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Evaluation of hypersensitivity to anthraquinone dyes, which are widely used as color additives, was performed in guinea pigs. In animals sensitized with 1% commercial-grade D&C Green No. 6 (Quinizarin Green SS, CI61565), subsequent challenge with the same dye showed a dose-dependent hypersensitivity reaction, whereas challenge with D&C Green No. 6 purified by recrystallization did not. Guinea pigs sensitized with commercial-grade D&C Green No. 6 showed a positive reaction to challenge with quinizarin, an intermediate in dye synthesis, but not to p-toluidine, another intermediate. It was confirmed that quinizarin itself induced hypersensitivity. The cross-reactivity of four kinds of purified dyes, in which the quinizarin contents were 1.2 ppm or less, was evaluated. Purified D&C Green No. 5 (Alizarin Cyanin Green F, CI61570), D&C Green No. 6 and Ext. D&C Violet No. 2 (Alizurol Purple, CI60730) did not produce a hypersensitivity response, while D&C Violet No. 2 (Alizurin Purple SS, CI60725) did. We found that D&C Green No. 5, D&C Green No. 6 and Ext. D&C Violet No. 2 do not intrinsically induce hypersensitivity, and we conclude that the reaction to challenge with the commercial-grade dyes is due to quinizarin contaminating them. In contrast, D&C Violet No. 2 per se induced hypersensitivity. A structure–activity study indicated that 1-hydroxyl and 4-hydroxyl groups in the anthraquinone structure are key factors in hypersensitivity induction by anthraquinone-related compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The NH3, H2O, and C2H5OH cross-sensitivities to the NO2 electrical response of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) thin films for gas sensing applications is reported. CNTs have been deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on Si3N4/Si substrates provided with Pt electrodes. Microstructural features as determined by SEM, TEM (electronic scanning and transmission microscopy) and Raman spectroscopy have highlighted the growth of well developed tubular carbon structures of 30–40 nm diameter and 100–200 nm length. CNTs have shown a p-type response with decrease in resistance upon exposure to NO2 gas (10–100 ppb) and the highest sensitivity at 165 °C working temperature. The NO2 gas sensitivity has resulted to be improved by annealing the as-grown films at temperatures higher than 330°. No response has been found by exposing the films to CO and CH4 in the working temperature range 25–250 °C. An amount of 500 ppm of NH3 and ethanol, as well as 80% relative humidity (RH), have resulted to increase the electrical resistance of the films. Cross-sensitivity test have highlighted strong interference of ethanol and ammonia gases to the NO2 response, while negligible cross-sensitivity effects have been found with humidity at 80 RH. The reproducibility of the electrical response to NO2 is also reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we report a novel long-period fiber grating (LPFG) fabricated by using a new writing technique that is mainly based on the thermal shock effect of focused high-frequency CO2 laser pulses at several kilohertz. A number of unique characteristics of such a LPFG, such as bend, torsion, and transverse load, are observed by experiments, for the first time, to our knowledge. Based on these unique features, a novel bend-insensitive LPFG sensor that could solve the problem of cross-sensitivity between bend and other measurands, a novel torsion sensor that can realize absolute measurement of twist rate, and a load sensor that can achieve simultaneous measurement of transverse load and temperature using a single LPFG element are proposed and demonstrated. These unique features of the LPFGs are mainly due to the asymmetrical distribution of the refractive index on the cross section of the LPFG induced by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Allergic contact dermatitis from topical corticosteroids is not uncommon. Budesonide has been included in the European standard series as a marker for corticosteroid allergy, though little is known of its cross-reactivity with other corticosteroids. Twelve patients previously positive to budesonide on patch testing were given further patch and intradermal tests to a range of corticosteroids. Six patients previously negative to budesonide on patch testing were used as a control group. Budesonide cross-reacts with hydrocortisone-21-sodium phosphate and triamcinolone acetonide. Patients positive to budesonide should therefore avoid hydrocortisone and triamcinolone acetonide. Patch testing, unfortunately, is an inaccurate method of determining cross-reactivity patterns among corticosteroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a case of latex, potato and tomato allergy in a 39-year-old restaurateur. History of fingertip dermatitis; Positive reactions to nickel, cobalt and fragrance; Cross-reactions of latex allergy to various foodstuffs; Primary sensitization of latex allergy to potato or tomato.

