be found than that (τ=45 ns) in CH2Cl2 solution. In addition, the lowest triplet state (T1) of Ir(ppyNO)3 can exhibit both metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) and intraligand charge transfer (3ILCT) excited state character according to DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical devices such as hip, knee, breast, vascular prostheses, among others, are very useful in different pathologies. We cannot doubt that their use is a great tool, besides being an advance in medicine; they provide a change in the quality of life of many patients; however, they are not exempt from adverse reactions and events. Methods: We conduct a systematic review about lymphoma in the presences of prostheses other than breast implants. Results: We selected 21 publications with a total of 24 patients. The largest number of prostheses was related to long bones in a total of 13 prostheses. The most frequent symptoms were: pain (52%), inflammation (24%), visible or palpable mass 20%. The most frequent type of lymphoma was non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma in 14 cases. Discussion: The presence of microparticles make biological degradation and wear of the implants, with macrophage and lymphocyte activation and the consequent production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). Conclusion: Lymphoma is not a common disease in patients with prostheses, and more data are needed to identify risk factors and make proper diagnoses. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the desire for beauty and youthful appearance has increased in recent years, cosmetic injections are getting more attention. However, patients discomfort during these injections is a challenging issue. Aim: This review explores common approaches to reduce pain and discomfort during cosmetic injections through the available literature. Methods: The eligible studies through searching in PubMed have been entered to evaluate the common methods of pain reduction for cosmetic injections. Results: According to reviewed studies, vibration, local anesthesia, and vapocoolant anesthesia are common methods applied in order to reduce pain and discomfort in patients. All of these methods are able to reduce pain through their affects on neuron fibers. Conclusion: It seems that all common approaches can result in some amount of pain reduction. Using a combination of these methods during injections, practitioners can successfully reduce the pain of injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The treatment of facial wounds by human bites is difficult, especially in under-developed countries. We aimed to distinguish the epidemiological and clinical aspects to describe the therapeutic methods and evaluate their effectiveness. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive and retrospective study over a period of 6 years. Patients who consulted regarding a human bite wound and were surgically treated were included. Results: Eighteen patients with a hospital prevalence of 0.008% were enrolled. The ratio of men to women was 2 (12 men for every 6 women). The average age was 32.77 years (range, 23–45 years). The lesions were labial in 11 cases (61.11%). The wounds were type III in eight cases (44.44%) and type II in nine cases (50%). Surgical treatment was primary in 12 cases (66.67%) and delayed in 6 cases (33.33%). The evolution was favorable in 16 cases (88.89%). Discussion: The wounds on the face created by human bite can be effectively treated via primary repair while reserving systematic secondary closure to an initially necrotic wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial nerve neuromas (FNN) are significantly rare brain tumors. Our objective is to report a case of an atypical presentation and treatment of a large facial nerve neuroma. We review current literature and discuss issues pertaining to postoperative outcomes of large facial neuromas. Method: We retrospectively reviewed a case of patient who presented in our center with atypical symptoms of a large intracranial facial neuroma (schwannoma), our approach to treatment, outcome and combined it with review of current literature. A review of the current literature was performed by extrapolating data relating to clinical and management details pertaining to FNN, currently listed on the Google scholar, Clinical-Trials.gov database, and PubMed. This information was tabulated and compared with our experience. Conclusion: Large facial nerves neuromas (FNN) are very rare brain tumors which may coexist with the patient without debilitating symptoms. When diagnosed, individualized approached to archive maximal resection while preserving surrounding cranial nerves and brain stem function must be the goal. Intraoperative patient positioning, is vital for attaining maximal view, brain relaxation and minimal bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The masseteric nerve is a suitable target as a motor nerve donor for facial reanimation surgeries and botulinum toxin injection in case of hypertrophy of masseter muscle. In this context determining the topographical location of the motor point (MP) of masseter muscle with reference to standard anatomical landmarks becomes significant. Methods. Eleven formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected meticulously. After identifying the MP of the masseteric muscle, its distance from the