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Medicare readmissions from the 5% national sample of Medicare Fee For Service claims were assessed to identify the contribution of various demographic or personal health history risk factors to the liklihood of readmission within 30 days of discharge. The Medicare population was evaluated as 2 cohorts based on their eligibility status: age (71.9%) or disability (18.1%). Roughly 12% of admissions for the aged population resulted in a readmission within 30 days, whereas ∼18% was true of the disabled population. Patients with a history of frequent emergency department visits or an urgent index admission had an increased risk for a readmission in both groups of beneficiaries. An important indicator for readmission risk was discharge status from the index hospital stay. In both categories of beneficiaries, individuals who were discharged against medical advice were 1.6 times more likely to experience a readmission. Most importantly, personal and social determinants of health (SDOH) documented preadmission and postdischarge were more evident for the disabled population than the aged. Furthermore, when pre- and postadmission spans for SDOH conditions were examined, (6 months before initial admission to 30 days postadmission), both the aged and disabled populations were statistically significantly more likely to experience readmissions if they had an SDOH diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been concerns regarding increased perioperative mortality, length of hospital stay, and rates of graft loss in kidney transplant recipients with functional limitations. The application of machine learning consensus clustering approach may provide a novel understanding of unique phenotypes of functionally limited kidney transplant recipients with distinct outcomes in order to identify strategies to improve outcomes. Methods: Consensus cluster analysis was performed based on recipient-, donor-, and transplant-related characteristics in 3205 functionally limited kidney transplant recipients (Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) < 40% at transplant) in the OPTN/UNOS database from 2010 to 2019. Each cluster's key characteristics were identified using the standardized mean difference. Posttransplant outcomes, including death-censored graft failure, patient death, and acute allograft rejection were compared among the clusters Results: Consensus cluster analysis identified two distinct clusters that best represented the clinical characteristics of kidney transplant recipients with limited functional status prior to transplant. Cluster 1 patients were older in age and were more likely to receive deceased donor kidney transplant with a higher number of HLA mismatches. In contrast, cluster 2 patients were younger, had shorter dialysis duration, were more likely to be retransplants, and were more likely to receive living donor kidney transplants from HLA mismatched donors. As such, cluster 2 recipients had a higher PRA, less cold ischemia time, and lower proportion of machine-perfused kidneys. Despite having a low KPS, 5-year patient survival was 79.1 and 83.9% for clusters 1 and 2; 5-year death-censored graft survival was 86.9 and 91.9%. Cluster 1 had lower death-censored graft survival and patient survival but higher acute rejection, compared to cluster 2. Conclusion: Our study used an unsupervised machine learning approach to characterize kidney transplant recipients with limited functional status into two clinically distinct clusters with differing posttransplant outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increased emphasis on the voice of the child since the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991. Since that time, health and social care researchers have increasingly involved disabled children and young people in research, rather than relying on the views of adults as proxies, for example, parents and professionals. Drawing on doctoral research and the extensive experience of the authors, the aim of this article is to critically reflect on "what worked" along with the challenges of interviewing the children and young people who took part. Practical and methodological issues, such as the need for thorough preparation, the interview process, understanding the children and young people and managing the presence of others are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for future researchers, including making participation fun, using a sensitive and individualized approach and conducting multiple visits. It is only by considering these factors that we can meaningfully involve disabled children and young people and facilitate their participation in research interviews. Emphasis here is on the practical issues rather than ethical issues that have been published elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our aim is to evaluate the quality of life of families with disabled children in the Tokat and to determine the factors affecting the quality of life. Methods: The parents of 134 disabled children aged 6-14 years and the parents of 136 healthy children in the same age group living in the Tokat formed the universe of this cross-sectional and descriptive study. The socio-demographic data form, and the WHOQOL-BREF, was applied to the participants by the face-to-face method by the researchers. Results: It was seen that the most mental disability (54.4%) was in children. Parents with a disabled child were statistically significantly lower than control group (p < 0.001). Regarding the quality of life of parents with disabled children was compared, the average score of the mothers in the mental (p=0.029), social (p=0.003), and environmental (p=0.038) life quality scale was statistically significantly lower than the average score of the fathers. Conclusion: In our study, it was determined that the quality of life of mothers and fathers with disabled children was significantly lower in physical, mental, social and environmental areas compared to mothers and fathers with healthy children. Comprehensive studies are needed to define the factors affecting the quality of life of individuals with disabilities and their families, and to determine supports in the light of changing living standards and expectations with developing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zainuddin Al-Amidi (hereinafter, Al-Amidi) is a visually impaired scholar who has contributed to the creation of the Embossed Writing System (Al-Huruf Al-Barizah) for the disabled, for the first time in world history. Even so, we find that there are still too few studies done to present and investigate the characteristics of Al-Amidi's embossed writing system. This study will use a literature review methodology and inductive content analysis. This study seeks to know who Al-Amidi is, to present the general features of Al-Amidi's embossed writing system and to examine the reasons that led to its creation and its demise. This study will also briefly compare the Al-Amidi writing system and the Braille system. This study finds that Al-Amidi's embossed writing system, although lost and not practiced to this day, but still deserves to be appreciated as one of the unique and important inventions in the history of disabled's empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study attempted to explore the motivation for sports participation among the disabled by some of their demographic characteristics. The sample consisted of 277 (135 females, 142 males) orthopedically (n = 105), hearing (n = 98), and visually (n = 74) disabled individuals. The data were collected using a demographic information form and the Sports Participation Motivation Questionnaire - Disabled (SPMQ-D), developed by Tekkurşun Demir et al. (2018). The data were compared between the groups through independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Moreover, the significant differences resulting from ANOVA were subjected to the Scheffe test to reveal the source(s) of differences between the groups. The findings revealed that the participants with an orthopedic disability got significantly higher scores on the SPMQ-D and the extrinsic motivation and amotivation subscales than the visually impaired participants. Besides, the orthopedically disabled males had significantly greater amotivation for sports participation than their female counterparts, while the external motivation scores of the hearing disabled females were significantly higher than those of the males in the same disability group. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the participants on their scores on the SPMQ-D and its subscales by onset of disability. On the other hand, the participants - regardless of the type of disability - interested in individual sports and engaging in regular exercises had greater motivation for sports participation than those interested in team sports and not doing regular exercises. Finally, the disabled participants with 3 and 4+ siblings were also found to have higher motivation for sports participation than those with 1 sibling, 2 siblings, and no siblings. Overall, it can confidently be claimed that orthopedically, hearing, and visually disabled individuals differ in their motivation for sports participation by type of disability, gender, sports branch of interest, regular exercise status, and number of siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Providing desirable rehabilitation services to people with disabilities has always been one of the most critical concerns of the health system in all countries. Today, it is crucial for policymakers and health care providers to recognize the different systems for providing rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. In this regard, it is beneficial to conduct comparative studies and use successful countries’ experiences in this subject. This comparison-analytical study aimed to compare the systems for providing rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. Materials & Methods: This comparative study was conducted in nine countries in 2020. To determine the comparison framework in this research, four dimensions of health systems’ functions were used based on the 2000 report of the World Health Organization. The countries were compared in dimensions of stewardship, resource production, financing, and service provision. Findings obtained from each country were presented separately in the comparative tables. The model used in this comparative study was based on the Beredy Model that contains four stages of description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison. In the present study, the purposive sampling method was used. The statistical population included rehabilitation systems globally, and the research examples were Iran, China, Turkey, India, the USA, Mexico, Germany, England, and South Africa. Criteria for entering the research according to the functional model of the World Health Organization were the availability of data and selecting at least one country from each continent of America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Results: The findings showed that in Iran, the Welfare Organization was responsible for providing rehabilitation services for people with disabilities, while in other countries, it was the Ministry of Health. Also, to compare resource production, two staff training indicators and access to comprehensive national data were used. In all countries studied, the training of specialized human resources is done through the university system. Iran, India, and Mexico did not have full access to comprehensive national data, but the United States, Germany, China, South Africa, and Turkey provided the platform for planning and policy-making. Moreover, funding in Germany, the United States, China, and Turkey is mainly provided through the insurance system. In the United Kingdom, it is mainly provided through tax, but in Iran, it is provided through subsidies from the public revenues and taxes. Finally, besides the private sector, rehabilitation services in Iran’s public sector were provided incoherently by various organizations. Some of these organizations are the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, the Exceptional Education Organization, the Red Crescent, the State Welfare Organization, and the Martyrs and Veterans Affairs Foundation, while in other countries, these services are often provided through hospitals and the private sectors. Conclusion: Despite the numerous strengths in the system of providing rehabilitation services to the disabled in Iran, the integration of the rehabilitation sectors of various organizations within the Ministry of Health not only increases the inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral coordination, the coherence of management, and unified policy, but also leads to reduced costs, proper allocation of resources and increased financial resources in this sector. Besides, it leads to a reduction in overlapping tasks and responsibilities and prevention of duplication of work, training of specialized personnel based on the needs, and finally providing more desirable services. Therefore, policymakers and planners must review and reform the laws and processes to form a system for providing rehabilitation services to the disabled in Iran.

Aims: People with disabilities (PWD) often face more significant oral healthcare needs than the general population. This study, conducted in response to the urgent and pressing need for improved dental care for PWD, aims to assess the infrastructural and work process flow of dental centers in Delhi that provide specialized dental care for PWD., Methods and Results: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare centers in Delhi, evaluating their infrastructure adaptations and work processes in delivering oral healthcare to PWD. The findings, which highlight the disparities in adaptations and work processes among different healthcare centers, are crucial for understanding the current state of oral healthcare for PWD in Delhi. The study reveals that while secondary and tertiary healthcare centers exhibit better adaptations for PWD than primary centers, challenges persist with insufficient accessibility and smooth functioning of the work process., Conclusion: This study underscores the need for dentists to be equipped with the competence to address the unique needs of PWD. It also highlights the significant potential for improvement in oral healthcare for PWD, as dentists should become more aware of the importance of designing clinics that are accessible for PWD., (© 2024 Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Developing machine learning models to support health analytics requires increased understanding about statistical properties of self-rated expression statements used in health-related communication and decision making. To address this, our current research analyzes self-rated expression statements concerning the coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic and with a new methodology identifies how statistically significant differences between groups of respondents can be linked to machine learning results. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study gathering the "need for help" ratings for twenty health-related expression statements concerning the coronavirus epidemic on an 11-point Likert scale, and nine answers about the person's health and wellbeing, sex and age. The study involved online respondents between 30 May and 3 August 2020 recruited from Finnish patient and disabled people's organizations, other health-related organizations and professionals, and educational institutions (n = 673). We propose and experimentally motivate a new methodology of influence analysis concerning machine learning to be applied for evaluating how machine learning results depend on and are influenced by various properties of the data which are identified with traditional statistical methods. Results: We found statistically significant Kendall rank-correlations and high cosine similarity values between various health-related expression statement pairs concerning the "need for help" ratings and a background question pair. With tests of Wilcoxon rank-sum, Kruskal-Wallis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between groups we identified statistically significant rating differences for several health-related expression statements in respect to