Presents a case report of a 24-year-old woman who has shown simultaneous contact sensitivity to hydroxystearic acid and C18-36 acid triglyceride in lip glosses. Presenting signs and symptoms; Presentation of positive patch test reaction to three of the woman's lip glosses.

Presents a case report of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from falcarinol in a 57-year-old school cook. Presenting signs and symptoms; Ability of falcarinol and didehydrofalcarinol to cause allergic and irritant contact dermatitis; Risks of occupational contact dermatitis among food preparers.

Presents a case report of contact leukoderma secondary to occupational toluenediamine sulfate exposure in a 38-year-old man. Presenting signs and symptoms; Case history; Improvement of the rash with topical corticosteroid; Occurrence of contact leucoderma secondary to a preceding allergic dermatitis.

The properties of solvent polymeric membrane sensors based on 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and phthalocyanine (PHC) have been investigated. The sensitivity and selectivity of sensors towards wide range of mono- and di-valent cations have been measured. The selectivity towards the transition metal ions for TPP-based sensor does not correspond to the cation lipophilicity sequence. The dependence of response on pH was studied. The cross-sensitivity parameters, including average response slope, signal-to-noise ratio and “non-selectivity” factor for all sensors were calculated and compared. The influence of plasticizer and ionic additive on the response of sensors was characterized using principal component analysis (PCA). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present our patch test findings with dermatocorticosteroids during the period 1995–1999. We retrospectively studied the % of doubtful and positive reactions to each allergen in our corticosteroid series and assessed the relevance of these reactions. To assess reproducibility, we retested 15 patients with doubtful or positive reactions in 1999. The % of + or ++ reactions on D2-D3 and D7 ranged from 0.0% to 0.9% for most of the compounds tested. Hydrocortisone acetate 1% alc.abs./DMSO 50/50 showed a much higher % of positive reactions. Most of these reactions were not relevant and therefore probably due to the irritant nature of the vehicle. An overall reproducibility of 47.2% was obtained. 100.0% of the non-reproducible patch test reactions were not relevant. Definite relevance was much higher in the reproducible + or ++ reactions than in the reproducible doubtful reactions: 100.0% and 18.2%, respectively. We conclude that the mean % of + and ++ reactions to the corticosteroid series on D2-D3 is 0.5%, with an overall reproducibility of 47.2%. Tixocortol pivalate and budesonide proved to be important markers for dermatocorticosteroid allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature has been reviewed for contact dermatitis from topical antiviral drugs. 15 agents have been identified including acyclovir, imiquimod, podophyllin, podofilox, cidofovir, penciclovir, vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, tromantadine, lamivudine, interferon intralesional injections and ophthalmic solution, fomivirsen and foscarnet intravitreal injections and ganciclovir intraocular implants. Patch testing has been documented in certain individuals and cross-sensitization has been observed to contribute significantly to some allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of case reports of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-acryloxypropoxy)phenyl]-propane (epoxy diacrylate) in ultraviolet-cured inks. It describes the methodology and patients of the study. It discusses the findings of the study and the patch test reactions of the patients.

