Search

To adapt teaching to the prerequisites of students, teachers have various options at their disposal to gather and process information as the basis to form a judgment, such as carrying out tests, talking to and observing the behavior of students, or administering tasks. The complexity of such a judgment arises from the multitude of observations and their different possible explanations. This complexity might be reduced when teachers focus on one hypothesis instead of considering multiple hypotheses, interpret information in a confirmatory way, and not collect diagnostically relevant information. However, in this way, they run the risk of undesirable biased judgments. It therefore seems important to improve diagnostic judgments by selecting and processing information in a more reflective way. Research indicates that if information on a student is not easily available but restricted (e.g., by time pressure, difficult access to the student or high effort), a teacher who wants to make a careful decision is forced to rely on more reflective processes in the selection of tasks and in the interpretation of solutions. The present experimental study therefore investigates how the restricted availability of information in a specific diagnostic situation—when diagnostically inexperienced prospective mathematics teachers determine misconceptions in decimal fractions—influences the underlying cognitive processes. We assume that restricting the availability of information on student behavior augments the attentional focus and therefore reduces cognitive biases. Such more reflective processing can be observed by an increased time spent per piece of information, which should lead to the processing of relevant information and further increase judgment accuracy. To investigate these hypotheses, prospective teachers without prior knowledge in diagnosing misconceptions (N = 81) were asked to diagnose misconceptions on decimal fractions of virtual students by collecting information on students’ solutions. Data concerning the effects of restricting the availability of information on teachers’ cognitive processes were analyzed. The results show that with restricted information, participants indeed select a greater proportion of diagnostically relevant tasks, which positively influences judgment accuracy. These results are discussed with respect to their significance for framing teacher training and for further research.

Forests are crucial for climate change mitigation as they absorb and store large amounts of carbon dioxide. In Finland, ash fertilization of drained peatland forests has been identified as part of the climate change mitigation strategy, yet it is implemented notably less than it could be. Therefore, this study aimed to identify most effective nudges, nudge+ and boosts that could steer Finnish non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners to adopt ash fertilization in their forest. Semi-structured interviews with 19 NIPF owners were analyzed using the Behaviour change wheel to identify key factors influencing owners’ willingness to engage in ash fertilization. Most factors raised by forest owners were related to reflective motivation encompassing both drivers and barriers to practicing ash fertilization. We also identified possible cognitive biases that were influencing decisions. The suggested nudges, nudge+ and boosts address both the specific concerns of the forest owners and the underlying heuristics. For example, framing ash fertilization as a standard procedure of professional forest management and including it into forest management plans could facilitate overcoming status quo bias that may hinder the adoption of novel forest management practices. These findings are directly applicable for creating nudges, nudge+ and boosts on ash fertilization for experienced, professionally managing NIPF owners with larger forest estates. Our study also offers an approach that can be adapted for broader application in environmental and climate-friendly decision-making, contributing to the growing body of literature on the intersection of behavioral science and environmental management.

Nonhuman primates demonstrate great behavioral diversity in their responses to death, yet the most prevalent of these—infant corpse carrying—remains poorly understood. While mothers are the most frequent carriers, corpse carrying can be performed by non-mothers, and heterospecifics’ corpses are also carried. We propose a new hypothesis to explain, in part, non-maternal corpse carrying, the ‘mammalian cues hypothesis,’ and experimentally test it in a population of wild baboons. The mammalian-cues hypothesis argues that evolutionary pressures on maternal responsiveness have created a generalized attraction towards mammalian-typical traits in mammals of both sexes. This attraction may drive interest in inanimate objects (including corpses) that display mammalian cues. To test this, we presented objects that varied in mammalian traits to wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) and recorded their behavioral responses. Contrary to our hypothesis, baboons handled all objects (i.e., with or without mammalian traits) for similar lengths of time. However, in partial support of our hypothesis, baboons groomed the objects with fur—even those without any other mammalian traits—and explored them in a less destructive manner. We caution that infant corpse grooming by non-mothers in primates may be indicative of the visual and tactile stimuli the corpse presents rather than an interest in death or a reflection of social bonds.

