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Introduction: metabolic syndrome comprises a set of metabolic alterations. Objective: to assess possible modifications of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients aged 30 years and older after a lifestyle modification program. Method: an intervention study was carried out on a sample of 142 type 2 diabetics with metabolic syndrome in Belize between July and December 2016. The variables collected were age, sex, previous use of hypotensive or antilipemic treatment, blood pressure measurements, abdominal circumference, triglyceride determinations and cholesterol linked to high-density lipoproteins. The results obtained were described by means of descriptive statistics, absolute and relative frequencies, ratio, mean and standard deviation. Results: metabolic syndrome appeared in 51.07% of patients, females predominated (59.85%) and ages between 60 and 69 years (31.69%), its most frequent components were blood pressure =130/85mmHg or previous hypotensive treatment (71.12%), abdominal circumference in women was =88cm (52.81%) and triglycerides >150mg/dl without treatment (39.43%). The combination with three other components predominated (44.37%): blood pressure =130/85mmHg or previous hypotensive treatment, abdominal obesity and triglycerides >150mg/dl with or without treatment. The most relevant modifications obtained at six months were the reduction of triglycerides (48.21%) and blood pressure figures (38.61%). Conclusions: from the proposed lifestyle modification program, modifications in the components of the metabolic syndrome were possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Optometry is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la ALAD is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory fat cell hormone that has immense potential as a therapeutic target for a multitude of obesity-associated diseases including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The adiponectin gene is located in chromosome 3q27, a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders. Increased circulating levels of adiponectin are associated with improvement in the metabolic syndrome and reductions are strongly predictive of diabetes risk. Extensive efforts have been made to understand how adiponectin levels can be elevated. The complex posttranslational processing and secretion of adiponectin provides a rich area where pharmacologic manipulation may be developed to increase adiponectin levels in humans. Circulating adiponectin levels are increased by many commonly used drugs, such as statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones providing an important opportunity to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying their effects. This review describes the relationship among obesity, type 2 diabetes and adiponectin, we discuss the specific functions in tissues and cells of adiponectin, with emphasis on the regulation of adiponectin signaling pathways, as well as possible pathways of signaling involved in metabolic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DMII is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, influenced by genetic and environmental factors with acute and chronic complications. At the oral level, the most common affectations are caries, periodontitis, gingival hyperplasia, sialodenosis, hyposalivation, glossitis, delayed healing, candidiasis, halitosis, oral neuropathies, burning sensation in the mouth and dysgeusia. It is possible toper form any dental procedure as long as the patient is controlled with values = 180 mg/dl with previous evaluation of the healing delay and risk of infection. A 15-year-old male patient was presented to the pediatric stomatology clinic of the Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez for revision in whom permanent dentition was observed with caries lesions and mismatched amalgams. Oral hygiene measures were established, glucose measurement in each case appointment, drink glucose and rehabilitates without complications. It is important as health personnel to know the disease, risks and complications that may arise, to attend to the patient in a harmonious way, to teach preventive oral hygiene measures and thus improve the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica de Rosario is the property of Circulo Medico de Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition involving nerve entrapment that often leads to chronic neuropathic pain. We aimed to evaluate sleep quality and related parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic CTS patients. Method This study included a total of 366 patients with chronic CTS. These patients’ sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The severity of neuropathic pain was evaluated using the Douleur Neuropathique-4 (DN4) questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results In the non-diabetic patient group, the total PSQI score was found to affect BDI and VAS, while in the diabetic patient group, the duration of symptoms affected VAS, BDI and fasting glucose levels. Conclusion For diabetic patients, hyperglycemia depression and chronification of neuropathic pain may lead to deterioration of sleep quality. Therefore, consideration of these parameters in the treatment may break a vicious cycle.

Introduction: The CAPTURE study estimated the contemporary (2019) prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) across 13 countries. This CAPTURE post hoc analysis describes the occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the group with and without CVD in Argentinian population. Methods: CAPTURE is a multinational, cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted between December 2018 and September 2019. Data on CVD diagnoses, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin level was collected during routine visits. CKD was assessed in the subjects with and without CVD.

