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The declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation in March 2020 brought many changes to the early childhood sector internationally. The South African response is best understood in the context of an under-developed sector with pre-existing vulnerabilities. In this article, we present a contextual understanding of the lived experiences of early childhood development (ECD) teachers and managers during the lockdown and the opening phases of a risk-adjusted approach. Our use of a phenomenological lens together with systems theory provides a reality check through a focus on lived experiences. Data were produced through an online survey with 28 ECD teachers and managers. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a subset of 8 of these participants. Findings show that disruptions of COVID-19 led to entrenching inequities in service provision and early learning opportunities. These intersecting dimensions have implications for building effective ECD systems.

En España, la Constitución prevé la posibilidad de limitar o suspender algunos derechos fundamentales reconocidos en la Constitución en determinadas situaciones de emergencia. Este Derecho de excepción prevé la declaración de tres situaciones distintas: Estado de alarma, estado de excepción y estado de sitio. Según la tesis tradicional, basada en el artículo 55 de la Constitución española, en el estado de excepción y en el estado de sitio es posible la suspensión de derechos fundamentales, mientras que en el estado de alarma sólo es posible la limitación de los mismos. La diferencia estaría en que la suspensión implica la afectación del contenido esencial de estos derechos. A partir de la experiencia de los tres estados de alarma declarados en España en 2020 para hacer frente a la pandemia por la Covid-19 y de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, especialmente de la STC 148/2021, de 14 de julio, en este trabajo se realiza una interpretación crítica de esta tesis tradicional y se argumenta sobre la dificultad de distinguir limitación y suspensión de derechos. La principal tesis que se mantiene en este trabajo es que en ningún caso se produce realmente una suspensión de derechos fundamentales, pues éstos no desaparecen, ni siquiera temporalmente. Tan sólo se produce una reducción o redefinición de su contenido esencial. Pero, en todo caso, perviven las garantías de los derechos fundamentales establecidas en la Constitución y en la LO 4/1981, de 1 de junio, de los estados de alarma, excepción y sitio. La diferencia entre el estado de alarma y los estados de excepción y sitio hay que ubicarla más bien en los presupuestos fácticos que legitiman la declaración de cada uno de ellos, en el procedimiento previsto para esta declaración y en los concretos derechos que pueden quedar limitados directamente en cada caso, así como en las concretas medidas en que puede consistir esta limitación. Estas medidas están claramente definidas en la LO 4/1981.

Niniejsza glosa porusza problematykę dopuszczalności rezygnacji z przyznanego na wniosek rodzicielskiego świadczenia uzupełniającego, a dokładniej — skutków złożonego przez stronę oświadczenia o cofnięciu wniosku wszczynającego postępowanie, w którym zapadła decyzja ostateczna przyznająca to świadczenie.

Background: The homebound older adult population is increasing owing to a rapidly ageing population and improved healthcare. This objective of this study was to systematically examine the literature to identify the multidimensional factors affecting homebound status. Methods: We reviewed electronic databases including PubMed and MEDLINE, without date restrictions, using search terms related to older, homebound adults. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies was used for quality assessment. This study is under registration with PROSPERO, ID 175812. Findings: Fifteen studies met the review criteria. Most focused on personal factors affecting homebound older adults, ten studies identified influencing factors at the structural level beyond each individual level. The individual construct consisted of demographic, biological, psychological, functional and health-related factors. The structural construct was divided into architectural environmental, community, and social factors. Homebound definitions encompassed people who left the house 3∙5%-39∙8% of the time. Interpretation: Homebound status results from the interaction between individual and structural constructs. Depending on the definition, the reported prevalence varies widely, so health care professionals should note this carefully. Although few studies have explored the impacts of homebound status among older adults, the literature on increased mortality rates among this population suggests it is an important issue. Funding Statement: This study was funded by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) from the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1A02085559). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Cybercrime is a crime involving computers and networks that began to develop after the Cold War. International politics also have developed through computer networks or cyberspace, especially in communication and diplomacy. Many actors who have different interests make the cybersphere unstable. Several state and non-state actors themselves have collaborated and conventions in the cyber realm. In 2018, France made a high-level declaration called the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace to maintain stability in cyberspace. Through the Paris Call, France tries to establish an international norm in the cyber domain known as Cybernorms. This norm has been supported by several state and non-state actors. This study seeks to see the importance of the Paris Call that has been made by the French government which aims to remind the general norms of cyber that are not popular or see the formation of international norms in the cybersphere. This study uses a qualitative method with the process-tracing data analysis method used to explain change and cause-and-effect. This research argues that cyber norms are very important for state or non-state actors in maintaining the stability of the cyber world.

The Ministry of ATR/BPN organizes land registration innovations based on the national strategic program, namely PTSL. The implementation of PTSL aims at accelerating land registration in a fair and equitable manner, including anticipating disputes in the field of utilization and spatial planning. One important issue is the dispute over road access. The Land Office of Bekasi Regency applies a policy of implementing servituut rights in land registration activities as an anticipation of disputes related to road access. This research was conducted to understand the implementation of servituut rights as the actualization of the social function of land in the PTSL program at the Bekasi Regency Land Office. This study uses empirical legal research methods. The results of the research show that the implementation of the servituut rights policy is motivated by the dualism of road status, the existence of regional development and land acquisition, and the relatively high land value. The implementation of the policy has undergone a change in meaning, from restrictions on land use to the obligation to surrender some land rights. For PTSL participants who agree to give up part of their rights for roads, the administration of the transfer of rights is carried out in a Declaration Letter on Land Boundaries and Land Areas. For those who disagree, the plot of land is included in the K3 category and a land register is made.