groupings based on the answer values of background questions, such as the ratings of suspecting to have the coronavirus infection and having it depending on the estimated health condition, quality of life and sex. Our new methodology enabled us to identify how statistically significant rating differences were linked to machine learning results thus helping to develop better human-understandable machine learning models. Conclusions: The self-rated "need for help" concerning health-related expression statements differs statistically significantly depending on the person's background information, such as his/her estimated health condition, quality of life and sex. With our new methodology statistically significant rating differences can be linked to machine learning results thus enabling to develop better machine learning to identify, interpret and address the patient's needs for well-personalized care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reveals the peculiarities of educational motivation of students with disabilities. It is noted that the educational motivation and professional orientation of this category of students are associated with two risk groups -- intra-personal and environmental risks. By educational risk, the authors mean a factor that has a potential impact on the performance of education at a university. In order to study the risks of students with disabilities socializing, including determining the specifics of their educational motives, in 2018 the authors conducted a sociological study using two survey methods -- questionnaires (with 159 students with disabilities) and interviews (with 14 students with disabilities). Students with musculoskeletal impairment were included in the sample, who, due to explicit health disorders, are one of the most stigmatized groups. The study was conducted at the Moscow State University of Humanities and Economics, which has the largest number of students in this category in the Russian Federation. The participating students had almost equally positive and negative educational motives. Important characteristics included the "pragmatism" of professional choice, due to the ease of mastering the profession at the chosen university. It is noted that such motivation entails some risks (for example, a decrease in interest and, as a result, the quality of study). The conclusion emphasizes the importance of access to education (including transport) for students in this group, and the need for an integrated approach in solving the problems of developing inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the perception of disabled working women in small organizations in India's private sector. A meticulous study of past research revealed a paucity of research for working women with disabilities (WWD), especially in small enterprises in the Indian context. There are misconceptions and barriers associated with women with disabilities across the world. Past research demonstrates negative attitudes and related stereotyping notions regarding disabled working women. In sum, they are considered weak, incapable, and dependent on others. There has been insufficient research on employee disability, but there is limited research on the feelings and experiences of disabled working women, especially in the Indian context. This research paper's primary purpose is to understand the perception of disabled working women in the workplace pertaining to various support dimensions, and it focuses on organizational support systems and job structures to enable more involvement of this group. Interviews of the anonymous participants were face-to-face and in-depth. The managerial implications of the study are also discussed with future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of child abuses and neglect in the world and in our country is a social and health problem as old as human history. Considering the events recorded, abuse and neglect of children has gradually increased today and it has become a very important problem with its presence in cases that have not been brought to light. Neglect and abuse, which is difficult to overcome for normally developing children, causes greater problems in children with special needs. Laws, policies, regulations in the field of education and health, agreements made at national and international level, non-governmental organizations, print and visual media are the elements that can contribute to combating this problem. The aim of this study is to investigate and describe abuse news for children with disabilities published in 10 national newspapers in Turkey (AkÅŸam, Cumhuriyet, Evrensel, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Posta, Sabah, Sözcü, Türkiye, Vatan) between 01.01.2014 and31.12.2020. 136 news were reached in total. News were divided into categories and frequency analysis were made. When the news of abuse and neglect of children with disabilities were analyzed, it was found that children were subjected to sexual, physical, emotional abuse and neglect, respectively. It has been observed that the great majority of children who are subjected to abuse or neglect in terms of disability types have mental disabilities. When the abusers are examined in terms of the degree of closeness, the majority are strangers that the child does not know. According to the results of the research, suggestions for parents, teachers and the state were presented. The problem of child abuses and neglect in the world and in our country is a social and health problem as old as human history. Considering the events recorded, abuse and neglect of children has gradually increased today and it has become a very important problem with its presence in cases that have not been brought to light. Neglect and abuse, which is difficult to overcome for normally developing children, causes greater problems in children with special needs. Laws, policies, regulations in the field of education and health, agreements made at national and international level, non-governmental organizations, print and visual media are the elements that can contribute to combating this problem. The aim of this study is to investigate and describe abuse news for children with disabilities published in 10 national newspapers in Turkey (Akşam, Cumhuriyet, Evrensel, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Posta, Sabah, Sözcü, Türkiye, Vatan) between 01.01.2014 and31.12.2020. 136 news were reached in total. News were divided into categories and frequency analysis were made. When the news of abuse and neglect of children with disabilities were analyzed, it was found that children were subjected to sexual, physical, emotional abuse and neglect, respectively. It has been observed that the great majority of children who are subjected to abuse or neglect in terms of disability types have mental disabilities. When the abusers are examined in terms of the degree of closeness, the majority are strangers that the child does not know. According to the results of the research, suggestions for parents, teachers and the state were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and other humanitarian emergencies exacerbate pre-existing inequalities faced by people with disabilities. They experience worse access to health, education, and social services, and increased violence in comparison with people without disabilities. Adolescents with disabilities are amongst those most severely affected in these situations. Using participatory research methods with adolescents can be more effective than other methods but may be challenging in such emergency contexts. We conducted a scoping review to: 1) describe the literature and methods used in peer-reviewed and grey literature on adolescents (aged ten to nineteen) with disabilities' experience of COVID-19 and other humanitarian emergencies in low- and middle-income countries, and 2) identify research gaps and make recommendations for future research. The review followed a protocol developed using PRISMA guidelines and the Arksey and O'Malley framework. We searched grey and peer-reviewed literature between 2011 and 2021. Thirty studies were included. Twelve were peer-reviewed, and of those seven used participatory methods. Humanitarian emergencies had