Introduction: Bariatric surgery (BS) is a highly effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity but it has negative effects on bone mineral metabolism. Objectives: To evaluate bone mineral metabolism changes after BS in a diabetic and obese population. Materials and methods: 56 patients were evaluated preoperative and postoperative (BS). Personal background, anthropometric measurements, body mass index (BMI), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, ionogram in plasma (mg/dl, g/dl, mEq/L) and 24hs urine (mg/24hs, mEq/ 24hs), albumin (gr/dl), 25 OH vitamin D (ng/ml) were analyzed. Statistical analysis: Student’s and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were applied. Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated. Values expressed in average ± standard deviation. Significant p< 0,05.

Background and aims: Recent diabetes and cardiology guidelines recommend blood glucose (BG)-lowering medications with proven cardiovascular (CV) benefit in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and established CV disease (CVD) or at high/very high CV risk. CAPTURE was a cross-sectional, observational study of CVD prevalence in adults with T2D across 13 countries in 2019. This pre-specified secondary analysis assessed the proportion of adults with T2D and CVD using a BG-lowering medication with an approved CV indication in Argentinian population. Materials and methods: Detailed demographic and clinical data were collected for adults with T2D at a single, routine health visit to primary or specialist care (Dec 2018 – Sept 2019). In this analysis, participants were grouped by CVD status (no CVD, any CVD, atherosclerotic CVD [ASCVD]). BG-lowering medication use was summarised descriptively by approved CV indication status per the current (2020) FDA label and in line with ADA/EASD guidelines, as a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA: dulaglutide, liraglutide, semaglutide) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i: canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin).

Introduction: Insulin therapy is an effective tool to achieve the glycemic goal (A1c). The percentage of people with T2D treated with insulin and the regimens used vary by country. Aim: To identify the frequency, types and schemes of insulin therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Argentina. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational cross-sectional study in people with T2D in 28 centers treated by specialists in Argentina (FRADYC III Group) year 2018. It was evaluated: clinical examination, laboratory and treatment in routine practice. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were performed, any value of p

Introduction: β cell dysfunction is conditioned by gene expression alterations and their regulatory mechanisms. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by interacting and targeting messenger RNA (mRNAs). An adequate integration of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles facilitates elucidation of significant biological alterations. Aim: to identify new transcriptomic alterations and miRNAs involved in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis through the integration of data available in public databases. Materials and methods: 1. 7 microarray studies performed from islets of people without diabetes (ND; n = 245) and with T2D (n = 96) were analyzed. For further meta-analysis, we identified Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) (ND vs. DT2) and selected those that varied consistently in the different studies. 2. mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were integrated, and computationally predicted miRNA-mRNA interactions to find dysregulated miRNAs relevant to T2D pathogenesis. This analysis was performed using a study from a T2D murine model in which both types of RNAs were analyzed in the same pancreatic tissue, using Next Generation Sequencing techniques.

Background: The risk of developing type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is related to low socioeconomic status (SES) in developed countries, but there are few evidences for developing countries. Objective: To verify in a local population, the relationship between frequency of risk of developing T2D and SES. Methods: A cross-sectional study. We interviewed 150 people 45-64 years of age living in a District of Ensenada Municipality (Buenos Aires, Argentina). For the interview we used 3 questionnaires: i) one to record identification data anonymously; ii) the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and ii) a questionnaire collecting information about educational level and the total household income. Statistical analysis was performed with parametric or nonparametric tests as appropriate.

Introduction: The diabetes mellitus 2 (DM2) is considered one of the more demanding psychological chronic diseases. The presence of depressive symptoms is a known comorbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus (1 and 2), being up to three times higher than in the non-diabetic population. Depression is associated with poorer outcomes on metabolic control, adherence to treatment, higher morbidity, and higher health care costs. Objectives: To know the prevalence of depression and its relationship with metabolic control, chronic complications, sociocultural factors and adherence to treatment. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted during the period May-July 2020. Patients over 15 years old with diagnostic of DM2 who attend the Teaching Care Unit of diabetes in Pasteur Hospital were included. To evaluate depressive symptoms, we applied the Lico Beck Inventory II (BDI-II), which consists of 21 questions and whose score ranges from 0 to 63, with "depression" being equal or greater than 14. It was divided into mild symptoms 14-19, moderate 20-28 and severe 29-63. To evaluate adherence to the treatment, the Morisky Green test was used. This study was conducted in a period of pandemic by COVID-19. The chi -aquare test was used to investigate the association between categorical variables and Spearman’s r to investigate the correlation between quantitative variables. The comparison of quantitative variables in two groups was performed using the Mann Whitney test and , when more than two groups were compared, the Kruskal Wallis test. P values lower than 5% were considerer significant.