preauricular point, the midpoint of the orbitomeatal line and angle of mouth were defined. The thickness of the masseter muscle was determined. Results. The mean distance of the MP from the preauricular point, the midpoint of the orbitomeatal line and the angle of mouth were 5.59 cm, 3.43 cm and 5.14 cm respectively on the right and 5.11 cm, 3.32 cm and 5.36 cm respectively on the left side. The mean thickness of masseter muscle was 5.24 cm on right and 5.32 cm on the left side. Conclusions. The MP of masseter muscle lies at a point which is almost equidistant from the preauricular point and angle of mouth but in more proximity to the orbito-meatal line. Its entry into the masseter is on an average of 5.28 cm from the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of an indirect porcelain restoration hinges on the dentist's and laboratory technician's ability to work symbiotically. By starting with a diagnostic wax-up from the technician, the dentist can perform a customdriven preparation design. Through the use of preparation guides, he or she can begin to envision the final restorative material volume needed, ultimately allowing for a smooth and properly prepared tooth. This article focuses on four specific preparation guides and the techniques to use them intraorally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the complications of oral and facial piercing and its frequency in an extensive series of cases. Method and Materials: A sample of 2,266 consecutive patients requiring dental care over a period of 1 year was included in this cross-sectional observational study. A total of 83 piercing wearers were identified. Demographics, piercing site, clinical complications, adverse effects of piercing, motivation, and setting of piercing were determined through an interview and intraoral examination. Results: The 18- to 27-year age bracket showed a significantly higher prevalence of piercing wearers (mean years of wear 2.9 ± 3.8). Esthetic reasons were the most frequent stimulus for piercing insertion (86.7%). Up to an 80.8% of the devices were inserted in a tattooing studio. Forty-nine patients (59.0%) reported postoperative or late piercing complications. Postoperative pain (40.9%; 95% CI = 29.7 to 52.1) was significantly more frequent than infection (10.8%; 95% CI = 3.5 to 18.1) or postpiercing bleeding (7.2%; 95% CI = 1.0 to 13.4). When oral locations were compared to facial sites, the former had caused significantly more problems (X2 = 10.1; P = .001), pain (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.97) and swelling (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.68) being the most frequent undesirable effects associated with oral piercing. Conclusions: Complications associated with oral and facial piercing are frequent, and many of them might well be avoided if effective legal and hygienic measures were adopted. Educational interventions targeted to the population between 18 and 27 years of age are advisable, particularly when dealing with oral piercing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to assess the reproducibility of 2D and 3D forensic methods for facial depiction from skeletal remains (2D sketch, 3D manual, 3D automated, 3D computer-assisted). In a blind study, thirteen practitioners produced fourteen facial depictions, using the same skull model derived from CT data of a living donor, a biological profile and relevant soft tissue data. The facial depictions were compared to the donor subject using three different evaluation methods: 3D geometric, 2D face recognition ranking and familiar resemblance ratings. Five of the 3D facial depictions (all 3D methods) demonstrated a deviation error within ± 2 mm for ≥ 50% of the total face surface. Overall, no single 3D method (manual, computer assisted, automated) produced consistently high results across all three evaluations. 2D comparisons with a facial photograph of the donor were carried out for all the 2D and 3D facial depictions using four freely available face recognition algorithms (Toolpie; Photomyne; Face ++; Amazon). The 2D sketch method produced the highest ranked matches to the donor photograph, with overall ranking in the top six. Only one 3D facial depiction was ranked highly in both the 3D geometric and 2D face recognition comparisons. The majority (67%) of the facial depictions were rated as limited or moderate resemblance by the familiar examiner. Only one 2D facial depiction was rated as strong resemblance, whilst two 2D sketches and two 3D facial depictions were rated as good resemblances by the familiar examiner. The four most geometrically accurate 3D facial depictions were only rated as limited or moderate resemblance to the donor by the familiar examiner. The results suggest that where a consistent facial depiction method is utilised, we can expect relatively consistent metric reliability between practitioners. However, presentation standards for practitioners would greatly enhance the possibility of recognition in forensic scenarios. • Assessment of reproducibility of facial depiction from skeletal remains using multiple practitioners. • Three evaluation methods; qualitative and quantitative. • No single 3D method produced consistently high results across all three evaluations. • All 2D sketches and three 3D facial depictions were ranked the overall highest matches to the donor photograph. • The most geometrically