Abstract Background Zoledronate, a bisphosphonate, is a potent first-line treatment for osteoporosis. It is also a preferred treatment for hypercalcemia especially when unresponsive to intravenous fluids. Bisphosphonates can cause acute phase reactions that mimic opioid withdrawal symptoms, which can confound provider decision-making. Our case highlights cognitive bias involving a patient with opioid use disorder who received zoledronate for hypercalcemia secondary to immobilization and significant bone infection. Case presentation A 41-year-old male is admitted with a past medical history of active intravenous opioid use complicated by group A streptococcal bacteremia with L5-S1 discitis and osteomyelitis, L2-L3 osteomyelitis, and left ankle abscess/septic arthritis status post left ankle washout. His pain was well-controlled by acute pain service with ketamine infusion (discontinued earlier), opioids, acetaminophen, buprenorphine-naloxone, cyclobenzaprine, gabapentin, and naproxen. Intravenous opioids were discontinued, slightly decreasing the opioid regimen. A day later, the patient reported tachycardia, diaphoresis, myalgias, and chills, which the primary team reconsulted acute pain service for opioid withdrawal. However, the patient received a zoledronate infusion for hypercalcemia, on the same day intravenous opioids were discontinued. He had no other medications known to cause withdrawal-like symptoms per chart review. Therefore, it was suspected that an acute phase reaction occurred, commonly seen within a few days of bisphosphonate use. Conclusion Zoledronate, well known for causing acute phase reactions, was likely the cause of withdrawal-like symptoms. Acute phase reactions with bisphosphonates mostly occur in the first infusion, and the incidence decreases with subsequent infusions. Symptoms typically occur 24–72 h post-infusion, and last at most for 72 h. Cognitive bias led the primary team to be concerned with opioid withdrawal rather than investigating other causes for the patient’s presentation. Therefore, providers should thoroughly investigate potential etiologies and rule them out accordingly to provide the best care. Health care providers should also be aware of the implicit biases that potentially impact the quality of care they provide to patients.

Given that some suspected perpetrators were wrongly convicted, a defective bitemark analysis is comparable to dentists’ most crucial clinical decisions regarding assessment. Bias affects human bitemark analysis beyond the limitation of the evidence itself. The aim of this study was to explore the potential for different types of bias in bitemark analysis and the methods involved in that analysis by conducting a scoping review. Results showed that the 14 articles that explore the topic of bias in bitemark analysis were published from 2006-2022. Publications were from the USA mainly (n = 7), followed by the UK (n = 3), Australia (n = 2), New Zealand, (n = 1) and the Netherlands (n = 1). Of these publications, 36% addressed contextual bias, while 57% acknowledged cognitive bias. According to the findings, preventive measures consist of limiting the availability of unrelated data during research, employing several comparison samples for a more impartial assessment, and repeating the analysis while being blind to past findings. Nevertheless, the physical limitations of the evidence such as distortions are still strongly present.

The justice literature has suggested that adhering to justice rules should be self-reinforcing. Yet, the literature on bias suppression (a facet of procedural justice) has indicated that the effects of debiasing initiatives are transient. We aim to explain why sustained bias suppression is intrinsically challenging under the condition of intermittent accountability. We theorize that bias suppression with high accountability induces counterfactual thinking and regret and, ultimately, with subsequent low accountability, decision reversal. However, this process does not occur when accountability is initially low and subsequently high. Thus, intermittent accountability has an asymmetric effect on bias suppression over time—bias suppression is reversed (and biased decisions sustained). We initially provide proof of concept using Standard & Poor's 500 Firms' CEOs. We then conduct a field study of prominent decision-makers: U.S. Supreme Court judges (Study 1). We find that bias suppression is negatively associated with consistency when accountability is initially high but later reduced, as seemingly mediated through counterfactual thinking. Next, we test our full model in two experiments using recall and a self-focused vignette (Studies 2 and 3). Finally, we explore why bias yields consistency even when accountability increases. Our work highlights the power of cognitive and emotional processing relative to external control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affective problems such as social anxiety and depression theoretically involve negative cognitive biases that trigger and maintain symptoms during everyday experiences. This study employed a social judgment paradigm to investigate possible biases in expectation of social acceptance, and subjective feelings of pain and reward. Healthy adult participants (N = 120) were told their image had been judged by others. In 120 trials, they were shown photos of the judges and asked to anticipate whether they were liked by them or not, before being shown the judgment. Participants rated their level of pain and reward in each trial. Results indicated that social acceptance was expected less often by participants with higher levels of social anxiety. Self-reported pain was greatest after unexpected rejection. A greater likelihood of the presence of pain and higher self-reported pain were associated with higher levels of social anxiety and depression respectively. Self-reported reward was greatest after expected acceptance, and was not associated with social anxiety or depression. This study provides subjective experience information that has been missing from existing social judgment research. Moreover, these findings suggest that in social situations, those with social anxiety and depression more often expect rejection and experience rejection as more painful, respectively. These biases are potential maintaining factors and may be targets for further research and future intervention development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological Suzhi, as a product of the implementation of quality-oriented education in China, is an important protective factor in promoting students' mental health and social adaptation. Although previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with higher psychological Suzhi have lower levels of depression and anxiety, little is known about the mechanisms of how psychological Suzhi acts on depression and anxiety. In order to further explore the potential impact mechanism between psychological Suzhi and depression and anxiety, the present study conducted a survey on 5214 adolescents (Mage = 16.74 ± 1.01 years, 42.50% male) using the Brief Psychological Suzhi Questionnaire for