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The object of research is the process of evaluating the strategic support of the economic security of the enterprise. It is revealed that one of the effective strategic measures to ensure the economic security of the enterprise is real and long-term financial investment, as well as mergers and acquisitions. It is taken into account that in the conditions of cheapening of assets, the latter become attractive for purchase by larger or economically stable companies. At the same time, such assets may have problems with solvency, profitability and others. In this regard, it is substantiated that an assessment of the feasibility of mergers and acquisitions should be accompanied by a determination of their impact on changes in the level of economic security. It is taken into account that the assessment of the level of economic security is based on determining the shortage of profit before tax. This shortage is characterized by the amount that the company loses due to the failure of certain threshold indicators of economic security. Given the hierarchical structure of such indicators, the shortage of profit is defined as the maximum possible value of the estimated disadvantages of profit for each indicator. It is proved that the effect of mergers and acquisitions, defined in the traditional way, can be achieved, but the effect that manifests itself in increasing the level of economic security is not. It is established that in modern conditions, the criterion for increasing the level of economic security should prevail over others. Methodological approaches to evaluating the feasibility of M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions) transactions have been improved, which, unlike existing ones, take into account the effects of reducing the shortfall in profit before tax and allow to compare the achieved level of economic security, respectively, before and after transactions. An indicator of the economic efficiency of M&A transactions from reducing the shortfall in EBT (Earnings before Tax) profits is proposed. The practical result of this research is the developed methodological approaches to assessing the appropriateness of M&A transactions. Application of the developed concept will allow more correctly assessing the consequences of mergers and acquisitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work investigates the economic effects of the same amount of production or investment in the individual heating system and the district heating system in South Korea using an input-out analysis. When South Korea develops a new city, the government has made a preliminary decision on one of two heating systems, an individual heating system (IHS) or a district heating system (DHS). However, it is still unclear which system is desirable in terms of maximizing the national economic effect. Thus, this article aims to derive quantitative information about the economic effects of the same amount of production or investment in the two systems through an input-output (IO) analysis using the recently published 2017 IO table. More specifically, the production-inducing effects, value-added creation effects, and wage-inducing effects are systematically analyzed focusing on the IHS and DHS sectors. The results show that one dollar of production or investment in IHS or DHS causes about 1.073 and 1.388 dollars of production, about 0.228 and 0.658 dollars of value-added, and about 0.051 and 0.108 dollars in wages, respectively, throughout the national economy. Overall, the economic effects of the DHS sector are greater than those of the IHS sector. That is, when the same amount of investment or production is made in the two sectors, DHS produces more economic effects than IHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financial Space is the property of Cherkasy Institute of Banking, University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the primary current frequency regulation in the energy system (ES) as well as the basic requirements for NPP power units (PUs) under the conditions of involvement into the primary regulation. According to these requirements, NPP operation is related to the unloading and corresponding decrease in efficiency. It has been shown in this connection that combining NPP with a hydrogen complex (HEC) allows excluding the inefficient unloading mode. This enables the steam turbine and reactor equipment to operate in the basic mode at nominal power level. Besides, the conditions for producing and storing hydrogen and oxygen during the day as well as additionally during the night-time of off-peak electrical load may be created, which allows using them for generating peak power. In the paper, the systemic economic benefit as a result of involving NPP combined with HEC into primary regulation of the current frequency in ES with allowance for expending resources for the main equipment has been estimated. In this regard, the paper gives grounds for cyclic loadings of HEC main equipment including metal tanks for storing hydrogen and oxygen, compressors, hydrogen-oxygen combustion chamber (HOCC) for hydrogen-steam superheating of the actuating medium in the NPP steam turbine cycle. Methodological grounds for evaluating the equipment endurance under cyclic loading with involving into the primary frequency regulation by the criterion of the fatigue crack growth rate are described. It has been shown that in terms of HEC equipment, the highest load intensity occurs in HOCC due to high thermal stresses. Also, the systemic economic benefit has been estimated, and the impact of the equipment deterioration under conditions of cyclic loading has been demonstrated. It is shown that when combining NPP PUs with HEC, the efficiency of primary regulation may significantly depend on such factors as the cost of equipment exposed to cyclic loads, the frequency and intensity of cyclic loads, and the relation between the peak electricity tariff and the cost price of electric energy produced by NPP. It has been shown on the basis of novel methods for estimating the efficiency of involving NPP with HEC into the primary frequency regulation with allowance for damage to the equipment, that the use of HEC may provide a considerable economic benefit, as compared to the version of NPP unloading when involving directly into frequency regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with cancer may develop disease- or treatment-associated anemia, requiring red blood product transfusions. In Italy, transfusions are usually administered in a day hospital service or in inpatient wards. Since 2013, a dedicated supportive care service for outpatients has been implemented in Pisa, where red blood product transfusions are administered. The present study evaluated the patients that received red blood product transfusions at the dedicated supportive care service for outpatients in 2016. The clinical features of patients were analyzed, and the procedural cost was evaluated by comparing its administration with a hypothetical scenario in which transfusions were provided via day hospital services or inpatient wards. The results revealed that the dedicated supportive care service for outpatients avoided the hospitalization of patients, allowing them to receive prompt and timely transfusions, with a rapid resolution of symptoms. Avoiding hospitalization was also estimated to decrease transfusion-associated costs by €48,805-177,805. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Management Studies is the property of Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of the present study is to perform an economic assessment of the local (autochthonic), merino and meat-type sheep breeds raised in Bulgaria without milking and under the conditions of a market economy and free commerce. We studied sheep from three herds, of the Srednostaroplaninska breed, Northeast Bulgarian Merino breed (NEBM) and the Île-de-France breed. The sheep from all three herds were under selection control. The results of the study indicated low economic effects for all three herds. Without subsidies, the local and merino breeds finished with negative values for profits and cost-efficiency of the income and expenses, and zero for the meat-types. The subsidy for the sheep of the Srednostaroplaninska breed made up 37.9% of the income, whereas the sold lambs and sheep culled for meat made up 60.7%. This indicated that the local mountain sheep cannot provide the necessary income for a farm's normal function without milking and without subsidies, under the present market situation. The efforts in this field should be directed towards organic production of meat and dairy products and a closed production cycle. The income from sold lambs and sheep culled for meat from the NEBM breed made up 66.8% of the total income, whereas wool accounted for merely 4.6%. The subsidy provided 28.5% of the farm's funds. Accomplishing an economic effect in merino breeds is possible only if prices for buying off wool were normalized, and the fertility of the ewes was increased. For the meat-type sheep of the Île-de-France breed, the income from selling meat and breeder lambs, as well as sold culled sheep made up 75.6%, and the subsidy - 22.7%. A higher economic effect for this breed could be achieved through selection towards fertility and more frequent births, i.e. 3 litters in 2 years. A significant productive and economic effect in the meat-type breeds could be achieved from ram breeding and conducting industrial crossbreeding in the stock part of the breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyse the multiplier effects of transport sectors, the input-output approach was used to calculate output multipliers, gross value added multipliers, employment multipliers and income multipliers for China's four transport sectors from 2012 to 2020. The results show that of all the multiplier effects in China's transport sectors, the induced effects contribute the most, all close to 40%, and even more than 60% of the employment multipliers. Air transport has the highest output multiplier; rail transport has the highest gross value added multiplier, employment multiplier and income multiplier. The multipliers for rail transport are higher than those for road transport, and the multipliers for water transport are similar to those for road transport, so the current policy of restructuring China's transport industry will not have a negative impact on its economic effect. Furthermore, a comparative multiplier analysis with two European countries is conducted to assess the Chinese transport industry from an international perspective. The results of this paper are important for assessing the economic contribution of different transport sectors and providing a reference to formulate transport policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the mechanism of formation of the main components of harmful emissions characteristic of combustion chambers operating on conventional hydrocarbon fuels. The method of combustion of a preliminarily prepared depleted air–fuel mixture was chosen as the object of the study. This method of suppressing harmful emissions was implemented in the design of a low-toxic combustion chamber developed as applied to the GT-009 M type unit with impact cooling of the burner pipe and provides for stabilization of the main kinetic flame by means of a diffusion-kinetic and a standby burner device. The results of the calculations performed with regard to the operating conditions of the low-toxic combustion chamber at the nominal load of GT-009 M allow us to conclude that the practical use of combustion of a depleted, preprepared, fuel–air mixture in combination with diffusion-kinetic stabilization of combustion is promising. The topic of this article is related to the problem of ecological improvement of gas turbine unit combustion chambers, which determines its utmost importance and relevance.

