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It is shown that there are the differential operators that transform three-dimensional homogeneous harmonic functions into new three-dimensional homogeneous harmonic functions. A characteristic feature of these operators is their reversibility: for any homogeneous harmonic function there is a homogeneous and harmonic prototype from which it can be obtained by applying the specified operator. The said operators are named by the authors as differential Donkin operators. The paper provides a complete list of fundamental first order Donkin’ differential operators which form a linear basis of Thomson formulas for three-dimensional homogeneous harmonic functions.

The work continues the study of Donkin operators for homogeneous harmonic functions. Previously, a basic list of such first-order operators for three-dimensional harmonic functions was obtained. The objective of this study is to prove that any linear combinations with constant coefficients made up of Donkin basic operators are again Donkin operators. Since the property of reversibility is a fundamental property for such operators, and since the reversibility of each of the linear differential operators separately does not automatically imply the reversibility of their linear combination, this statement is nontrivial and requires strict proof given in this paper.

It is shown that the Thomson formula for three-dimensional harmonic functions is unique. Namely, there are no other formulas of this type, with the exception of the trivial change of variables in the form of shifts, reflections, rotations and stretching of coordinates. However, the Thomson formula can be generalized if, instead of purely algebraic linear expressions, one uses a linear algebraic form with the participation of the first order partial derivatives of the source function. The paper provides an exhaustive list of first order differentiating expressions that convert arbitrary three-dimensional harmonic functions into new three-dimensional harmonic functions. All these formulas obtained for the space of three dimensions can be transferred to the multidimensional case as well.

It is shown that the Thomson formula for three-dimensional harmonic homogeneous functions can be generalized if, instead of purely algebraic linear expressions, one uses a linear algebraic form with the participation of the first order partial derivatives of the source function. The paper provides an exhaustive list of firtst order differentiating expressions that convert arbitrary three-dimensional harmonic functions, which is a homogeneous function in Euler terms, into new three-dimensional homogeneous harmonic functions.

In order to reveal the process of insulation destruction of circuit breaker in GIS under lightning impulse voltage, a new method of transient insulation numerical analysis is described in this paper. A combination of the electromagnetic transient analysis method and optimised charge simulation method (CSM) was put forward to calculate and analyse the transient insulation characteristics of 550 kV circuit breaker in GIS under lightning impulse voltage. The results show that, within 0–15 μ, though the voltage of circuit breaker did not reach its peak, there is severe electric field distortion caused by sharp change of voltage with a high probability of circuit breaker insulation breakdown. In addition, as for the circuit breaker insulation structure optimisation design, it is advisable to restrain the change rate of electric field strength amplitude so as to reduce the probability of insulation breakdown, rather than simply verify insulation structure by using maxi-mum electric field strength as the voltage input parameters of the electrostatic field under the power frequency in accordance with the traditional insulation analysis method, with the purpose of ensuring the circuit breaker can operate safely and reliably for a long time.

In this study, a fused deposition modeling 3D printer is modified into a motionless printer, which has the potential to print patterns in a noiseless manner possibly with improved resolution and in less delay time by eliminating the movement of nozzle or collector. In this motionless 3D printer, both nozzle and collector are fixed, whereas the extruded polymer melt is driven by high-voltage switching points on the collector. By this approach, simple 3D patterns such as multilayer circles, squares, and walls have been printed using two polymer melts with different rheological properties, high-temperature polylactic acid and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Furthermore, a discretized, nonisothermal bead and spring model is developed to probe printing patterns. The effect of parameters, such as number of conducting points, switching time, voltage and material properties on the accuracy of the printed simple 3D patterns, are thoroughly studied, and we demonstrated that various fiber collection patterns obtained from the experiments are favorably compared with the simulation results., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (Copyright 2024, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.)

