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The work is devoted to the modern development of urban agglomerations as one of the potential mechanisms for rational use of the territory and the best form of settlement. A study of the spatial development of three agglomerations in Russia was conducted: Volgograd, Novosibirsk, and Vladivostok regions, selected based on the comparability of the average distance from the core to the agglomeration border and representing different Federal districts, using the comparative analysis method. The study allowed us to determine at what stage of formation the selected agglomerations are located in order to further strengthen the competitive advantages of a particular territory in order to preserve or improve the quality of life of the population. It is assumed that the insufficient number of economic growth centers in Russian agglomerations and their lagging behind in key socio-economic criteria is due to the lack of a developed transport network, social infrastructure facilities and insufficient level of comfort of the urban environment outside the agglomeration core.

The article is devoted to the substantiation and development of practical recommendations for structural changes in the agricultural microbusiness sector. The scientific substantiation of the system prerequisites for the need for structural transformations of the economic space of agricultural microbusiness in the region is provided. The authors proposes a method for determining the level of state support for agricultural microbusiness taking into account the climatic and economic conditions of the region, based on the use of correction coefficients that take into account the influence of natural and climatic factors and the territorial location of farms, the cost of purchasing material resources and the volume of gross product output.

Modern conditions of the world economy are characterized by a significant restriction of world economic relations, which is caused by the coronavirus pandemic and the resulting decline in economic activity in national economies, which coincided with international sanctions practices and falling oil prices. This created new conditions for international trade and required export-oriented companies to adapt quickly. This ability is most inherent in small and medium-sized businesses, which can become the engine of the national economy, including through the implementation of export potential. The purpose of the analysis: taking into account the global economic trends caused by the coronavirus pandemic, to make recommendations on the development of export support measures for Russian small and medium-sized enterprises. Methodological support was provided by an analysis of the world economic situation and its forecasts, taking into account the opinions of domestic and foreign researchers, as well as an analysis of existing export support measures. The analysis showed that the pandemic factor contributed to the strengthening of geo-economic instability and fragmentation of the economic space. A decrease in economic activity leads to a reduction in exports and imports of countries, which changes the international maps of supply and demand. Under these conditions, state support for exports-informational, legal, consulting, marketing, analytical, and organizational – is valuable for small and medium-sized enterprises, taking into account the possibilities of digitalization, new foreign trade and legal realities, including sanctions practices, technical standards, and restrictions caused by the pandemic, based on industry specifics, and changing international supply and demand maps. Appropriate recommendations are proposed

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the implementation of regional investment projects as an effective tool for investment activities. Objectives. The article aims to develop a comprehensive system for the formation and implementation of investment projects, considering the Sverdlovsk Oblast as a case study. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, statistical, and business analyses, and comparison. Results. The article offers an original interpretation of the concepts of Regional Investment and Regional Investment Project and presents a comprehensive system of forming and implementing regional investment projects in the macro-region. Conclusions. Any investment project can be considered as a platform for attracting investment. It contains resources for a useful economic effect in the future. Regional investment projects are a catalyst for economic growth.

The paper is dedicated to the study of the features of cluster development in Russia. The methodological base of the study includes a set of concepts and theories of special organization of the economy, cluster development concept, theories of network economy and open innovations. We have proved that economy clusterization is a mechanism of efficient productional, science and technological and innovative cooperation of real economy sector enterprises in conditions of strategical tasks of its competitiveness increase. The analysis of the stages of cluster development allowed us to ascertain the initial level of the process being considered under the progressive dynamics of the main functional indicators and increase of business motivation to the economic interaction. There were singled out the main factors of cooperation inside clusters for Russian conditions. We have presented a review of the key directions and events of national economy clusterization. Decentralization of cluster development management contributes to the strengthening of regional economic systems and active advancement of regional cluster initiatives. The creation of digital intracluster interaction platforms in the regions of presence is proposed. It has been noted that to stimulate the process of continuous innovation in clusters of state subsidies allocated to date, it is not enough. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of their use in the development of development strategies and programs at the regional and national levels.

The article reveals the conceptual approaches of the methodological analysis of one of the poorly studied socio-political phenomena of globalization — a new gender order. The author offers the concept of its evolutionary development in modes of social time and integrative conceptual interaction with theories of structure and social order. The processes and forms of “substitution” of the norms of the old gender order with the new ones are analyzed on the example of the most mobile sphere of economic development: the labor market. It reveals its transformation into a three-segment economic space market: the labor market, the employment market and the market of professions as a structure with social norms, gender order and gender resources. The article analyzes dynamic gender processes and the introduction of new norms of gender order in the market of professions. The article continues a series of author’s publications that revealed the theory of the new gender order and its practical implementation in domestic social practice (see № 2 and № 3, 2019).