As we assess health risks caused by extremely dangerous infections, we can apply mathematical modeling to estimate a disease or a death case probability. This mathematical modeling describes epidemiological processes and allows to imitate their development without performing any anti-epidemic activities. Parameters which quantitatively assess morbidity and mortality cases obtained via this modeling together with actual data on losses which were not prevented even if anti-epidemic activities were in place, can be used as grounds for economic effects assessment. An economic effect of anti-epidemic activities was calculated in terms of indirect prevented losses which became possible due to decrease in mortality and morbidity; the effect was calculated in money units which were applied in the GDP calculation. The calculation is performed in full conformity with 'The Methodology for calculating economic losses caused by population mortality, morbidity, and disability" (Moscow, 2012) and envisages assessment of losses in the current year and over a period of survival (for death cases). The methodology was tested on the example of Ebola fever outbreak in Guinea in 2014-2016. The testing results revealed that if not for anti-epidemic activities which included substantial assistance rendered by other countries (the RF among them), a number of morbidity cases caused by Ebola virus would have reached 521,289, and a number of death cases, 56,345. The RF Rospotrebnadzor made a significant contribution into Ebola fever outbreak elimination in Guinea; it sent a special anti-epidemic team there in August 2014. The team participated in diagnostic procedures, staff training, and anti-epidemic activities organization. Risk prevented due to assistance rendered by other countries, including the RF, amounted to 517,485 morbidity cases, and 53,809 death cases. Economic effects for Guinea achieved due to anti-epidemic activities aimed at risk minimization with the help of other countries is estimated to be equal to 229.51 million USD; it amounts to approximately 3.5% of Guinea GDP.