This paper reports the results of a study concerned with use of electroadhesion for investigation of the attraction force of paper (weight of 50 g/m2). For this purpose, a measuring system was developed and built. Next, a dedicated electroadhesive pad coated with copper and copper mesh on the other side was designed. A new supply control algorithm was also developed and a dedicated charger was built for the purpose of this study. The measurements were carried out with a tensiometer to measure the force with which the electroadhesive pad attracted paper. The research was carried out in a series of several experiments and involved shifting the polarity of the pad and depolarizing the entire system.

Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) and its variants are important implicit continuum models for predicting the electrostatics of solvated biomolecules. In this paper, in order to accurately predict the gradient of electrostatics, we propose a new flux-jump preserved gradient recovery method and then fulfill it in the program using Python and Fortran. Two numerical tests with available analytical solutions are presented to well validate the new program. Then the new proposed method is applied to recover the gradient of a simple dipole case as well as two protein cases using the numerical solutions of both PBE and SMPBE. • Propose a new flux-jump preserved gradient recovery method. • Program it using Fortran and Python, and well validate the program. • Numerical results show the proposed method has the superconvergence property. • Predict the electrostatic field of a biomolecule immersed in an ionic solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of international, European Union and Latvian legislative acts have been developed, which regulate the efficiency of gas combustion plants and greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. These legislative acts require the development of new scientifically efficient methods for gas optimal combustion with a minor impact on the environment. In order to achieve such a goal, different methods can be used, but the most efficient is an intensive electrostatic field application to control combustion and harmful emission formation in premixed flames. In the framework of the current study, the authors developed a hybrid burner, which allowed generating an intensive electrostatic field with intensity of more than 1000 kV/m. The study also investigated the impact of such a field on the formation of harmful emissions, including CO2 and flue gas temperature. The empirical results showed that an intensive DC electrostatic field generated inside of the burner had an impact on the flame shape, CO2, NOx emissions and flue gas temperature. In its turn, by applying an intensive pulsating electrostatic field (multivariable experiment) it was possible to achieve the reduction in NOx, CO emissions with a simultaneous increase in flue gas temperature, which was related to combustion process efficiency enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nitrogen-doped carbon materials with microspherical and nanofibrous morphology were fabricated by using electrostatic technology and carbonization processes. The microscopic morphology of the PAN-based nitrogen-doped carbon precursor materials can be effectively controlled by simply changing the concentration of the PAN solution. When the concentration of the PAN solution was less than 6%, the morphology of the PAN-based carbon precursor material changed from nanofiber to microsphere. The morphology of the precursor material during carbonization had a significant effect on the pore size distribution of the PAN-based nitrogen-doped carbon materials. Therefore, the electrochemical properties of the PAN-based nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers differed considerably from those of the counterpart microspheres. The electrochemical performance of the PNCF-6 was far superior to those of PNCS-1 and PNCS-4. At a relatively low power density of about 62.4 W kg−1, the PNCF-6 showed the largest energy density (5.4 Wh kg−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Graphical abstract The results in the present study show that the electrostatic field can promote the adsorption of phenol on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Highlights • Electrostatic field can enhance the adsorption of phenol on SWNT. • Electrostatic field can decrease the diffusivity of phenol and water molecule. • Electrostatic field can increase the interaction energy between phenol and SWNT. • Electrostatic field can decrease the interaction energy between phenol and water. • Electrostatic field along SWNT axis is more effectual than the perpendicular. Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the influence of electrostatic field with different strengths and directions on the adsorption of phenol on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). It is examined in term of the structural parameters, the self-diffusion coefficients and the interaction energy. The results show that with the increase of electrostatic field strength, the number of phenol around SWNT increases, the hydration between phenol and coordinated water molecules decreases, the phenol-phenol's interaction increases, the SWNT-phenol's interaction energy increases, the water-phenol's interaction energy decreases and the self-diffusion coefficient of phenol and water decreases. Furthermore, comparing with the electrostatic field perpendicular to the central axis of SWNT, the electrostatic field along the central axis of SWNT can make more obvious effect to the parameters of system. The simulations results provide useful guidance for understanding the influence of electrostatic field on the adsorption of phenol on SWNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The world's perennial need for energy and microelectronic miniaturization brings with it a broad set of technological and scientific challenges. Materials characterized by precise microstructural architectures based on fractal analysis and ranging in size down to nano scale represent an important avenue for finding novel solutions. Deep materials structure hierarchies of this type open new possibilities in capacity according to the Heywang model, especially when extended by a fractals approach and intergranular relationships supported and recognized by their fractal nature. These developments are opening new frontiers in microelectronics miniaturization. They build on early fractal applications that were used as tools in miniaturization research and also provided application perspectives for diverse energy technologies. In other words, fractals, as a crucial concept of modern theoretical-experimental physics and materials sciences, are tightly linked to higher integration processes and microelectronics miniaturization. They also hold potential for meeting the energy exploitation challenge. In this research context, for the first time we experimentally and theoretically investigated the electrostatic field between the grains within fractal nature aspects. It is essentially a theoretical experiment based on samples of experimental microstructures imaged with SEM, as previously published in a number of other papers. We now take the research a step further by consolidating the experimental samples with respect to the predicted distribution of grains and pores within the sample mass. We make an original contribution by opening the frame of scale sizes with respect to the technical processes of consolidation. This lets us predict the constitutive elements of the microstructures – approximately equidistant grains and pores. In this paper we define in a practical manner the final target elements for experimental consolidation of real samples. It is the main bridge between a designed microstructure and related characteristics – for example, fractal dimensions and final properties of next-generation fractal microelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an electrostatic rotational spore collector, we consecutively collected all of the conidia produced from single colonies of melon powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii Pollacci KMP-6 N) on leaves of living melon plants throughout the lifetime of the colony in a natural environment, and counted all conidia that were attracted to insulators. The collector consisted of an insulated round plastic container, a conductor (copper) film, an insulator (collector) film, an electrostatic voltage generator and a timer mechanism. Negative charge was supplied from the voltage generator to the conductor film, and the negatively charged conductor film caused dielectric polarization of the insulator film. The insulator film, which creates an attractive force for trapping conidia that enter the field, was placed ca. 2 cm from the apex of the single colony. Released conidia were successfully attracted to the electrostatically activated insulator films. Each collector film was exchanged for a new insulator film at 24 h intervals until KMP-6 N ceased to release conidia from single colonies. During a colony's lifespan, KMP-6 N released an average of 12.6 × 104 conidia from each of the single colonies at ca. 744 h. Additionally, we found that 1) the number of conidia released from single colonies in daytime was larger than that in night-time, 2) conidia were released from single colonies for ca. 2–4 h longer in spring or summer than in autumn or winter, and 3) release of conidia from KMP-6 N decreased as light intensity declined. Thus, conidial release from conidiophores is affected by day-length and light intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the process of insulation destruction of circuit breaker in GIS under lightning impulse voltage, a new method of transient insulation numerical analysis is described in this paper. A combination of the electromagnetic transient analysis method and optimised charge simulation method (CSM) was put forward to calculate and analyse the transient insulation characteristics of 550 kV circuit breaker in GIS under lightning impulse voltage. The results show that, within 0–15 μ, though the voltage of circuit breaker did not reach its peak, there is severe electric field distortion caused by sharp change of voltage with a high probability of circuit breaker insulation breakdown. In addition, as for the circuit breaker insulation structure optimisation design, it is advisable to restrain the change rate of electric field strength amplitude so as to reduce the probability of insulation breakdown, rather than simply verify insulation structure by using maxi-mum electric field strength as the voltage input parameters of the electrostatic field under the power frequency in accordance with the traditional insulation analysis