In the short history of Hungarian industry there were relevant changes several times, which had a great impact not only on industrial production and employment, but also on the spatial pattern of industry. After the regime change and latest economic crisis Industry 4.0 or/and the fourth industrial revolution mean(s) newer challenge. Due to information and communication technologies (ICT), which can be considered the basis of Industry 4.0 radical changes can be expected in all fields of life and numerous questions will emerge. The primary aim of this paper is to reveal the geography of older and newer information and communication technologies and their relationship with the spatial pattern of Hungarian industry. The main question is whether the digital divide follows the industrial divide in the Hungarian economic space or not. According to the analysis based on different ICT and industrial indicators, there is no close correlation between the digital and industrial spaces. The geography of Industry 4.0 is characterised by a sharp north-south division.

The initial stage of implementation of modern innovative approach identified in strategic documents and in the formulation of new mechanism of development of territories on the basis of investment areas, taking into account characteristics, specialization of subjects of the Russian Federation on the principles and mechanisms of market economy is revealed.

The article disclose the essence of the concept «transnational bank» (TNB). The main features of the formation and functioning of TNB are described. The rating of the leading TNB in the world market is presented, in terms of total assets as of January 1, 2020.

Se presenta la fuente principal utilizada en otro trabajo y su tratamiento, así como la crítica de los datos emergentes en función de su construcción, de la coyuntura y de las diversas formas del fraude fiscal. De la última variable ponderada, emerge una hipótesis que vincula consumo y estratificación social en los espacios observados.

Introduction. Currently, the EEU countries have the task of conducting digital transformation, so that all sectors of the real economy are comparable to those of the world's giants. Digital transformation of industry – the transition of the industrial sector from one technological structure to another in order to increase productivity and profitability. The digital spaces of countries are heterogeneous, so each country creates its own digital space. Results. The article contains materials on the digital space of the Eurasian Economic Union, which is being formed for the integration of the EEU countries. The article describes the parameters of digital transformation of industry, which is carried out using the Eurasian digital platform and the services of the integrated information system of the Union in cooperation with the Eurasian network: industrial cooperation, technology transfer and technology platforms. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was the work of leading scientists on updating the mechanisms of digitalization of cooperation in the economic space of the EEU in order to study the parameters of industrial transformation taking into account the global challenges of digital transformation. The methodological basis of the study is formed by the general scientific principles of a systematic approach; analysis methods - logical, comparative, strategic, managerial and others. Discussion. Therefore, focusing on the goals of digital transformation of industry, we recommend: creating a system for evaluating and rating organizations; identifying systemic problems; implementing best practices and digital industrial technologies; establishing cooperation with third countries; identifying financial instruments to encourage the introduction of digital platforms in industry; stimulating interaction between business communities of member States; creating a system for cataloging industrial products of member states. Keywords: EEU, digital space, transformation, industry.

The article examines the economic nature and scope of competitive cooperation between territories, which is becoming an increasingly important economic phenomenon. We hypothesise that competition and cooperation between territories are not mutually exclusive, but complementary. This fact leads to the emergence and development of competitive cooperation. Additionally, we define the factors that, on the one hand, boost the development of competitive cooperation, and, on the other hand, hinder its formation. The paper identifies a number of features characterising the evolution of competitive cooperation between territories: cooperation is specifically time-limited; any cooperation has inherent risk; its formation and implementation always involve certain financial, intellectual, labour and other costs. We emphasise that the existence of relevant projects is an essential prerequisite for the establishment of territorial cooperation. Furthermore, the examination of the positive experience of territories that have already successfully implemented joint projects plays an important role in the formation and development of competitive cooperation. In this context, the active use of benchmarking techniques can be of significant help. We pay a particular attention to the fact that cooperation is always accompanied by certain self-limitations of territories, meaning that partner territories have to sacrifice something in order to reach consensus. The results of the expert surveys allowed us to clarify potential results of competitive cooperation in the Russian Federation. We assessed the willingness of territories (regions, municipalities) to cooperate. What is more, we formulated the proposals on the selection of the most promising forms and directions of competitive cooperation between territories, focusing on the establishment and maintenance of confidence in the economy, which is the basis of cooperation. The research results can be used for designing and implementing the strategies of the socio-economic development of regions and municipalities in the modern economic space.

The author of this article reviews the development of Luoyang City and Rome City from a historical perspective, analyzes the economic development of Luoyang City and Rome City from related historical events, briefly compares the economic development space of the two cities, and provides some suggestions for historians to study ancient city-states.

Este material tem como objetivo demonstrar a dinâmica da desigualdade produzida pela disputa territorial de escala em torno dos nós fronteiriços no espaço econômico do sul dos Andes. Entre os vários nós comerciais que o sul andino apresenta, consideramos o estudo de uma feira popular na cidade de Tacna (Peru) como um estudo de caso para apontar a dinâmica da desigualdade produzida pela disputa territorial entre a escala global e a escala local. Dessa forma, por meio de uma estratégia metodológica quantitativa, apontaremos a desigualdade produzida em torno de três categorias principais: dinâmica de criação de valor, dinâmica de sindicalização e dinâmica de criminalização.