A feedback wavelength demodulation and compensation system for the FBG-tuned CW Er3+-doped fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The system is constructed by three related modules: a tuning module, a demodulation module and a control module. These modules construct a real-time feedback system, whose function and working logic are discussed in detail. The FBG-tuned laser wavelength can be locked automatically, which makes the wavelength stable and free from different physical interferences. In the experiment of varied temperature, the effect of cross-sensitivity is compensated by active continuous micro strain tuning, the output wavelength is stabilized for 150 min over the temperature range of 10 °C – 40 °C, and the wavelength shift is limited less than 0.01 nm. [Display omitted] • A demodulation-judgment-compensation system is established for an FBG-tuned CW Er3+-doped fiber laser. • All tunable wavelengths can be locked and stabilized automatically in real-time feedback mode. • The method of continuous micro tuning FBG is applied to compensate wavelength shift caused by various interferences. • The shift of compensated wavelength is less than 0.01 nm over the temperature range of 10 °C – 40 °C for 150 min. The cross-sensitivity of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) always leads to the complexity and instability in its engineering applications, and there are more uncertain factors that affect the center wavelength when FBG is used in fiber lasers as the tunable frequency selector. In order to obtain the stable wavelength of FBG-tuned continuous wave (CW) Er3+-doped fiber laser, we propose and demonstrate a feedback wavelength demodulation and compensation system, which consists of three interrelated parts: a wavelength tuning module controlled by a stepper motor, an all-fiber wavelength demodulation module and a single-chip-based control module. They work cooperatively in a feedback mode and achieve the stabilization of any output laser wavelength in its continuous tunable wavelength range. In the experiment, the output laser wavelength can be locked at the wanted wavelength and be compensated automatically under arbitrary manual tuning in a wide range. When the temperature varies from 10 °C to 40 °C, the laser wavelength shift is less than 0.01 nm for 150 min by real-time compensation, and the corresponding total wavelength shift of ∼0.7 nm is eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous sensing of multiple gases by a single fluorescent-based gas sensor is of utmost importance for practical applications. Such sensing is strongly hindered by cross-sensitivity effects. In this study, we propose a novel analysis method to ameliorate such hindrance. The trial sensor used here was fabricated by coating platinum(II) meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP) and eosin-Y dye molecules on both sides of a filter paper for sensing O2 and NH3 gases simultaneously. The fluorescent peak intensities of the dyes can be quenched by the analytes and this phenomenon is used to identify the gas concentrations. Ideally, each dye is only sensitive to one gas species. However, the fluorescent peak related to O2 sensing is also quenched by NH3 and vice versa. Such cross-sensitivity strongly hinders gas concentration detection. Therefore, we have studied this cross-sensitivity effect systematically and thus proposed a new analysis method for accurate estimation of gas concentration. Comparing with a traditional method (neglecting cross-sensitivity), this analysis improves O2-detection error from −11.4% ± 34.3% to 2.0% ± 10.2% in a mixed background of NH3 and N2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty normal control volunteers were patch tested to 20% neomycin as well as tobramycin 1%, 10%, 20% and 30% in white petrolatum. Tobramycin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic for prescription ophthalmologic use in the United States. There were no reactions on any of the control volunteers. Twenty known and proven neomycin-allergic patients were then tested to tobramycin 10% and 20% in white petrolatum, as well as to neomycin 20% aqueous and 20% in white petrolatum. All 20 reacted with a 2+ or greater response to the neomycin patch tests. Twelve out of the 20 or 60% of the neomycin-allergic patients reacted to 20% tobramycin in white petrolatum. From these data, tobramycin (ophthalmic) should not be used to treat known neomycin-allergic patients without first patch testing the patient with 20% tobramycin in white petrolatum. It appears probable that 65% of neomycin-allergic patients would react with a dermatitic response to such therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arylpropionic acid derivatives (APADs) ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid can provoke photoallergic dermatitis. Possible cross-reactivity between APADs is of importance in patients using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Because