The main goal of the article is the efficiency justification of energy-efficient house (EEH) from the different points of view: economic, ecological and social. In this case, the EEH under the green economy context was considered by the authors. In addition, according to the Ukrainian ongoing condition, the key preconditions of EEH implementation among the Ukrainian households were allocated. Besides, the main approaches to define EEH are analyzed and systematized by the authors. On this basis, the main bullet points and features of EEH were indicated. The authors determined the EEH opportunities for spreading among the Ukrainian households. It should be noted, that the lack of awareness among the civil society provokes the slow temp of the EEH enlarging in Ukraine. At the same time, the European experience showed that the huge part of their households can be characterized as energy-effective. With the purpose of understand the efficiency of EEH, the authors had estimated the economic benefits of installed solar collector in the household as one of the parts of EEH. According to the results, the authors allocate the restraining factors of the EEH spreading in Ukraine. Thus, the great payback period is one of them. In addition, the high level of the currency rate has negative impact on the payback period. From the other side the continuously increasing of the utility bills have been indicated as a negative stimulate factor. In order to increase the awareness of the EEH benefits under the Ukrainian civil society, the main economic, ecological and social benefits of EEH were systematized by the authors.

The article studies the formation of growth pole based in Vanino – Sovetskaya Gavan. It demonstrates the theoretical-methodological platform used during the analysis of conditions of forming the seaport as a pole of economic growth in a region. The conditions in which the task can be accomplished are the following: decreasing the share of expenses on transshipment and increasing the distance of transportation as the port develops technologically; increasing the volumes of transshipments with large added value; the prevalence of transport and logistical services’ share over transshipment services’ share in the overall income received by the port. The author determines the volume and structure of current and prospective cargo base in Vanino – Sovetskaya Gavan port, emphasizing the cargo generated in Khabarovsk Krai economy. Based on the scenario approach the study predicts economic effects localized on three levels (the territory near the port, the port region itself and other regions). The conclusion is that with conditions and limitations taken into account Vanino – Sovetskaya Gavan port cannot be seen as a growth pole of Khabarovsk Krai economy. A large part of economic effect ‘settles’ in regions outside Khabarovsk Krai. Vanino-Sovetskaya Gavan seaport can only be viewed as a growth pole in case of strengthening the connection with the port region through placement of industrial enterprises, logistical centers and developed information technologies near port, which would allow for supply of services with large added value

The solution of social and economic problems of society requires active participation of business entities in the process. The main rules and regulations of their behavior determine the social investment principles implemented by such entities. The paper sets forth the principles of social investments made by business entities. It is proved that the specific features of the implementation of these principles are due, on the one hand, to the specifics of the business and, on the other hand, the need for such entities to act as “agents of the social activities” who use economic tools to achieve a social effect.

The article describes the mechanism for evaluating the efficiency of operating freight cars with improved technical characteristics on the infrastructure of railways on the basis of complex tests. It allows determining the impact of the operation of such cars on the costs of JSC “Russian Railways”, including the costs of fuel and energy resources for traction of trains, the maintenance of the railway track, the maintenance and operation of freight locomotives and the maintenance of freight cars along the route. An important feature of the assessment is that it is based on data obtained as a result of testing in real-world conditions. Technical and economic assessment of the change in costs of JSC “Russian Railways” in the case of the operation of innovative freight cars should be used in the development of budgets in conjunction with the plans to purchase new cars, to prepare proposals for the development of tariff mechanisms that stimulate the purchase of cars with improved technical characteristics that provide additional economic benefits, associated with a decrease in the costs of the owner of the infrastructure. The purpose of such mechanisms is, on the one hand, to stimulate the renewal of rolling stock through innovative carriages, on the other hand, to improve the efficiency of rail transport. Based on JSC “VNIIZhT” assessment of the effect for JSC “Russian Railways”, the expert commission of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation approved the application of the tariff scheme 25 (4) with a reduced fee for the empty run of cars for 12-2143 gondola cars produced by JSC “AltaiZavod”. According to the current price list for freight transportation, the effect of operating a number of models of innovative cars on the infrastructure of JSC “Russian Railways” is fully included in tariff preferences. However, to increase the interest of Russian Railways in the operation of innovative cars, it seems advisable to leave the owner of the infrastructure between 30 and 50% of the economic effect.