The article analyzes the reasons for incomplete integration processes, substantiates proposals for their elimination and further development of integration, based on the goals set by the heads of EEU states in the Declaration on the further development of integration processes within the EEU.The priority task of EEU further development is to complete a full-fledged Common economic space in a timely manner and start implementing a common policy for industry, agriculture, energy, transport and infrastructure, and finance. The system of measures necessary for improving the activities of the Eurasian economic Commission and ensuring high efficiency of the EEU common market regulation and its advanced development is considered.

The period of the change of the era of postmodernism to metamodernism (metamodern) has been considered. The features of metamodernism, as the ambiguous orientation of philosophical and worldview concepts and its impact on the economic space of different levels of the hierarchy have been revealed. It has been emphasized, that the consequences of the metamodern era especially sharply reflected in the Russian economy of the 1990s, since the systemic ties that developed during the modern and postmodern periods were destroyed due to political transformations and the import of liberal institutions into the country’s economy. The level of a microeconomic agent on the example of enterprises in the agricultural sector has been reviewed. The stages of evolution of the development of agricultural enterprises have been identified. The transformation of the interaction model of agricultural enterprises with other microeconomic agents in the era of metamodernism has been traced.

The study deals with the role of early developed Russia's regions, along with the corresponding concepts. The older regions are regarded as those at a certain age, development level and of a certain economic type, chiefly industrial and agricultural, concentrated in the European part of today's Russia, especially in its historic cores. The changes in their position and perception, associated with political, economical, social and demographical shifts, which affected the country's space before and after the collapse of the USSR, are analyzed. It is shown that under dominating processes of spatial polarization and shrinkage, the older regions also experience a dissection, mainly along the center‐periphery axis. This is illustrated by two specific case studies in Central Russia around Moscow and in the area between Moscow and St. Petersburg. Finally, four alternative strategic scenarios for the areas of concern are presented, dependent on the attitude to the question of their revival: a) acceleration of shrinkage for reasons of economy; b) an orderly retreat from selected hopeless old areas; c) deterrence of their decay; and d) search and enhancing of a return development wave. El estudio se ocupa del papel de las primeras regiones desarrolladas de Rusia, junto con los conceptos correspondientes. Se considera que las regiones mas antiguas son las que tienen una cierta edad, nivel de desarrollo y tipo de economia, principalmente industrial y agricola, que estan concentradas en la parte europea de la Rusia actual, especialmente en sus nucleos historicos. Se analizan los cambios en su posicion y percepcion, asociados a los cambios politicos, economicos, sociales y demograficos que afectaron al espacio del pais antes y despues del colapso de la URSS. Se muestra que bajo los procesos dominantes de polarizacion y contraccion espacial, las regiones mas antiguas tambien experimentan una diseccion, principalmente a lo largo del eje centro‐periferia. Esto se ilustra mediante dos estudios de caso especificos en Rusia Central, uno alrededor de Moscu y el otro en el area entre Moscu y San Petersburgo. Por ultimo, se presentan cuatro escenarios estrategicos alternativos para las areas de interes, que dependen de la actitud ante la cuestion de su resurgimiento: a) aceleracion de la contraccion por motivos economicos; b) desmantelamiento ordenado de determinadas zonas viejas desahuciadas; c) disuasion de su decadencia; y d) busqueda y mejora de una tendencia de regreso al desarrollo. 本研究は、ロシアの初期開発地域の役割とそれに関連する概念を扱う。古い地域は、ある一定の時代を経て、一定のレベルに発展した、工業および農業が主要な特定の経済タイプの地域とみなされており、現在ではヨーロッパに含まれる同国の地域、特にその歴史的中心部に集中している、ソ連崩壊の前にも後にも国の空間に影響を与えた、政治的、経済的、社会的および人口統計学的変化に関連した、その地域の位置づけと認識の変化を分析した。空間の分極化と収縮が優位となる過程では、古い地域も主に中心‐周辺軸に沿って分断されることを示した。これは、モスクワ周辺の中央ロシアとモスクワとサンクトペテルブルクの間の地域における2つの特異的なケーススタディによって例証されている。結論として、これらの地域の復活に対する疑問の姿勢に応じて、問題の地域に対する4つの代替的な戦略のシナリオを提示する。a)経済的な理由による収縮の加速、b) 絶望的な一部の古い地域からの秩序ある撤退、c)腐敗の抑、d)リターン開発の波の探索と強化。

One of the advantages of the spatial concentration of economic activity is an increase in its efficiency, which can also have a positive effect on the dynamics of the economic efficiency of neighboring territories. Nevertheless, geographical proximity does not guarantee the automatic dissemination of positive spatial external effects. However, it is precisely these processes that largely determine the change in the configuration of the economic space and further possibilities for its development. The article reflects the results of a study on the role of spatial external effects in the dynamics of a regional economy efficiency indicator—labor productivity. The main research method is construction of transition probability matrices and analysis of their properties. It is shown that a high degree of inequality of regional economies in labor productivity prevents the manifestation of positive spatial external effects. Significant differences in regional economies in labor productivity worsen the relative dynamics of lagging regions and also adversely affect the relative dynamics of leading regions. Reducing the degree of difference contributes to the spread of positive externalities, accelerates the growth of labor productivity in lagging regions and favors its increase in leading regions. The results obtained indicate that regional policy aimed at containing increasing regional inequality and creating conditions for expanding interregional cooperation is more adequate with respect to the current situation.