accurate 3D facial depictions were only rated as limited or moderate resemblance to the donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial nerve palsy is the most frequent acute mononeuropathy and it is often of viral etiology, although many other causes have been identified. It has recently been described as a potential manifestation of COVID-19. We report the case of a patient with recent history of diarrhea and malaise that was admitted to the hospital presenting right facial paresis with orbicular muscle involvement. Nasopharyngeal swab tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and magnetic resonance imaging showed no structural changes. During the hospital stay, the patient showed clinical improvement, and no other symptoms were observed. This case presentation suggests a possible association between neuropathies and SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evaluate role of MRI and TRICKS-MR angiography in diagnosis of facial vascular anomalies. Material and methods: This study included 22 patients (mean age 9 years) with proved facial vascular anomalies on basis of interventional/surgical procedures (n = 19) or clinical follow up (n = 3). They underwent MRI examination with TRICKS-MRA. Images were evaluated for lesion location, size, feeding arteries and draining veins. Results: AVM was diagnosed in 15 patients (68.2%), hemangioma (5) patients (27.7%) and low flow venous malformation (2) patients (9.1%). TRICKS-MRA was accurate in diagnosis of 25 feeding arteries out of total 27 included in the study with 92.6% positive predictive value, 100% negative predictive value and 93.1% accuracy. AVMs were treated with sclerotherapy (26.7%), embolization (40%) and combined embolization and surgery (33.3%). Surgery was done in 2 hemangiomas (40%) while the other three patients (60%) underwent clinical follow up for 2 years with stationary course. The 2 patients with venous malformation underwent successful sclerotherapy. Conclusion: MRI & TRICKS-MRA provide excellent diagnostic data for assessment of facial vascular anomalies. TRICKS -MRA adds precise delineation of the vascular mapping, regarding feeding arteries and draining veins which helps in planning of therapeutic approach and reduces needing for invasive DSA.

The purpose of our research is to understand the status of the quality of life and level of disability acceptance in patients with facial burn scars and to explore the correlation between quality of life and disability acceptance and how to improve nursing care for these patients. Patients with facial burn scars were investigated in an outpatient clinic of tertiary hospitals from September 2015 to February 2016. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The questionnaires used included demographic data and investigations using the burn scars table, Burn-Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B), and acceptance disability scale (ADS). Differences between participants in terms of demographic characteristics, quality of life, and disability acceptance were assessed using two-tailed independent t-tests. The total score of quality of life and disability acceptance in facial burn scar patients was 137.06 ± 17.05 and 185.68 ± 23.74, respectively. The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that the overall quality of life score of facial burn scar patients was positively correlated with disability acceptance (r = 0.245, p = 0.007). The quality of life of facial burn scar patients will improve with the improvement of disability acceptance level. Therefore, medical staff can improve the quality of life of patients by improving their disability acceptance level.

Background Among over 100 types of Herpesviridae viruses, eight can infect humans: herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8). After initial infection, the viruses remain latent for the lifetime of the host. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of six different herpesviruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, and HHV-6 in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia among a random group of Polish population. Methods The studied group consisted of 47 individuals (40 male, seven female); mean age of 47.4 ± 16.5 years) who died of independent causes (suicide, traffic accident, and poisoning, among others). Bilateral trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia of each cadaver were collected during the autopsy. Herpesviruses were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique. Results Herpesviruses were found in trigeminal and/or facial ganglia in 30/47 (63.8%) of cadavers. HHV-6 was the most prevalent of the herpesviruses and was found in nearly half of cadavers (n = 22; 46.8%), followed by HSV-1 (n = 7; 14.9%), VZV (n = 4; 8.5%), EBV (n = 4; 8.5%), HSV-2 (n = 2; 4.3%), and CMV (n = 1; 2.1%). Facial nerve ganglia (n = 23; 48.9%) were more often infected than trigeminal ganglia (n = 13; 27.7%). Discussion The results of this study have revealed a common presence of the herpesviruses in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia among a random group of Polish population. Furthermore, the data also demonstrate simultaneous infection of the ganglia with different herpesviruses. This study has contributed to the knowledge of prevalence and localization of herpesviruses in different structures of the nervous system.