Introduction: The treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), generally requires changes in lifestyle and pharmacological measures. Lack of adherence is a frequent problem around de world, ranging between 30 to 50% in different studies. Non-adherent patients have a higher incidence of cardiovascular events and higher mortality compared to adherent patients. Therefore, it increases costs in the health systems. Objective: Analyze the adherence to pharmacological treatment indicated in a group of patients with DM2 and high cardiovascular risk. Assess the differences in clinical characteristics and scopes of therapeutic goals in the adherent population in comparison with non-adherent patients. Study design and methods: We carried out an observational, cross-sectional and multicenter study. Patients with DM2 that assisted to the cardiology office from May to July 2019, were consecutively registered. From the total p with DM2, we included in the registry, the first two p of each day. Adherence was assessed using the Morisky-Green test, which consists of 4 questions with two possible answers options: YES/NO. We defined adherence when the 4 answers were affirmative. We consider a non-adherent patient when presenting 1 or more negative answers. Therapeutic goals were defined: blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg, 2) HbA1c < 7% and 3) LDL cholesterol < 100 in patients without Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and < 70 mg/dl in patients with CVD. 4) triple goal: points 1,2 and 3 within the corresponding values.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes and mainly due to poor eating habits. In the Peruvian population there is an increase of unhealthy diets based mainly on an excess consumption of carbohydrates (63%) unlike other countries in South America. The increase in T2D cases implies the need to search for more effective treatment regimens, which is why it is first necessary to design animal models to achieve this objective. Objective: develop a model of T2D in rats with the use of a diet high-carbohydrates and easily digested fats and low doses of streptozotocin (STZ). Material and methods: 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in two groups: control group (CG): normal diet (4); and treatment group (GT): hypercaloric diet (20), for 2 months, and then both groups were chemically induced with STZ (30 mg / Kg.). The GT diet was: 5.95% Kcal from protein, 25.7% Kcal from fat and 58.5% Kcal from carbohydrates (caloric value: 483.25 Kcal / 100gr). GC was: 17% Kcal of protein, 3% Kcal of fat, 50% Kcal of carbohydrates and the remaining fiber, moisture, ash and nitrogen-free extracts (caloric value: 295 Kcal / 100g). Glycemia was measured before and after the differentiated diet and at 5 and 10 days after chemical induction. Serum insulin was carried out after induction.

Introduction: Low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with impaired β-cell function, insulin resistance, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). On the other hand, most studies report an increased risk of hip fracture in T2DM, but the data are contradictory regarding vertebral fractures (VF). Objectives: Evaluate 25(OH)D levels in adult patients with T2DM and its relationship with glycemic control, severity of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and to evaluate the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (LS-BMD) and of the femoral neck (FN-BMD) in conjunction with the prevalence of VF. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed and we evaluated 25(OH)D levels and prevalence of morphometric VF. 209 patients with T2DM (T2DM group) and 172 patients without T2DM were evaluated, who were included as control group (CG). The level of 25(OH)D, bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (BMD-L) and femoral neck (BMD-FN) were determined. Spine radiographs were obtained to assess the presence of morphometric VF and abdominal aortic calcifications (AAC). Logistic regression analyzes were performed. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Introduction: Glycemic goal achievement is a matter of great health impact. Adequate glycemic control prevents and decreases diabetes chronic complications and prolongs survival. Aims: To investigate the percentage of people with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) who reach the treatment goal (A1c) and the variables associated with achieving the glycemic goal. Material and methods: Multicenter, descriptive, observational cross-sectional study in 28 centers specialized in Diabetes in Argentina (FRADYC III Group), year 2018. Physical examination, laboratory and treatment of T2D were evaluated in routine practice. The glycemic goal was A1c < 7%. We evaluated adherence to pharmacological treatment with the Morisky-Green-Levine test and quality of life with the WHO-5 test, considering a low well-being score of less than 50 and symptoms of depression less than 28. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression of factors associated with lower achievement of treatment goals were performed. We considered age groups (under 50 ys, between 50 to 65 ys and over 65 ys). Any value of p< 0.05 (2 tails) was considered significant with the STATA Intercooler Software.