The authors present an analysis of the energy audit of the holding company “Russian Railways”, as the main tool to assess the effectiveness of consumption of fuel and energy resources in the operation of facilities and logistics infrastructure of railway transport. The basic features of the author’s approach to the calculation of the economic effects of the introduction of energy-saving measures that require consideration of two basic components: direct effect (reduction of energy consumption, water) and an indirect effect. In conclusion, the results of testing the proposed approach to some railway enterprises.

This discussion paper aims to highlight the existing scenario of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) for the economic growth in Pakistan. It specifically analysis the status of vocational training, related policies and practices with reference to the 18th Amendment, which abolishes the concurrent list and grants more provincial autonomy in the matters of education. Article 25A of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (iv) states that the provinces should set priorities for access and quality education based on the provincial needs and develop action plans for its actualization. A developing country like Pakistan needs to devise a systematic, well thought and sophisticated policy for TVET; therefore, this paper proposes a policy following the simple framework of input, process and output. The inputs are predominantly focused on highlighting and matching demand and supply of the TVET. The process thoroughly discusses both the formal and informal education arrangements. Finally, the outputs are deliberated in the form of economic effects such as the manpower structures, technological development, manpower quality and economic behavior leading to the ultimate goal of economic growth and development of the country.

The article addresses the issues concerning the implementing of effective contract in higher education institutions. The author analyzes this problem through a prism of possible increase of labor productivity of university teaching staff and adduces criteria for the evaluation of the efficiency of peofessors’ work and for assigning the stimulating payments. The author points out that there is a devaluation of the initial sense and understanding of the term “effective contract” towards its use as an administrative “whip”. It is treated in terms of a new “managerialism” and considered as an instrument of Russian universities’ entry into global rankings. So, the professors are imposed to fulfill financial and commercial duties. Professor’s conversion into a business unit won’t become the effective mechanism of improvement Russian higher education. The trust labour relationships shouldn’t be replaced with market trust relationships. The author comes to a conclusion that the system of effective contract is still undeveloped and demands the further analysis both on institutional, and at the functional level.

The paper is devoted to research of existing variants of land reform in Ukraine towards cancelling the moratorium on the sale-purchase of agricultural lands. The authors prove that the financial function of the land is realized insufficiently, which is connected with the absence of open land market and ineffective functioning of state land regulation financial mechanism. The aim of the paper is to substantiate the directions of state land regulation in Ukraine on the basis of evaluating the economic effect of cancelling the moratorium on the sale-purchase of agricultural lands. The authors analyzed three most likely variants of land reform at the current stage of Ukraine’s economy development, and calculated economic effect from its implementation. Based on the calculations, conclusion is made about the feasibility of gradually cancelling the moratorium, which corresponds to third variant under study, which is offered to be implemented in two stages: 1) sale of state and community lands; 2) sale of private lands. Economic effect of implementing such a variant, calculated by the authors, gives a possibility to create additional annual cash flow to local budgets in the amount of 68-83 %, which is more than the revenue of other variants described in the paper. It is proven that for possibility to put the variant offered into practice, it is necessary to observe some prerequisites (organizational, financial, legal and regulatory), valuation of which enabled to offer the directions to improve state land regulation, the realization of which would favor the full functioning of agricultural land market.

The factors of forming and implementing the system of managing the organizations’ business processes in the form of electronic document circulation corporate system (EDCCS) enabling to avoid the excessive paper document circulation are considered in the article. On the basis of statistic data the organization activity before and after implementing the EDCCS has been analyzed. The factors of direct and indirect effect gained from the usage of this system are distinguished. In the result of analysis the conclusion is made about practicability of implementing and using the EDCCS in the organization activity boosting efficiency growth and rationality of the organizations units’ interaction in order to achieve the goals set by them.

Objectives. The purpose of the study is to provide an improved multiphase flow meter that meets the metrological and technical standards, the composition of which would exclude radioactive elements. Method. Instead of gamma radiation, the optoacoustic effect is proposed for use in the multiphase flow meter. The table shows the plan of the flow meter with a description of its assembly. The possibilities of using the optoacoustic effect for creating ultrasonic multiphase flow meter with high power emitters are also considered. Results. An analysis of modern multiphase flow meters, including the most popular, which utilise a nozzle within the design of the Venturi meter gamma densitometer. The advantages and disadvantages of the multiphase flow meters. Instead of the gamma ray method the use of the optical-acoustic effect is proposed. During laser irradiation of the medium, pressure wave were formed. Judging on the basis of pressure readings, the parameters of the medium can evaluated: optical density, medium density. Conclusion. The main requirement for a multi-phase flow meter is to achieve precision oil level readings during transport. Multiphase flow meters allow the principle implementation of the separate developed measure registering the quantity of produced gas-liquid mixture during the satellite fields development and wells belonging to different owners, i.e. offering a significant economic effect. It is evident that the multiphase flow meter will play a key role in optimising production control in oil and gas fields. It is necessary to continue research through series of experiments in order to verify the metrological characteristics and implementation possibilities of the technology.