of the similarities in chemical structures, we investigated patients with photoallergy to ketoprofen or tiaprofenic acid, in order to study cross-reactivity between APADs and a possible pattern of cross-reactivity between benzophenone-containing molecules, so as to determine the molecular basis of photoallergy to ketoprofen or tiaprofenic acid. 10 patients with photoallergy to topical ketoprofen, 2 with photoallergy to oral tiaprofenic acid, and 15 control subjects with no history of contact dermatitis from APADs, nor from benzophenone-containing molecules, were photopatch tested in triplicate with ketoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, other APADs (alminoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen and naproxen), benzophenone-containing molecules (fenofibrate, oxybenzone, sulisobenzone), and unsubstituted benzophenone. 1 set was irradiated with UVA light, 1 with solar-simulated irradiation and 1 dark control. Tests were read at 2, 3 and 4 days. Patients reacted to both ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid (12/12), fenofibrate (8/12), oxybenzone (3/12) and unsubstituted benzophenone (11/12), but not to other APADs, nor to sulisobenzone. Tests remained negative in control patients. Photoallergy is due to the benzophenone moiety of ketoprofen, or to the very similar thiophene-phenylketone of tiaprofenic acid, but not to their arylpropionic function. This induces cross-reactivity to fenofibrate and oxybenzone but not to APADs without a benzophenone moiety, which may therefore probably be used in such patients. Unsubstituted benzophenone should be added to standard phototesting series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined sensitizations to different azo dyes, probably based both on true cross-sensitization and on simultaneous positive reaction, have frequently been described. However, since azo dyes are included in the standard series in a minority of countries, the case studies considered comprise, with few exceptions, a smaller number of subjects. The aim of our study was to investigate cross-reactions between different azo dyes and para-amino compounds in azo-dye-sensitive subjects, to study the clinical aspects of azo dye dermatitis, to assess the relevance of sensitization to azo dyes, and to relate the pattern of cross-sensitizations to the chemical structure of the different dyes. Out of 6203 consecutively tested patients, 236 were sensitized to at least 1 of 6 azo compounds employed as textile dyes, included in our standard series. 107 subjects reacted to Disperse Orange 3 (DO3), 104 to Disperse Blue 124 (Db124), 76 to p-aminoazobenzene (PAB), 67 to Disperse Red 1 (DR1), 42 to Disperse Yellow 3 (DY3) and 31 to p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (PDAAB). Co-sensitizations to para-phenylenediamine were present in most subjects sensitized to DO3 (66%) and PAAB (75%), in 27% and 36% of DR1 and DY3-sensitive subjects, and only in 16% of subjects sensitized to DB124. Apart from the hands and the face, the neck and the axillae were the most frequently involved skin sites. Whereas the involvement of flexural areas was mainly connected with sensitization to DB124, in patients with hand dermatitis and in those working as hairdressers, sensitization to DO3 and PAAB was more frequent. Moreover, in the former patient group, a history of textile dye allergy was most frequently obtained. Out of 33 patients tested with an additional textile dye series, only 5 subjects reacted to anthraquinone dyes. Cross-sensitization between azo dyes and para-amino compounds can partially be explained on the basis of structural affinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was conducted as follows in 9 farmers with contact allergy due to rubber boots: (i) patch tests with 19 rubber additives; (ii) chemical analysis of additives in 6 pairs of rubber boots; (iii) use tests on a hypoallergenic trial product in 5 patients. The following results were obtained: (i) in the patch tests, all 9 patients showed positive reactions to 1 or more of the nitrogen(N)-containing antioxidants (IPPD, DMBPPD, ETMDQ); (ii) ETMDQ was detected in 1 pair of rubber boots, and IPPD and DMBPPD in another pair; (iii) no patient using hypoallergenic boots during rice-planting had recurrent dermatitis. N-containing antioxidants, such as IPPD, DMBPPD and ETMDQ, were thus considered as the main causative agents and the trial product was found useful for managing contact dermatitis. Contact allergy due to ETMDQ in rubber is reported here for the 1st time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review concentrates on some specific aspects of the chemistry of allergic contact dermatitis. The way low molecular weight chemicals react with skin proteins to form complete antigens will be discussed and the development of molecular modelling techniques to analyse molecular recognition presented. Subsequently, how knowledge of the