Aim: COVID-19 the novel corona virus that has been characterized as a pandemic; as it spreads all over the world and has so far infected more than 20 million worldwide. In Palestine, the first seven cases were documented on March 5th, 2020 followed by the declaration of the state of emergency. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices toward COVID-19 among Birzeit University students.Subject and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out, a questionnaire was developed based on the WHO, CDC, ECDC recommendations. The questionnaire was distributed online and filled by Birzeit University students. Chi-square testing was performed to check for significant association between KAP and different sociodemographic variables. Binary logistic regression performed to identify and control the confounding factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 22).Results: A total of 665 students have completed the online questionnaire. The mean age was (20.55±3.069) years. Multivariate analysis revealed that males, students from health professions and scientific faculties and those with highly educated parents had manifested a good knowledge level (GKL) about Covid -19. Regarding students’ practices, less negative practices were prompted by students from health professions faculty and the students living at the middle governorate of Palestine compared to north, south and Jerusalem dwellers. With regards to the practices, the vast majority of the participants held a positive and very cautious practice towards the COVID-19 epidemic.Conclusion: Our results revealed that students had variable knowledge regarding Covid-19 and the vast majority depended on the official media briefs in Palestine as a source of information. With regards to practices, positive and cautious practices towards the COVID-19 epidemic were carried out by the vast majority of participants.

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, in Canada, is over 0.75% in 2021. Many individuals with IBD are immunocompromised. Consequently, the World Health Organization’s declaration of a global pandemic uniquely impacted those with IBD. Crohn’s and Colitis Canada (CCC) formed the COVID-19 and IBD Taskforce to provide evidence-based guidance during the pandemic to individuals with IBD and their families. The Taskforce met regularly through the course of the pandemic, synthesizing available information on the impact of COVID-19 on IBD. At first, the information was extrapolated from expert consensus guidelines, but eventually, recommendations were adapted for an international registry of worldwide cases of COVID-19 in people with IBD. The task force launched a knowledge translation initiative consisting of a webinar series and online resources to communicate information directly to the IBD community. Taskforce recommendations were posted to CCC’s website and included guidance such as risk stratification, management of immunosuppressant medications, physical distancing, and mental health. A weekly webinar series communicated critical information directly to the IBD community. During the pandemic, traffic to CCC’s website increased with 484,755 unique views of the COVID-19 webpages and 126,187 views of the 23 webinars, including their video clips. CCC’s COVID-19 and IBD Taskforce provided critical guidance to the IBD community as the pandemic emerged, the nation underwent a lockdown, the economy reopened, and the second wave ensued. By integrating public health guidance through the unique prism of a vulnerable population, CCC’s knowledge translation platform informed and protected the IBD community.

Among the civilization challenges, recognizing the human freedom and drawing its constraints have continuously been contestable. Hence, the recognition, definition, pledge and delineation of the boundaries of freedom have a special position in the declaration of rights. In the meantime, considering the historical intersection of jurisprudential foundations with the modernist thoughts, defining the concept of freedom and delineating its boundaries will be crucial. This definition provides a groundwork for elucidating and interpreting other Articles via identifying their positions in creating solutions to the problems of public administration. The current study is an effort to recognize the concept of freedom and its boundaries in the constitutional system of the Islamic Republic of Iran via employing a descriptive-analytical method. Our findings indicate that the perception of freedom in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is convoluted and interpretable. Because of the existing ambiguities in balancing among the historical concerns, the boundaries of freedom can be redefined based on the temporal and historical circumstances by the pressure of social forces.

Introduction. Circulatory-respiratory death declaration is a common duty of physicians, but little is known about the amount of education and physician practice patterns in completing this examination. Methods. We conducted an online survey of physicians evaluating the rate of formal training and specific examination techniques used in the pronouncement of circulatory-respiratory death. Data, including level of practice, training received in formal death declaration, and examination components were collected. Results. Respondents were attending physicians (52.4%), residents (30.2%), fellows (10.7%), and interns (6.7%). The majority of respondents indicated they had received no formal training in death pronouncement, however, most reported self-perceived competence. When comparing examination components used by our cohort, 95 different examination combinations were used for death pronouncement. Conclusions. Formal training in death pronouncement is uncommon and clinical practice varies. Implementation of formal training and standardization of the examination are necessary to improve physician competence and reliability in death declarations.

Just as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 marked the beginning of contemporary international human rights law and the subsequent adoption of regional human rights instruments, so the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 marked the genesis of a rights-based approach to the protection of environment. Since then, human rights have become a legal weapon exerted in the strive to protect the environment and enhance access to environmental justice. Hence, it is not a mere theoretical discourse that environmental degradation affects the enjoyment of basic human rights. It has now become recognized that human rights such as the right to life and many others can only be enjoyed in a polluted free environment. It is against this background that this paper examines how the right to peaceful enjoyment of property as guaranteed in international and regional instruments on human rights has been construed to foster environmental protection. To achieve this, interpretations through decided cases are examined for a proper evaluation of judicial attitude and willingness in this respect.