Middle School Students, the Negative Cognitive Processing Bias Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7. The results showed that (1) Psychological Suzhi was moderately negatively correlated with depression and anxiety; (2) Negative cognitive processing bias and perceived stress independently mediated the effect of psychological Suzhi on depression and anxiety; (3) Psychological Suzhi also could influence depression and anxiety through the chain mediating effect from negative cognitive processing bias to perceived stress. In summary, this study revealed that negative cognitive processing bias and perceived stress are important internal mechanisms by which psychological Suzhi influences depression and anxiety. These findings not only contribute to deepening research on the mechanisms of psychological Suzhi, but also provide suggestions for alleviating depression and anxiety in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments in artificial intelligence, autonomous robotics, and similar technical systems continue to accelerate as organizations pursue opportunities to strengthen their performance and create even greater value for stakeholders. Despite voluminous guidance and best practices on designing and operationalizing such technical systems, many organizations are not achieving their expected returns and performance levels. The problem might be a biased view of organizations as primarily human-centric systems, which can place unnecessary limits on the performance of intelligent robots, artificial intelligence, and similar technical systems. Reimagining and purposefully designing organizations as systems composed of human and non-human knowledge workers co-performing tasks for organizational goal attainment can generate more robust performance and strengthen corporate returns on investments in such sophisticated systems. Non-human knowledge workers (NHKWs) are synthetic computational agents characterized by the conjunction of four attributes—information processing power, knowledge work, task-level employment, and more comprehensive organizational integration—distinguishing them from more common artificial intelligence, autonomous robotics systems, and autonomous vehicles frameworks. More gainful employment of NHKWs, and similar systems, is primarily a design issue and one that is largely separate from the capabilities NHKWs might possess. Using an organizational technology framework, this paper offers managers and organizational designers a systematic approach that can harness NHKW capabilities more effectively, thereby producing stronger organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective dynamics emerge from individual-level decisions, yet we still poorly understand the link between individual-level decision-making processes and collective outcomes in realistic physical systems. Using collective foraging to study the key trade-off between personal and social information use, we present a mechanistic, spatially-explicit agent-based model that combines individual-level evidence accumulation of personal and (visual) social cues with particle-based movement. Under idealized conditions without physical constraints, our mechanistic framework reproduces findings from established probabilistic models, but explains how individual-level decision processes generate collective outcomes in a bottom-up way. In clustered environments, groups performed best if agents reacted strongly to social information, while in uniform environments, individualistic search was most beneficial. Incorporating different real-world physical and perceptual constraints profoundly shaped collective performance, and could even buffer maladaptive herding by facilitating self-organized exploration. Our study uncovers the mechanisms linking individual cognition to collective outcomes in human and animal foraging and paves the way for decentralized robotic applications. Author summary: Finding and collecting rewards in ever-changing environments is key for adaptive collective behavior in humans, animals and machines. We present an agent-based simulation framework to study how individuals of groups use social information during foraging together and how this social information use shapes the collective outcome through the behavior of single individuals. Our model combines models of individual decision-making of foraging agents (evidence accumulation processes) with the movement models of these individuals in space. Our results connect decisions of individuals to group dynamics and collective outcomes in realistic physical environments, highlighting the key role of the laws of real-world constraints, bringing us closer to embodied collective intelligence. Our work introduces a flexible platform to study the interplay between individual cognitive and perceptual biases, agents' physical environment and the resulting collective dynamics and thus also paves the way for fully decentralized mobile robot applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfectionism can be problematic when your self-worth is dependent on achievements and leads to inflexible standards, cognitive biases, and rigid behaviors. Cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism is shown to be effective, including for targeting psychiatric symptoms and when delivered via the Internet (iCBT-P). However, few studies have compared it to an active comparator. The current study randomly assigned 138 participants seeking help for perfectionism to iCBT-P or Internet-based Unified Protocol (iUP). Both treatments provided guidance on demand from a therapist and were eight weeks in duration. The results indicated large within-group effects of Cohen's d 2.03 (iCBT) and 2.51 (iUP) on the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire at post-treatment, and maintained effects at 6- and 12-month follow-up, but no between-group difference (β = 0.02, SE = 1.04, p =.98). Secondary outcomes of depression, anxiety, quality of life, self-compassion, procrastination, and stress ranged from small to large, with no differences between the conditions. Both treatments were deemed credible, relevant, of high quality, and well-adhered by the participants. Further research needs to be conducted, but the findings could indicate a lack of specificity, perhaps suggesting there is no need to differentiate between different treatments that are transdiagnostic in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are common in colorectal cancer and have been deemed important when providing care. Yet they take place outside of the patient, often with little consideration of the patient's views, goals and desires. In this paper specific examples from a patient perspective are integrated with the social science literature to provide an overview of areas of disconnect between MDT recommendations and the individual patient. The reasons for these disconnects are explored, including how MDTs relate to dyadic patient–clinician relationships, weak incorporation of patient‐oriented outcomes in MDTs, poor integration of nonmedical patient information and the patient perspective and the impact of team dynamics and cognitive