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High-speed modulation characteristics are investigated for a 20-μm-side-length AlGaInAs/InP square resonator microlaserwith a 1.5-μm-wide midpoint output waveguide. Singlemode operation with a maximum output power of 0.34 mW and a side mode suppression ration of 42 dB are realized for the microlaser at a temperature of 288 K. A 3-dB bandwidth of 14.9 GHz is obtained, and the eye diagrams at 15 and 20 Gb/s are demonstrated for the microlaser with a bias current of 30 mA. Furthermore, the bit error rate of 2 × 10-8 is obtained at 8 Gb/s for a square microlaser with a 3-dB bandwidth of 10 GHz. In addition, different output patterns are observed for different lasing modes, which agree with the finite-difference time-domain simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high signal transmission rate, large amount of data and long transmission path, the signal attenuation of TV large‐size 8K 120Hz products is serious. In order to improve the signal quality of the differential pair, we have studied the effects of differential line width, line spacing, and GND connection on the Eye diagram. The research results will provide a basis for other product designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast detection system based on a terahertz quantum‐well photodetector (QWP) and a fast modulated terahertz quantum‐cascade laser is presented. Response waveforms and eye diagrams under different modulation frequencies are acquired. Employing the current measurement system without any high speed optimisation obtains the highest response rate of 0.5 GHz. The experiment demonstrates that the QWP is potentially useful for fast detection and high speed communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, various solutions have been proposed to increase the modulation bandwidth and, consequently, the transmission bit-rate of semiconductor lasers. In this manuscript, we discuss a design procedure for a recently proposed laser cavity realized with the monolithic integration of two distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers allowing one to extend the modulation bandwidth. Such an extension is obtained introducing in the dynamic response a photon-photon resonance (PPR) at a frequency higher than the modulation bandwidth of the corresponding single-section laser. Design guidelines will be proposed, and dynamic small and large signal simulations results, calculated using a finite difference traveling wave (FDTW) numerical simulator, will be discussed to confirm the design results. The effectiveness of the design procedure is verified in a structure with PPR frequency at 35 GHz allowing one to obtain an open eye diagram for a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) digital signal up to 80 GHz . Furthermore, the investigation of the rich dynamics of this structure shows that with proper bias conditions, it is possible to obtain also a tunable self-pulsating signal in a frequency range related to the PPR design.

In this paper, a radio-over-fiber (RoF) communication system at 60 GHz based on passively mode-locked laser diode (PMLLD) is presented and the performance of different electrical down-conversion methods (coherent and non-coherent down-conversion) for this communication system is studied. Impact of PMLLD phase noise on error vector magnitude (EVM) is also observed and a complete theory and experimental survey on using non-coherent down-conversion (envelope detector) to reduce error of system caused by phase instability of PMLLD is provided. The performance of envelope detector to down-convert the signal with OOK modulation in this communication system is observed using eye diagram and quality factor (Q factor) measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates how the longest differential via stubs in a thick multilayered printed circuit board (PCB) affect the time-domain transmission (TDT) waveform and eye diagram. A reduction scheme is also proposed to mitigate the influence of the longest differential via stubs. The manner in which the time-domain reflection noise that is generated by the longest differential via stubs affects the TDT waveform is then investigated using a lattice diagram. Formulas for step voltages on the TDT waveform are derived by analyzing the lattice diagram. Next, the effects of parameters related to the longest differential via stubs on the TDT waveform are analyzed. A high-impedance difference scheme with/without additional air-via holes is proposed to mitigate the influence of the longest differential via stubs. This mitigation scheme significantly reduces the influence of the longest differential via stubs in a thick multilayered PCB not only in the time domain (TDT waveform and eye diagram) but also in the frequency domain (differential insertion loss | \(S_{\rm dd21}\) |). Finally, favorable comparisons between the simulations and measurements in the time and frequency domains validate the proposed analyses and mitigation scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on benefits and limits of intensity and phase modulation formats used in optical communications. The simulation results are obtained using OptSim software environment, employing Time Domain Split Step method. Non-Return to Zero, Return to Zero, Chirped Return to Zero and Carrier-Suppressed Return