This article examines the circumstances in which the Declaration of Arbroath was first printed in 1680 by Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh and the original manuscript on which Mackenzie’s text was based (NRS SP13/7). It then traces its subsequent print history between the Revolution of 1689–90 and the Union of Parliaments in 1707 both in Latin and in an English translation that first appeared in 1689. It locates the Declaration within the broader context of whig propaganda that encompassed a defence not just of the Revolution Settlement but of Scottish sovereignty at the time of the Union, culminating in James Anderson’s new edition and translation of the text of 1705. An appendix further examines the earliest reference to the Declaration in print – in Archbishop John Spottiswoode’s History of the Church in Scotland (1655) – and Spottiswoode’s use of a manuscript copy of Walter Bower’s Scotichronicon.

Background: Medium secure forensic psychiatric units (MSUs) in the UK aim to be recovery-oriented to enable discharge to community-based services. Risk assessments are key to discharge planning, but clinical practice tends to focus on risk factors for violence rather than protective factors associated with a decrease in risk. The aims of this study were to investigate the reliability and validity of the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors (SAPROF) as a useful measure to support an assets-based approach when planning discharge from MSUs. Method: A prospective cohort follow-up design was chosen for this study using a confidential inquiry design to ensure a total sample of all discharges. All forensic patients discharged from 32 NHS MSUs over a 12-month period were assessed at discharge and followed-up at six and 12 months post discharge. The occurrence and frequency of post-discharge violence were compared with discharge SAPROF scores. Findings: The inter-rater reliability between SAPROF raters was very high, the SAPROF significantly predicted community violence and scores were strongly correlated with violence frequency. The higher the SAPROF score the higher the protection against violence and risk significantly diminished. Interpretation: Assessing protective factors is essential to identify assets and prevent violence with a focus on what makes somebody safe. This study supports the use of the SAPROF to inform discharge planning. Cultivating protective factors is likely to be motivating for patients and the SAPROF can provide an objective, reliable measure of internal, motivational and external assets that reduce risk and support defensible decision making at discharge. Funding: The study was funded by The National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme. Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: The North West England Multi Site Research Ethics Committee approved the study.

RESUMEN Introducción: La tortura se condenó en 1948 en la declaración universal de los derechos humanos, y desde entonces los tratos crueles y degradantes son repudiadospor diferentes organizaciones, por lo que al estar en conocimiento de casos de estaíndole a nivel nacional e internacional, cada vez con mayor frecuencia, nos unimosa las diferentes entidades que están en pro de lucha contra estas formas denigrantese inhumanas de trato, a favor de preservar en las personas detenidas sus derechos, yuna reinserción social con un trato decente y humano. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión teórica sobre tortura y sus implicaciones dentro de unenfoque médico forense, para proponer estrategias de investigación, diagnóstico yprevención de tortura y así mejorar el sistema penitenciario ecuatoriano. Metodología: Se realizará un estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, tipo revisión bibliográficamediante búsqueda directa en plataformas científicas. Resultados: la búsqueda inicial arrojó 112 documentos entre artículos científicos, tesis,libros, revistas, periódicos, guías y protocolos: 59 fueron excluidas por duplicación y 5por los criterios de inclusión en total 48 fueron incluidas en esta revisión. Conclusión: Es necesario la actuación profesional interdisciplinaria entre la medicinaforense, las autoridades que representan la ley y organizaciones que luchan por hacercumplir los derechos humanos para garantizar mediante una búsqueda adecuada,un diagnóstico acertado de los casos reportados y prevenir el cometimiento de nuevos casos, buscando la verdad sobre lesiones, muerte o la desaparición de personasque se han vinculado con tratos inhumanos. Y mejorar la acción humanitaria paraprevenir la recurrencia.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background and Purpose: Emergency department visits and hospitalizations for stroke declined significantly following declaration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a national emergency on March 13, 2020, in the United States. This study examined trends in hospitalizations for stroke among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged ≥65 years and compared characteristics of stroke patients during COVID-19 pandemic to comparable weeks in the preceding year (2019). Methods: For trend analysis, we examined stroke hospitalizations from week 1 in 2019 through week 44 in 2020. For comparison of patient characteristics, we estimated percent reduction in weekly stroke hospitalizations from 2019 to 2020 during weeks 10 through 23 and during weeks 24 through 44 by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and state. Results: Compared to weekly numbers of hospitalizations for stroke reported during 2019, stroke hospitalizations in 2020 decreased sharply during weeks 10 through 15 (March 1–April 11), began increasing during weeks 16 through 23, and remained at a level lower than the same weeks in 2019 from weeks 24 through 44 (June 7–October 31). During weeks 10 through 23, stroke hospitalizations decreased by 22.3% (95% CI, 21.4%–23.1%) in 2020 compared with same period in 2019; during weeks 24 through 44, they decreased by 12.1% (95% CI, 11.2%–12.9%). The magnitude of reduction increased with age but similar between men and women and among different race/ethnicity groups. Reductions in stroke hospitalizations between weeks 10 through 23 varied by state ranging from 0.0% (95% CI, −16.0%–1.7%) in New Hampshire to 36.2% (95% CI, 24.8%–46.7%) in Montana. Conclusions: One-in-5 fewer stroke hospitalizations among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries occurred during initial weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 1–June 6) and weekly stroke hospitalizations remained at a lower than expected level from June 7 to October 31 in 2020 compared with 2019. Changes in stroke hospitalizations varied substantially by state.