Symposium 9: Hepatic involvement in diabetes: beyond the liver Diabetes management of the patient with fatty liver thinking about the pandemic In the last years, we have witnessed great advances in pharmacological treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Due to a higher availability of therapeutic options, choosing a pharmacological treatment requires an exhaustive analysis of the clinical characteristics of each patient. The presences of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and hypoglycemia risk are the most important considerations when choosing the best therapeutic option for the T2D patient. Unfortunately, the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is a complication of T2D that is frequently overlooked by the healthcare team and its presence could lead to therapeutic implications. Patients with T2D not only show a higher risk of developing NAFLDs, but they also show a higher progression to severe forms of the disease, including advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiologic studies estimate that around a 55% of the patients with T2D have NAFLD, and, from that figure, a 70% have the form with inflammation and necrosis, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). As a consequence of the increase of obesity and T2D prevalence in the world, NASH has become the second most frequent cause of liver transplant, and will probably soon consolidate as the first cause. We are facing a pandemic; a real problem for public health.

Introduction: skin ulcers can generate serious complications in people with diabetes, which can lead to partial or total amputation of the compromised limb. Platelet-rich gel is being used frequently to promote the healing of a skin ulcer. However, the clinical outcomes in healing are often variable because the factors that influence this procedure are not yet fully understood. Objective: to evaluate the effect of the platelet-rich xenogenic gel on the healing of an induced skin ulcer in a model in rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods: 12 Sprague dawley rats were used and divided into 3 groups of 4 rats with an induced 15mm skin ulcer each. Group 1 (with T2D): platelet-rich xenogenic gel was applied. Group 2 (rats with T2D) and group 3 (rats without T2D) applied saline and a dressing. The wound surface was measured on days 0, 20, 29 and 33 using a digital micrometer and photographs.

Introduction: In type 2 diabetic and obese patients it is frequently difficult to achieve weight and metabolic control goals with lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy and sometimes accomplished by bariatric surgery (BS). Objectives: to evaluate metabolic effects of BS in a diabetic and obese population. Materials and methods: 56 patients were evaluated preoperative and postoperative (BS). Personal background, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), hemogram, hepatogram, glycemia, lipid profile, HbA1c and renal function were analyzed.Statistical analysis: Student’s and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were applied. Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated. Values expressed in average ± standard deviation. Significant p< 0,05.

Introduction: The rapid increase in the incidence of people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, as well as the increase in risk factors that precede the diagnosis, led us to wonder if health care workers are aware of their magnitude and have healthy lifestyle habits. Objectives: The aims of the study is to determine the risk of suffering type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the next 10 years in Health care workers in the public sector of the Metropolitan Region of the province of Mendoza, between the months of August and October of 2019. To analyze and establish the percentage of distribution, according to the risk level. High, moderate and low. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Health care workers from the Metropolitan Region of Mendoza province were analyzed. The measuring instruments were: Findrisk questionnaires, electronic weight scale, wall height rod, inextensible measuring tape. The measurement techniques used were those specified in the recommended protocols, Weight, Height and waist circumference. The data was tabulated and the sum of the points resulting from each variable was made. The questionnaire classifies risk levels in a range from 0 to 26 points, defining the following risk categories: Low ≤ 6 points / Moderate: from 7 to 14 points / High> 15 points.