to Zero formats are compared in terms of Bit Error Rate and spectral efficiency to find the limits for selected transmission network topologies. It is shown that phase modulation formats offer many advantages compared to intensity formats. Differential Phase-Shift Keying and mainly Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying improve the Bit Error Rate and transmission reach, among others. A promising solution is the application of Polarization Division Multiplexing Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying, which primarily benefits in spectral efficiency, estimated reach, optical signal to noise ratio and chromatic dispersion tolerances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By a modeling technique of equivalent lumped circuit for high-speed interconnections, an innovative method is proposed to predict the physical intrinsic eye diagram. Such a technique is based on the measured impedance profile results of time-domain reflectometry, which includes the electric characteristics both of the connector itself and testing jigs. The latter's are to be removed to leave the connector's part only for the eye diagram prediction. This method can be verified further by SPICE simulation and measurement in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 14 Gbps vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with transistor outline package is presented. We analyze the effects of the packaging devices on the high-frequency characteristics of the VCSEL by using an equivalent circuit model. Based on the analyses above, we propose a packaging design and fabricate the prototype. The $$-$$ 3 dB bandwidth is up to 10.2 GHz, and a clear 14 Gbps eye diagram can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a 12.5-Gb/s on-chip oscilloscope (OCO) circuit to measure eye diagrams and jitter histograms of high-speed digital signals. The proposed circuit adopts a novel architecture to capture both single-ended and differential signals. In addition, it is capable of measuring the eye openings and jitter of the input signals without the need to construct the whole eye diagram which makes it a suitable candidate for eye-opening monitor circuits. An asynchronous sampling technique and an efficient algorithm are employed in this research to decrease the area of the OCO as well as its processing time. The proposed circuit is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology and the measurement results show sub-picosecond resolution when the input signals consist of a 10-GHz clock signal and a 12.5-Gb/s pseudorandom binary sequence. The OCO circuit has a power consumption of 1.9 mW, and its core area is 40 $\,\times\,$ 60 \mu{\rm m} . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical systems use mostly Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) modulation technique. It is a good technique for long haul transmission using dispersion compensation techniques. However, it is not the choice suitable for standard Single Mode Fiber (SMF) due to high level of dispersion. Duobinary modulation technique turns out to be a much better choice since it is more resilient to dispersion and fairly simple to implement. In this paper, duobinary modulation technique is implemented in a 256-channel Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) system using standard SMF and compared to NRZ modulation technique. Dense channel spacing of 0.2 nm (25 GHz) is used. The system performance is evaluated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and eye diagrams for both NRZ and duobinary modulation techniques. The results are presented and show the superiority of duobinary to NRZ modulation in case of standard SMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant ringing effects due to multiple reflections are first addressed for the slightly unbalanced address lines in the double data rate memory systems. A resistance-inductance-capacitance resonance model is proposed to explain its occurrence by fitting the transfer function in frequency domain. The transient analysis can then be performed easily and the peak distortion analysis is used to predict its eye height. The cases with the worst signal integrity were identified and a simple design rule is derived to avoid its occurrence, which is dependent on the attenuation constant of the transmission line and the data rate of the signal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plating stubs inevitably form in the manufactured processes for ball grid array packages. This paper investigates how the plating stub affects the time-domain transmission (TDT) waveform and eye diagram. A scheme for mitigating the effect of the plating stub is also proposed. The effects of time-domain reflection noise generated by the plating stub on the TDT waveform are precisely studied using a lattice diagram. Simple and approximate formulas are developed to determine whether the eye diagram crosses the eye mask. With this determination, the maximum length of the plating stub can be estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on an inexpensive and wideband common-mode noise suppression filter that uses a quarter-wavelength resonator. An equivalent transmission line model is also used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed structure in a common-mode filter (CMF). Moreover, more important