RESUMEN La violencia contra la mujer es un problema de salud pública, cuya prevalencia seincrementó a raíz de la declaratoria del estado de emergencia sanitaria por la COVID-19. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión fue describir las estadísticas relativas alos casos de violencia de género durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19, sus factores relacionados, conceptos y reflexiones sobre el papel de la medicina forense. Seincluyeron 48 artículos en total. Los resultados de revisión confirmaron que los casos deviolencia contra la mujer se aumentaron un 20% a nivel mundial desde el inicio de lapandemia.El confinamiento exacerba los factores psicológicos en los miembros del núcleo familiar y conductas agresivas en los victimarios. La medicina forense es fundamental parala judicialización de casos. Se concluye que, el aumento de casos se debe a factoressociodemográficos, familiares, cultural, religiosos y patologías psicológicas y psiquiátricas asociadas, además durante la pandemia se evidenció que el confinamientoforzado fue otro componente para el crecimiento de violencia de género contra lasmujeres.

Prospek ekonomi Indonesia melemah secara signifikan dengan adanya pandemi COVID-19. Struktur perekonomian Indonesia secara spasial pada tahun 2020 didominasi oleh kelompok provinsi di Pulau Jawa yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap PDB sebesar 58,75 persen. Pandemi COVID-19 memiliki dampak sosial ekonomi terbesar di wilayah yang padat penduduk dikarenakan pembatasan sosial, termasuk Pulau Jawa sebagai pusat perekonomian Indonesia. Hal ini dapat mengindikasikan apabila perekonomian Pulau Jawa terkontraksi, maka perekonomian Indonesia ikut terkontraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi sosial ekonomi di Pulau Jawa sebelum dan setelah memasuki pandemi COVID-19 dan mengelompokkan kabupaten/kota di Pulau Jawa berdasarkan kondisi sosial ekonomi melalui variabel Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, jumlah angkatan kerja, jumlah sektor unggulan, pengeluaran per kapita, dan persentase penduduk miskin, serta membandingkannya ketika sebelum dan setelah memasuki pandemi COVID-19 dengan menggunakan metode Cluster Ensemble. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa secara rata-rata terjadi penurunan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan jumlah sektor unggulan, serta peningkatan TPT, jumlah angkatan kerja, penduduk miskin, dan pengeluaran per kapita di Pulau Jawa setelah memasuki pandemi COVID-19. Dari 3 klaster yang terbentuk pada tahun 2019 dan 5 klaster pada tahun 2020, didapat bahwa secara umum pengelompokan tiap klaster tidak jauh berbeda, namun terdapat beberapa perbedaan karakteristik dan anggota klaster.

Celem artykułu jest ustalenie, czy wielkość miejscowości zamieszkania ma wpływ na deklaracje odnoszące się do wyróżnionych wartości związanych z rodziną, które w istotny sposób orientują działanie człowieka i tym samym tworzą zasady życia społecznego. Tekst napisano w oparciu o wtórną analizę danych statystycznych na podstawie zintegrowanego zbioru danych European Value Study/World Value Survey 2017-2021. Rezultaty badania wskazują, że różnice istotne statystycznie pomiędzy wielkością miejscowości pojawiły się w przypadku wszystkich zmiennych dotyczących rodzicielstwa. Mieszkańcy mniejszych miejscowości okazywali się bardziej konserwatywni. Zależność istotna statystycznie nie wystąpiła w przypadku deklaracji dotyczącej zaufania do rodziny. W przypadku niektórych odpowiedzi odnoszących się do postrzegania ról płciowych pojawiły się również istotne statystycznie różnice pomiędzy mieszkańcami mniejszych i większych miejscowości. Wartości i normy są inne w zależności od kultury, w której się wychowujemy. Kontrola społeczna jest silniejsza w mniejszych miejscowościach, tam bowiem trudniej pozostać anonimowym. Badanie potwierdziło, że wielkość miejscowości zamieszkania w wielu przypadkach istotnie statystycznie różnicuje wartości Polaków związane z rodziną i właśnie mieszkańcy mniejszych miejscowości częściej okazywali się przywiązani do koncepcji bardziej tradycyjnych, konserwatywnych. The purpose of the article is to determine whether the size of the place of residence influences the declarations regarding the distinguished values related to the family. The text is based on analysis of secondary statistical data - the integrated European Value Study/World Value Survey 2017-2021. The results of the study indicate that statistically significant differences, in regards to the size of the place of residence, occurred to all variables regarding parenthood factor. Small towns inhabitants turned out to be more conservative. There was no statistically significant dependence in the context of the declaration of trust in the family. Not with all of them, but with some of the answers relating to the perception of gender roles, there were also statistically significant differences between the inhabitants of different sizes of towns. Values and norms are different depending on the culture in which we are brought up. Social control is stronger in smaller towns, as it is more difficult to remain anonymous there. The study confirmed that the size of the place of residence, in many cases, statistically significantly differentiates the values related to the polish family, and the inhabitants of smaller towns turned out to be more often committed to the more traditional, conservative values.