Introduction: Transdisciplinary treatment is one of the pillars for reaching a reduction in mortality and complications in patients (p) with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Different indicators allow us to know the quality of care in outpatients. We do not know the different modalities of control and treatment according to the specialty of the attending physician in this group of patients. Objectives: Evaluating if control by a specialist in diabetes improves the quality indicators of the process of care in patients with T2D. Materials and Methods: During 3 months in the year 2019, a survey was made for patients with T2D in 44 cardiology practices in Argentina. The doctor in charge of T2D control was registered and the sample was divided into 2: group 1, where the T2D control was in charge of a specialist (an endocrinologist or a diabetologist), and group 2, where T2D control was in charge of a doctor not specialized in diabetes (clinical/general practitioner, cardiologist, or others). For this work, we will use 3 indicators of process quality: 1- ocular fundus, 2- Monofilament Test and 3- Microalbuminuria, all undertaken during the year previous to consultation.

O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 pode ser prevenido e controlado desde que a pessoa faça algumas adaptações em seu estilo de vida. O conhecimento do paciente frente a doença pode contribuir com a baixa adesão ao tratamento, ou seja, não seguir as recomendações passadas pela equipe de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar o conhecimento do participante sobre o DM tipo 2 e comportamento de adesão ao tratamento. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com cinco diabéticos que responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Após realizada uma análise de conteúdo observou-se que a comunicação do diagnóstico não foi considerada fator de não adesão. Os participantes conseguiram promover mudanças em costumes cristalizados há algum tempo sem alto custo de resposta e apresentaram comportamento de adesão para autocuidado, por exemplo: exercícios físicos e uso de medicação. Em contrapartida, observou-se baixa adesão para seguir dieta alimentar prescrita por profissional de saúde.

Objectives: Sleep disturbances, including disrupted sleep and short sleep duration, are highly prevalent and are prospectively associated with an increased risk for various chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases., Material and Methods: This is a narrative review of the literature based on numerous articles published in peer-reviewed journals since the beginning of this century., Results: The relationship between sleep disorders and metabolic dysregulation has been clearly established, mainly in the setting of modern epidemic of cardiometabolic disease, a cluster of conditions include obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, all of them considered as main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and its clinical expression such as ischemic ictus, myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes. Clinically viable tools to measure sleep duration and quality are needed for routine screening and intervention., Conclusions: In view of what has been exposed in this review, it is evident that the timing, amount, and quality of sleep are critical to reduce the burden of risk factors for several chronic disease, including ACVD and type 2 diabetes, and most relevant in young people. Future research studies should elucidate the effectiveness of multimodal interventions to counteract the risk of short sleep for optimal patient outcomes across the healthcare continuum, especially in young people., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