The authors analyse a current problem from the economic point of view on the rural development of Sirinicka Zupa and the significance of financing rural tourism. Starting hypothesis of authors is that the rural tourism directs a total agro complex towards the sustainable development of this Serbian enclave. The term "agro tourism" refers to an unbreakable interdependence between agriculture and tourism, and therefore is inevitable to solve in parallel the issues of agricultural holdings funding in the Serbian enclave Sirinicka Zupa in Kosovo and Metohija. The quality observation method, the analysis method, the synthesis method and interviews helped the authors in getting the information on business problems of agricultural holdings, and the authors were trying to give the answers, suggestions and solutions in order to help Serbian people in enclaves to engage in and develop tourism, and therefore also to survive and live on the centuries-old hearths.

Decision-making in the formation of quality management systems for compliance with the requirements of the international standard ISO 9001:2015 should be a strategically important area of activity for enterprises in the service sector, and should be based on the use of effective methods, measures, methodology, and other quality management tools. The aim of this article is to study the existing methodological approaches to the evaluation of the quality management systems of enterprises and to develop effective practical tools for their application in the field of engineering services. The existing methodological approaches to the evaluation of the quality management systems of enterprises are considered, and attention is focused on the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Directions for the estimation of the quality management systems of enterprises in the sphere of engineering services on the basis of requirements of the international standard ISO 9001:2015 are offered. An algorithm for the expert evaluation of the processes of quality management systems of an enterprise in the field of engineering services is developed, and recommendations for its application are provided. The expediency of applying the methodology of the balanced scorecard (BSC) for the evaluation of quality management systems of enterprises in the field of engineering services is also substantiated. A strategic map of an enterprise in the field of engineering services is formed on the basis of a balanced system of indicators for the assessment of quality management systems. A comparative analysis of the costs of the business processes of an enterprise in the field of engineering services before and after the implementation of the quality management system is conducted, alongside the calculation of the economic effect of this implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook of European Integration / Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Financial & Credit Activity: Problems of Theory & Practice is the property of University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of agricultural production requires the use of machinery to increase productivity and quality of work, a problem that is becoming more pressing in short-cycle crops (corn and beans), creating two possible scenarios, the acquisition of machinery or the improvement of the existing ones. On this last scenario, in recent years, the Ministry of Agriculture of Cuba (MINAG) has been projecting. For this reason the present work has as objective to redesign the grain seeder "Guajiro AM 2010-1-5T"for its improvement. To fulfill this objective, the machine was redesigned fundamentally for grain transmission and distribution systems, for which the resistance analysis by the finite element method (MEF) and its operation were made, through the help of the specialized softwaresMechanical Desktop 2008 and SolidWorks 2010. Later, a prototype was built which was tested in static and working conditions during the planting of corn and beans. Finally, the cost sheet was prepared and the economic feasibility of its development was determined. The main results showed that the design variant developed is capable of meeting the requirements of resistance, performance and safety necessary for these machines, in addition to meeting the quality requirements during the planting of beans and corn. The economic analysis showed the feasibility of its improvement, with an economic effectiveness of $14,340.25 (Cuban peso). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pace of innovation in construction today lags behind most other industries. To increase the investment attractiveness of the industry, a new mechanism is needed to generate, spread and introduce innovations, including a strategic assessment of the economic effects of introducing innovations, which determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of this article is to develop strategic tools for assessing the economic effects of introducing innovations into the investment and construction cycle. Theoretical and empirical methods, expert assessment, classification and structuring of information, reference and statistical data, a comparison method were used to analyze the existing problem. As a result of the study, the scientific and theoretical foundations of the definition of innovation and the main aspects of the functioning of the investment and construction cycle were summarized. The most significant sources of the formation of the economic effect as a result of the introduction of innovations in the investment and construction cycle are highlighted. A set of methods is proposed, the adaptation of which allows us to evaluate the economic efficiency of introducing innovations into the investment and construction cycle. An algorithm has been developed for assessing the economic effect of introducing innovations into the investment and construction cycle. The article will be useful both for the enterprises of the construction industry themselves, and for investors and other interested parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important component of China' transportation systems, for a long time, the insufficient performance of transport in Qinghai- Tibet Plateau (QTP) was a bottleneck restricting the economic growth and social development in this area. Nevertheless, the implementation of the western development strategy has accelerated the preliminary construction of comprehensive transport network since 2000. Due to the large area and significant geographical heterogeneity, there is a growing need to understand the relationship between transportation and economic development based on the perspective of spatial difference. By using GIS-based raster analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, we investigated the spatial-temporal distribution of highway, railway and airport accessibility, respectively, and estimated the correlation and heterogeneity between transport accessibility and the level of economic development. Results revealed that: (1) Transport accessibility in the QTP improved by 53.38% in the past 15 years, which is specifically embodied in the improvement of both highway and railway. (2) Accessibility presented prominent differentiation in the space, increasing from west to east and reducing with the rise of elevation, specifically, the best accessibility area of the highway is below 4000m above sea level, while the area with an altitude of over 4000 m has the lowest aviation time cost. (3) In general, the long weighted average time cost to critical transport facilities posed significantly negative effect on county economic growth in QTP, more positively, the adverse effect gradually weakened over time. (4) Obvious heterogeneity exists at the influence of different transport accessibility factors on the level of economic development, reflecting both in the horizontal space and altitudinal belt. Therefore, region-specific policies should be addressed for the sustainable development of transport facilities as well as economy in the west mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main definitions of "innovation", "innovation development" and "innovation strategy" are defined in the article. It is proved that innovations at the enterprise are conditioned by economic necessity, since maintainance of the proper level of competitiveness in modern conditions is impossible without investments. The definition of "innovation strategy" is substantiated and substantively filled. Implementation of an innovation strategy will surely bring an economic effect to the enterprise