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ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of homeless people using survival analysis. Seroprevalence in the homeless community was also compared with that of the general population.DesignCohort study.SettingData were collected across two testing sessions, 3 months apart, during which each participant was tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and completed a face-to-face survey.ParticipantsAll homeless adults sleeping rough, in slums or squats, in emergency shelters or transitional accommodation in Marseille were eligible.Primary outcome measuresOccurrence of a seroconversion event defined as a biologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Local data from a national seroprevalence survey were used for comparison between homeless people and the general population.ResultsA total of 1249 people were included. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 6.0% (4.7–7.3) during the first session to 18.9% (16.0–21.7) during the second one, compared with 3.0% (1.9–4.2) and 6.5% (4.5–8.7) in the general population. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection were: having stayed in emergency shelters (1.93 (1.18–3.15)), being an isolated parent (1.64 (1.07–2.52)) and having contact with more than 5–15 people per day (1.84 (1.27–2.67)). By contrast, smoking (0.46 (0.32–0.65)), having financial resources (0.70 (0.51–0.97)) and psychiatric or addictive comorbidities (0.52 (0.32–0.85)) were associated with a lower risk.ConclusionWe confirm that homeless people have higher infection rates than the general population, with increased risk in emergency shelters. There is growing evidence that, in addition to usual preventive measures, public policies should pay attention to adapt the type of accommodation and overall approach of precariousness.Trial registration numberNCT04408131

The article presents the results of creating a GIS project for Forest based on the QGIS program. During the work, the main stages of creating a GIS for a forest user were presented. Satellite images, navigator data, and forest management tablets were used. The raster was linked, the vectorization of quarters, allotments and Forest activities were carried out. A control check was made. The possibilities for the formation of forest planning documents are shown. Представлены результаты создания проекта ГИС для лесного хозяйства на базе программы QGIS. В ходе работы были представлены основные этапы создания ГИС для лесопользователя. Были использованы космоснимки, данные навигаторов, лесоустроительные планшеты. Была проведена привязка растра, проводилась векторизация кварталов, выделов и лесохозяйственных мероприятий. Сделана контрольная проверка. Показаны возможности формирования документов лесного планирования.

IntroductionReducing unmet need for modern contraception and expanding access to quality maternal health (MH) services are priorities for improving women’s health and economic empowerment. To support investment decisions, we estimated the additional cost and expected health and economic benefits of achieving the United Nations targets of zero unmet need for modern contraceptive choices and 95% coverage of MH services by 2030 in select Small Island Developing States.MethodsFive Pacific (Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu) and four Caribbean (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Saint Lucia) countries were considered based on population survey data availability. For each country, the Lives Saved Tool was used to model costs, health outcomes and economic benefits for two scenarios: business-as-usual (BAU) (coverage maintained) and coverage-targets-achieved, which scaled linearly from 2022 (following COVID-19 disruptions) coverage of evidence-based family planning and MH interventions to reach United Nations targets, including modern contraceptive methods and access to complete antenatal, delivery and emergency care. Unintended pregnancies, maternal deaths, stillbirths and newborn deaths averted by the coverage-targets-achieved scenario were converted to workforce, education and social economic benefits; and benefit–cost ratios were calculated.ResultsThe coverage-targets-achieved scenario required an additional US$12.6M (US$10.8M−US$15.9M) over 2020–2030 for the five Pacific countries (15% more than US$82.4M to maintain BAU). This additional investment was estimated to avert 126 000 (40%) unintended pregnancies, 2200 (28%) stillbirths and 121 (29%) maternal deaths and lead to a 15-fold economic benefit of US$190.6M (US$67.0M−US$304.5M) by 2050. For the four Caribbean countries, an additional US$17.8M (US$15.3M−US$22.4M) was needed to reach the targets (4% more than US$405.4M to maintain BAU). This was estimated to avert 127 000 (23%) unintended pregnancies, 3600 (23%) stillbirths and 221 (25%) maternal deaths and lead to a 24-fold economic benefit of US$426.2M (US$138.6M−US$745.7M) by 2050.ConclusionAchieving full coverage of contraceptive and MH services in the Pacific and Caribbean is likely to have a high return on investment.

Рассмотрены актуальные проблемы идентификации и классификации необработанной древесины. Сделан обзор положительной судебной практики по делам, связанным с идентификацией товаров группы 44 ТН ВЭД ЕАЭС. Показано, что участники ВЭД пытаются обойти законодательство, используя товары прикрытия для необработанной древесины, ограниченной к вывозу. Предложены пути решения проблем., The article discusses live issues of identification and classification of raw wood. The author reviews positive judicial practice in cases related to the identification of goods of the 44 FEACN group of the EAEU. The research shows that FEA participants try to circumvent the legislation by using cover products for raw wood restricted for export. The author proposes ways of solving the problems.