In the last years, the study of gut microbiota has emerged as a new environmental factor in obesity and type 2 diabetes pathogeny, complex, heterogeneous, chronic and progressive diseases. Conventional treatments fail in morbid obesity, and bariatric surgery is considered at present as the only effective treatment in severe obesity, defined as BMI>40, or BMI>35 associated with comorbidities. The malabsorption and restriction mechanisms, initially proposed as the responsible for the weight loss and metabolic amelioration observed after bariatric surgery, do not adequately explain the quick remission of type 2 diabetes seen with the surgical procedure. The causal mechanisms are not exactly known, in spite of the profuse research on the matter. The following factors have been postulated: neuro-endocrine changes associated with the re-direction of the flow of nutrients, changes in gastric emptying and intestinal motility, changes in feeding behavior, remodeling of Roux loop, changes in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, intestinal gluconeogenesis, and alterations in gut microbiota. Gut microbiota is seen as a link between dietary intake, systemic inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. Some studies in animal models and in humans suggest that microbiota composition modification may contribute to the metabolic benefits observed after the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Objetivo: Los programas de pago por desempeño para mejorar la calidad de la atención sanitaria se están extendiendo de forma progresiva, en particular para en Atención Primaria. Nuestro objetivo fue explorar la relación entre el grado de cumplimiento de los indicadores de proceso (IPr) de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en Atención Primaria y la vinculación a incentivos económicos. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Emplazamiento: Seis centros de salud del Distrito Aljarafe, Sevilla, seleccionados de forma aleatoria y estratificada por tamaño poblacional. Participantes: De un total de 3.647 sujetos incluidos en el Proceso Asistencial Integrado de DM2 durante el 2008, se incluyó a 366 pacientes, según cálculo de tamaño muestral, mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Mediciones: IPr: exploración de fondo de ojo y pies, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), perfil lipídico, microalbuminuria y electrocardiograma. Variables potencialmente confusoras: edad, género, característica de zona de residencia en pacientes y variables de los médicos. Resultados: La edad media fue de 66,36 (desviación estándar –DE– 11,56 años); el 48,9% eran mujeres. Los IPr con mejor cumplimiento fueron la exploración de pies, HbA1c y perfil lipídico (59,6, 44,3 y 44, respectivamente). El 2,7% de los pacientes presentaban cumplimiento simultáneo de los 6 IPr y el 11,74% de los 3 IPr vinculados a incentivos. El cumplimiento de IPr vinculado y no a incentivos mostró asociación significativa (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: El cumplimiento de los IPr para el cribado de complicaciones crónicas de la DM2 es en su mayoría bajo, aunque este fue superior en los indicadores vinculados a incentivos.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is a health problem that has been growing in the last decades in the world and particularly in Mexico. In addition to lipid alterations, glucose and insulin are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Studies the Northwest of Mexico have focused on the evaluation of these risk factors in school-age children and have shown the presence of the metabolic syndrome. However, there is insufficient information on cardiovascular health in preschool children. OBJECTIVE: To perform an exploratory analysis of the presence of possible alterations in clinical biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and type 2 diabetes in preschoolers living in the urban and conurbated zones of Hermosillo, México. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out, with two study groups: children living in the urban zone (ZU) and children in the conurbation zone (ZCU). Weight, height, waist circumference, percentage of body fat and blood pressure, lipids, glucose and insulin profile were assessed. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 5.0 years (n = 82), 48 from the ZCU and 34 from the ZU. Problems of malnutrition, overweight and high body fat (27% ± 0.59) coexist. No cases of obesity were observed. In the ZCU of the city there is a higher percentage of children with lipid abnormalities: elevated triglycerides (35%), low HDL-C (25%), (p < 0.01), and prehypertension, whereas in the ZU there was a higher percentage of children with impaired glucose (12%) and elevated insulin levels and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show the risk factors for type 2 diabetes and that cardiovascular disease are present in children between the ages of 3 and 6 years from ZU and ZCU of the Hermosillo, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As a chronic disease, diabetes is a disastrous event bringing about negative behaviors regarding the treatment adherence, which makes necessary the use of cognitive and social theories in order to redirect the nursing care. Objective: To answer the guiding research questions: What is the social representation that women have about Diabetes Type 2? What elements form the central core and the peripheral systems of the social representation? Method: This is a comprehensive review using the Prism Method as a guide. It includes articles whose primary descriptors are "social representations", "Diabetes Type 2" and "women"; and the secondary descriptor "type 2 diabetes patients". The search was carried out in systematized databases: Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Bireme, and CUIDEN. Results: The findings indicate that diabetes phenomenon gave rise to an irreversible social representation. This system of data, attitudes and beliefs is organized and structured around the suffering, feeding, exercise and medication, which makes difficult to ascertain the social identity and, probably, the treatment adherence specific to this disease. Conclusion: To identify the structure of the social representation and elements forming the central core allows the health professionals to plan interventions intended to favor the social identity and treatment adherence among women with diabetes type 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar cuáles son las patologías pulpares y periapicales con mayor prevalencia en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (DT2), con y sin control glicémico. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, y transversal. A todos los pacientes con criterios de inclusión se les realizaron pruebas diagnósticas de vitalidad pulpar: sondeo, palpación, percusión y radiográficas, para valorar si padecían alguna patología pulpar o periapical, la participación fue bajo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Se estudiaron 50 pacientes con patologías de origen endodóntico: 30 diabéticos controlados, y 20 no controlados. La patología pulpar con mayor prevalencia fue la pulpitis irreversible, la patología periapical con mayor prevalencia fue la periodontitis apical crónica, tanto para los pacientes con y sin control glicémico. Conclusiones: El 6.4% de los pacientes que acudieron a recibir atención odontológica presentaron DT2. La patología pulpar más prevalente fue la pulpitis irreversible, en tanto que la periapical fue la periodontitis apical crónica. Se recomienda la realización de estudios complementarios, así como la difusión de campañas para dar a conocer la relación existente entre las patologías de origen endodóntico y la diabetes mellitus y sus repercusiones, con el propósito de evitar poner en riesgo la salud y bienestar de los pacientes con DT2. Palabras clave: Patologías dentales pulpares, patologías periapicales, diabetes tipo 2.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación etnográfica de corte fenomenológico (2013/2014), que exploró las representaciones socioculturales de la diabetes y las experiencias de vida de los afligidos en una comunidad ikojts en Oaxaca. El estudio sugiere que para muchos miembros de ese grupo la diabetes es una expresión de la vulnerabilidad, síntoma y metáfora de cambios sufridos por ellos recientemente. Se describe cómo la diabetes permite a los afligidos articular la experiencia de la vulnerabilidad en múltiples niveles y se invita a incluir la etnicidad en el entendimiento de las epidemiologías desiguales del país, evitando nuevas formas de esencialización racial y cultural.