decision biases. Consideration of these issues should facilitate higher‐quality MDT recommendations that are also more acceptable to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management. Although muscle metastases are exceedingly rare and typically not the initial clinical manifestation of neoplastic processes, their recognition is crucial for optimal patient care. We present a case report in which we identify the unique scenario of a 60-year-old man with shoulder pain and a deltoid muscle mass, initially suggestive of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. However, further investigations, including radiological findings and muscle biopsy, revealed an unexpected primary lung adenocarcinoma. We performed a systematic literature search to identify the incidence of SMM and reflect on how to improve and build on better diagnosis for entities as atypical as this. This atypical presentation highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing cognitive biases in clinical decision-making, as acknowledging the possibility of uncommon presentations is vital. By embracing a comprehensive approach that combines imaging studies with histopathological confirmation, healthcare providers can ensure accurate prognoses and appropriate management strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. This case serves as a reminder of the need to remain vigilant, open-minded, and aware of cognitive biases when confronted with uncommon clinical presentations, emphasizing the significance of early recognition and prompt evaluation in achieving optimal patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies suggested effectiveness of psilocybin in the field of mental health. FDA designated psilocybin as a "breakthrough therapy" for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in 2018. This paper provided a review of psilocybin's potential role in treatment of depression by focusing on published clinical trials. Studies showed that psilocybin, an agonist on 5-HT2A receptors, manifests antidepressant and anxiolytic effects by increasing glutamate transmission, reducing brain inflammation, decreasing default mode network activity. In terms of clinical trials, eleven studies (six open-label and five double blinded randomized clinical trials, DB-RCTs) trials exploring psilocybin's impact on depression were found. Among open-label studies, a pilot study on TRD patients demonstrated significant reductions in depressive symptoms after two psilocybin sessions. Psilocybin also improved cognitive bias associated with depression. Extension studies confirmed sustained improvements and high remission rates. Among five DB-RCTs, two showed that psilocybin led to significant reductions in anxiety and depression in cancer patients, and the improvements sustained for over 6 months. In MDD, psilocybin showed rapid reductions in depression, with higher remission rates compared to escitalopram in a DB-RCT. Another DB-RCT showed that psilocybin induced higher decrease in depression around 6 hours after their administrations than placebo. The last DB-RCT showed that in patients with TRD, a single dose of psilocybin 25 mg, but not psilocybin 10 mg, resulted in superior antidepressant effect than psilocybin 1 mg. Overall, psilocybin showed promise in treating depression and anxiety, with notable safety profiles. Further research should explore optimal dosages and long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent epistemological turn in populism studies has produced many valuable insights pertaining to populist knowledge practices, conspiracy theories, information bubbles, and cognitive biases. However, various elements of populist epistemology are still studied separately, and there are no common theoretical assumptions that would arrange them into a comprehensive epistemic theory of populism. Thus, apart from presenting a preliminary mapping of recent changes in the field, the article proposes a basic theoretical framework for an epistemic approach to studying populism by conceptualising populism as a set of epistemic interventions: discursive and non-discursive practices that construe the people as a political subject and result in the emergence of a populist epistemic community. The article discusses how the latter concept may help to link discursive, performative, communicative, and cognitive elements of populism, along with describing key features of populist epistemic communities and indicating possible directions for future research on populist epistemology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central thesis of this article is that by anchoring bioethics' core conceptual armamentarium in a four‐principled theory emphasizing autonomy and treating justice as a principle of allocation, theorists inadvertently biased 20th‐century bioethical scholarship against addressing such subjects as ableism, anti‐Black racism, classism, and other forms of discrimination, placing them outside of the scope of bioethics research and scholarship. It is also claimed that these scope limitations can be traced to the displacement of the nascent concept of respect for persons—a concept designed to address classist and racist discrimination—with the morally solipsistic concept of autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: To optimize clinical care, it is imperative for providers to recognize their own inherent cognitive biases and the impact that has on their clinical decision making, thereby minimizing complications such as prolonged hospitalization, unnecessary healthcare spending, and impaired patient satisfaction and functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic disease, involving skin and joints, characterized by inflamed lesions. Psoriasis negatively impacts the patients' quality of life due to the physical, emotional, and social burden that accompanies this condition. Also, psoriasis is associated with a number of psychiatric comorbidities, including sexual dysfunctions. The present study investigates the variables associated with sexual functioning in psoriasis patients. One-hundred-three psoriasis patients and 101 matched control subjects took part in the present study. Each participant completed five self-report measures investigating the presence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, body image, quality of life, and sexual experience. Our results show that differences in sexual activity, but not in sexual functioning, emerged between groups. In men with psoriasis, more sexual difficulties were associated with more negative automatic thoughts about sexuality. In women, more sexual difficulties were associated with more negative automatic thoughts; anxiety, depression, and stress; severity of symptoms; comorbid disease; age; quality of life. Our findings expand the current knowledge about sexual functioning in psoriasis and shed light on specific cognitive, psychological, and demographic variables associated with sexual impairment in men and women with psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has indicated conflicting results regarding a response time bias favouring words indicating large