Focusing on the period from the adoption of the 1967 Declaration on Territorial Asylum to the 1977 Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Territorial Asylum in Geneva, this article examines attempts to arrive at an international treaty on territorial asylum. Charting the trajectory of the drafting process, it shows how the ambition of international lawyers and UNHCR to go beyond article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1967 Declaration was eventually thwarted. Australia played a significant role at the 1977 conference and particular attention is paid to the development of its position. The article argues that the discussions over the proposed convention on territorial asylum were symptomatic of States’ unwillingness to countenance a right to asylum, and their concomitant willingness to extend the principle of non-refoulement.

Lung cancer is of public health importance and imposes a great deal of socioeconomic and disease burden on the West African subregion and Nigeria in particular. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide and accounts for 11.4% of all new cancers. In this review, we did not find any well-coordinated lung cancer registry in either Nigeria or any other West African country. For us to attain any meaningful level of the interventional plan to address any identifiable deficiencies in the treatment of lung cancer in the West African subregion, it is imperative that a specific regional lung cancer registry with a regular audit of the reporting, is set up. There is an urgent need for further studies on the local risk factors predisposing to lung cancer, especially in the younger age group. Finally, intense pressure must be mounted on the governments within West Africa to implement the 15% GDP allocation to the health budget as agreed in the WHO/Abuja Declaration and to speed up efforts towards universal health insurance.

La presente investigación describe los diversos aportes dogmáticos que han surgido para la tutela del derecho a la salud, y éste, en contexto de la emergencia sanitaria provocada por la COVID-19, además analiza aquellos parámetros jurídico constitucionales relacionados con las prerrogativas, limitaciones, y actuaciones del Estado para atender la emergencia sanitaria, en ese sentido, se describe por un lado, la participación del Estado para garantizar, por todos los medios posibles, durante el estado de necesidad, el ejercicio de los derechos constitucionales, fundamentalmente enfocado al derecho a la salud; y por otro, analiza las consideraciones dogmática constitucionales relacionadas con la figura del –estado de excepción-, y la dicotomía existente, entre la posibilidad de atención de situaciones críticas, y el abuso de poder que podrían devenir en la vulneración de derechos por parte del Estado. Para ello se estudia el dictamen No. 1-20-EE/20 de la Corte Constitucional ecuatoriana, que da viabilidad constitucional para atender la emergencia COVID-19, mediante el control previo para la vigencia de la declaratoria del -estado de excepción- en territorio ecuatoriano, en ese sentido, se plantea responder la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Determinar si la situación pandémica que vivió el país, a pesar de resultar nueva e inesperada, es susceptible de atención a través de los mecanismos ordinarios de gestión institucional, o en su defecto esta puede ser atendida a partir de la declaratoria del -estado de excepción-, y si esta observa o no, las disposiciones constitucionales, y las recomendaciones de la doctrina?

espanolLos riesgos y danos de una investigacion suele ser un tema discutido en la investigacion social en salud, debido a que se llegan a minimizar, negar su existencia, o no comunicar a los participantes. La reduccion de los efectos nocivos se estipula en el articulo 4 de la Declaracion Universal sobre Bioetica y Derechos Humanos, pero esta referencia parece no aludir directamente a las ciencias sociales. Objetivos. 1) comprender los efectos nocivos derivados de la investigacion social y 2) describir la aplicacion del articulo 4 de la Declaracion, especificamente en la reduccion de los efectos nocivos en los participantes en este campo de la ciencia. Metodo. Aplicamos una encuesta a investigadores sociales, quienes respondieron un cuestionario electronico que indagaba la opinion y experiencia en algunas de las practicas eticas en los estudios sociales. Resultados. Indican que los efectos nocivos se plantean como probabilidad de repercusiones de ciertas acciones y decisiones del investigador; confirma riesgos como el mal uso y/o la manipulacion de la informacion, la generacion de falsas expectativas en los participantes, la invasion de sus espacios y de su intimidad. Los danos fueron la revelacion de la identidad, la violacion de los derechos y la generacion de estigma y prejuicios; aporta otro tipo de efectos nocivos como los intereses propios del investigador o de su institucion. Discusion. Los investigadores sociales si aplican el articulo 4 de la Declaracion, sin embargo, se cuestionan una serie de aspectos del contexto social y cultural implicado en las repercusiones eticas catalaEls riscos i danys d'una recerca sol ser un tema discutit en la recerca social en salut, pel fet que s'arriben a minimitzar, negar la seva existencia, o no comunicar als participants. La reduccio dels efectes nocius s'estipula en l'article 4 de la Declaracio Universal sobre Bioetica i Drets Humans, pero aquesta referencia sembla no al·ludir directament a les ciencies socials. Objectius. 1) comprendre els efectes nocius derivats de la recerca social i 2) descriure l'aplicacio de l'article 4 de la Declaracio, especificament en la reduccio dels efectes nocius en els participants en aquest camp de la ciencia. Metode. Apliquem una enquesta a investigadors socials, els qui van respondre un questionari electronic que indagava l'opinio i experiencia en algunes de les practiques etiques en els estudis socials. Resultats. Indiquen que els efectes nocius es plantegen com a probabilitat de repercussions de certes accions i decisions de l'investigador; confirma riscos com el mal us i/o la manipulacio de la informacio, la generacio de falses expectatives en els participants, la invasio dels seus espais i de la seva intimitat. Els danys van ser la revelacio de la identitat, la violacio dels drets i la generacio d'estigma i prejudicis; aporta un altre tipus d'efectes nocius com els interessos propis de l'investigador o de la seva institucio. Discussio. Els investigadors socials si que apliquen l'article 4 de la Declaracio, no obstant aixo, es questionen una serie d'aspectes del context social i cultural implicat en les repercussions etiques. EnglishRisks and harms comprisea controversial topic in health sciences social research: they are minimised, denied, or not communicated to study participants. Article 4 of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights stipulates the need to minimise harm, but this provision does not appear to refer directly to social sciences. Objectives: 1) to understand the harmful effects in social research; and 2) to describe the application of Article 4 to harm reduction in this field of research. Methods: We conducted an internet-based survey with social research investigators, asking about their experience and opinions regarding ethical practices in social research studies. Results: Respondents indicated that harmful effects were considered in terms of the repercussions of certain actions and decisions of the investigator,confirms risks such as the misuse and/or manipulation of information, the generation of false expectations of participants, the invasion of their space and privacy. The harms were disclosure of identity, violation of rights and the generation of stigma and prejudice; it brings in other types of harmful effects such as the self-interest of the researcher or his/her institution. Discussion: Social researchers observe Article 4, but this study questions aspects of the social and cultural context and their ethical repercussions.