method, with the purpose of ensuring the circuit breaker can operate safely and reliably for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Coal water slurry (CWS) is a low-pollution, high-efficiency, coal-based fluid fuel that can be substituted for oil, and can be produced by using about 65% coal, 34% water, and 1% chemical additives through physical processing: it is transported via pipelines. It changes the traditional combustion mode of coal, showing superiority of environmental protection and energy conservation. To explore methods of improving the atomization quality of CWS with a high viscosity, the electrostatic atomization technology was applied for atomization of CWS: a test-bed for electrostatic atomization of CWS was established by using induction charging based on a ring electrode. By employing a phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA), the change of particle size distribution of CWS within the atomized core region under the effect of different intensities of electrostatic fields was acquired. Moreover, the differences in gas-liquid phases in terms of velocities and intensities of turbulent fluctuation in flow field were obtained. During the experiment, it can be seen that, when CWS droplets were in an electrostatic field with an intensity of greater than 15 kV, the secondary atomization of charged droplets was significant. The particle size of droplets decreased and they became increasingly uniform; the velocity difference in gas and liquid phases increased with growing intensity of the electrostatic field. The axial turbulence intensity was M-shaped in cross-section while radial turbulence intensity appeared as a shallow ω shape in cross-section. With increasing electrostatic field intensity, the turbulence intensity of the two phases increased while their difference gradually decreased. The experimental result showed that electrostatic atomization technology can improve the atomization performance of CWS to some extent, having potential significance in engineering application. Highlights • The particle size distribution of CWS under the effect of different intensities of electrostatic fields is acquired. • The gas-liquid phases in terms of velocities and intensities of turbulent fluctuation in flow field is studied. • The electrostatic atomization technology can improve the atomization performance of CWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tri order to obtain a PVDF piezoelectric film with high piezoelectric conversion efficiency, it is critical to increase the |3 crystal content in the PVDF film arid control the microstructure of the film. In this paper, a mixed solution of BiCl / PVDF was cast into a film in a strong electric field. The crystal phase composition and microstructure characteristics of the composite membrane were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The composite membrane was assembled into a piezoelectric device and its piezoelectric response was tested. The results show that BiCl arid the strong electric field had a great influence on the microstructure and |3 crystal orientation in the composite film. When the concentration of RiCl was 2wt%, the crystallinity reached 76,5% and the |3 crystal content reached 89.5% in the composite film. The strong electric field promoted the formation and orientation arrangement of |3-crystal in the composite film. When it was cast in an electric field intensity of 750 kV/m, the BiCl/PVDF composite membrane was 60.8 V in piezoelectric response, 120.1/.W / cut in instantaneous output power surface density and 250 Hz in the maximum shock frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider Maxwell's homogeneous curl equation Δ × E = 0 for the electric field vector E and the inhomogeneous divergence equation Δ · D = ρ for the dielectric displacement vector D and the charge density function ρ in the static limit. Assume an (x, y, z)-Cartesian coordinate system. Consider the constitutive equation D = ρ E, with the 3 × 3 position-dependent positive-definite permittivity matrix ρ(x, y, z) modeling fully anisotropic and inhomogeneous dielectric media. This paper proves that Δ × E = 0 and Δ · D = ∞ along with D = ρ E are diagonalizable with respect to the arbitrarily chosen z-axis leading to the Dc-form. The existence of an associated supplementary equation, the Sc-form, has also been demonstrated. Finally, it is shown that the constructed (Dc, Sc)-forms are sharply equivalent with the originating set of equations Δ×E = 0, Δ · D = ρ, and D = ☆ E, and, thus, internally consistent. The proof scheme is relative in the sense that its validity hinges on the consistency of Maxwell's equations in the static limit and the material realizability conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Electrostatic separation can be used to remove solid particles from fluid catalytic cracking slurry (FCCS). In this study, the electric field distribution, particle behavior and separation efficiency were investigated. Experimental studies covered the tests with separation efficiency given a set of parameters where the voltage was 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 kV; the filler diameter was 9 mm; and the particle diameter was 2 μm. Simulation studies were conducted with experimental data including the electric field distribution; particle behavior and separation efficiency, where the particle diameter was 2, 5, and 10 μm; the voltage was 15 kV; and the filler diameter was 3 mm. The results showed that the electric field strength at the contact point was related to its position. To predict whether contact points could adsorb particles, an effective contact point model was presented and verified. Most particles were adsorbed at contact points by observing the trajectories of particles, which was consistent with theories. With an increase in the voltage and particle radius, the separation efficiency increased by 6.59% and 28.88%, respectively. The conclusions could be used as the theoretical basis for optimizing the device structure. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Electric field distribution, particle behavior and separation efficiency are studied. • The conclusions aim to optimize the structure of electrostatic separator. • Research methods are mainly by numerical simulation and verified by experiments. • An effective contact point model is proposed to optimize the device structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic scale inhibition of epoxysuccinic acid/itaconic acid/2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid (ESA/IA/AMPS) copolymer with electrostatic field was studied via a dynamic simulation device. CaCO3 morphology and crystal form were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show an obvious synergistic effect between the electrostatic field and ESA/IA/AMPS copolymer in a dynamic scale inhibition test. The synergism scale inhibition rate was 95.85%, which is 12.94% higher when compared with the copolymer alone. SEM and XRD analyses indicate that the electrostatic field facilitated the formation of aragonite CaCO3. CaCO3 scale formation in a blank water sample consisted of 83.8% calcite and 16.2% aragonite, while CaCO3 scale formation from a water sample treated with an electrostatic field consisted of 95.5% aragonite and 4.5% calcite. The CaCO3 scale formed in the presence of the copolymer and formed under the synergistic effect both consisted of 100% aragonite. However, CaCO3 crystal particles that formed under the synergistic effect were much smaller and more dispersed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of orbicules has been a matter of speculation for a long time and until now no satisfactory answer has been put forward. We propose two hypotheses that could contribute to the elucidation of their function: (1) that anemophilous and 'buzz pollination' species have microechinate orbicules; and (2) that microechinate orbicules are advantageous for pollen release in both pollination modes. To test the first hypothesis, orbicule morphology of species in which the pollen is released by anther shaking (20 anemophilous and three with buzz-pollination) was analysed. We also conducted a literature review, noting the orbicule surface type and the presence of floral traits suggesting that pollen is released by anther shaking. Ninety-two percent of the species with microechinate orbicules are anemophilous or present 'buzz pollination'. Orbicules without spinules are present in species that lack floral traits linked to anther shaking for pollen release. To test the second hypothesis, a computational simulation that reveals the electric field produced by electrostatically charged orbicules was used. Results showed that the field is increased at the tip of each orbicule spinule. Therefore, an anther loculus surface coated by pointed structures increases the repulsion force of the pollen grains. This is an advantage when pollen is released by shaking the anther. Orbicules are small bodies coating the interior of the anther locule that present the same reactions than the exine of pollen grains. Although many speculations were made trying to understand the orbicules role, none of them could be confirmed. We found that anemophilous and 'buzz pollination' species have microechinate orbicules and that the anther loculus surface coated by pointed structures increases the repulsion force of the pollen grains. This is an advantage when pollen is released by shaking the anther. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultra-dispersed W/C 3 N 4 is anchored on ceramic with the regulation of electrostatic field. • Thin layers of W/C 3 N 4 can shorten the charge transfer path. • The improved stability of W/C 3 N 4 @ceramic is owing to the formation of Si Si-O- C bonds. • Electrostatic attraction can accelerate the interfacial transport. • Synergistic of adsorption-photodegradation is beneficial for environmental repair. To improve the dispersion and electronic transmission performance of carbon nitride (C 3 N 4), an electrostatic field regulation strategy was developed for constructing an ultra-dispersed and high reactive W-doped C 3 N 4 /ceramic (W/C 3 N 4 @ceramic) composite, which was used as a photocatalyst for degrading low-concentration cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) under visible light irradiation to achieve the goal of "enhanced enrichment/catalytic degradation". The ceramic with strong electrostatic field can rapidly capture the interlayer electrons and break the hydrogen bonds in the lamellar skeletons of massive C 3 N 4 , leading to the structure of C 3 N 4 from bulk to nanosheet. W/C 3 N 4 @ceramic exhibited outstanding adsorption capacity (CTAB removal rate of 68.2% within 30 min in the dark) and photocatalytic activity (CTAB degradation rate of 