chemical structure can be used to estimate the allergenic activity of a molecule will be considered. This aspect includes work with qualitative and quantitative structure-activity relationships (SAR) in the field of contact allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delayed-type allergenicity of triforine (Saprol®), 1,4-bis (2,2,2-trichloro-1-formamidoethyl) piperarine, was studied. In a mass examination of chrysanthemum growers among whom triforine was commonly used, the highest rate of positive patch test reaction was seen to triforine (17%) among the 7 pesticides and chrysanthemum extracts tested. A higher prevalence rate of work-related skin symptoms was seen in subjects with a positive patch test reaction to triforine (44%) than in those with negative reactions to all allergens tested (15%) (p <0.05). 12 subjects (67%) with positive patch test reactions to triforine were also positive to dichlorvos (DDVP®), with a high × coefficient (0.65). The grading of guinea pig maximization test to tribune was grade IV (66%), defined as "strong". Cross-sensitization between triforine and dichlorvos was also shown. The present results confirm that triforine is capable of including delayed-type allergy among chrysanthemum growers and of showing cross-reactivity with dichlorvos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the pattern of cross-sensitivity between 4 members of the Compositae family, namely Parthenium hysterophorus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Helianthus annuus L. and Chrysanthemum coronarium L., 63 patients clinically diagnosed to have airborne contact dermatitis, and 51 controls having well-defined patterns of contact dermatitis caused by agents other than plants, were patch tested with measured amounts of standardized aqueous extracts of these plants. Positive reactions were obtained in 62 patients and 13 controls with Parthenium hysterophorus, in 47 patients and 9 controls with Xanthium strumarium, in 7 patients and 2 controls with Helianthus annuus, and in 13 of the 57 patients and one out of 28 controls tested with Chrysanthemum coronarium. 2 patients were allergic to all 4 of the plants; 14 patients to 3 plants, namely Parthenium, Xanrhium and Chrysanthemum in 9 cases and Parthenium, Xanthium and Helianthus in 5 cases; 32 patients to 2 plants, namely Parthenium and Xanzhium in 30 casts, and Parthenium and Chrysanthemum, and Xanthium and Chrysanthemum in 1 case each; 15 patients were allergic to 1 plant only, that being Parthenium. All the 47 patients allergic to Xanthium. 13 patients allergic to Chrysanthemum and 7 patients allergic to Helianthus were positive with some other plant as well. There was 1 patient who was allergic to Xanthium and Chrysanthemum but not to Parthenium. The titre of contact hypersensitivity (TCH) determined in the patients allergic to Parthenium, Xanthium and Helianthus showed values that varied widely with each plant in different patients, and there was no parallelism between the TCH with various plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terpene l-carvone is one of the main constituents of spearmint oil. The sensitizing potential of l-carvone has been considered low, but it has occasionally caused contact allergy in users of spearmint toothpaste and chewing gum. l-Carvone is also an oxidation product of d-Iimonene that occurs in solvents used increasingly in industry. We included l-carvone 5% pet. in the standard patch test series. In the 1st year, 541 patients were tested and 15 (2.77%) had positive, and 12 doubtful positive (?+) reactions to l-carvone. The strongest reactions were observed in 9 patients with concomitant compositae sensitivity. The key clinical features and other contact allergies of the patients are presented. When re-testing with l-carvone in the same or lower concentrations, only 2 out of 8 patients had positive reactions. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in terms of cross-reactions, concomitant sensitization, excited skin syndrome, irritancy and facilitated immunological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patient a 34-year old Japanese woman who noticed worsening of her rash after using topical corticosteroid preparations on her neck, was patch tested for both commercial preparations and corticosteroids themselves. The patch test results revealed that she had a contact allergy to gold, oxyteracycline, and 2 types of corticosieroid (acetonides and esters) in 7 compounds (betamethasone valerate and dipropionate, hydrocortisone butyrate and hydrocortisone butyrate propionate, ameinonide, budesonide, and fluocinonide). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