Our research letter investigates the potential, as well as the current limitations, of widely available text-to-image tools in generating images for medical education. We focused on illustrations of important physical signs in the face (for which confidentiality issues in conventional patient photograph use may be a particular concern) that medics should know about, and we used facial images of hypothyroidism and Horner syndrome as examples., (©Ajay Kumar, Pierce Burr, Tim Michael Young. Originally published in JMIR Medical Education (https://mededu.jmir.org), 22.02.2024.)

Aim of the Study  Mucormycosis is a rare invasive and fatal fungal infection and its resurgence in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been a matter of grave concern. It is essentially a medical disease, but surgical debridement of necrotic tissues is of paramount importance leading to severe craniofacial deformities. In this case series, we present our experience with the feasibility of early reconstruction after surgical debridement. Case Series  As a Dedicated COVID Center (DCH), the institute received the largest population of COVID-19 mucormycosis patients from the entire eastern region of the country between May 2021 and August 2021. More than 5,000 COVID-19 were admitted out of which 218 patients were diagnosed with mucormycosis. Nine patients, seven males and two females, with a mean age of 39 years with craniofacial mucormycosis underwent debridement and early reconstructions (2-4 weeks from first debridement and start of antifungal therapy) with free and pedicled flaps. All flaps survived and showed no evidence of recurrence. The average time of the early reconstruction after surgical debridement was 1.7 weeks once the course of systemic amphotericin B was received. Conclusion  After aggressive surgical resection and a short course of antifungal therapy, early reconstruction can be done safely based on clinical criteria, as long as there is no evidence of hyphae invasion on wound edges in the intraoperative pathology examination., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).)

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a type of benign tumor that develops during infancy and spontaneously involutes after 1 year of age. Before the introduction of propranolol in 2008, some patients with IH were instructed to wait for the involution without treatment. This long‐term follow‐up study was conducted to assess the prognosis of East‐Asian children with untreated deep or mixed facial IH. Skin sequelae were assessed by comparing images obtained during the patients' first and last visits in our clinic. Possible factors were assessed for their association with IH prognosis. The mean follow‐up time was 7.4 years. Among the 48 patients with deep or mixed facial IH, 26 (54%) achieved complete involution without sequelae and 22 encountered various sequelae, including telangiectasia (36.3%), fibrofatty residue (68.2%), and scars (4%). The complete regression rate of deep or mixed IH occurring in the central facial region was significantly lower than for those in the perifacial region (33.3% vs 66.7%, respectively, χ2, P = 0.025). Further, the most common sequelae in this area are fibrofatty residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burn is a complex disease process; visible disfigurement caused by burns translates into an altered pattern of socialization which can have serious psychological ramifications. Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of topical heparin on the treatment of facial burn regarding pain relief, antibiotic requirements and healing time. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective controlled random study. It included 40 patients, 15-60 years old, males and females having acute thermal burn up to 20% TBSA burn including the face. They were subjected either to dressing with topical heparin or topical anti-microbial creams. This study was done at the Burn Unit and Clinic of the Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery at Al-Azhar University Hospitals and El Salam Specialized Hospital. The Burn Unit for in patients and the Clinic for our patients follow up visits after hospital discharge. The study was done during the period from April 2019 to November 2019. Results: The use of heparin in burns has been shown to maintain blood circulation, relieve pain, limit inflammation, re-vascularize ischemic tissue, regulate collagen and reduce scarring and contractures. The patients dressed with topical heparin suffered less pain, required less analgesics and fewer antibiotics, no-hard dressings, less secondary procedures and early return to home and work. Conclusion: Our study showed that in patients with facial burns of thermal etiology, the use of topical heparin significantly reduced pain and edema, enhanced faster healing and epithelialization and required less antibiotics than patients treated with topical antimicrobial creams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective. Aesthetic rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging surgical procedures, where a bony and a cartilaginous framework covered by skin meet into a tridimensional structure that must be interpreted and modified as one to obtain a successful result. Methods. A regular 3D CT scan of the maxillofacial area with shaded surface display (SSD) technique is used to get a precise evaluation of the nasal cartilages and their relationship with the skin. Results. We obtained a greater detail of the nasal structure, both