in the form of: development of the enterprise infrastructure, profit increase, costs reduction per unit of production, resource-saving technologies use, share of technological processes increase, production volumes increase and as a result - full utilization of production facilities, improvement of working conditions, increase of enterprise competitiveness, improvement of the range of products or its growth at the expense of new products, increase of personal income, support from the state and research institutes, increase of the level of environmental literacy and as a result - reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, introduction of energy-saving and waste-free technologies, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the issues associated with the practical problem of optimal life cycle of a lengthy heat supply network section. We present a mathematical model and basic algorithms yielding optimal maintenance graphs for one or two collocated lengthy heat supply network sections. The optimal repair times are calculated and the corresponding economic effect is estimated by an example of four collocated sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the imposition of a 100% tax in November 2018 for products originating from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Government of the Republic of Kosovo, like never before, reacted to aggressive Serbian diplomatic politics. As a result of Serbian diplomacy, recognitions have been contested, causing Kosovo to fail in membership in international organizations. According to the current prime minister, the Government of Kosovo is determined until the Serbian state reflects, despite the international pressure until recognition of Kosovo, as an independent country in mutual recognition. The tax, at the same time, was the awareness that every citizen tried to avoid consuming products of Serbian origin. But, despite the economic effects, Kosovo is being asked to withdraw or suspend the tax based on the principles of CEFTA and SAA, at the same time asking Kosovo to give priority to dialogue and that pressure comes from Serbia with the lobbying that it does in countries that have an impact on Kosovo. As a result of pressure, Kosovo should reflect on its friends and strategic partners because a shrinking friendship is in favor of Serbia, despite the argument that Kosovo has. Through this paper, we will bring scientific analyzes from local and international media and we will bring statements from local and international statesmen, as well as analysis from economic case-tellers by bringing conclusions and recommendations on how to approach the Kosovo Government tax and exit from this international political pressure. When a country unilaterally raises a trade barrier, other countries usually follow the same example, ie raising their trade barriers, which escalate to a large-scale commercial war, or even worse, to a military war . During the 1930s, the United States decision to set up a trade barrier ended with the famed planetary depression, or - as others say - with the onset of the Second World War. Each country wants to have full access to international markets, but at the same time, many governments and states try to help local producers in competing with foreign producers. Although consumers and businesses have their benefits of unrestricted access to imports, often governments are unable to withstand the political pressure coming from inefficient industries. (Epping, 2007, p. 71). Although a trade war may not be as destructive as a war between the armies, in both cases we have people who suffer (often those people whose defense has started the war itself). The most common barriers to trade are quotas, fees and subsidies. By imposing a quote, a country limits the amount of foreign products that can be imported. The tariff is a tax - paid for goods crossing the country's customs points, which makes the price of manufactured goods abroad to rise. Governments, on the other hand, may use taxpayers' money to provide subsidies to domestic producers, which makes the local commodity price artificially lower than the price of imported goods. (Epping, 2007, p. 69.70). With the industrial revolution and the overcoming of mass production and distribution mass, in the 19th century, have come up the new challenges of the scientific approach to the market and the different approaches of knowledge gained in school trade. (Segetlija, 2009, p.24). The welfare economy represents a theory that gives us the basic arguments of government intervention in the economy. One of the main arguments discussed so far relates to "market failures", which appear to be impossible to regulate without the government intervening in the market by imposing taxes and making expenditures that also effect redistribution of income in a desirable way from a social point of view. On the other hand, other theories point to "government failures," which appear alongside market ones, and are the source of the overwhelming public discontent over the government's role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We employ a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that includes Fit-in-Tariff, greenhouse gas (GHG), and air pollutants modules to evaluate the impacts of different subsidy scenarios. Assuming that the subsidies will continue until 2030, our results indicate that the Fit-in-Tariff will have positive effects on real GDP, employment, and emission reductions and that these benefits will increase over time. Such subsidies not only encourage the substitution of clean energy for traditional fossil energy, but also invite investment in renewable energy industries, ultimately benefiting all sectors. A sustained higher subsidy rate can contribute to the abatement of GHGs, and air pollutant emissions significantly, while also stimulating real GDP and employment in the early periods of the policy, yet it will not be conducive to growth over time due to the increasing tax burden. If subsidies continue until 2050, the environmental benefits will become more pronounced while the economic benefits will gradually disappear. Highlights • A dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is built. • The feed-in tariff will have positive effects on real GDP, employment, emission reductions. • These benefits will invite investment in renewable energy industries. • If subsidies continue until 2050, the environmental benefits will become more pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is a clean energy source that can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as its use can lead to a lower mitigation cost. However, research on the economic impacts of the geothermal industry is scarce. This paper describes the effect of the geothermal industry, its economic input and output, using Beijing as a case study. This paper adopts the input–output model. The results show that the demand for and input use of the geothermal sector vary greatly across industrial sectors: electricity, heat production, the supply industry and general equipment manufacturing have the greatest direct consumption coefficient for the geothermal industry. When considering direct and indirect demand, it is clear that the geothermal industry has a great effect on different industrial sectors in diverse ways. Its influence coefficient and sensitivity coefficient are 1.2167 (ranked 11th) and 1.2293 (ranked 8th), respectively, revealing that it exerts obvious demand-pulling and supply-pushing effects on the regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As tourism development is on the rise and the complex functions of the tourism industry are better known, the tourism market is becoming increasingly important for national economies of the countries, while its sphere is continually expanding in relation to world economies. Under these circumstances, tourism is characterized by a wide range of activities and tasks such as: contributing to increasing economic and social efficiency, contributing to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product, ensuring the equilibrium of balance of payments, creating jobs, attracting foreign currency by exporting services, creating the optimum conditions for rest and recreation of domestic and foreign tourists. This article addresses a rather complex theme, chosen from the desire to analyze and interpret the current dimensions of the tourism industry of the Republic of Moldova as a branch of interference, motivating the necessity of its estimation, as a multiplier for the national economy of the country.