real-world objects (RWO) over words indicating small RWO during a lexical decision task. This study aimed to replicate an original experiment and, expanding on it, disentangle possible alternatives for why this effect is sometimes observed and sometimes not. The same methods as the original study were followed, and the results were inconsistent with all previously published findings. Although no significant difference was observed for response time, the findings indicated a significant difference in accuracy and inverse efficiency scores such that "large" words were recognised significantly more accurately than "small" words. After examining several linguistic dimensions that may also contribute to response time, statistical models accounting for these dimensions yielded a significant and increased effect size for the response time size rating of words in our sample from the United States. Our findings indicate that there is a cognitive bias favouring words representing large RWO over small ones but suggest several additional linguistic factors need to be controlled for it to be detected consistently in response time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral elevation refers to the positive emotional response resulting from witnessing acts of virtue or moral beauty. While the evidence demonstrates that experiencing elevation has a positive effect on people's prosocial behavior, an intriguing question is whether this emotion also affects social-cognitive processes involved in the perception of others' behavior. The present research aims to study whether this elevation affects the causal attributions people make about the behavior of others. The results of three studies (total N = 267 adults from Spain; 79.03% women) show that a) elevation trait correlates with internal causal attributions about others' behavior, b) experimental manipulation of elevation affects causal attributions about others' behavior, and c) experimental manipulation of elevation can reduce correspondence bias (fundamental attributional error). The results are discussed within the framework of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income poverty is associated with an enhanced tendency to avoid losses in economic decisions, which can be driven by a response bias (risk avoidance) and a valuation bias (loss aversion). However, the impact of non-income dimensions of poverty on these biases remains unclear. The current study tested the impact of material hardship on these biases, and the mediating effects of anxiety, depression, and cognitive control in these associations. Healthy adults (N = 188) completed questionnaire and behavioral measures of the variables. Results of regression-based analyses showed that participants who reported higher material hardship exhibited greater response bias, but not valuation bias. This effect was mediated by anxiety. Although material hardship predicted lower cognitive control, cognitive control did not mediate the association between material hardship and either type of bias. These findings suggest that material hardship may lead to economic decision-making biases because it impacts emotional states rather than cognitive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial Intentions are not expanding as anticipated. In the growing economy, it is difficult to make any rational decision with the available information. The study focuses on understanding the impact of Cognitive and Emotional Bias on student's Entrepreneurial Intention. The primary data was gathered from 370 students from different higher educational institutions in India. PLS-SEM was used to explore the impact of cognitive and emotional bias on entrepreneurial intention among the students. Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was used to rank the results obtained from SEM based on the normalized importance. The results from the SEM and MLP ascertain that cognitive bias has more impact on EI. The attributes of cognitive bias overconfidence, loss aversion, and representativeness influence the students' entrepreneurial intention. The study found that cognitive and emotional biases help individuals make more informed decisions, assess opportunities realistically, and enhance their overall entrepreneurial intention. The study on Entrepreneurial Intention has a practical implication for higher educational institutions and policymakers. Firstly, this study helps higher education institutions plan their curriculum, specifically addressing cognitive biases, emotional biases, and decision-making in entrepreneurial contexts. Secondly helps the policymakers develop a framework to overcome the cognitive and emotional challenges associated with entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security Operation Centers (SOCs) comprise people, processes, and technology and are responsible for protecting their respective organizations against any form of cyber incident. These teams consist of SOC analysts, ranging from Tier 1 to Tier 3. In defending against cyber-attacks, SOCs monitor and respond to alert traffic from numerous sources. However, a commonly discussed challenge is the volume of alerts that need to be assessed. To aid SOC analysts in the alert triage process, SOCs integrate automation and automated decision aids (ADAs). Research in the human-automation field has demonstrated that automation has the potential of cognitive skill degradation. This is because human operators can become over-reliant on automated systems despite the presence of contradictory information. This cognitive bias is known as automation bias. The result of this study is the development of four critical success factors (CSFs) for the adoption of automation within SOCs in an attempt to mitigate automation bias: (1) Task-based Automation; (2) Process-based Automation; (3) Automation Performance Appraisal; and (4) SOC Analyst Training of Automated Systems. In applying these CSFs, a beneficial balance between the SOC analyst and the use of automation is achieved. This study promotes the human-in-the-loop approach whereby experienced and cognitively aware SOC analysts remain at the core of SOC processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium Enterprises (MEs) are significant contributors to global economic development. Integrating sustainability practices in their business can support MEs worldwide to become more sustainable, improving companies' performance and stakeholders' expectations. Nevertheless, few MEs adopt sustainable practices. Following Behavioral Decision Theory and Behavioral Strategy literature, we argue that this can be associated with their managers' decision-making processes – apart from not possessing considerable resources like large companies. Via a mixed-method research design involving 277 Italian ME managers, we investigate the cognitive biases that hinder the development of a sustainable performance management system (SPMS) in MEs. We found the most prominent biases influencing SPMS development. Then, we developed a 'SPMS de-biasing funnel' framework. We propose some corrective actions to reduce the impact of the most critical cognitive biases that