93.9% within 90 min under light irradiation), which were much higher than those adsorbed (21.9%) and photocatalyzed (46.6%) by W/C 3 N 4. The improved photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to that the ultra-dispersed nanosheets shortened the charge transfer path to accelerate the transmission and separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and increase specific surface area to provide abundant active sites. Moreover, CTAB can be spontaneously adsorbed on the surface of ceramic driven by electrostatic field, thus accelerating the interfacial transport and promoting photocatalytic efficiency. This work provides a novel strategy for the development of efficient catalysts with enhanced adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrostatic field-assisted low-temperature preservation is considered a novel technology, which provides an effective means of extending the shelf-life of meat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different output time modes of a high voltage electrostatic field (HVEF) on the water holding capacity (WHC) of chilled fresh pork during controlled freezing-point storage. Under a direct current HVEF generator, chilled fresh pork samples were treated by the single, interval, or continuous HVEF treatment, with a control check group receiving no HVEF treatment. It was determined that the WHC of the continuous HVEF treatment higher than the control check group. This difference was proven by analyzing the moisture content, storage loss, centrifugal loss, cooking loss, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the mechanism behind HVEF-assisted controlled freezing-point storage reduced the moisture loss was conducted by examining the changes in the hydration characteristics of myofibrillar protein. The study revealed that myofibrillar proteins exhibit high solubility and low surface hydrophobicity under continuous HVEF. Additionally, continuous HVEF has been demonstrated to effectively maintain the higher WHC and lower hardness of myofibrillar protein gel by inhibiting the water molecule migration. The demonstration of these results showcases the effectiveness of electrostatic fields for the future physical preservation of meat. • The electrostatic field-assisted controlled freezing-point storage improved the WHC of chilled fresh meat. • Changes in myofibrillar protein hydration properties may affect the WHC of chilled fresh meat. • The use of continuous and interval electrostatic fields can improve the WHC of chilled fresh meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The description of the nonlinear surface charge was supplemented by an equation linking the distortion of the surface shape of the plasma boundary with the characteristics of the motion of electrons in this region for the selected type of external influence. As a result, it became possible to study the interrelated appearance and development of these two effects in conditions of commonality of processes that cause their occurrence. On a simple example when a flat boundary of a cold plasma interacts with intense electromagnetic radiation, it was shown that there is development of non linear surface charge, which results in change of the surface curvature and causes fluctuations in the amplitude of the reflected wave. The "shallow water theory" has been used for the derivation of the equation which to link the spatial and temporal structures and evolution of surface charge and curvature, which affect the reflected wave. Both qualitative and numerical analyses have been performed. • An equation relating the curvature of the plasma boundary to the speed of motion of electrons along it is obtained. • Low-frequency modulation of the reflected signal and interrelated distortion of the shape of the boundary is revealed. • The appearance of a surface charge explains the change in the spatial structure in the reflected signal cross-section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of electrostatic fields on the bioelectrochemical removal of ammonium and nitrite from nitrogen-rich wastewater was investigated at strengths ranging from 0.2 to 0.67 V/cm in bioelectrochemical anaerobic batch reactors. The electrostatic field enriched the bulk solution with electroactive bacteria, including ammonium oxidizing exoelectrogens (AOE) and denitritating electrotrophs (DNE). The electroactive bacteria removed ammonium and nitrite simultaneously with alkalinity consumption through biological direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) in the bulk solution. However, the total nitrogen (ammonium and nitrite) removal rate increased from 106.1 to 166.3 mg N/g volatile suspended solids (VSS).d as the electrostatic field strength increased from 0.2 to 0.67 V/cm. In the cyclic voltammogram, the redox peaks corresponding to the activities of AOE and DNE increased as the strength of the electrostatic field increased. Based on the microbial taxonomic profiling, the dominant genera involved in the bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal were identified as Pseudomonas, Petrimonas, DQ677001_g, Thiopseudomonas, Lentimicrobium, and Porphyromonadaceae_uc. This suggests that the electrostatic field of 0.67 V/cm significantly improves the bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal by enriching the bulk solution with AOE and DNE and promoting the biological DIET between them.