The development of engineering infrastructure demands carrying out modernization of infrastructure facilities in which the mechanism of public-private partnership plays more and more important role. The need of comprehensive regulation of subjects’ activity in the public-private partnership (PPP) field causes Russian legislation development in this sphere. Within promptly enhanced legislation in the field of PPP, development of this direction is promoted by approach, taking into account parties’ economic interests in case of concluding agreements on PPP. We developed algorithm of determining the price of concession agreement of infrastructure facilities on the basis of the principle of the best use of a concession object. This algorithm allows estimating the greatest possible size of a rent from this concession object. Besides, this algorithm allows approaching determination of concession agreement price taking into account the comprehensive expenses accounting by host and allows creating individual terms of agreement irrespective of concession subject type. The developed algorithm finds practical reflection in the practice of concession agreements conclusion between public authorities of the Irkutsk region and business. We have revealed positive dynamics of results of concession agreements application as a tool of modernization of infrastructure facilities, by carrying out analysis of results of municipal property management in heat supply sphere on example of Irkutsk city. We established direct influence of the economic interests synchronization pledged in algorithm of concession agreement price determination, on implementation of investing program actions within the concession agreement.

The article reveals a potential of open online courses in higher education in order to increase its efficiency and availability. The organizational and methodological aspects of e-learning development in higher education are considered. The economic background for implementing open online courses in the educational process is under analysis. On the basis of benchmarking the best foreign and Russian practices the authors propose different cases for online courses implementation to higher education programs, as well as organizational and financial schemes of interaction between higher education institutions.

Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari, coffee berry borer is considered the pest that bigger causes damage, to coffee production all over the world. It is an insect of difficult handling with the traditional control methods by mean of insecticides. For this reason the Strategy of Integrated Handling of this Plague take into consideration since manual collection of the insect up the employment of biological controls. The last alternative is one of the more appealed by coffee farmers due to the minor cost. That’s why with the realization of this work the levels of effectiveness of several doses of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on the control of H. hampei were evaluated. There were not significant differences between the three doses evaluated so it is suggested the employment of the dose of 500 million for hectare for the control of the plague because it is the most economic dose.