The author considers the degree of scientific development of the regional policy problem as an important component of the development of Ukraine. Conceptual principles of spatial regionalism, their essence and methods of research are substantiated. The attention is paid to the study of spatial patterns of regions development and to the features of the "center-regions" relations system development. Significant attention is paid to the study of trends in regionalization as a priority improvement of regional economic policy and mechanisms for its implementation. The greatest interest here is the institutionalization of the relations of state power with subnational territories; the division of powers between the regional authorities and the representatives of the central administration. The main goal of local authorities should be to provide a variety of quality services to communities with optimal costs in open activities and accountability to the community and the state. The modern theoretical and methodological foundations of regional social systems research are highlighted. Attention is paid to the problems of securing national interests, in particular the achievement of the unity of Ukrainian society, the observance of the integrity of the state, which is realized through the formation of a common identity of the citizens of Ukraine and is a prerequisite for the viability of the state, the effectiveness of its policy and the full implementation of national interests. It is established that the key to understanding the peculiarities of creating a single identity, which will unite the majority of Ukrainian citizens, is the prerequisite for forming a political nation in Ukraine as a community, belonging to which is based on citizenship, approval of common values of the state, unity of representatives interests of different ethnic, linguistic, regional and religious-confessional groups of Ukraine. The achievement of internal consolidation of Ukrainian society, on the one hand, is a favorable factor for qualitative and internal political transformations; and, on the other hand, to strengthen the foreign policy positions of independent Ukraine.

The world experience of state promotion of high-tech exports is investigated, which involves the use of multifactorial legal, financial and insurance instruments. First, it is established that the country is not able to fully integrate into the world economic space and effectively develop without the development of high-tech exports. Secondly, it has been found that owning high-tech products in the context of globalization is becoming an extremely important factor in gaining competitive advantage in world markets, thus, national producers should rely on government assistance in the form of adequate risk coverage and various financing schemes. Thirdly, it is confirmed that Ukraine will be able to develop the system of state support for exports by expanding and improving the efficiency of existing state bodies, as well as creating institutional frameworks for the implementation of new mechanisms – the National Export Development Strategy of Ukraine. JEL: F13, O24, O38.

The need for the sustainable spatial development enables an analysis of the causes of the regional differentiation of consumer price growth rates for further development of relevant policies at the federal and regional levels. Therefore, the paper aims to examine how various supply and demand shocks in the tradable and non-tradable sectors as well as labour market imperfections influence price growth rates in the Russian regions. The considered regions are Sverdlovsk oblast and other regions of the Russian Federation (RF). Developing a regional model of general equilibrium contributes to the analyse. The model’s parameters were assessed using the Bayesian method based on the statistical data on the economies of Sverdlovsk oblast, other regions and the Russian Federation in general. Two types of models were considered, with flexible and rigid wages, indicating perfect and imperfect labour markets. The influence of supply and demand shocks in the tradable and non-tradable sectors on price growth rates in the considered regions was analysed using the impulse response functions and variance decompositions of endogenous variables. The study concludes that price growth rates in the regions differ mostly due to technological shocks in the non-tradable sector. The contribution of productivity shocks in the tradable sector to the inflation differential is limited, especial ly in the context of perfect labour mobility. Labour market imperfections cause an increase in the differentiation of consumer price growth rates in the regions. Moreover, this process is more pronounced in Sverdlovsk oblast and is typical for both tradable and non-tradable sectors and services. The study demonstrates the absence of the Balassa — Samuelson effect at the regional level. The findings can be used for elaboration of an effective regional policy of sustainable spatial development.