9 cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to black "velvet" fabrics, mostly leggings, are reported. In all cases, the 2 disperse dyes Blue 106 and 124 were shown to be the responsible contact sensitizers. Preparation of a chloroform extract and separation of the different disperse dyes by analytical and preparative thin-layer chromatography showed that 8 of the 9 black "velvet" clothes contained the same composition, namely Disperse Blue 1. 106. and 124. Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Yellow 3. In experimental studies performed previously. Disperse Blue 124 has been demonstrated to be a moderate sensitizer while Disperse Blue 106 proved to be the strongest sensitizer found so far among the azo disperse dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of all mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives in the mercapto mix patch testing standard. The stability of the mercaptobenzothiazoles constituting the mercapto mix was studied both in petrolatum and in buffer solution at pH 6.5, with and without glutathione. In petrolatum vehicle, dibenzothiazyl disulfide was the dominant compound found in stored mercapto mix. In buffer solution at pH 6.5, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and the sulfenamide derivatives morpholinyl mercaptobenzothiazole and N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl sulfenamide were converted into dibenzothiazyl disulfide. In the presence glutathione, both the sulfenamide derivatives and the dibenzothiazyl disulfide were rapidly converted into 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The findings explain the "cross-sensitivities" reported for the mercaptobenzothiazole group as a result of chemical reactions resulting in one main hapten. The use of a single substance for patch testing for mercaptobenzothiazole hypersensitivity is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p-Phenylenediamine (PPDA) is a strong contact sensitizer which is included in the standard patch test tray and which can also act as an indicator of allergy to related substances by virtue of cross reactions. In a previous study, the pattern of cross-reactions between PPDA and related substances was investigated in the guinea pig to evaluate the prohapten concept. The results provided some support for this concept, but also indicated that a number of reactive intermediates might be behaving as haptens. This work has now been extended to an examination of the prohapten concept in man in PPDA-allergic subjects. These subjects were tested with 7 substituted benzenes, plus PPDA. Of these, the 1,4-substituted benzenes hydroquinone. Metol, PPDA and p-aminophenol are all capable theoretically of giving rise to benzoquinone by oxidation (after demethylation in the case of Metol). However, as had been the case in the guinea pig, only a limited degree of cross-reaction was observed. Only one of the subjects allergic to PPDA gave a clearly positive allergic reaction to benzoquinone. The data provided only limited support for the prohapten concept in terms of benzoquinone as the ultimate hapten for a range of 1,4-substituted benzenes. As indicated in the guinea pig, a range of reaction intermediated or indeed other oxidation products may be involved. So, for each molecule, the sensitizing activity and potential to give rise to cross-reactions may depend on the balance between routes of skin metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 15 months, we detected allergic patch test reactions to tioconazole in 14 patients, 9 of the 14 patients were allergic to additional imidazole derivatives used as antifungal agents. The positive patch test reactions to tioconazole may have been caused either by simultaneous sensitization or more probably by cross-reactivity between the various commercially used imidazole derivatives with a similar chemical structure. The abundant use of tioconazole in concentrated (up to 28%) topical formulations in Finland could be the major cause of the apparent increase in allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patch test results of 61 patients allergic to at least 1 corticosteroid molecule are presented. These contact allergies were detected by testing with several corticosteroids included in our standard patch test series between February 1998 and December 1990. Whenever possible, further investigations were conducted by means of more complete corticosteroid senes. We found corticosteroids to be the 7th most frequent allergen, positive results being obtained in 2.9% of all patients referred to our contact dermatitis unit. In this series, hudesonide was the most common allergen and often save simultaneous reactions with other corticosteroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the C[SUB11]-OH substituent of the corticosteroid molecule in relation to contact allergy to corticosteroids. This group, which is essential for glucocorticoid activity, is not present in other steroid molecules, such as deoxycortisol, progestagens, testosterone, and estrogens. Skin tests with these substances in hydrocortisone-allergic patients revealed a division between patients for whom the C[SUB11]-OH group was essential to induce the allergic reaction and