Propósito: Analizar los significados de las experiencias de vida, antes y después del diagnóstico de la diabetes tipo 2 de una comunidad de Yucatán. Diseño y Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico, realizado en Hunucmá, Yucatán, con muestreo por bola de nieve empleando una entrevista semiestructurada hasta la saturación de datos. El análisis de la información se realizó mediante el proceso cognitivo de Janice Morse, este consiste en comprender, sintetizar, teorizar y recontextualizar. Resultado: Se saturó con 20 participantes. Se identificaron 8 categorías, estas hablan sobre el apoyo familiar, las complicaciones auto percibidas, el apego al tratamiento, las creencias de la enfermedad, los sentimientos de estar enfermo, la vida normal del enfermo crónico, su alimentación diaria y preocupaciones del padecer la enfermedad. Discusión: Estos resultados fueron similares a los estudios realizados en Perú, Chile, Veracruz, Tabasco y Yucatán, en la cual se cambiaron las relaciones sociales, estilos de vida, percepciones y creencias de la persona desde que supo el padecimiento de la diabetes. Conclusión: El estilo de vida de los participantes antes del diagnóstico era poco saludable, posteriormente a la adaptación de conductas relacionadas a su enfermedad incluyendo las modificaciones en la alimentación y apego al tratamiento farmacológico fue difícil por la creación de barreras psicosociales que no les permite sobrellevar la enfermedad, surgiendo la importancia de brindar una atención holística en los servicios de salud. Palabras clave: Diabetes tipo 2, Acontecimientos de vida, Diagnóstico

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es un trastorno metabólico multifactorial que afecta el metabolismo de lípidos, proteínas y carbohidratos con complicaciones crónicas que alteran la calidad de vida del individuo, altos costos por morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad. Existen múltiples estudios que describen estrategias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas para detener o retrasar la progresión a diabetes; en este artículo se pretende analizar los estudios publicados en el área de prevención con el fin de poder determinar cuál es la estrategia óptima. Como método los autores realizaron una búsqueda y revisión de la literatura nacional e internacional en buscadores médicos especializados a saber: Centro Cochrance Iberoamericano, PubMed, Medscape, la base de datos de las revistas de la ALAD, New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet, The British Journal of Medicine y Diabetes Care. En los resultados se evidenció que las intervenciones se realizaron en pacientes con alto riesgo y alteraciones en la glicemia en ayuno o curva de tolerancia glucosada. Las intervenciones en el estilo de vida (dieta+ ejercicio) de manera continua han demostrado ser altamente efectivos en reducción de riesgo; del mismo modo, algunos fármacos como la metformina, acarbosa y rosiglitazona pero con efectos secundarios relevantes. Conclusiones: El tamizaje para detectar a la población de alto riesgo para desarrollar diabetes mellitus y ulterior aplicación de estrategias individualizadas con intervenciones en el estilo de vida para minimizar los factores de riesgo, son herramientas efectivas a la hora de hacer prevención en diabetes tipo 2.