of its components: bone cartilage in order to improve nasal surgery planning. Conclusions. The A-GI-VA technique allows us to depict the nasal anatomy and determine a better surgery planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cheiloscopy is the study of lip prints. The wrinkles and grooves on labial mucosa called as sulci labiorum form a characteristic pattern called ‘lip prints’. It is usually used in forensic investigation. Gender and face shape classification from lip print is an important procedure in forensic anthropology in order to identify the gender of a criminal, their face shape type and narrow down the scope of suspects search. Each individual has a unique lip print hence this can be useful for identification. Aim: To correlate between the type of lip prints in relation to gender and facial form among third year students in Saveetha Dental College. Method: The study group comprised of 25 females and 25 males. The materials used were lipstick, white bond paper, cellophane tape and a brush for applying the lipstick. The data obtained will be analysed on the lip print pattern and its correlation to the face shape and gender Result: The most common type of lip print for both females and males are type 1 lip print. As for face shape, round face shape is most common in females, meanwhile square and heart face shape is most common in male population. Conclusion: There is no correlation between face shape, type of lip print and gender. Further study should be done to demonstrate a more accurate reason with wider field of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial seborrheic dermatitis (FSD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disorder occurring in areas of the face rich in sebaceous glands. It clinically manifests as erythematous scaly macules or plaques, often associated with pruritus. Although the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis is not yet fully understood, Malassezia yeast, hormones, sebum levels, and immune response are known to play important roles. Additional factors including drugs, cold temperatures, and stress may exacerbate the condition. Currently, the available treatments do not cure the disease but relieve symptoms. Various pharmacological treatments are available, including antifungal agents, keratolytics, topical low-potency steroids, and calcineurin inhibitors. All of them provide several benefits, but they also have potential side effects. Seborrheic dermatitis tends to have a chronic, recurrent course. To avoid the long-term use of drugs, topical non-pharmacological products such as cosmetics or medical devices may improve clinical outcomes. Products with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as zinc, piroctone olamine, dihydroavenanthramide, biosaccharide gum-2, and stearyl glycyrrhetinate may speed FSD recovery and avoid flare-ups. Finally, the use of specific cleansers, moisturizers, and sunscreens formulated as light creams or gel/creams should be strongly recommended to all FSD patients. We provide a brief review of the most used non-pharmacological cleansers, topical gel/creams, and specific sunscreens in the management of FSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review was to document cases of pterygoid hamulus (PH) syndrome and to describe the various etiology, differential diagnosis, and management strategies so far reported in literature. Here, we also present two case reports of PH syndrome. A comprehensive search in PubMed/Medline database was done using MeSH terms such as "Pterygoid Hamulus," "Pterygoid Hamulus Syndrome," and "Hamular Bursitis" using various Boolean operators such as "AND" and "OR". Till date, 31 cases of this entity including the present cases have been found. Conservative management was followed in the earlier reported cases; however, most cases were treated by surgical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Accident Compensation Corporation statistics shows that maxillofacial fracture affects 11,000 people with an approximate $90 million annual cost in New Zealand dollars (NZD). Previous studies have demonstrated interpersonal violence (IPV), road traffic accidents (RTAs), sports injury, and falls being the common causes of maxillofacial fracture. This study investigated the causes and associated alcohol and/or drug use and fracture patterns in patients presenting with maxillofacial fractures in the Wellington region. Subjects and Methods: Demographic data of the patients, the cause of maxillofacial fracture and associated alcohol and/or drug use, and the fracture patterns were culled from our prospective maxillofacial fracture database at Hutt Hospital for a 5-year period from January 01, 2013, to December 31, 2017 and analyzed. Results: A total of 1535 patients were referred with maxillofacial fractures during the study. 