BACKGROUND: Social distancing measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 may cause changes in psychosocial factors. This study aimed to clarify changes in psychosocial factors among older adults before and after Japan's declaration of a state of emergency over coronavirus disease 2019. METHODS: This was a longitudinal cohort questionnaire study. A baseline survey was conducted in March 2020, and a follow-up survey was conducted in August 2020. The subjects were 1103 community-dwelling older adults not certified as having long-term care needs who responded to both the baseline and follow-up surveys. Changes in psychosocial factors before and after the state of emergency declaration were analysed by gender using the McNemar-Bowker test. RESULTS: Data for 397 men (mean age ± standard deviation: 80.6 ± 4.7 years) and 486 women (80.3 ± 4.3 years) were analysed in this study. The frequency of meeting friends increased over the study period for men (P = 0.04). An increasing number of women lived alone (P = 0.01). However, many people's financial status improved (P < 0.01), and the number of friends met in the previous month increased (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: None of the examined psychosocial factors worsened, except for the increase in the number of women living alone. However, many of the study subjects refrained from engaging in certain activities. If the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic persists, changes in psychosocial factors may occur. Therefore, a long-term investigation of the secondary psychosocial effects of coronavirus disease 2019 is necessary.

The article examines the concept of euthanasia, the main scientific doctrines, which determine the attitude of legal experts to this phenomenon, and the reasons for the theory about the need to establish the right to euthanasia as the form of realization of the right to die in Ukrainian legislation and at the international level.Theproblemofthecontroversy of the concept that recognizes the existence of the fourth generation of human rights to which the right to euthanasia belongs is covered. It is determined that there are some disputes in scientific circles caused by theemergence of a new generation of rights. It is also determined that the new generation of rights is quite debatable, as it destroys the established classification of human rights.The concept of euthanasia is studied, the main distinguishing features between active and passive forms of the implementation of this phenomenon are characterized. It is identified that the majority of disputes about euthanasia legalizing is related to the implementation of its active form. Based on the research of scientists’ positions from different fields of science on the possibility of legalizing euthanasia, the two main views have been identified: for legalizing euthanasia and against it.It has been found that the basis for the difference of opinion on this issue is the controversy of the right to euthanasia in the context of the constitutional human right to life.The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in issues related to euthanasia is analyzed. The comparison of the two decisions of the Court has been made and on this basis the peculiarities of the regulation of this problem in the international arena are clarified.The positive and negative aspects of the implementation of the right to euthanasia are analyzed.The possibility of establishng the right to die at the state and international levels is considered, its contradiction to the right to life, which is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, as well as in the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, is justified. The emphasis is placed on the need to develop medicine in order to prevent cases that could lead to the use of euthanasia.Taking into consideration the number and importance of negative factors in euthanasia implementation and the general unwillingness of society to legalize such a right, the conclusion that justified the inadvisability of enshrining the right to euthanasia in the legislation of Ukraine has been developed.

Air pollution is one of the main environmental reasons for many diseases in Bulgaria. Plenty of studies indicate that the country is still far from achieving air quality levels that do not pose a risk to people and the environment. The current research is directed toward eight companies in Bulgaria, which are responsible for over 70% of greenhouse gas emissions from fixed installations. The study was conducted during the period of 2016 to 2019. The main hypothesis is that due to the public importance of these companies’ activities, the quantity and quality of non-financial information disclosed by them will be significant. Additionally, it is examined how the required obligation for some companies to publish together with their annual financial statements and non-financial declaration has reflected on the disclosures made by them. The research is conducted on the basis of annual financial statements published by the companies, non-financial declarations, annual activity reports and information contained on their websites.