patients for whom this group did not seem to be essential. Some of the patients of the latter group also reacted to 17-α-OH-progesterone. This may indicate cross-sensitivity between hydrocortisone and 17-α-OH-progesterone, which might play an etiological role in autoimmune progesterone dermatitis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 75-year-old man developed an eczematous eruption on the face and dorsal aspects of the hands one July after 3 weeks' treatment with quinine, 0.25 g nightly, for nocturnal leg cramps. The photoreaction cleared within a week of quinine being stopped. UVA and UVB erythema threshold determinations, after the acute episode had subsided, were normal. A photopatch test was positive for irradiated quinine down to a concentration of 0.01% and for unirradiated quinine to 0.5%. The test with the isomer quinidine was positive only when irradiated, down to a concentration of 0.01%. Preirradiated samples of quinine and quinidine were negative. Whereas in contact allergy quinine and quinidine usually do not cross-react, after systemic photosensitization, the 2 isomers probably form a common photoproduct, accounting for the cross-reactivity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report 5 cases of photocontact dermatitis due to suprofen, a nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drug introduced to the Japanese market in 1989, and available as a 1% ointment. The patients developed pruritic eczematous lesions after applying the ointment for from 2 weeks to 3 months. All 5 patients reacted positively to photopatch testing with ultraviolet A (UVA) and suprofen down to 0.1-0.01% pet., and 3 patients showed positive reactions with ultraviolet B (UVB) and suprofen down to 1.0-0.1%. Moreover, all patients showed a cross-reaction with tiaprofenic acid, which has a very similar chemical structure to suprofen. However, there was no cross-reaction between suprofen and ketoprofen. Prescribers should be aware of the existence of photocontact sensitivity due to these drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case of a 45-year-old woman is reported, who developed intense erythema and itching 1 day after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of a local anesthetic containing mepivacaine and methylparaben. The reaction was attributed to a delayed-type sensitivity to mepivacaine, since mepivacaine gave a positive patch test response and also elicited a delayed sensitivity reaction after s.c. challenges, whereas prick and patch tests with methylparaben, as well as oral challenges, were negative. Interestingly, the patient also showed sensitization to lidocaine, a compound to which she had previously also been exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piroxicam (PXM) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may induce a photosensitive eruption shortly after administration. We examined whether animals sensitized to thimerosal developed a photosensitivity to PXM. Male Hartley strain guinea pigs were sensitized to thimerosal, thiosalicylate and PXM separately. The open patch test was used to evaluate sensitization to each drug and cross-reactions between the drugs. Animals sensitized to thimerosal exhibited positive patch test reactions to thiosalicylate and positive photopatch test reactions to PXM. Both those sensitized to thiosalicylate and to PXM showed positive patch test reactions to PXM. This study demonstrated that thimerosal induces cross-sensitivity to PXM in vivo and that the common active component among these compounds may be thiosalicylate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

17 patients allergic to thimerosal, with no previous history of photosensitivity or piroxicam ingestion, 2 patients with piroxicam-induced photosensitivity, and 10 controls were patch or photopatch tested, with 1 or more of the following: thimerosal, thiosaheylic acid, irradiated and non-irradiated solutions or piroxicam alone. L-cysteine alone and piroxicam plus L-cysteine, and piroxicam in petrolatum. The results of the tests supported the hypothesis that there are cross-reactions between thiosalicylic acid and piroxicam, a photosensitizer The mechanism of the cross-reactions may involve photoproducts of piroxicam and L-cysteine, as patients allergic to thiosalicylic acid, who have positive photo-patch tests to piroxicam, also had positive patch tests to the irradiated solution of piroxicam plus L-cysteine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A statistical study was conducted an 3697 patch-tested patient in order to find any cross-reacting or concomitant allergens. 