თეიმურაზ ყანდაშვილი ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი საქართველო, თბილისი E-mail: t.kandashvili@gtu.ge http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3319-7105 ლელა კოჭლამაზაშვილი ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი საქართველო, თბილისი E-mail: l.kochlamazashvili@gtu.ge http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7952-6587 თამარ ქობლიანიძე ეკონომიკის დოქტორი, საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი საქართველო, თბილისი E-mail: tamar.koblianidze@gtu.ge http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5256-548X მოკლე აღწერა დამოუკიდებლობის მოპოვების შემდეგ სასიცოცხლო მნი­შვნელობა შეიძინა საქართველოს ეკონომიკის მსოფლიო ეკ­ო­­ნომიკურ სივრცეში ინტეგრაციამ. დამყარდა სავაჭრო ეკონო­მი­­კური ურთიერთობები მსოფლიოს მრავალ ქვეყანასთან, პი­რ­ველ რიგში კი მეზობელ ქვეყნებთან. გამონაკლისს ირანის ის­ლ­ა­მური რესპუბლიკა წარმოადგენდა. სტატიის კვლევის მი­ზა­ნს წარმოადგენს საქართველო - ირა­ნის ისლამური რესპუბლიკის ეკონომიკური ურთიერთობები. ყუ­რადღება გამახვილებულია იმ დარგებზე, რომელთაც მნიშ­ვ­ნ­ე­ლოვანი როლი ენიჭებათ ორმხრივი ურთიერთობების გან­ვი­თა­რებაში. 2006 წლიდან საქართველოს სავაჭრო-ეკონომიკური ურთიერთობა ირანის ისლამურ რესპუბლიკასთან მზარდი ტე­ნ­დენციით ხასიათდება, თუმცა, უნდა აღინიშნოს, რომ იმ­პო­რტის წილი ექსპორტს ბევრად სჭარბობს. ექსპორტის წა­ხა­ლი­სება და ხელშეწყობა სახელმწიფოს ერთ-ერთ პრი­ო­რი­ტე­ტად არის გამოცხადებული, მაგრამ ჯერ-ჯერობით, სრულად არ არის ათვისებული ეკონომიკის, მათ შორის სოფლის მეუ­რ­ნე­ობის ის დარგები, რომლის საექსპორტო პოტენციალიც ქვე­ყა­ნაშია. ნაშრომში განხილულია საქართველოსა და ირანის ისლა­მურ რესპუბლიკას შორის ბოლო წლების სავაჭრო ბრუნვა, ექ­ს­პორტ-იმპორტის ძირითადი სასაქონლო ჯგუფები, ინვეს­ტი­ცი­ები. საკვანძო სიტყვები: სავაჭრო და ეკონომიკური ურთიერთობები, სავაჭრო ბრუნვა, ექსპორტი, იმპორტი, ინვესტიცია.

The article proves that the effective economic development of Ukraine is facilitated by foreign economic relations, which are a determining factor in the development and modernization of the economy, an important step towards solving many social problems and a driver of scientific and technological development. It is proved that the revival of foreign economic activity will promote the country's integration into the international economic space and will determine it not just as a partnership and mutually beneficial cooperation, but as a process that will serve as an effective means of solving global problems. The most significant in nature means of economic regulation of foreign economic activity depending on its impact on the competitive advantages of the enterprise. The expediency of determining the level of competitiveness of industry taking into account the important structural characteristics (the level of industrial economy, specialization of industry, its internal and external efficiency) is proved. The author's definition of the concept of competitiveness of industrial production is given - its permanent ability to withstand competition due to the availability of appropriate potential provided a high level of efficiency and a means for further development of long-term strategies for long-term development and conquest of foreign markets.

In this paper, by taking into account the rating in a new concept of economic space, we propose a model of the dynamics of an economic particle, a model of price process, an extension of risk measures, and a new approach of option pricing with associated hedging portfolio.

At this stage in the development of the global economic space, the question of studying such measures of influence as sanctions is of great interest. The article is a review of approaches to studying the phenomenon of economic sanctions and is aimed at studying the definition, varieties and essence of these measures. The article considers various interpretations of the concept of “sanction” in the scientific literature. The author has developed a morphological matrix of existing types of sanctions, matrix can be used for the analysis of the implemented measures. The author also studied and presented some of the main ideas of scientists in the field of economic sanctions, their effectiveness, influence on the structure of an economic system and cross-border relationship.Further research on this topic will contribute to the development of an effective strategy for business entities in the context of sanctions regimes.

The paper addresses problems of tourism zone development in the Russia’s economic space via the implementation of tourism technology platforms, allowing for sustainable reproduction of competitive regional tourism products. Practical experience in using tourism technology platforms abroad and prospects for their introduction in Russia are considered. The authors conclude that presently, during the transition to a digital and smart economy, the introduction of tourism technology platforms is a prerequisite for increasing the competitiveness of Russia’s regional tourism products. The main research methods were comparative and content analysis; and the main research approaches were systemic, integrated, and interdisciplinary. The results of the study can be used to develop a fundamental theory of tourism, as well as concepts and strategies for the spatial development of Russian regions.

In conditions of economic transformation at all governance levels, the processes related to the implementation of economic entities in the global economic space become intensified, making the issues of maintaining Ukraine’s international competitiveness increasingly relevant. International competitiveness of the country is an important indicator of competitive status in the global economic space that defines the further strategic vector of economic growth. Therefore, the issues of assessing the international competitiveness of Ukraine in the global economic space is of utmost importance. The paper aims to analyze and assess the international competitiveness of Ukraine in the global economic space. The analytical research on the international competitiveness of Ukraine in the global economic space is implemented in the current article. The international competitiveness of Ukraine is analyzed in terms of such indicators as GDP of Ukraine, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita of Ukraine, growth rate (decrease) of Ukraine's industrial production, international consumer price index of Ukraine, change of industrial producers’ prices of Ukraine, Ukraine's unemployment rate, Ukraine's average monthly salary, the level of economic activity among women and men. Moreover, a comprehensive assessment is conducted regarding Ukraine's international competitiveness in the global economic space as well as global competitiveness. The rating of Ukraine's international competitiveness in the global economic space is determined. The paper proves that Ukraine’s international competitiveness positions in the global economic space have deteriorated because of the decline in the functioning efficiency of the domestic financial system, low level of innovative capacity, poor healthcare system, aggravated economic situation. Meanwhile, the changes in the development of goods and jobs markets as well as in the development of institutions are positive, which is confirmed by the improved respective indicators in 2019 compared to 2018.