influence SPMS development, allowing related beneficial potential outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nankai Business Review is the property of Nankai Business Review Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In most pairwise comparisons methods such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) it is assumed that pairwise comparisons are reciprocal, since this is a necessary condition for consistent judgments. However, several empirical studies have shown that the condition of reciprocity is not satisfied when dealing with real human preferences, which might be significantly non-reciprocal due to inherent cognitive biases. This empirical evidence indicates that the study of non-reciprocal pairwise comparisons matrices should not be neglected when dealing with real decision-making processes. However, the literature on this topic is scarce and fragmented. The aim of our study is to fill this gap by discussing advantages and disadvantages of using non-reciprocal judgements multiplicative pairwise comparisons (MPCs), reviewing existing literature and introducing a new measure of non-reciprocity with some natural and desirable properties. In addition, we perform Monte Carlo simulations on randomly generated non-reciprocal MPC matrices and provide percentile tables allowing decision makers to decide whether a level of non-reciprocity of a given MPC matrix is acceptable or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intuitive conceptions based on cognitive biases (teleology, anthropomorphism, and essentialism) often prove helpful in everyday life while simultaneously being problematic in scientific contexts. Nonetheless, students often have intuitive conceptions of scientific topics such as evolution. As potential approaches to enable students to selfregulate their conceptions in the context of evolution, we investigated the effectiveness of two instructional approaches that are based on metacognition and selfregulated learning: (a) a formative criteria-referenced self-assessment of one's conceptions and (b) instruction on conditional metaconceptual knowledge (metacognitive knowledge about why and in which contexts specific conceptions are appropriate or not). We conducted an experimental intervention study using a 2 x 2 factorial (plus an additional control group), pre-post-follow-up-test design in German upper secondary level biology classes (N = 730). The groups that received one or both interventions had higher conceptual knowledge (i.e., used less intuitive conceptions and/or more scientific conceptions) afterward than those whose conceptions were not addressed: The self-assessment resulted in higher use of scientific conceptions; the instruction on conditional metaconceptual knowledge additionally resulted in lower use of intuitive conceptions based on cognitive biases, more reported thought processes relating to inhibition of cognitive biases, and a better ability to identify inappropriate phrasing based on cognitive biases. No effects were found on students' self-reported metaconceptual awareness and regulation. However, the fact that students inhibited their intuitive conceptions in the post-test indicates that they were indeed metaconceptually aware of and self-regulated their conceptions. The results suggest that students can be taught to become aware of the differences between intuitive and scientific conceptions and to regulate the use of their intuitive conceptions in a scientific context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and understand, how strong financial literacy influences the cognitive biases of students in Germany while investing. Second, it also evaluates the most influential cognitive biases that students encounter when undertaking their investment decisions within this environment. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative approach is used to assess the relationship between financial literacy and students' investment-related cognitive biases by using the frameworks proposed by Clercq (2019) and Pompian (2012). Findings: The results advocate that the students' financial literacy positively impacts their cognitive biases within the investment process. It additionally revealed the most significant biases regarding students' investment decision-making and proposed the possible reasons behind their behavioral distortions. Research limitations/implications: The study provides a detailed review of the behavioral tendencies of the younger generation while investing and creates recommendations for prospective researchers. Originality/value: This research lies at the junction of the behavioral finance field, suggesting that it assists in developing a theoretical framework of cognitive biases within students' financial decisions. Furthermore, it serves as an addition to the financial management subject course that would provide valuable insights about, first and foremost, financial literacy and subsequently, the theory behind the investment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoledronate, a bisphosphonate, is a potent first-line treatment for osteoporosis. It is also a preferred treatment for hypercalcemia especially when unresponsive to intravenous fluids. Bisphosphonates can cause acute phase reactions that mimic opioid withdrawal symptoms, which can confound provider decision-making. Our case highlights cognitive bias involving a patient with opioid use disorder who received zoledronate for hypercalcemia secondary to immobilization and significant bone infection. Case presentation: A 41-year-old male is admitted with a past medical history of active intravenous opioid use complicated by group A streptococcal bacteremia with L5-S1 discitis and osteomyelitis, L2-L3 osteomyelitis, and left ankle abscess/septic arthritis status post left ankle washout. His pain was well-controlled by acute pain service with ketamine infusion (discontinued earlier), opioids, acetaminophen, buprenorphine-naloxone, cyclobenzaprine, gabapentin, and naproxen. Intravenous opioids were discontinued, slightly decreasing the opioid regimen. A day later, the patient reported tachycardia, diaphoresis, myalgias, and chills, which the primary team reconsulted acute pain service for opioid withdrawal. However, the patient received a zoledronate infusion for hypercalcemia, on the same day intravenous opioids were discontinued. He had no other medications known to cause withdrawal-like symptoms per chart review. Therefore, it was suspected that an acute phase reaction occurred, commonly seen within a few days of bisphosphonate use. Conclusion: Zoledronate, well known for causing acute phase reactions, was likely the cause of withdrawal-like symptoms. Acute phase reactions with bisphosphonates mostly occur in the first infusion, and the incidence decreases with subsequent infusions. Symptoms typically occur 24–72 h post-infusion, and last at most for 72 h. Cognitive bias led the primary team to be concerned with opioid withdrawal rather than investigating other causes for the patient's presentation. Therefore, providers should thoroughly investigate potential etiologies and rule them out accordingly