adverse effects on adolescents with disabilities across health, education, livelihoods, social protection, and community participation domains. Surprisingly few studies collected data directly with adolescents with disabilities. Twenty-three studies combined data from non-disabled children, caregivers, and disabled adults which made it challenging to understand adolescents with disabilities' unique experience. Our review highlights both the scarcity of literature and the importance of conducting research with adolescents with disabilities in humanitarian contexts. Despite challenges, our review shows that it has been possible to conduct research with adolescents with disabilities to explore their experiences of humanitarian emergencies, and that these experiences were different from those of non-disabled adolescents. There is a need to disaggregate findings and support the implementation and reporting of rigorous research methods. Capacity development through partnerships between non-governmental organisations and researchers may improve reporting of methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the educator-baby with disability's relationship and the collective care in the daycare center. Ten educators from two Municipal Schools of Early Childhood Education in Porto Alegre that took care of two babies with physical disabilities participated. The educators took part in a Follow-up Program aimed at educators who attended babies with disabilities and responded to an interview. The data was submitted to inductive thematic analysis. The results reveal the importance of the educators and the childcare center as an environment that facilitates the personal maturation of babies with disabilities which was evident in the care provided to them in a sensitive way. However, it could be seen that care in a collective environment is challenging for educators and the baby with a disability demands greater emotional and physical availability from them which can make professional practice even more weary. Thinking about interventions that consider the specificities of the educator-baby with disability's becomes relevant in the context of early childhood education, especially when considering the importance of inclusion from the initial stages of the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to WHO 75% Million people uses wheel chair but 20.3 percent population are wheelchair worthy. It is estimated that more than 70 million people need wheel chairs. But only 5 to 15 % people have access to one. The number of people aged 65 or older is estimated to grow from 534 million in 2010 to nearly 1.5 billion in 2050. This strategy represents the requirement of wheel chair is high. This project aims at modeling and analyzing manual wheel chair with commode facility, easy foldable and detach with low weight such that it can be handled easily. Modeling is done by considering standard design considerations of manual wheel chair centre folding type. Additional facilities are provided in this wheel chair with easy to detach the commode plate, easy positioning of the wheel chair on commode and also space is provided where the commode can be attached to seat base itself. The seat is modeled with a metal plate with pin joint at one end and free to open on other end which helps in folding wheel chair. On top of the seat thick PU cushioning is arranged which provide comfort for the user even during long duration seat on wheel chair. Front table board which helps to place food, books etc. it increases the user's comfort. Double rimmed wheels with more strength compared to standard wheels. Analysis is performed using T6-6061, T6-6063 material which is light in weight and also with SS material. Further analysis is done on wheel chair with different body weights using all three materials. Analysis results show the modeled wheel chair can withstand even for over obesity category person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a primary goal, the aim of this study is to examine the parental self-efficacy and marital adjustment levels of the parents of disabled individuals in terms of various variables and to examine the relationship between parental self-efficacy and marital adjustment, as well. Correlational survey model was used in the research. The participants of the study are parents of disabled children attending Special Education and Rehabilitation Centers (SERC) in Edirne, Tekirdag and Istanbul in the 2019-2020 academic year. In order to collect the data of this research, the parental self-efficacy scale, developed by Guimond, Moore, Aier, Maxon & Diken (2005) and adapted to Turkish by Aksoy & Diken (2007), whose reliability study was carried out by Cavkaytar, Aksoy & Ardıc (2014) was used. Besides, the Marriage Adjustment Scale (MAS), which was developed by Locke & Wallace (1959) and adapted to Turkish by Tutarel Kıslak (1999), was also used According to the results of the research, the self-efficacy levels of the parents were found to be average; and in terms of gender variable, no significant difference was observed from the male parents considering age, monthly income level, education level and the type of disability variable of the child. In addition, marital adjustment levels of the parents were detected to be low. There was a significant difference in marital adjustment levels in favor of male parents, in favor of parents with a low-income level, and in favor of secondary school graduate parents in the educational level variable. No significant difference was observed in terms of age and the child's disability type variable. According to the results of this study, a positive relationship was observed between self-efficacy and marital adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of kitchen furniture ergonomics for people with disabilities. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the kitchen equipment for people with disabilities from the point of view of furniture ergonomics and their adaptation to the needs of this social group. Research has shown that the majority of respondents are not satisfied with the equipment of their kitchen and, having such an opportunity, would make changes to it. At the same time, the responses showed little knowledge of people with disabilities about the available design solutions for furniture available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista: Módulo Arquitectura CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fatalism is believing in the impact of superhuman power or external forces like chance/luck in life. This research was conducted for a comparative study of fatalism among disabled and non-disabled people. In this research, a survey method was used. 200 people with physical disabilities, cerebral palsy (CP) and blindness and 200 non-disabled people from Yazd in 2018 were selected. Available quote sampling method was used to select disabled people and systematic cluster sampling was used to select non-disabled people. Data collection tools include the responsibility scale of Ahmadi Akhorme et.al (1392), the ability of Peterson and Seligman (2004), Weissman & Beck`s (1978) dysfunctional attitudes and researcher questioner made by fatalism. Data were analyzed in two independent groups by statistical mean difference, T-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and multivariate regression test. The average fatalism is 48.3 in disabled people and 45 in non-disabled people. The result of hypothesis showed that the measure of fatalism is higher in disabled people. In disabled people, there was a significant/meaningful relationship between fatalism and the studied variables such as education (with meaningful level, age, severity of disability, inefficient attitudes, empowerment and responsibility. In non-disabled people, there was a meaningful relationship between fatalism and inefficient attitude variables and empowerment, but there wasn’t any significant relationship between fatalism and other studied variables. The result of regression analysis showed that inefficient attitude variables and ability had the greatest effect on fatalism in disabled and non-disabled people and only people and only 16 percent of Variance explains fatalism.