The article is devoted to the study of the economic space of the traditional industrial region as a special type of region in the economic space of the country. The basic approaches to the study of the concept of economic space are considered. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence and structure of the traditional industrial region. The result is the author's approach to the study of this economic space and the allocation of its main elements in its structure.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the provisions of the NEG (new economic geography) on the example of Siberian regions including the assessment of the differentiation of economic space and the impact of spatial concentration on the level of economic development: market potential, level of economic specialization; the flow of knowledge; as well as the characteristics of the environment. The research was carried out on data of the regional statistical observation (2005-2017). The results of the study revealed the fragmentation and significant differentiation of the economic space. The study showed that different groups of regions, differing in the level of innovativeness, can be differentiated by the quality and connectivity of the economic space. In the central regions, there is a flow of knowledge and diversification of production, in other regions, qualified human capital and the concentration of the extractive industry play a great role. The influence of the environment is still weakly traced. The influence of centrifugal factors for the development of the "center", the most innovative regions, in the Siberian Federal District, has not been fully proven.

В статье исследован процесс перспективного развития цифрового экономического пространства Китайской народной республики (КНР). Произведен анализ основных показателей развития цифровой экономики Китая. Достижение высоких показателей развития цифровой экономики Китая говорят об ускоренных инвестициях в новые инфраструктурные программы: искусственный интеллект, промышленный интернет, интернет вещей. Указаны внешние и внутренние факторы, препятствующие активному развитию информационных технологий в стране. Китай сталкивается с тремя основными проблемами: сохраняется зависимость от импорта ключевых технологий и основных компонентов; сумма инвестиций в фундаментальные исследования (в основном краткосрочные) в два раза меньше, чем в США; отсутствует механизм преобразования патентов в промышленные изделия и технологии. Исследован мировой рынок полупроводников. В перспективе основной фактор замедления развития цифровой экономики — формирование технологического альянса «Chip 4» (Южная Корея, Япония, Тайвань)». Цифровая экономика Китая обладает одной из самых активных экосистем цифровых инвестиций и стартапов, лидерством в мире по венчурным инвестициям в ключевые виды цифровых технологий, крупнейшим в мире рынком электронной коммерции, глобальной силой в сфере мобильных платежей. Цифровая экономика КНР стала ключевой силой в реструктуризации мировой экономики и трансформации глобальной конкурентной среды мирового рынка. Успешная реализация задач «14-го пятилетнего плана развития цифровой экономики» 国务院关于印发, а также расширение и укрепление торговых связей с странами Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона позволяет занять лидирующее положение в цифровом экономическом пространстве., The article examines the process of prospective development of the digital economic space of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The analysis of the main indicators of the development of the digital economy in China is made. China’s strong performance in the digital economy shows accelerated investment in new infrastructure programs: artificial intelligence, industrial internet, internet of things. The external and internal factors hindering the active development of information technologies in the country are indicated. China faces three major problems: continued dependence on imports of key technologies and key components; the amount of investment in basic research (mostly shortterm) is half that of the United States; and there is no mechanism for converting patents into industrial products and technologies. The world market of semiconductors is investigated. In the future, the main factor slowing down the development of the digital economy is the formation of the Chip 4 technology alliance (South Korea, Japan, Taiwan). China’s digital economy has one of the most active digital investment and startup ecosystems, is the world leader in venture capital investment in key digital technologies, has the world’s largest e-commerce market, and is a global force in mobile payments. China’s digital economy has become a key force in the restructuring of the global economy and the transformation of the global competitive environment of the world market. The successful implementation of the objectives of the 14th five-year plan for the development of the digital economy (国务院关于印发), as well as the expansion and strengthening of trade relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region allows China to take a leading position in the digital economic space., Бизнес. Образование. Право, Выпуск 4 (61) 2022, Pages 161-165