to provide the best care. Health care providers should also be aware of the implicit biases that potentially impact the quality of care they provide to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that multibusiness firms often misallocate financial resources. However, research also suggests that firms differ in how effectively they allocate a range of resources. We argue that some firms have a resource allocation capability that enables them to more effectively determine the allocation of resources than often portrayed in the literature. We identify key search and selection routines that form the building blocks of a resource allocation capability and explain how these routines facilitate critical activities at different levels of the management hierarchy that are involved in the determination of resource allocations, including for related and vertically linked businesses. We further explain how a resource allocation capability, and the routines that make up the capability, help firms allocate resources effectively to meet their strategic and financial objectives. Part of the improved effectiveness of resource allocation arises because the routines help to mitigate the factors that prior research has identified as leading to resource misallocation, namely information asymmetry and distortion, internal politics, and cognitive biases and backward-looking aspirations. Finally, we move beyond research on whether firms effectively allocate resources to explain why resource allocation capabilities are likely be heterogeneous among firms due to differences in their routines and the ways that firms structure their use of routines. This heterogeneity stems in part from tradeoffs that firms face when choosing among resource allocation routines. As a result, firms are likely to vary in how effectively they allocate resources, leading to heterogeneity in firm adaptation and change and ultimately in firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss-aversion is a type of conservative mindset that can negatively impact performance. In this study, we systematically surveyed a pool of golfers. We then analyzed, in detail, the relationships among participants' attributes and the degree of loss-aversion. Based on these findings, we propose developing effective campaigns to help individuals or teams overcome their loss-aversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People tend to overestimate the causal contribution of the self to the observed outcome in various situations, a cognitive bias known as the 'illusion of control.' This study delves into whether this cognitive bias impacts causality judgments in animations depicting physical and social causal interactions. In two experiments, participants were instructed to associate themselves and a hypothetical stranger identity with two geometrical shapes (a circle and a square). Subsequently, they viewed animations portraying these shapes assuming the roles of agent and patient in causal interactions. Within one block, the shape related to the self served as the agent, while the shape associated with the stranger played the role of the patient. Conversely, in the other block, the identity-role association was reversed. We posited that the perception of the self as a causal agent might influence explicit judgments of physical and social causality. Experiment 1 demonstrated that physical causality ratings were solely shaped by kinematic cues. In Experiment 2, emphasising social causality, the dominance of kinematic parameters was confirmed. Therefore, contrary to the hypothesis anticipating diminished causality ratings with specific identity-role associations, results indicated negligible impact of our manipulation. The study contributes to understanding the interplay between kinematic and non-kinematic cues in human causal reasoning. It suggests that explicit judgments of causality in simple animations primarily rely on low-level kinematic cues, with the cognitive bias of overestimating the self's contribution playing a negligible role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief commentary, we offer thoughts on Thomas Kelly's Bias: A Philosophical Study. We focus on the book's relevance to the study of cognitive biases, including Kelly's discussion of naïve realism (in the psychologists' sense). While we are largely enthusiastic about Kelly's theorizing, we also provide some pushback against his notion of emergent biases. We hope that psychologists will engage with Kelly's work and might consider how some philosophical refinements could improve the empirical study of biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyses the treatment of elements such as biases and their relationship with disinformation in international academic production. The first step in this process was to carry out a search for papers published in academic journals indexed in the main indexing platforms. This was followed by a bibliometric analysis involving an analysis of the production and impact of the selected publications, using social media techniques and a semantic content analysis based on abstracts. The data obtained from Web of Science, Scopus, and Dimensions, relating to health, biases, and fake news as well as post-truth, show how these works have multiplied in the last decade. The question relating to this research is as follows: How have cognitive biases been treated in national and international academic journals? This question is answered with respect to the scientific or research method. The results, which date from 2000 to 2024, show a considerable academic dedication to exploring the relationship between biases and health disinformation. In all these communities we have observed a relationship between production with the field of medicine as a general theme and social media. Furthermore, this connection is always tied to other subjects, such as an aversion to vaccines in Community 10; disinformation about COVID-19 on social media in Community 5; COVID-19 and conspiracy theories in Community 6; and content for the dissemination of health-related subjects on YouTube and the disinformation spread about them. The community analysis carried out shows a common factor in all the analysed communities—that of cognitive bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias that affects various aspects of decision-making, including financial decisions. Based on a randomized controlled experiment, this study assesses the effectiveness of a debiasing treatment designed to prevent the effect of the availability heuristic in student loan decision-making. Experimental subjects were explained that there is a bias that may affect the decision of whether or not to pursue a master's degree and take out a graduate loan to finance it, and they were recommended to base their decision on reliable and verified sources of information as well as expert advice. This specific debiasing strategy is tested empirically. Specifically, this study shows positive causal effects of the debiasing intervention on two indices of student loan decision-making, which were constructed as summary indicators of student loan debt attitude, the perception that significant referents approve the student loan indebtedness, financial self-efficacy in student loan decision-making, and graduate loan borrowing intention. The article highlights the need for higher education institutions seeking to make financial education effective to be concerned with reporting on (and raising awareness of) psychological factors that are present in making financial decisions as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the impact of behavioral biases on investment decisions and the moderating role of COVID-19 pandemic information sharing. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of considering cognitive biases and sociodemographic factors in analyzing investor behavior and in designing agent-based models for market simulation. The findings reveal that these behavioral factors significantly positively affect investment decisions, aligning with prior research. The agent-based model's outcomes indicate that younger, less experienced agents are more prone to herding behavior and perform worse in the simulation compared to their older, higher-income counterparts. In conclusion, the results offer valuable insights into the influence of behavioral biases and the moderating role of COVID-19 pandemic information sharing on investment decisions. Investors can leverage these insights to devise effective strategies that foster rational decision-making during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the success of an information technology project, specific resources, technical expertise, and techniques are required. If an organization does not have these whole resources and expertise, the organization may seek a vendor who can provide them. Working with a reliable vendor is particularly important for IT projects, where initiating a contract with an underperforming vendor may lead to a half-paved road with no usable outcomes. However, even though project managers and other staff at an organization have completely lost their confidence in a vendor who has had repeated underperforming performance, the managers are subject to a variety of cognitive biases that can lead to overvaluation of the net benefits of working with the vendor, leading to re-engaging with them despite availability of more reliable vendors. Awareness of these cognitive biases is essential for action. In this paper, we identify and explain these cognitive biases at all levels, including: individual, group, organizational, and inter-organizational levels. We then recommend specific and actionable strategies to help project managers minimize these biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social contagion is a ubiquitous and fundamental process that drives individual and social changes. Although social contagion arises as a result of cognitive processes and biases, the integration of cognitive mechanisms with the theory of social contagion remains an open challenge. In particular, studies on social phenomena usually assume contagion dynamics to be either simple or complex, rather than allowing it to emerge from cognitive mechanisms, despite empirical evidence indicating that a social system can exhibit a spectrum of contagion dynamics--from simple to complex--simultaneously. Here, we propose a model of interacting beliefs, from which both simple and complex contagion dynamics can organically arise. Our model also elucidates how a fundamental mechanism of complex contagion--resistance--can come about from cognitive mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear and anxiety are considered concerns for animal welfare as they are associated with negative affective states. This study aimed to pharmacologically validate an attention bias test (ABT) for broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) as a cognitive bias test to determine anxiety. Two-hundred-and-four male Ross 708 broiler chickens were arbitrarily allocated to either the anxiogenic or control treatment at 25 days of age (n = 102/treatment). Birds from the anxiogenic group were administered with 2.5 mg of β-CCM (β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid-N-methylamide [FG 7142]) per kg of body weight through an intraperitoneal injection (0.1 ml/100 g of body weight). Birds from the control group were administered with 9 mg of a saline solution per kg of body weight. During ABT, birds were tested in groups of three (n = 34 groups of three birds/treatment) with commercial feed and mealworms as positive stimuli and a conspecific alarm call as a negative stimulus. Control birds were 45 s faster to begin feeding than anxiogenic birds. Birds from the control group vocalized 40 s later and stepped 57 s later than birds from the anxiogenic group. The occurrence of vigilance behaviors did not differ between treatments. This study was successful in pharmacologically validating an attention bias test for fast-growing broiler chickens, testing three birds simultaneously. Our findings showed that latencies to begin feeding, first vocalization, and first step were valid measures to quantify anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising prevalence of harassment in Middle Eastern countries is mirrored in literary works from the region. However, extracting data from these texts to understand the typology and frequency of the cases poses a significant challenge due to human cognitive limitations and potential biases. Thus, this study aims to use natural language processing (NLP) approaches to propose a machine learning framework for text mining of sexual harassment content in literary texts. The data source for this study consists of twelve Middle Eastern novels. The proposed framework involves the classification of physical and non-physical types of sexual harassment using a machine-learning model. Lexicon-based sentiment and emotion detection are applied to sentences containing instances of sexual harassment for data labelling and analysis. Finally, a long short-term memory-gated recurrent unit (LSTM-GRU) deep learning model is built to classify the sentiment characteristics that induce sexual harassment. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 75.8% while outperforming five other algorithms. Additionally, a sentiment classification with three labels—negative, positive, and neutral—was developed using an LSTM-GRU RNN deep learning model. The accuracy of this model was 84.5%. Most statements, even those involving physical sexual harassment, which had greater levels of sexual harassment, had negative sentiments, according to lexicon-based sentiment analysis. This study contributes to the field of text mining by providing a novel approach to identifying instances of sexual harassment in literature in English from the Middle East. The use of machine learning models and sentiment analysis techniques allows for more accurate identification and classification of different types of sexual harassment. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the prevalence of sexual harassment in Middle Eastern countries and highlights the need for further research and action to address this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]