In summer 2020, the Russian Federation initiated amendments to agreements on double taxation avoidance concluded with foreign States. The President of the Russian Federation outlined the goal of this procedure, namely: to ensure the collection of tax on dividends and other payments in the amount of at least 15%. It is extremely curious that the change in such tax agreements correlates with the legal institution of the re-domiciliation of foreign companies to the Russian jurisdiction (to special administrative regions on the Oktyabrsky and Russian Islands). New provisions of agreements on the avoidance of double taxation in conjunction with the re-domiciliation procedure, as well as the existing mechanism for voluntary declaration of accounts and assets, can potentially bring the fight against offshorization of the domestic economy to a new level.The aim of the study is to compare the financial and other operating conditions of an international company registered in the order of re-domiciliation in a Russian special administrative region and an organization registered in a “low-tax” (offshore) jurisdiction. To achieve this goal, analytical and comparative legal research methods were used, which made it possible to draw the following conclusions: in the changing circumstances, the Russian special administrative regions are approaching in terms of the conditions for carrying out commercial activities and the volume of financial preferences provided to traditional offshore jurisdictions. However, in order to activate the process of re-domiciliation of foreign companies to the Oktyabrsky and Russky Islands, it is necessary to eliminate the shortcomings of legal regulation by amending the existing regulatory legal acts.

Questionamo-nos se a vinculação da covid-19 ao significante “guerra” poderia esvaziar a força legal da Declaração dos Direitos Humanos, atingindo-a em seu pilar fundamental: a dignidade humana. Retomamos as considerações de Clausewitz, para quem, não se constituindo como episódio inesperado, a guerra consiste em continuação da política, para chegar a Foucault, que desvela que as relações de poder produzem uma regulamentação da vida e da morte, o que nos relança no campo de vulnerabilidade que a metáfora bélica indica e oculta. No momento dramático da pandemia, a convocação de todos para a guerra, a convocação solidária contra o inimigo comum, embora justificável como medida de emergência e apelo necessário para o isolamento social, também pode servir como anverso da necropolítica (Mbembe, 2016), a morte visível produzida pelo vírus revestindo a morte invisível dos excluídos e descartáveis, dos “matáveis” de sempre.

That the Lutheran World Federation and the Pontifical Council for Unity attempted a joint declaration on the doctrine of justification is worthy of commendation. The resulting Joint Declaration constitutes some of the best contemporary efforts at ecumenical dialogue in the spirit of Christian union. This essay outlines the development of both medieval Catholic and subsequent Protestant conceptions of justification that led to disunion in the Western Church, reviews the initial points of division on the doctrine during the era of the Reformation for the purpose of grasping more fully the ecumenical feat of the JDDJ, and seeks to clarify what issues appear to remain unclear or unresolved in the document. The article also outlines the history of how Baptists in America have understood the doctrine of justification in order to consider how such Baptists might perceive the promise and potential lingering challenges or questions regarding the joint declaration.

The approach taken in this paper is based on two key considerations: (1) the emphasis that the Baptist theological tradition places on the role played by Scripture and its interpretation in the formulation, judgment, and renewal of our confessional statements; and (2) the testimony of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ) that the common understanding it articulates is grounded in a “common way of listening to the word of God in Scripture” ( JDDJ §8) and was derived, at least in part, by “appropriating insights of recent biblical studies” ( JDDJ §13). Its primary content is a brief summary of relevant discussions on justification and related themes in recent New Testament scholarship, some reflections on those discussions, and some suggestions for how those understandings might inform a collective Baptist response to the Joint Declaration. It concludes that the JDDJ should be taken by Baptists as a sign of hope and an encouragement to further conversation, including a distinctively Baptist explication of the common understanding stated in JDDJ §§15–17.

This essay outlines the genesis and impact of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification ( JDDJ) from a Baptist perspective. Starting with comparative studies of individual theologians from 1949 to 1980 it sketches the prehistory of the JDDJ including the results of ecumenical dialogues from 1972 to 1994. The essay then presents the origins and contents of the JDDJ from the draft version (1997) to the signing (1999), including the development and content of the “Official Common Statement.” The author includes as well the impact of JDDJ on the study on “The Biblical Foundations of the Doctrine of Justification” (2012); the Notre Dame Consultation (2019); and ecumenical dialogues on justification with Baptist participation. The author appreciates the JDDJ as the most significant result of ecumenical dialogues since the formation of the ecumenical movement and expresses his hope that the Baptist World Alliance too will assent to the consensus.

First, the author briefly describes the historical development of the idea of supremacy of law. Then he goes on to describe the assessment with which this category of social philosophy was met by the Teaching Office of the Church in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Reluctance gives way to acceptance with John XXIII’s Encyclical Pacem in Terris and two documents of the Second Vatican Council: Declaration Dignitatis Humanae andConstitution Gaudium et spes. The Church supports respect for the rule of law, but does not understand it in a positivist way. In the opinion of the Magisterium, formal aspects of the rule of law should be understood as guarantees protecting the inherent rights of the human person.