Несмотря на активную научную дискуссию вокруг пространственной организации экономики регионов и пространственного развития страны вопрос о свойствах, которыми должны обладать пространственные экономические системы, о влиянии межтерриториальной связанности на развитие экономического пространства регионов остается открытым. Данное исследование направлено на оценку внутрирегиональной связанности экономического пространства регионов как степени взаимозависимости параметров экономического роста муниципальных образований, а также на выделение внутрирегиональных локальных зон, в которых типы связанности по-разному влияют на экономический рост. Оценка внутрирегиональной связанности выполнена на основе данных муниципальных образований монопрофильных регионов (Красноярского края, Вологодской, Липецкой и Челябинской областей) за период 2017-2019 гг., определены три типа территорий: муниципальные образования с взаимозависимым типом роста, способные встраиваться в производственно-сбытовые цепочки и получать положительные агломерационные эффекты, территории пассионарного типа развития, которые продуцируют самостоятельный экономический рост, способны активизировать собственные экономические возможности и абсорбировать потенциал соседних муниципальных образований, муниципальные образования субпассионарного типа, которые, несмотря на положительную динамику производства в соседних территориях, не способны продуцировать самостоятельный экономический рост и недостаточно вовлечены в пространственно-экономические связи с другими муниципальными образованиями. По результатам исследования установлено, что муниципальные образования с пассионарным типом развития отличаются более высокими значениями темпов роста реального объема отгруженных товаров собственного производства и реального объема инвестиций, что свидетельствует не только о лидирующих позициях данных территорий в текущем периоде, но и о наличии возможностей устойчивого поступательного развития в будущем. Компаративистика локализации зон с различным типом роста и агломерационных образований в пространстве монопрофильных регионов позволила выделить три модели пространства агломерированных территорий: пассионарная, взаимоусиливающая и смешанная. В зависимости от типов межтерриториальной связанности авторами предложены различные подходы к определению приоритетов политики формирования агломерационных образований. Результаты исследования представляют интерес для органов государственного управления, осуществляющих стратегическое управление пространственным развитием регионов, а также определяют перспективность изучения иных параметров межтерриториальной связанности и оценки ее влияния на развитие экономического пространства. Spatial organisation of the regional economy and spatial development of Russia have been actively discussed in the academic community. However, this discussion did not resolve the issues concerning the characteristics of spatial economic systems and the impact of inter-territorial cohesion on regional economic space. The study examines intra-regional cohesion of economic spaces as the interdependence of economic growth parameters observed in municipalities. Additionally, types of cohesion differently affecting economic growth in various intra-regional local zones are identified. Assessment of intra-regional cohesion based on data from municipalities of single-industry regions (Krasnoyarsk krai, Vologda, Lipetsk and Chelyabinsk oblasts) for the period 2017-2019 revealed three types of territories. First are municipalities characterised by the interdependent growth, positive agglomeration effects and the ability to integrate into value chains. Territories known for passionate development, producing independent economic growth, are able to strengthen their own economic opportunities and absorb the neighbouring potential. Sub-passionate development is characteristic for municipalities that, despite the positive production dynamics in neighbouring territories, cannot produce independent economic growth; their spatial and economic relations with other municipal formations are insufficient. The research results show that municipalities characterised by passionate development demonstrate higher growth rates of the real volume of produced and shipped goods and the real investment. Such parameters indicate the current leading positions of these territories, as well as the availability of opportunities for sustainable progressive development. Based on comparative analysis of zones with different growth types and agglomeration formations in single-industry regions, the study distinguish passionate, mutually reinforcing and mixed models of agglomerated spaces. It was proposed to determine the priorities of agglomeration policies in accordance with the types of inter-territorial cohesion. The findings can be used by government bodies for strategic management of regional spatial development. The obtained results determine the prospects for analysing other parameters of inter-territorial cohesion and assessing its impact on spatial economic development. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и Челябинской области в рамках научного проекта № 20-410-740004. The article has been prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Chelyabinsk oblast, the project No. 20-410-740004.

Представлены основные результаты исследования, целью которого стало выявление роли малых городов в усилении неоднородности экономического пространства периферийной территории. В ходе исследования реализованы следующие задачи: 1) идентификация объекта анализа – периферийной территории – в рамках административных границ конкретного российского региона (субъекта РФ); 2) разработка процедуры эмпирического анализа, в т.ч. выбор параметров, индикаторов и источников информации; 3) интерпретация результатов анализа за период 2016-2020 гг. Объектом исследования стали малые городские округа в составе периферийной (внеагломерационной) территории Самарской области. Полученные авторами выводы могут способствовать развитию новых взглядов на роль малых городов в современных процессах управляемой трансформации неоднородного пространства российских регионов., The main results of the study are presented, the purpose of which was to identify the role of small towns in strengthening the heterogeneity of the economic space of the peripheral territory. In the course of the study, the following tasks were implemented: 1) identification of the object of analysis - a peripheral territory within the administrative boundaries of a particular Russian region; 2) development of an empirical analysis procedure, incl. selection of parameters, indicators and sources of information; 3) interpretation of the results of the analysis for the period 2016-2020. The object of the study was small urban districts as part of the peripheral (non-agglomeration) territory of the Samara region. The conclusions obtained by the authors can serve to develop new views on the role of small towns in modern processes of controlled transformation of the heterogeneous space of Russian regions., Экономика и управление: научно-практический журнал, Выпуск 3 (165) 2022

В статье рассматривается проблематика международной интеграции в условиях турбулентности глобальной экономической и геополитической среды. Обоснован тезис о том, что экономическая интеграция представляет собой процесс гомогенизации экономических пространств участников. Предложено рассматривать население территорий, участвующих в интеграции, одновременно как объект и субъект, ресурс и главного бенефициара интеграционных процессов. Выявлена роль и значение человеческого потенциала территорий для повышения эффективности интеграционных процессов. Аргументирована необходимость системной интеграции образовательных систем в качестве базовой предпосылки повышения эффективности экономической и политической интеграции территорий. = The article deals with the problems of international integration under the conditions of turbulence in the global economic and geopolitical environment. The thesis that economic integration is a process of homogenization of the economic spaces ofparticipants is substantiated. It is proposed to consider the population of the territories participating in integration as both an object and a subject, a resource and a key beneficiary of integration processes. The role and importance of the human potential of the territories for increasing the efficiency of integration processes is revealed. The necessity of systemic integration of educational systems as a basic prerequisite for increasing the efficiency of economic and political integration of territories is grounded.