This article is rooted in the narratives of four disabled people with obvious impairments within higher education institutions (HEI). Their lived experiences highlight how the adoption of the neoliberal agenda by HEIs has ensured the continued exclusion of disabled academics. This article shares how the implementation of mainstream business structures, and the business ethos, has been experienced by disabled academics seeking equality of education and professional academic opportunities. It demonstrates the personal impacts that can occur when institutions vehemently value income over inclusion and when academic staff adhere to these standards. If the doors to academia were closed to disabled people in the past, neoliberalism has surely locked them.

Öz: Ülkeler sosyal politika kapsamında engellilerin istihdamını sağlamak ve onları topluma kazandırmak amacıyla çeşitli yollar ve yöntemler üzerinde çalışmaktadırlar. Bu yöntemler arasında en yaygın kullanılanlar; zorunlu kota uygulaması, belirlenmiş iş uygulamaları, korumalı işyeri uygulamasıdır. İşgücü piyasalarına kazandırılmaları güç olan zihinsel engelli bireyler rehabilite edilerek ve mesleki beceriler kazandırılarak istihdamlarına olanak sağlamak amacıyla; korumalı işyerleri uygulaması hayata geçirilmiştir. Türkiye’de korumalı işyeri uygulaması, hem mali hem teknik açıdan devlet tarafından desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca engelli bireylerin çalışabileceği ortam özel olarak düzenlenmektedir. Korumalı işyeri uygulaması, engellilerin özellikleri ve engel durumlarına uygun bir çalışma ortamının sağlanması durumunda başarılı olabilen ancak uygulanması oldukça güç bir sistemdir. Bu çalışmada, engelli kavramı ve istihdam bağlamında engelliler irdelenerek, Türkiye’de korumalı işyerleri kapsamında zihinsel engelli bireylerin istihdam edilebilirlikleri ve korumalı işyerinin uygulanabilirliğinin belirlenmesinin yanı sıra sosyal entegrasyonlarına yönelik etkileri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada Manisa Organize Sanayi Bölgesi (MOSB) yönetimindeki Z.E.K.İ projesi örneği üzerinden değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Abstract: Countries work on a variety of ways and methods in order to ensure the employment of disabled people and to reintegrate them into society as required by social policies. Among these methods, the most common ones are; Compulsory quota application, designated business applications, sheltered workplace application. The scheme of Sheltered Workplace has been put into practice so that those who are mentally disabled are rehabilitated and provided with occupational skills in order to enhance the probability of their being recruited in the labour force. The scheme of protected workplaces which is carried out in Turkey are supported by the state, both financially and technically. Furthermore, the environment in which the disabled can work is specially designed according to their specific needs. Bearing in mind that the implementation of protected workplaces is rather difficult to carry off, the success of the scheme depends on creating a work environment which is appropriate for the specific needs and characteristics of the disabled. The aim of this study is to examine the concept of disabled and the paradigm of disability employment. It is intended to assess the prospect of recruitment of mentally disabled people and their integration to society. Furthermore, the study endeavors to determine whether the scheme of protected workplaces is attainable or not. The Project called Z.E.K.İ. which is implemented by the management of Manisa Organized Industrial Zone has been used as a model in this study.

Abstract Background Family caregivers are critical partners in the plan of care of people with disabilities. The study aims to demonstrate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) among the studied caregivers of disabled persons and to determine the effects of patients’ and caregivers’ characteristics on the burden and its dimensions. Methods A cross-sectional study among 260 family caregivers of disabled patients was carried out in a randomly chosen rural area, Minia, Egypt, 2019. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to determine the factorial validity of the CBI. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the significant factors affecting the burden. Results Factor analysis resulted in a five-factor solution using 20 items (four for each dimension) accounting for 72.7% of the total variance. The CBI and its dimensions showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha value > 0.70). Education of caregiver, family income, mental impairments, and mixed disabilities were significant predictors of total CBI burden. Conclusions CBI is an effective multidimensional measure of the caregiver burden of disabled subjects. Caregivers experienced a distinct level of burden that is determined by caregiver and care recipient characteristics. Therefore, support and individualized counseling services should be optimized.