44 correlations were found, 3 well-known cross-reacting substances (e.g., benzocaine and p-phenylenediamine), 7 were unlikely, probably random, findings and the remaining 27 were considered to be either new cross-reacting allergens found in the same kind of product (e.g., nickel and cobalt in alloys, ethylenediamine and neomycin in Kenacombin cream®, colophony and carba-mix in adhesive bandage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of allergic contact dermatitis from miconazole is reported. Patch testing with a series of azole antimycotics was positive only to miconazole, isoconazole, tioconazole, and oxiconazole. Those reacting air all β-substituted l-phenethyl imidazoles with an ortho-chlorine substitution on the aromatic ring. For this hitherto unreported pattern of cross-sensitivity, the designation of "orthochloro cross-sensitivity" is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-reaction in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a highly stereoselective process. The importance of the cis or trans ring junction in α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones in cross-reactivity was investigated by reacting Helenin® (mostly a mixture of natural allergenic sesquiterpene lactones alantolactone &1bline; and isoalantolactone &2bline;, which present a cis ring junction) in guinea pigs sensitized to model allergenic &alpha-methylene-γ-butyrolactones; cis-bicyclic lactone 3 and trans-bicyclic lactone &4bline;. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraphenylenediamine (pPDA), which is used frequently in hair dyes, has a high sensitization potential and is also well-known to cross-react with chemicals of similar structure. pPDA-specific lymphocytes from sensitized inbred guinea pigs were prepared and the cross-reaction of pPDA was examined using cultured epidermal cells as the target. The cytolytic effect was observed to be highest with pPDA, followed by paraaminophenol, orthophenylenediamine, and metaphenylenediamine. Resorcinol and the control produced no cytolytic reaction. These results showed a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo tests. The recognizing ability of hapten-specific lymphocytes is suggested to vary according to the position of the functional group and its type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naturally-occurring sesquiterpene lactone, parthenin, is responsible for a high incidence of allergic contact dermatitis in India. Cross-sensitivity tests on guinea pigs sensitized to parthenin indicate a relatively high immunological specificity for this low molecular weight hapten. Coronopilin and damsin, sesquiterpene lactones most similar to parthenin, gave positive reactions but other structurally related lactones such as dihydroisoparthenin, tetrahydroparthenin, tetraneurin-A, hysterin, helenalin, and tenulin, or hymenin, a diastereoisomer of parthenin, were negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quinoline color D & C Yellow No. 11 was added to a standard test series. Of 88 patients tested with 1 % in PEG, four showed unexplained positive test reactions. One patient had a "flare-up" reaction after 14 days. At rechallenge he reacted to a dilution down to 0.00001 %. Simultaneous reaction with the chemically related commonly used food color Quinoline Yellow (E 104) suggests cross-sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R were patch tested with purified Sudan I and its several chemical analogues. Positive reactions were observed to Sudan I, Orange SS, Brilliant Lake Red R, Vacanceine Red, Yellow OB and Sudan II. Negative patch tests were obtained with Toluidine Red, Permanent Orange, Lithol Red and Sudan III. We found that the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R which had been said to be the most important causative agent of pigmented contact dermatitis, contained Sudan I as a major impurity. The patients reacting to Brilliant Lake Red R always gave a positive reaction to Sudan I, but those reacting to Sudan I did not always give a positive reaction to Brilliant Lake Red R. This suggests that Sudan I is a potent sensitizer and may induce contact sensitivity and that Brilliant Lake Red R itself is a weak sensitizer or a cross-reacting substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight patients suffering from pigmented contact dermatitis caused by the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R were patch tested with purified Sudan I and its several chemical analogues. Positive reactions were observed to Sudan I, Orange SS, Brilliant Lake Red R, Vacanceine Red, Yellow OB and Sudan II. Negative patch tests were obtained with Toluidine Red, Permanent Orange, Lithol Red and Sudan III. We found that the commercial Brilliant Lake Red R which had been said to be the most important causative agent of pigmented contact dermatitis, contained Sudan I as a major impurity. The patients reacting to Brilliant Lake Red R always gave a positive reaction to Sudan I, but those reacting to Sudan I did not always give a positive reaction to Brilliant Lake Red R. This suggests that Sudan I is a potent sensitizer and may induce contact sensitivity and that Brilliant Lake Red R itself is a weak sensitizer or a cross-reacting substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]