Актуальность. Пандемия, вызванная новой коронавирусной инфекцией, стала серьезным испытанием для региональной экономики, в т.ч. предпринимательского сектора. На деятельность организаций значительно повлияло закрытие границ, усложнение логистики, разрывы технологических цепочек, ограничение поставок сырья и оборудования, ограничение на перемещения работников, нестабильность на валютном рынке, снижение цен и спроса на некоторые виды продукции. Материалы и методы. Целью исследования является анализ и систематизация региональных мер поддержки экономики, в частности предпринимательского сектора, в период пандемии на примере Свердловской области. Информационную основу работы составили официальные данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики, документы органов исполнительной и законодательной власти региона в части формирования современной законодательной базы, региональной политики, направленной на поддержку предпринимателей, снижение административной нагрузки и развитие предпринимательской инициативы. Результаты исследования. Проанализировано состояние развития малого и среднего предпринимательства Свердловской области в период пандемии в контексте развития региональной экономики в целом, что позволило определить тенденции развития сектора в части изменения общего количества субъектов МСП, численности работников, занятых у субъектов МСП и др. Систематизированы меры поддержки предпринимательства в регионе (в рамках действующих фондов технологического развития промышленности, предпринимательства, Свердловского областного союза промышленников и предпринимателей), что позволило выделить в их составе основные инструменты: законодательные, консультационные и финансовые. Установлены возможности и ограничения практической реализации данных мер, эффективности и возможностей применения опыта другими субъектами РФ. The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus infection has become a serious test for the regional economy, incl. the business sector. The aim of the study is to analyze and systematize regional measures to support the economy, in particular the business sector, during a pandemic using the example of the Sverdlovsk region. The informational basis of the work was formed by the official data of the Federal State Statistics Service, documents of the executive and legislative authorities of the region in terms of the formation of a modern legislative framework, regional policy aimed at supporting entrepreneurs, reducing the administrative burden and developing entrepreneurial initiative. Research results. The state of development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Sverdlovsk region during a pandemic in the context of the development of the regional economy as a whole is analyzed. The trends in the development of the sector in terms of changes in the total number of SMEs, the number of employees employed by SMEs, etc. have been systematized. Measures to support entrepreneurship in the region have been systematized. The possibilities and limitations of the practical implementation of these measures, the effectiveness and possibilities of applying the experience by other subjects of the Russian Federation have been established.

The role of railway communications in the protection of the economic space is being studied. The methodological basis of the study is the geopolitical system of knowledge. The subject of the study is the importance of the Trans-Siberian Railway and BAM in ensuring national security. There is an underestimation of the role of transport communications and the lack of an integrated approach to the problem of control over the economic space of the Asian part of the country. The Russian economy is focused on the export of resources abroad. The flow of through cargo in the east direction is more than two and a half times the flow of cargo from the east to the west. The concept of an “export-oriented railway line” does not contribute to the development of the interior regions of Siberia and the Far East, the build-up of demographic potential, and the transformation of the railways of the eastern range into transit communications in the Eurasian space. The implementation of the most important strategic projects is still shifted to private business. Highways pass through undeveloped lands, with a very difficult climate and low population density, so there are no conditions for the initiative self-development of the regions. As a result, ignoring obvious approaches in the post-Soviet period, meaningful historical experience and practice, has a direct impact on the security of the Russian space.

Balancing out uneven regional development and territorial disparities is an urgent task. Solving it requires considering the geo-economic features of various parts of Russia’s spatially structured territory. This study aims to describe trends in the economic space transformation and structural changes in the economies of the North-Western Federal District. Exploring the economic space transformation, the paper draws on economic theory and geography, the concepts of cluster and power generation cycles, regional economics and other theories. It presents the results of the institutional and economic research of income capitalization and the role of the institutional factor, along with regional gross value added (GVA) analysis by activity types. The study investigates the movement of capital (rent) in the economic space. There are several noticeable trends: the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions, the Komi and Karelia Republics have diversified their economies by developing manufacturing and mining, while the Murmansk and Pskov regions did that by stimulating agriculture. Regional factors generating rent at significant transaction costs are found to be affected by institutional factors. The paper concludes that structural changes in the economy of the Russian north-west regions are wavelike in nature. The indexes of regional GVA and industrial market development point to the existence of a transition zone between the structural phases of the wave, with the transition mostly taking place in 2014. The trigger for the second phase of the wave, along with new structural changes, was international sanctions and growing confrontation reducing capital outflow and contributing to further structural changes in the regional economy.