38% of the maxillofacial fractures were caused by IPV, followed by sports injury (24%), falls (24%), and RTA (6%), with 33.4% associated with alcohol and/or drug use. Males were six times more likely to present with IPV-related maxillofacial fractures, compared to females. The 16–30-year age group was the most prevalent in the IPV group with NZ Maori attributing to significantly more maxillofacial fractures compared to NZ European, 54.6% vs. 32.0% (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: IPV, especially involving alcohol and/or drug use, is the most common cause of maxillofacial fractures in the Wellington region, especially in NZ Maori males aged 16–30 years. Public health strategies are needed to decrease IPV as a cause of maxillofacial fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic understanding of human affect using visual signals is of great importance in everyday human–machine interactions. Appraising human emotional states, behaviors and reactions displayed in real-world settings, can be accomplished using latent continuous dimensions (e.g., the circumplex model of affect). Valence (i.e., how positive or negative is an emotion) and arousal (i.e., power of the activation of the emotion) constitute popular and effective representations for affect. Nevertheless, the majority of collected datasets this far, although containing naturalistic emotional states, have been captured in highly controlled recording conditions. In this paper, we introduce the Aff-Wild benchmark for training and evaluating affect recognition algorithms. We also report on the results of the First Affect-in-the-wild Challenge (Aff-Wild Challenge) that was recently organized in conjunction with CVPR 2017 on the Aff-Wild database, and was the first ever challenge on the estimation of valence and arousal in-the-wild. Furthermore, we design and extensively train an end-to-end deep neural architecture which performs prediction of continuous emotion dimensions based on visual cues. The proposed deep learning architecture, AffWildNet, includes convolutional and recurrent neural network layers, exploiting the invariant properties of convolutional features, while also modeling temporal dynamics that arise in human behavior via the recurrent layers. The AffWildNet produced state-of-the-art results on the Aff-Wild Challenge. We then exploit the AffWild database for learning features, which can be used as priors for achieving best performances both for dimensional, as well as categorical emotion recognition, using the RECOLA, AFEW-VA and EmotiW 2017 datasets, compared to all other methods designed for the same goal. The database and emotion recognition models are available at http://ibug.doc.ic.ac.uk/resources/first-affect-wild-challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There are many accessory facial lymph nodes in the head, the supramandibular nodes are among them. The purpose of this study is to identify the frequency of accessory facial supramandibular lymph nodes (FSLN) in a dental patient group using ultrasonography (USG). Material and Method: Tire supramandibular region in front of the masseter muscle was scanned by USG on the transversal and longitudinal planes in 100 dental patients. The FSLN found were recorded, and their long axis and short axis diameters were measured. The hila and vascularization of the nodes were also examined by Doppler USG. Results: FSLN were detected in 17 patients (17%). The mean size of the detected FSLN was 9.7+4.64 mm in longitudinal diameter and 4.54±2.22 mm in latitudinal diameter. The echogenic hila and hilar vascularization of the nodes were identified in 15 of the patients in whom lymph nodes were detected; in the other two patients, the lymph nodes were smaller than 5 mm and the echogenic hila and hilar vascularization could not be detected. There was no statistically significant difference in the presence of FSLN between genders (p>0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of FSLN was found to be 17% among dental patients in the present study, as diagnosed by USG. Dentists should be aware of these structures and thoroughly define swelling of the perimandibular area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancement of the lips with facial fillers is currently one of the most popular nonsurgical cosmetic treatments worldwide. Patients from all age ranges have interest in these treatments, but there is wide variance of their esthetic goals. Practitioners must be aware of the challenges posed by both the youthful and mature lip, which usually requires different approaches and techniques. This article reviews the lip anatomy, aging changes in the lips and perioral region, techniques to produce consistent results, and ways to manage and avoid potential complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe and document with digital images two adult male baboons (Papio anubis) from the Kibale National Park, Uganda who were infected with some kind of disease having clinical signs suggestive of Treponema pallidum. One of these males was missing his premaxilla, part of the maxilla, upper incisors, canines, and possibly the first premolars. The condition of his scrotum was not seen. The other adult male had prominent inflammation of his scrotum and, to a lesser extent, his penis. Otherwise, both males appeared normal and healthy and were apparently well integrated into the same social group. These observations suggest that an earlier report of an adult female baboon living in the same area who was missing her entire premaxilla and nose and most of her maxilla may have been suffering from a similar infection, rather than a congenital disorder, as previously speculated. If these lesions were due to T. pallidum infections, then this disease has a greater geographical distribution among non-human primates than previously known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of injectable solutions for aesthetic purposes has increased tremendously, but lacks objective support. We aimed at assessing static and dynamic effects of botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) on glabellar lines by use of an objective three-dimensional methodology.Methods: We prospectively