parameters, such as coupling coefficients are presented to investigate the characteristics of CMF unit. The performance of CMF is then characterized using two coupling coefficients between two differential traces and between differential traces and a quarter-wavelength resonator. A simple design approach is also presented for a wideband CMF. Numerical results demonstrate that CMF with three different lengths of quarter-wavelength resonators have rejection bands of 3.94–8.74 GHz and 3.53–10.1 GHz at cutoff frequencies of -20~dB and -10~dB, respectively Time-domain common-mode noise is decreased by approximately 60%. Moreover, analyses of differential insertion loss and group delay indicate that the differential signals maintain sufficient signal integrity when the wideband CMF is used in single- and two-pair differential interconnects. Finally, CMF is validated by an eye diagram and by measurements of time/frequency-domain common-mode noise and I/O cable common-mode current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a wideband continuous-time passive equalizer with an embedded cavity structure that is more compact in size and enables lower-cost processing than conventional technologies. The proposed passive equalizer is composed of a lumped resistor and capacitance in a cavity structure generated by a parasitic channel parasitic component, such as a package ball pad. This equalizer design in which the capacitance is embedded in the cavity structure offers the advantages of reducing the additional occupied printed circuit board (PCB) area and of enabling a small-sized equalizer with a large capacitance for application in high-density systems. For a 40-cm transmission line on PCB with a data rate of 12.5 Gb/s, the measured eye diagram is successfully demonstrated and the eye opening significantly improved to 81.1 mV, with a timing jitter of 28.7 ps. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In order to integrate photonic devices with electronic devices to realize the low-loss hybrid integrated devices. A wide spectral hybrid integrated optoelectronic receiver was fabricated by using quasi-monolithic integration technology (QMIT) in this paper. It consisted of a 8.5GHz InGaAs photodetector and a 1.25Gbps mature transimpedance pre-amplifier (TIA) complementrary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. The Au layer was deposited on a designed Si platform to form planar waveguide electrode which replaced a part of bonding wire, so it reduced the parasitic parameters of the optoelectronic receiver, and then enhanced high-speed response characteristics and the stability of the hybrid integrated receiver. Finally, a 3Gbps clear open eye diagram of the hybrid integrated optoelectronic receiver was obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With increasing demand on higher performance for high-speed blade servers, the signal integrity aware (SI-aware) layouts and equalization have been attributed as the critical techniques to improve the electrical performance. This paper describes the SI-aware layouts of patterned ground and capsule-shaped antipad to enhance the connector performance. Besides, a new differential equalizer by taking advantage of differential via-stubs is proposed to restore the deteriorated eye diagram. Their application of a 117.5-cm SATA-II links demonstrates significant improvement in eye height and timing jitter. Furthermore, a viable approach is suggested to successfully reopen the eyes when the data rate increases from the current 3 to 12 Gb/s. The measurement results are also provided to validate the proposed design concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A return-to-zero differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) modulation scheme is proposed for all-optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmission systems. The system uses coupler-based inverse fast Fourier transform/fast Fourier transform to support a 700 km single-mode fiber link and a transmission rate of 40 Gb/s without any nonlinear compensation. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using simulation and four performance measures are obtained, namely, the eye diagram, the eye-opening penalty (EOP), the power spectral broadening, and the bit error rate (BER). The effect of self-phase modulation is taken into account in the performance evaluation. In addition, the performance of the proposed system is compared to that of a traditional one adopting a non-return-to-zero DQPSK scheme. Our results reveal that the proposed system outperforms the traditional one in all four aforementioned performance measures, yet the spectral efficiency is almost preserved. Specifically, for an input average power of 12 dBm, a reduction in both the required optical-signal-to-noise ratio of about 4 dB (to achieve a BER of 10?6) and the EOP of about 5 dB are reported when adopting the proposed system, as compared to the traditional one. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reviews the fundamentals and latest progress of modeling, analysis, and design technologies for signal integrity and electromagnetic compatibility on PCB and package in the past decades. Most results in this field are based on the very rich and highly educational literature produced by Prof. C. Paul in his long scientific career. The inclusion of parameters variability effects is also considered, and it is demonstrated how statistical simulations can become affordable by means of recently-introduced stochastic methods. Finally, the necessity of practical training of designers is mentioned, and an experience relying on realistic PCB demonstrators is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the direct gigabit modulation characteristics of semiconductor lasers using the return to zero (RZ) and non-return to zero (NRZ) formats. The modulation characteristics include the frequency chirp, eye diagram, and turn-on jitter (TOJ). The differences in the relative contributions of the intrinsic noise of the laser and the pseudorandom bit-pattern effect to the modulation characteristics are presented. We introduce an approximate estimation to the transient properties that control the digital modulation performance, namely, the modulation bit rate and the minimum (setting) bit rate required to yield a modulated laser signal free from the bit pattern effect. The results showed that the frequency chirp increases with the increase of the modulation current under both RZ and NRZ formats, and decreases remarkably with the increase of the bias current. The chirp is higher under the RZ modulation format than under the NRZ format. When the modulation bit rate is higher than the setting bit rate of the relaxation oscillation, the laser exhibits enhanced TOJ and the eye diagram is partially closed. TOJ decreases with the increase of the bias and/or modulation current for both formats of modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new efficient and accurate analytical eye-diagram determination technique for interconnect lines is presented. The simplest input test signal model for the intersymbol interference analysis of high-speed data links is mathematically formulated. Since input test patterns for eye boundaries are determined analytically, it is considered very convenient and efficient. The proposed technique shows excellent agreement with the SPICE-based simulation in both eye height and jitter, i.e., within 5% error for nondiscontinuous data paths and 10% error for discontinuous data paths. The method is much more computation-time-efficient than the pseudorandom bit sequence-based SPICE simulation in the order of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a procedure for correcting the timebase distortion (TBD) and jitter of temporal waveforms of arbitrary lengths. This is achieved by estimating the TBD and jitter sequentially with overlapping measurements and using the information in the overlapping portion to adjust the results. We use eye diagrams to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A statistical analysis technique for estimating bit-error rate (BER) and eye opening is presented for both non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and duobinary signaling schemes. This method enables fast and accurate BER distribution simulation of a serial link transceiver including channel and circuit imperfections, such as finite pulse rise/fall time, duty cycle variation and both receiver and transmitter forwarded-clock jitter. A comparison between 20-Gb/s NRZ and duobinary transmitters using this simulator shows that while duobinary transmission relaxes the requirements on the receiver equalizer due to the lower Nyquist frequency of the transmitted data, significant eye-opening and BER degradation can arise from clock non-idealities. The proposed statistical analysis is verified against traditional time-domain, transient eye-diagram simulations at 20-Gb/s, transmitted through measured s-parameter channel characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a stable method for calibrating digital waveforms and eye diagrams by use of the measurement system response function and its regularized inverse. The function describing the system response includes the response of the oscilloscope and any associated cables and test fixtures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by performing a statistical analysis of the calculated eye height and eye width obtained from a controlled experiment consisting of multiple cable lengths, bit rates, and oscilloscope samplers. We also demonstrate our approach by measuring the transmission through a test device consisting of a short length of cable, a ball-grid array socket, and complicated circuit board. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In order to realize the quantitative analysis of the anti-noise performance in AMI transfer system model, the formula of the error rate of the AMI code is computed and analyzed based on Maximum Likelihood Criterion and the antinoise performance analysis procedure. Meanwhile, the simulation model of the AMI transfer system is constructed based on the SIMULINK. Using the simulation model, we test the error rate of the AMI code. This formula provides theoretical evidence for the anti-noise performance analysis of the communication system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The utilization of guard traces with two grounded vias at both ends to improve the time-domain transmission (TDT) waveform and eye diagram for a serpentine delay line has been investigated. However, it is not easy to accomplish because the position of the pad of a grounded via is surrounded by a serpentine trace. This is especially true for normal manufacturing technology, where the size of via pad is larger. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of open-stub type guard traces (OSGTs), to reduce crosstalk noise in the TDT waveform and eye diagram of a serpentine delay line, in an embedded microstrip structure. The OSGT, i.e., the guard trace, at one end is a grounded via and at the other is open-ended. The crosstalk reduced efficiency for using OSGTs is almost the same as when using two-grounded-via type guard traces on the serpentine delay line in the time-domain. This is because, the open-end of the OSGTs leads to the noise cancellation mechanism. A graphic method was used to illustrate the noise cancellation mechanism and ringing crosstalk noise generation on the TDT waveform. Two useful design graphs were used to evaluate the maximum flat voltage level of a laddering wave. Based on HSPICE simulation, it was demonstrated that the utilization of OSGTs can significantly reduce the original TDT crosstalk level, thereby greatly improving eye opening and jitter. Finally, this paper also performs time-domain measurement and 3-D full-wave simulation to validate the proposed analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Several types of low-power passive equalizer are investigated and optimized in this paper. The equalizer topologies include T-junction, parallel R-C, and series R-L structures. These structures can be inserted either at the driver or the receiver side at both the chip and package level to improve the channel bandwidth of central processing unit (CPU)-memory links. Using the eye area as the objective function to be maximized, we optimize these equalizers for the CPU–memory interconnection of an IBM POWER6 system with and without practical constraints on the RLC parameter values. An efficient optimization flow combined with an algorithm predicting the worst case eye diagram is proposed and employed to optimize 42 equalizer schemes. Simulation results show that, without employing any equalizer, the data eye is closed for the bit rate of 6.4 Gb/s, while the equalized schemes can work at the bit rate of 8 Gb/s. Very promising improvements in eye height and jitter are observed with little power overhead. Simulation results also show the sensitivity of the equalization schemes to the RLC values and the effect of coupling noise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A new design algorithm, which directly optimizes the eye diagram using the finite impulse response (FIR) filter as transmitter pre-emphasis, is proposed to counteract the intersymbol interference (ISI) in the high-speed data transmission. To start with, this paper presents a fast eye diagram analysis which relates to the step response of the transmission line system. It is found that not only the frequency-dependent loss but also the multiple reflections due to impedance mismatch contribute much to ISI. A systematic method is then proposed to efficiently design FIR filter for best eye diagram improvement. The optimal set of tap coefficients and tap numbers are determined by direct search method according to the required specifications on eye mask for different applications. Subsequently, the equalization results for unterminated and lossy lines are given to demonstrate the remarkable mitigation of the ISI effects incurred by multiple reflections and frequency-dependent loss. Experimental results are also presented to validate the efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The mixed-mode ABCD parameters are newly introduced and developed, where the definition and the connection are carefully established to have both the advantages of the mixed-mode S-parameters and the ABCD parameters, simultaneously. In addition, closed-form equations to model symmetric and asymmetric coupled transmission lines are derived. With the derived equations, the voltage transfer functions and the eye diagram of a variety of printed circuit board (PCB)-level differential interconnects are analytically attainable, which greatly enhances their applicability for signal integrity analysis. To verify the derived equations and to validate the proposed mixed-mode ABCD parameters, a series of microstrip-type differential lines on PCB test vehicles were fabricated and tested. The effectiveness of the proposed mixed-mode ABCD parameters was successfully confirmed through the comparison studies, in particular for the case of mode-conversion occurrence at the differential lines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A specific modeling method is investigated in order to predict the large-signal modulation behavior of integrated electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) for high-speed applications in optical networks. The equivalent dynamic model includes the main nonlinearity of the EAM and takes into account the electrical and optical characteristics of the optoelectronic device. The developed specific design process is a suitable and powerful tool for simulating over wide dc bias and frequency ranges, scattering parameters, small-signal modulation response, and large-signal eye-diagram performance. Moreover, 3-D electromagnetic simulations are associated with circuit simulations to carry out for the RF input line of the EAM. This simulation model can be easily integrated in a global optical communication system simulator to estimate the temporal behavior of the modulated output optical power and then digital performances. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The influence of IP bursty traffic on combined nonlinear effects of XPM (cross phase modulation) and FWM (four-wave mixing) in IP over WDM networks are investigated and calculated by solving the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) using a novel method under two conditions: on-off Poisson distributed IP traffic and self-similar traffic. Different eye diagrams are obtained under various IP traffic types and input optical powers. When the input power of a single channel is larger than 3 dBm, the effect of IP bursty traffic will deteriorate eye diagrams dramatically in a 40-channel WDM network. We also calculate the FWM powers and interchannel power distribution under different IP traffic loads. Based on the interchannel power distribution, we could find out which channels affect the probe channel seriously by the FWM effect. All these numerical results are useful for the Quality-of-Service (QoS) design, traffic grooming, lightpath routing, and wavelength assignment of IP over WDM networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the utilization of the guard traces to improve the eye opening and jitter for serpentine delay lines. It is found that the guard trace can reduce the original time-domain transmission (TDT) and time-domain reflection (TDR) crosstalk noises by more than 50%, if shorted by only two grounded vias at both ends of the trace. The time domain analysis as well as the associated simple circuit modeling is presented to explain the occurrence of noise cancellation mechanism on the guard trace. In addition, narrow signal trace is proposed to improve the TDR waveform by compensating the impedance mismatch due to the inserted guard traces. Finally, the HSPICE simulation and time-domain measurements of crosstalk noises, TDR/TDT waveforms, and eye diagrams are performed to validate the proposed analysis and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the performance analysis of non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ), chirped return-to-zero (CRZ) and carrier suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ) data formats in optical soliton transmission link under the impact of chirp and third-order dispersion (TOD). The performance of these data formats has been analyzed on the basis of certain performance metrics, viz, bit error rate (BER), Q 2 (dB), OSNR, eye opening, etc. It has been reported here that the performance of CRZ and CSRZ modulation format is better as compared to NRZ and RZ in a soliton transmission link. Further, CSRZ modulation format has been found to deliver optimum performance on the basis of performance evaluation metrics reported in this paper. In case of NRZ and CSRZ, comparatively narrow power spectrum has been observed. Best eye opening, highest value of Q 2 (dB) of 18dB and lowest value of BER of the order of 10−16 has been reported in case of CSRZ among the considered data formats. The results have been obtained by varying noise figure from 3.0 to 9.0. No considerable effect of noise was observed. It was observed that at very narrow and ultra short pulse width, OSNR value suffers heavily and reduced to even negative values in dB, thus inducing a high degree of OSNR power penalty. The results were obtained by varying chirp factor from −0.6 to +0.6. Negative chirp resulted in improved OSNR as compared to positive chirp. RZ data format yielded a broader optical spectrum, comparatively low spectral efficiency and poor OSNR thus it was found that RZ format is not suitable for optical soliton transmission under the impact of chirp and TOD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Under the platform of a high-speed double-data-rate three (DDR3) memory module, a modeling method considering all the significant effects from the chip, package, and board levels is developed to identify and investigate the critical nets affecting the signal or power integrity (SI/PI). For SI part, accurate modeling strategies for signal channels are verified by experiments on samples of address lines. The following what-if analyses of eye diagrams help to identify the discontinuities of package trace to be the bottlenecks and have great effects on the eye diagrams. For PI issues, the modeling methodologies for power distribution networks of data buses are demonstrated and validated with the results of measurement. The analysis indicates that the parasitic effects of the low-cost package structure are the most critical, depicting the importance of improved package design in the next-generation DDR memory modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot-carrier instability under stress conditions emulating a random logic operation (random ON and OFF) has been investigated using pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) stress patterns. Furthermore, the impacts of PRBS stress on circuit-level operation have been compared with the conventional dc (static) and ac (periodic) stress conditions using hot-carrier-induced random timing jitter. It was observed that the recovery achieved by charge trapping and detrapping under dynamic stress conditions significantly affects the degree of hot-carrier degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]