The growth of disabled elderly with mobility constraints particularly in developing countries including Nigeria is becoming worrisome. The study examined travel behaviour and mobility challenges of disabled elderly in four cities in Ogun State, Nigeria. Purposive and convenient sampling methods were used to administer 400 questionnaire and data elicited were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Findings revealed that most of respondents were male (69.5%), aged between 66-70 years (43.5%), and characterized with visual impairment (62%). On travel behaviour, majority generated about 10 trips a week (68.5%), through tricycle (45.5%) and basically for medical purposes (81%). Mobility challenges faced by respondents are mostly deplorable road (92%), inaccessibility to public transport (84%), poor public vehicle condition (76%) and longer-waiting time at bus stops (70%). These challenges have been blamed on weak policy framework and systematic withdrawal of governmentin public transport investment. Furthermore, binary logistics regression result shows that respondents travel behaviour is statistically influenced by their socioeconomic status (p

Purpose: It’s aimed in this study to investigate the attitudes of physical education prospective teachers who had special education lessons towards disabled ones. Material: The quantitative sample of the study consisted of 214 [n = 84 female, n = 130 male] physical education prospective teachers and the qualitative sample consisted of 19 physical education prospective teachers. Data collected with Findler, Vilchinsky and Werner (2007), “Multidimensional Attitude Scale for the Disabled” and which is adapted in Turkish according to Turkish culture by Yelpaze and Türküm (2018), and with a semi-structured interview form. Independent sample t test and one way anova were used in the analysis of quantitative data. Descriptive and content analysis used for qualitative data analysis. Results: There is no significant difference according to gender and being close to individuals with special needs. It is found that there is a difference between thoughts and behaviors according to the experiences of having special education and students with special needs. In the qualitative part of the research, the theme was “Inability to describe emotions”,“ Positive attitude”, “Feeling benefical” and “Insufficient attention”. Conclusions: It is clear from the study that having special education and experienced with special needed people effected thinking attitudes of prospective teachers. However, a decrease concluded about behavior attitudes then after having special education and experiences with disableds. Qualitative findings explain those results like content and extent of special education is not good enough.

Researchers defined Internet as a medium for overcoming the social exclusion of marginal groups, including the disabled. The increasing of the internet penetration in Indonesia should be an opportunity for the group to build inclusive elections. However, in the Indonesian context, non-disabled still controls virtual political space. This paper identifies the potential of the internet as a means of online political participation of disabled groups. Using the case study method in the context of 2018 Central Java Pilgub, researchers conducted in-depth interviews with the disabled, election organizers and disabled educational institutions in the Semarang city. The findings of the study indicate that certain diffables (physical, deaf and mild disabilities) have access to the internet, however there is no access to the interactive political communication. The internet has not functioned optimally as an Assistive Technology (AT) mainly caused by digital divide; skepticism to the internet and limited internet literacy.

Severe gastrointestinal symptoms are one of the main reasons for switching from conventional artificial tube feeding to blenderized tube feeding (BTF). This study aimed to describe and quantify the impact of BTF on gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adults. We analyzed four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar). The review was performed following the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. The methodological quality of articles was assessed following the NIH quality assessment tools. The initial search yielded 535 articles and, after removing duplicates and off-topic articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria. All included papers unanimously converged in defining an improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms during blenderized feeding: the eight studies involving pediatric cohorts report a decrease from 30 to over 50% in gagging and retching after commencing BTF. Similar rates are reported for constipation and diarrhea improvement in most critically ill adults. Experimental studies and particularly randomized controlled trials are needed to develop robust evidence on the effectiveness of BTF in gastrointestinal symptom improvement with prolonged follow-up and adequate medical monitoring.

Background: The aim of this review of the literature was to find and summarize relevant research evidence available within the scientific sources and gray literature in accordance with the JBI recommendations. Search question: What effect does Basal Stimulation have on the cognitive–behavioral functions or temperament of a preterm or disabled infant? Methods: The following sources were searched: PSYCINFO, MEDLINE, PsycArticles, ERIC, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest Scopus, WOS, JSTOR, Google Scholar, and MedNar. The study contains an analysis of texts that have been published in the English, Czech, and German languages. The search time span was set at 15 years. Results: A total of 15 sources were found for the specified topic. Conclusions: In all cases, there was confirmation about the positive influence of the concept of “Basal Stimulation” on the cognitive–behavioral functions and temperament of premature and disabled children.

Background: Oral candidiasis (OC) is an oral health disease that could influence patients' oral health quality of life., Aim: To estimate prevalence of OC among disabled and non-disabled individuals and its potential risk factors in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia., Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out among 148 disabled and non-disabled participants. The technique of concentrated oral rinse employing the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium accompanied with 0.05% chloramphenicol was conducted to assess and isolate candida . Oral examination using the World Health Organization guidelines was conducted to examine participants' oral health status. A pre-designed questionnaire was also used to evaluate sociodemographic, medical history, and oral hygiene habits of the studied population., Results: Out of 148 participants ( n = 57, 38%) had colonized candida . None of the studied population had visible Candida lesions. However, Candida was found in the oral rinses without the subject presenting any lesions or issues caused by Candida (asymptomatic colonization). The most common prevalent OC among participants were Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Candida dubliniensis , Candida krusei , Candida tropicalis , and Candida parapsilosis ( n = 35, 61%; n = 8, 14%; n = 6, 10%; n = 5, 9%; n = 2, 4%; and n = 1, 2%) respectively. Diabetes, smoking, poor plaque, and gingival status were key potential risk factors that significantly associated with candida 's density and presence ( P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.01, and P = 0.01) respectively. Disability status had no statistically significant effect on presence and density of Candida ., Conclusion: The prevalence of OC is almost third of the studied population; thus, may provoke a need to develop preventive strategies to reduce the OC rate and establish solid treatment plans., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The relationship between coaches and athletes with disabilities is critical for enhancing athletes' performance and psychosocial well-being. This study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for coaches, sports organizations, and policymakers dedicated to supporting athletes with disabilities., Methods: A comprehensive analysis of existing literature was conducted. Five databases were searched, including PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. A total of 22 studies were included for thematic analysis., Results: This systematic review identifies key factors influencing the coach-athlete relationship in disabled sports. These factors are categorized into three main domains: professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. In the professional domain, effective coaching requires sport-specific skills and adaptive techniques tailored to the unique needs of athletes with disabilities. Coaches must understand the technical and tactical aspects of each parasport and adapt training plans to optimize performance and foster independence. The interpersonal domain emphasizes communication strategies and team-building practices. Effective communication involves understanding athletes' needs and adapting approaches to maximize strengths. Building rapport, managing conflict, and fostering a supportive team environment are crucial for maintaining a positive coach-athlete relationship. The intrapersonal domain highlights the importance of self-reflection and continuous learning. Coaches who engage in self-reflection and professional development better understand their behaviors and biases, enabling them to tailor coaching strategies to the specific needs of athletes with disabilities. Continuous learning is essential for remaining responsive to the evolving needs of these athletes., Discussion: This review underscores the importance of a holistic approach that integrates professional expertise, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal awareness. By addressing these factors, it provides a foundation for developing more effective coaching strategies and supports for athletes with disabilities, ultimately enhancing their performance and well-being. Future research should explore cultural differences, the specific coaching needs of athletes with intellectual disabilities, and the impact of policies and structural barriers on the coach-athlete relationship in disabled sports., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (© 2024 Liu, Yu, Bleakney and Jan.)