collected three-dimensional stereographic photographs of two different facial expressions (pretreatment, 30 and 90 days posttreatment) in 21 patients, receiving a total of 20 units of BoNTA in both corrugator supercilii muscles. The primary endpoint was the three-dimensional static and dynamic surface irregularity, and secondary endpoints were the glabellar line scale and overall patient satisfaction. Blinded retrospective data analysis and statistical evaluation were performed with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: Static glabellar lines (neutral facial expression) were significantly reduced by − 17% and − 24% on day 30 and 90 posttreatment, respectively (vs. pretreatment; both p < 0.0001). Dynamic glabellar frown lines (firmest possible bilateral eye closure) demonstrated a reduction of surface irregularity by − 26% and − 21% on day 30 and 90 posttreatment, respectively (vs. pretreatment; both p < 0.0001). The subjective dynamic glabellar line scale documented a statistically significant improvement on day 30 posttreatment (mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.8; p < 0.05) versus pretreatment (2.8 ± 1.0). Polled patients confirmed a subjective wrinkle improvement 90 days posttreatment.Conclusion: The presented setup detected even subtle changes of BoNTA treatment for facial wrinkling and is a promising asset for scientific evaluations of clinical studies analyzing the outcome and duration of efficacy of injectable solutions on the face.Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial expression is impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but rarely systematically studied. We focus on the ability of individuals with ASD to produce facial expressions of emotions in response to a verbal prompt. We used the Janssen Autism Knowledge Engine (JAKE®), including automated facial expression analysis software (FACET) to measure facial expressions in individuals with ASD (n = 144) and a typically developing (TD) comparison group (n = 41). Differences in ability to produce facial expressions were observed between ASD and TD groups, demonstrated by activation of facial action units (happy, scared, surprised, disgusted, but not angry or sad). Activation of facial action units correlated with parent-reported social communication skills. This approach has potential for diagnostic and response to intervention measures.Trial Registration NCT02299700. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The determination of the facial biotype and smile arc, is part of the orthodontic diagnosis, and both are important in the treatment plan. The human body is a set of proportions, so it is necessary to know the relationship between the characteristics of the smile and the facial pattern, since these factors should be considered at the time of restoring the anterior sector, in addition the facial biotype will determine the plan of the restorative treatment. Objective. The study determined the relationship between the type of smile arc and facial biotype in university students. Methods. It was considered a probabilistic sample of 191 students who met the selection criteria. Two frontal photographs were used, one where the patient had to smile and another without smiling. The qualitative data were analyzed using the Chi square test to determine significant differences between the smile arc and the facial biotype. Results. According to the smile arc, 41% (n = 79) of the students presented an arc of a consonant smile, and 59% (n = 112) a non-consonant smile arc. According to the facial biotype it was found that 33% (n = 63) of the students presented a brachifacial biotype, 38% (n = 72) a mesofacial biotype, and 29% (n = 56) a dolichofacial biotype. With respect to the relationship between the smile arc and the facial biotype in students, it was concluded that in the brachifacial biotype, 46% presented an arc of consonant smile and 54% no consonant, in the mesofacial biotype 38% an arc of consonant smile and 62% non-consonant, and in the dolichofacial biotype 41% an arc of a consonant smile and a 59% non-consonant. Conclusions. There is no statistically significant relationship between the smile arc and the facial biotype (p = 5.991). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traumatic injuries are the leading cause of death among <40 year olds, a good part of the working age population. Traumatic injuries are also the leading cause of lost productivity, causing more lost working days than cancer or vascular cardiomyopathy. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively and statistically analyzed the characteristics of facial fractures treated between June 2010 and December 2016 at the Maxillofacial Adult Surgery Unit, Spedali Civili Brescia, Italy. Discussion: Facial fractures are common in polytrauma patients, due to exposure of the cephalic end. The incidence of concomitant facial injuries with major trauma is 15%–24% in England (between Liverpool and London) and up to 34% in Washington, based on a large database of 87,174 patients. High-energy trauma frequently involving multiple traumatic injuries often leads to complex facial fractures, affecting different portions of the splanchnocranium. Conclusions: Treatment of facial fractures often focuses on functional or esthetic outcomes, and the outcomes are often substantially worse than those of other trauma treatments. Given the esthetic value of the face, facial trauma often leads to heightened emotional distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]