In this paper we study the transmission of the electrostatic field due to coulomb charges of an individual thundercloud into the midlatitude ionosphere, taking into account the total geomagnetic field integrated Pedersen conductivity of the ionosphere. It is shown that at ionospheric altitudes, a typical thundercloud produces an insignificant electrostatic field whereas a giant thundercloud can drive the horizontal electrostatic field with a magnitude of ~270 μV/m for nighttime conditions.

Pure positive electrostatic charges (PPECs) show suppressive effect on the proliferation and metabolism of invasive cancer cells without affecting normal tissues. PPECs are used for the delivery of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (DLNs) capped with negatively charged poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and Poly(vinyl-alcohol) PVA into the tumor site of mouse models. The charged patch is installed on top of the skin in the mouse models' tumor region, and the controlled selective release of the drug is assayed by biochemical, radiological, and histological experiments on both tumorized models and normal rats' livers. It is found that DLNs synthesized by PLGA show great attraction to PPECs due to their stable negative charges, which would not degrade immediately in blood. The burst and drug release after less than 48h of this synthesized DLNs are 10% and 50%, respectively. These compounds can deliver the loaded-drug into the tumor site with the assistance of PPECs, and the targeted-retarded release will take place. Hence, local therapy can be achieved with much lower drug concentration (conventional chemotherapy [2 mg kg -1 ] versus DLNs-based chemotherapy [0.75 mg kg -1 ]) with negligible side effects in non-targeted organs. PPECs have many potential clinical applications for advanced-targeted chemotherapy with the lowest discernible side effects., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

An analysis of the electrostatic field of a cable twisted shielded pair for various types of test voltage: symmetric bipolar, unipolar and asymmetric is carried out. Voltage selection affects the location of the most probable place of arising of the partial discharges, phase characteristics of which are used for technical diagnostics of insulation.

Abstract: To decrease lightning damages to wind turbines and maintain public safety around the wind turbines, it is very important to improve wind‐turbine performance related to lightning protection and minimize damage to the wind turbine. In this paper, we summarize the latest trends in technologies for sound operation of wind turbines against lightning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface electric field analysis of the converter valve shield system is a large-scale electrostatic field problem, which is difficult to analyse. The fast multipole boundary element method (FMBEM), which is suitable for solving large-scale problems, can accelerate the computation speed and conserve memory. However, the coefficient matrix implicitly formed by using the FMBEM is sometimes ill-conditioned, especially for large-scale problems; thus, the convergence of iteration is poor. In this paper, a fast solver is proposed to improve efficiency. First, an adaptive GMRES(m) with variant restart parameter is adjusted for the Galerkin FMBEM. In addition, the sparse approximate inverse preconditioner is improved, and a new sparsity pattern is proposed for the multiscale problem derived from the converter valve shield system. The numerical results show that the accuracy can meet the engineering requirements compared with the finite element method. Compared with other solvers and preconditioners, the algorithm can achieve a satisfactory convergence rate and reduce the computation time. In addition, a single bridge shield system of ±160 kV converter valve is successfully analysed using the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the nonlinear wave motion on an inviscid film flow under an electrostatic field a modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation has been derived by employing the long-wave and shallow-water approximations. A uniform or non-uniform electric potential on a charged electrode foil at some distance above the film is applied in the direction normal to the undisturbed free surface. The modified KdV equation is numerically solved with spatially periodic boundary conditions by using Crank-Nicholson scheme. Consequently, the uniform electrostatic field hinders the solitons from moving downward. In the non-uniform case where the electrostatic potential slowly varies with space, the wave energy changing rate has a maximum negative value as a new solitary wave is about to produce from the effective region of electrostatic field, and already-existed external solitons are getting accelerated if they pass through this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as XLPE for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]