Interaction and communication for normal human beings are easier than for a person with disabilities like speaking and hearing who may face communication problems with other people. Sign Language helps reduce this communication gap between a normal and disabled person. The prior solutions proposed using several deep learning techniques, such as Convolutional Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines, and K-Nearest Neighbors, have either demonstrated low accuracy or have not been implemented as real-time working systems. This system addresses both issues effectively. This work extends the difficulties faced while classifying the characters in Indian Sign Language(ISL). It can identify a total of 23 hand poses of the ISL. The system uses a pre-trained VGG16 Convolution Neural Network(CNN) with an attention mechanism. The model's training uses the Adam optimizer and cross-entropy loss function. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of transfer learning for ISL classification, achieving an accuracy of 97.5 % with VGG16 and 99.8 % with VGG16 plus attention mechanism.•Enabling quick and accurate sign language recognition with the help of trained model VGG16 with an attention mechanism.•The system does not require any external gloves or sensors, which helps to eliminate the need for physical sensors while simplifying the process with reduced costs.•Real-time processing makes the system more helpful for people with speaking and hearing disabilities, making it easier for them to communicate with other humans., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Background: Although malnutrition has been shown to influence the clinical outcome of poststroke disabled patients, the associated factors and the prediction model have yet to be uncovered., Objectives: This study aims to assess the current prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition in poststroke disabled patients and establish a prediction model., Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional survey among Chinese poststroke disabled patients (≥18 y old) was conducted in 2021. Information on patients' basic data, medical history, Barthel Index, dysphagia, and nutritional status was collected. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the factors that influence malnutrition. Nomogram was developed and internal validation was conducted using 5-fold cross-validation. External validation was performed using the data from a preliminary survey. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to analyze the predictive value of the nomogram., Results: Four hundred fifty-seven cases were enrolled, with the prevalence of malnutrition as 71.77%. Age (aOR = 1.039, 95% CI: 1.006-1.078), pulmonary infection (aOR = 4.301, 95% CI: 2.268-14.464), dysphagia (aOR = 24.605, 95% CI: 4.966-191.058), total intake volume (aOR = 0.997, 95% CI: 0.995-0.999), Barthel Index (aOR = 0.965, 95% CI: 0.951-0.980), and nasogastric tube (aOR = 16.529, 95% CI: 7.418-52.518) as nutrition support mode (compared to oral intake) were identified as the associated factors of malnutrition in stroke-disabled patients (P < 0.05). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for nomogram was 0.854 (95% CI: 0.816-0.892). Fivefold cross-validation showed the mean AUC as 0.829 (95% CI: 0.784-0.873). There were no significant differences between predicted and actual probabilities. The DCA revealed that the model exhibited a net benefit when the risk threshold was between 0 and 0.4., Conclusions: Age, pulmonary infection, dysphagia, nutrition support mode, total intake volume, and Barthel Index were factors associated with malnutrition in stroke-related disabled patients. The nomogram based on the result exhibited good accuracy, consistency and values., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Zeng Xi reports financial support was provided by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Zeng Xi reports a relationship with The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University that includes: employment. Cai Ang reports a relationship with The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University that includes: employment. Zeng Hongji reports a relationship with Zhengzhou University that includes: employment. Wu Junfa reports a relationship with Huashan Hospital Fudan University that includes: employment. Ding Yu reports a relationship with Chinese PLA General Hospital that includes: employment. Zhao Weijia reports a relationship with Zhengzhou University that includes: employment. Zeng Xi has patent #CN109172380A with royalties paid to CN109172380A. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Today, disability is not only an issue affecting the individual and his / her family but also stands before us as an issue that concerns the whole society. With disability becoming more visible in today's societies, we see that the policies for the disabled are different and diversified. It is also a fact that the disabled faced different approaches within the framework of the prevailing paradigm of that day throughout the history. It is known that approaches towards the disabled are reflected in social policy from various aspects. Although the approaches towards the disabled differ from society to society, from culture to culture, if we make a generalization, we can say that the medical, social and human rights approach has come to the fore in recent times. Therefore, these approaches also affect the social policies for the disabled. In this context, the problem of the study is how disability approaches reflect on social policy in our country. The method of the study is the document analysis model, which is one of the qualitative research methods. Although we cannot clearly distinguish the policies created by the approaches towards the disabled in our country, there are differences over the periods. In this context, we can consider the formation of policies for disabled people in three stages. The first of these is the period between 1920-1980, when disability was seen as the problem of the individual and the family; thus, it is a time period that the medical model prevailed. Second, between 1980 and 2005 is the period partially reflecting the medical model and mainly the social model during which it was accepted that the society had responsibilities for the disabled. Third, we can say that policies have been created that approach the problems of the disabled in the context of human rights between the years 2005-202. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate prevalence, incidence and profile of musculoskeletal injuries in para athletes.Design: Systematic review.Data Sources: Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, SPORTSDiscus, CINAHL and hand searching.Eligibility Criteria: Studies were considered if they reported prevalence or incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in para athletes. Study selection, data extraction and analysis followed the protocol. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence and incidence rate among studies and subgroup analyses investigated whether methodological quality and sample size of the studies influenced on the estimated injury prevalence and incidence. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system determined the strength of evidence.Results: Forty-two studies were included. The prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was 40.8% (95% CI 32.5% to 49.8%). Because of imprecision, indirectness and inconsistency, the strength of evidence was very low quality. The incidence of musculoskeletal injuries was 14.3 injuries per 1000 athlete-days (95% CI 11.9 to 16.8). The strength of evidence was low quality because of imprecision and indirectness. The subgroup analyses revealed that the sample size influenced on estimated injury prevalence and methodological quality influenced on estimated incidence. Injuries were more prevalent in the shoulder, for non-ambulant para athletes, and in the lower limbs, for ambulant para athletes.Summary/conclusion: Para athletes show high prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries. Current very low-quality and low-quality evidence suggests that future high-quality studies with systematic data collection, larger sample size and specificities of para athletes are likely to change estimates of injury prevalence and incidence in para athletes.Prospero Registration Number: CRD42020147982. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the phenomenon of disability-related abuse has been well-documented in adults with disabilities, the occurrence of disability-related abuse in childhood has not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish proof of concept for childhood disability-related abuse. American adults (n = 485) retrospectively report on physical, sexual, and disability-related abuse that they experienced before the age of 18. The sample consisted of 382 participants with no disability, 55 participants with an adult-onset disability, and 48 participants with a childhood-onset disability. Disability-related abuse was conceptualized as involving either (a) the denial of assistive technology or (b) the denial of care, permission, or assistance with an activity of self-care. Childhood denial of assistive technology was rare in all groups (1.3%-2.1%), but denial of care, assistance, or permission was significantly higher in the childhood-onset disability group (20.8%) than either the adult-onset (7.3%) or no-disability (6.5%) groups. The three groups did not significantly differ in the rates of reported childhood physical or sexual abuse. This study provides preliminary proof-of-concept evidence for childhood disability-related abuse, particularly denial of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a systematic review research to find out the effect of time-use intervention for the disabled in Korea. The final five documents were used for analysis through the process of selecting data using PRISMA flow-chart for domestic research documents published from January 2010 to May 2021. The effect of the time-use intervention study that applied to the disabled in Korea was generally confirmed to have a positive effect, and especially, it was found to be meaningful results in quality of life and satisfaction, self-esteem and depression, self-efficacy, occupational participation, and life satisfaction. Therefore, the results of this study are meaningful as providing clinical grounds for application, expecting that many studies on the effectiveness of time-use intervention should be conducted even in healthy people without diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnosis, disability rate and psychiatric dependency status of patients who applied for the health board report of disability and the differences emerged after the regulation change dated February 20, 2019. Data of 1315 individuals aged 18 and over who were evaluated between September 1, 2018 and August 31, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, and the data of those patients evaluated before and after the regulation change were compared. 56.2% of the cases were male, 43.8% were female. The median age was 46. 32.8% of the patients were assigned a report due to mental illness. The rate of those diagnosed with a disability rate of 40 % and above was found to be 22.4 %. When the severe disability / full dependency assessments of patients with a disability rate of 50% and above were compared according to the old and new regulations. There was no significant difference between the groups. As a referee hospital, the initial assessment of 16.1% of the applicants as “not severely disabled” and 1% of the applicants as “severely disabled” was changed to “partially dependent”.In psychiatric cases, the level of functionality should be evaluated multidimensionally in relation to the course of the diseaseand various factors specific to the patient. It is thought that the intermediate rate “partially improves with treatment” and the definition of “partially dependent” brought to certain diseases by the new regulation can be a solution for the patients who lie in between. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective. The disabled are a group with a heterogeneous structure of causes and needs. The occurring physical, health, and social barriers constitute areas of public health. Assessment of these barriers requires systematic studies in order to use results supporting the tasks of public health, indispensable for pursuing the challenges of sustainable development. The aim of the study was to discuss the selected demographic, social, living and housing, as well as economic characteristics of the disabled rural and urban inhabitants, which are important for shaping the tasks of public health. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 676 disabled aged 19 -- 98 years, including 56.4% of females and 43.6% of males, 38.0% of whom lived in rural areas. The disabled were qualified into a study group by the method of targeted sampling. The research instruments were an author-constructed Disability Questionnaire, and the Research Protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using the software IBM SPSS Statistics v. 27. The p values p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. The level of risk of the phenomenon of disability was similar among both males and females. Higher risk was observed among widows and widowers, females with a low level of education, the disabled in older age groups, as well as those living in rural areas, maintaining themselves on non-earned sources of income, and running a single person household. The main causes of disability were diseases. Conclusions. 1. The majority of the population in the study were disabled with a legal grade of disability. 2. The analyzed characteristics fell within two groups: demographic and social, and health characteristics with difficult to separate health and social problems. 3. The most important problems in the area of public health were specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Socialno Delo is the property of Socialno Delo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)