The purpose of the article – to provide methodological instruments for calculating direct and indirect economic effects of an increase in the yield of agricultural crops. The article presents a mathematical link between the cost of production, revenues and crop yield and demonstrates the interrelation mechanism between the crop yield and the cost of production on the output level of grain crops. The article also shows the dependency of output from the level of the grain crop yield, elaborates on the structure of a direct and concurrent effect from the growth of crop yield. It also presents a calculation algorithm for the level of the crop yield providing a predetermined level of profitability on crop output. The article explains the interrelation mechanism between the marginal revenue and the marginal crop yield. It is proved that the reserves of growth of efficiency of land use in agriculture consist in relative to save costs per unit of product.

Notwithstanding a century of prohibition, marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance in Canada. Due to the growing public acceptance of recreational marijuana use and ineffectiveness of the existing control system in Canada, the issue surrounding legalizing this illicit drug has received considerable public and political attentions in recent years. Consequently, the newly elected Liberal Government has formally announced that Canada will introduce legislation in the spring of 2017 to start legalizing and regulating marijuana. This editorial aims to provide a brief overview on potential economic, social, and public health impacts of legal marijuana in Canada. The legalization could increase tax revenue through the taxation levied on marijuana products and could also allow the Government to save citizens’ tax dollars currently being spent on prohibition enforcement. Moreover, legalization could also remove the criminal element from marijuana market and reduce the size of Canada’s black market and its consequences for the society. Nevertheless, it may also lead to some public health problems, including increasing in the uptake of the drug, accidents and injuries. The legalization should be accompanied with comprehensive strategies to keep the drug out of the hands of minors while increasing awareness and knowledge on harmful effects of the drug. In order to get better insights on how to develop an appropriate framework to legalize marijuana, Canada should closely watch the development in the neighboring country, the United States, where some of its states viz, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska have already legalized recreational use of marijuana.

The paper is devoted to the actual problem recycling crushing screenings brick battle and workmanship bricks using it as a fine aggregate in cellular foam concrete products.The paper presents the analysis of the environmental situation of the region and the results of a study of waste crushing brick fight to improve the utilization of the product technology in cellular-concrete products. A comparative study of traditional cellular gas concretes and foam concretes and concretes based on recycled sand.

In the process of exploitation of an oil well in its bottomhole zone an intensive colmatation of the productive stratum of the most diverse nature occurs (clogging of particles with a solution, migration of fine particles, swelling of clays, reduction of relative permeability, precipitation of secondary minerals, etc.). As a result, the permeability of the bottomhole zone and the production rate of the well are decreased. Acid treatments are the main methods of stimulating the operation of wells and cleaning the bottomhole zone from these deposits. For carbonate reservoirs, a complex technology was developed for the bottomhole zone treatment with the solution “acid in distillate” emulsion (REKvD), which is a hydrophobic finely dispersed emulsion of light brown color, consisting of an acid globule surrounded by a layer of distillate molecules. According to the results of pilot works (since 2006), the average increase in oil per well operation was 2.7 tons per day. Industrial implementation of the technology is carried out in 2009. For eight years (until 2017), 94 well operations were carried out at three fields of the oil-and-gas production department “Bavlyneft” (Bavlinsky, Bukharaevsky and Tat-Kandyzsky). Thetechnological effect from the implementation of measures amounted to 64.9 thousand tons of additional oil produced. Specific efficiency per one well treatment was 690.1 tons with a cost of 1.4 million rubles per treatment. The subsoil user’s income from the implementation of 94 well operations of the REKvD technology amounted to 144.3 million rubles, and payments to the budget - 627.8 million rubles. Application of REKvD has a complex effect on the bottomhole formation zone in carbonate reservoirs, this technology is low-cost and efficient, simple and affordable for the existing oilfield equipment.

When South Korea develops a new city, the government has made a preliminary decision on one of two heating systems, an individual heating system (IHS) or a district heating system (DHS). However, it is still unclear which system is desirable in terms of maximizing the national economic effect. Thus, this article aims to derive quantitative information about the economic effects of the same amount of production or investment in the two systems through an input-output (IO) analysis using the recently published 2017 IO table. More specifically, the production-inducing effects, value-added creation effects, and wage-inducing effects are systematically analyzed focusing on the IHS and DHS sectors. The results show that one dollar of production or investment in IHS or DHS causes about 1.073 and 1.388 dollars of production, about 0.228 and 0.658 dollars of value-added, and about 0.051 and 0.108 dollars in wages, respectively, throughout the national economy. Overall, the economic effects of the DHS sector are greater than those of the IHS sector. That is, when the same amount of investment or production is made in the two sectors, DHS produces more economic effects than IHS.